Sino-Japanese Relations in Edo the 1 Period
Oba Osamu
K6gakkan University
by Fogel Translated Joshua A.
Eight. of Elephants Part Travels The
Delivery day Elephant The of of Cubs. On the third the the sixth lunar month of
Ky6h6 thirteenth reign (1728), of monkey, the the Number of the Nineteen
year
year
yearl
ship, &that Vessel carrying freight pair elephants, Chinese entered of
port
a as one a
J•, • •
shipmaster male and Zheng female. The
Dawei and the of
port
one was
J-• •,
embarcation Guangnan known city present-day the time of
the
port
at
was as near a
Haiphong Vietnam; in it thus Guangnan Number Nineteen called Vessel in
the of
year was
monkey.
later, As the Zheng describe shall Zheng I Dawei
member of the in
group a was
the Vietnam
Zheng which active in trade. did Japan
the have
Dawei
not
area was a
•'•or shinpai trading license. policy known that the well without such that It
was was a
shmpai clearly could trade. in
he absolute self-confidence. The had But not
engage one
elephants. basis for the
is, this elephants purely carrying That Japan he
the not to
was was
guesswork
them, that placed by
would basis
but the of order
want
on
someone
on
an
Sh6gun •] •J, )• they
Yoshimune. words, provided other In 6goy6mono items to were
sh6gun the in
official order. to
response an
genesis The promise this of earlier twelfth made the in
story
two
years was a
Ky6h6 Ziming by =•:--• I•j•, of month shipmaster Thirty- 11 Number of Wu Tonkin Vessel
Eight the in horse, the of day elephants 29th Japan. the the of the On transport to to
year
Ky6h6 fourth month given of reply 12, returned home. the time that The Wu
Wu
at
Ziming •e• • accepted 3[3 • this order (Japanese- be found in the kibun Wa-Kan
can
•]• Chinese • Translation Terms), • (Overview and it is in cited the ichiran Tsgk6 of
Relations).
Maritime gives general this look A overview of situation. the
text at us a
asking have
possible been You elephant Japan], [to if it is cubs but transport to
me
beast this from provinces Siam and does [lit., of China exist in the of
not
comes any
T6zan/:• I_1_1
].
If brought here, be that this animal order the task of will I you
assume
transportation.
be elephants there provinces
To the This in of China. item
sure, were no was one
capacity beyond
shipmaster
the of unless he hailed Southeast
Asian from the to a secure
noted, otherwise *Unless all
the translator's.
notes
are
•T.•[k•,f•6 00•,•
Edojidai [•
Nit-Ch• hiwa (Tokyo: shoten•. 1980), T6h6 r) 160-83. no pp. 5O
region,
the such
Ziming of Tonkin. explanations offered Wu all port of about
as sorts
elephants and
added
conditions concerning of sale elephants. the of We transport
can
conjecture what
Yoshimune asked when explanations. he these saw
Yoshimune's Questions.
When elephant that
claim that white
Wu's
note
we
a
everyday sight bringing
and
thus he elephant, with ashen-haired
him not it was an
was
an
would that
Yoshimune
wanted white questions
Yoshimune's have
seem to
a appear one.
been
elephant? What feed does elephant big
about Was concrete:
five cub
one an an
as
as
elephant
and adult big
elephant by sticking ten?
conduct Does
oxen an
as as
one
an a
body? into hook
its elephant's
the If skin night is the will wound clear when
rent,
at up
the
bringing Will out? elephant
be people? familiar with Siam Ask in stars if
you come an
trainer,
elephant
the
separated be bringing from its and if will be
well
can necessary you
as
elephant?
handle the
elephant it will Inasmuch difficult be to
transport someone to
as an
ship
Japanese
long distance,
such problem bringing
there will it
be land?
on a
over
a
a over
Might be this bringing issue in
Nagasaki it from Edo? to an
Ziming demonstrated Wu his business without least restraint. the let He
acumen
sh6gun
the
following. know that he wished the
elephant he Since could transport
not
an
ship, small
he
would large-scale have ships.
build That would
to two on
a
cost
new
over
silver, 10,000 taels
of
incidental with traveling
coming of from and Siam costs to to
over
20,000 taels of silver.
thus like would He trading have licenses for the of to port
seven
Siam, advance of 10,000 silver (100 taels of Japanese silver [=872 kanme of payment
pounds]), and trading additional
four
licenses for words, Siam. other he
wanted In
an
an
advance 1• •y• This • •
transaction the [] in shink6 T6sen roku kait6
contract.
appears
,• •
(Record Coming of the Departing Vessels), and for Port of Chinese and Home to
inasmuch given there that
trading
he good
license Siam for for
as we see was one one
have
been requested taken.
do silver know the We if
to year,
not measures
seem
was
forthcoming. perhaps However, Zheng the fact bearing elephants that Dawei's vessel the
entered
trading without given license
and
license port based home
return to a
a was
was
promise
trading of bring
such
license fact he if in requested did the Japan. items on a to a
An Account Observations pair of Nagasaki. Zheng elephants The that of
at
brought ship
Dawei's
day thirteenth
the comprised of the sixth
of month port to
on a was
old five-year male female, and they accompanied old by and
trainer
seven-year
a were a
6hato
Guangnan. from
nineteenth, they the On ship the drew close land
to at
up
large planks of land, brought wood from elephants the ship, the set out down from the and
placed them in
in the front Compound. section &the Chinese first empty the On
an
room
day the of month, seventh dispatched
Edo.
is The information it in report
to
a was
fascinating
observations the of elephant
period of the seeing Edo
who for
as
a man
was an
first the time.
2 We information that the Sh6gun reached
Yoshimune's must assume ears.
elephant,
Male of 7
years
age.
Length height shaku, .i6;
girth * shaku, 5 5
j6, 5
sun; sun.
•
listing the
•/:5= follows, ,--J- In that ):•.= .5• j6 •] shaku
10 yards; bu 100 1000 3.3 1 ken
sun
•-I feet; sh6 6 1.92 quarts. 51
Length girth shaku, shala•,
outside, of feet around flesh 2 5 2
* sun; sun; no excess
log. like cedar
a
resembling
wings Eyes shaku, bu; bat, the also like of 3 5
*
sun, sun, a ears a butterfly.
[i.e., trunk], hidden beneath the Mouth visible.
*
never
nose
shala•, girth tusks] [i.e., shaku, around. the Teeth base 1 6
4 *
at
sun; sun
tip Length the shaku, shaku, of trunk the base and 6 3 6
5 *
at at sun; sun
sun
talon-shaped
and around; which flutter holes, its side three it has items and two to
are
freely; through mouth. When gulps it into its trunk it and down the operate water
pours
it. piece scratch also itches, with trunk It suitable of wood its skin it its rolls
to up a
body. sucks with its trunk wash its entire water to up
shaku, thicker Japanese in the front. like Tail it is
2 7 8
*
sun, a ox or
body that of rough; like that of its is Hair is amber-colored and its and * texture a
resembling hog; that of its is wild
cry a cow.
elephant, of Female 5
years age.
shape Length elephant. shaku, size and similar the male 8 * to
length. large elephant However, have ken in heard it said that be
I 12-15
may a
day.
beans, of each
loads of of It sh6 and sh6
3 7 8 7
* water grass, soy
consumes
or
roots,
plant rice leaves, However, its and steamed banana favorite dishes
are
• •1•, dumplings (manj• strongly interior; dislikes mice and without the it bean sweet
ants.
style]. [East elephant Asian The male of
trainer is of 45 46
* years age
a or man
ordinary into Chinese, Unlike his hair braided he is official who does have
not
a an
clothing yellowish gloss fabric. he with twill He 2-
red queue; gauze green uses a wears
elephant hook shaku halter which is attached the lead it.
to to
as a
style elephant of The female of who the trainer is of
32
*
years age same a man wears
ship clothing. elephants they The the astride the moved from the
to sat two
men as were
Nagasaki]. [in office
village foreign land, bore it innately this 3 It loves children. On visit in
*
to
young a a
depression places is where children there and back. the its takes them 4 It
tea to
on or on
other, Consequently, although each before dusk. children and do parents returns not
see
they elephants. riding for while the there is
worry
no reason are
ship, the By the it This time in is honest and docile. understands well. It * nature
Japan. they in arrived that it would drink alcohol trainer told it when be able to
some
forgot elephant arrival, alcohol. Upon The animal the offer and did trainer the not any
then, And, everybody thought the [water], trainer would drink and this strange. not
promptly. elephant remembered drank and the the alcohol it who it to
up gave
They elephant and live for that twelve 600
become
* pregnant at
say age can can an
India, enjoy the what bliss in
Because thev immeasurable 700
matter
years. or no
faithfully complies. elephant toward Chinese trainer Should he tell the bow she to
says,
sleep,"
legs; "go
official, she will she kneels front should he tell her her down
to to an on
lie dow• her side.
on
They bleeding, by would hook, if it it lead it around and
*
to start
even were can a
rapidly.
along light rather However, with of the it does walk the road the
stars.
recover
• • ,• place Nagasaki, and started threatened At Hirobaba known in it
a as was
running people, clip speedy with all, horse. it is familiar than in because All
at
more a a
brought along things. usually item it does wild well is do behaved.
It We not very an 52
it, riding elephant. harquebus If order
known which fired while I be the
you as an can on
send this Edo. will to
things coming they nineteenth, apparently After land tried
the
out
numerous on
on
wings
ten-day period. of legs resembled the trunks; for like cedar its Its
tree
ears were a
butterflies;
They well legs claimed bent it bats its front bow before the official.
to
as or
Nagasaki elephant they reinforce the through the had that walked of and that the to streets
brid•es
pillars. would have been just with Japanese, for it additional Not
numerous
elephant elephant. indeed The hundred had if Chinese in
strange
two
one ever seen an a
•. •i•and they 42-year-old 45-year-old trainers
Mien As
Sou Dam
Dam
were were
[• •[3 [• • [• Ayin • Vietnamese, from Yangming Zhangchou Li and Chen from
Guangdong served their translators. as
Imperial Household, Forwarding official of the of Directive As Route.
an a en
,'• • •[• • • charge, Nagasaki and under Administrator took Watanabe kami Izumo
no
elephants, accompanying interpreters-in-training the the of mobilization the
system
two
•
•: •]• )• fl• • [•q, T6jir6 :•: the Chinese attached _• Kiemon Go and Go to
were
interpreters. explanation by forward formal offered the The Chinese
report
sent
as a was
;•- • [•q •-• }• :• J• this being T6jiemon by In translated Sakaki after Interpreter Senior
spite eleventh this, elephants the of read: "Neither of the became sick."
In report,
on we
day developed died. elephant of and month, the female the ninth boil its
tongue
on a
brought from Ky6h6 surviving elephant (1729), the be the
.In 14 next to year,
was
Nagasaki Shimotsuke kami Edo, Paymaster second month of the and in the In6
to
year no
•.-• ,• •e• • preparations, starting feed the with for issued instructions for of all
manner
animal, along the inns the to route.
behaving people walking along large elephant road, While the of is the crowd
a
boisterously people
elephant, might of crowds hurt the thus time there be and
to at no are
acting boisterous in
a manner.
Beginning
prevention injury elephant, he with this about of the went to note to
on
preparation food--namely, and leaves, demand the animal's bamboo for straw,
greenery,
elephant preparation the paste"; "steamed buns without for bean clean of to sweet water
places only fresh drink drink in there fresh because where it could water;
water,
no was
speedy preparation people they ford of able sufficient of that would be numbers to
so
difficulty; preparation elephant rivers when it without of sufficient for the went to straw
sleep, along large, they the road and would formidable stables inns because which stay at
ordinary prepared only would accomodate the stables; vessels and had have barns be to to
elephant long, and about four tall, shaku which shaku j6 about and
was one seven one
placard Having wide. which read: instructions, shaku
issued these be
put to up a was
right would be all
that it look this animal." indicate "Note: You
It to at to
may come was
people elephant. for
and observe the to
come
the
elephant directive The Kyoto, of and thus resided for time the wards in
a
following concerning it the detailed. bit instructions issued Further
to
more was a were
prevail; Although quiet observed, right
should effect: it all for the animal be to
was
approach elephant, they be it, they children should be behind the if and must not 53
boisterous;
things
be along in the road it travel; which
must it not would strewn fine
was
observe it
but
to into
streets, at the taking; it road
it fine not to
out cross
come
to
was
was
observe
from second
hang do shop down curtains;
storey;
strangely shaped take all not a
shop signs inside;
be
careful
lest become it seeing
hearing horse
angry upon an ox
or or
a
voice;
ladders
prevention fire and equipment the ward in prepare
at gates;
emergency, an
anything do do
inconvenience;
elephant not while the staying is to with the
cause
us,
temples
within radius
• three chd of [roughly
yards] religious 360 all
a
must
cease
memorial music;
within five radius of [roughly chd yards], big the 600 drum
and the
a
clappers
wood
temples
be used ringing; the time bell of
elephant while at the
not to at
are
is Kyoto, in
should
• [[ fire break J
within the of Horikawa the
Kawara out west, to range
•)-•,
(•1•
Sanj6d6ri the Kuramaguchi/[•j• the south, and to east, north,
the 151 to
to
from locally the with wards sponsored brigades, fire regular in fighters, addition
the fire
to
mobilize • in 80
front • the of [• main J6kein Temple) (J6ke
where gate the
to men
elephant residing;
nighttime, it and if is holding lanterns will be needed in was men
addition the 80. to
Elephant
procession The March.
Nagasaki off from day thirteenth the
of
set
on
the lunar
third
They passed month. through Shimonoseki
the stopped 22nd and in
on
Hy6go eighteenth
the
of the fourth month and in the Ozaki nineteenth of
that
on
on
Osaka
month. the they
On twentieth through reached and Fushimi 25th. the
The went
on
day, they The
entered Kyoto.
preparations villages next made in
route
many en
were
extraordinary,
and it that records from
village time the remain in level appears
extant
documents. ;•g One such would be by ]• documents family, the held village Okamoto
elders domain, in Ozaki • which -]• by • introduced
-fi
Yamashita
Yukiko in
the
were
:• journal • •,, • • kenky• Chiiki shi 3 (Studies History). in They Local demonstrate
that village
number of
officials
within
domain the
Japan observe a to sent
western to
were
the situation overall
then and
they what had elephant
and heard. The report to
were
seen
trainer
and other
attendants animal, the of leadership followed
the
upon
route course,
en
• of • Hachizaemon/J it, Oheda 7•m
• • • []
• ItJ3, two and Yfisuke Fukui
who
men,
•
subordinates
:•-,• Nagasaki •'• Takagi • 7• [•. Intendant Sakuemon to Treatment were
supervisors all of these
serious villages
the
and the directive at route,
was a
concern
en
calling
that
for ready locals be with piculs feed in went the out
of of
1 O0 to
amount
grass
elephant for the • proviso had
the •. it be ]'d that itabukazura
,,•" himekusa 3zb U' •,• I
or
do
know
what these people
The required investigate
thus take not and
to are. were
on
things these of in advance. sorts
Five -J-" six [roughly ch6 meters] elephant front in 600-700 of where the walked
or
village
officials
4 organizations. and
They it all horses that
and town were
to
saw
oxen
sight, from removed that along observers withdrawn,
the and that the road were
way were
village
The council, the unit commanders wards, the in and the was
secure.
representatives
of the brought elephant.
of the
the peasants documents There
up
rear
are
well describe which • who • {• N] stands • where for the t6ri gy6retsu" •) "z6 s6r6 as
(procession accompanying elephant's the passing through).
kenkyt• Chiiki shi 2.2.
4 (-y"
•J" A ch6 equivalent is
yards. 119 to or 54
:• Kyoto in village recently Yodo the of Among the discovered in documents
town
reaching depicting Kyoto elephant's prefecture, Upon
there records the
appearance. are
today grounds lies the elephant which of the J6kein shed the entered the
to
set up on a
IJ• )-• • temple's Hirok6ji University. of Ritsumeikan The
of the north
campus
more
• • [•, • Land Sh6j6kein affiliated Sect. and it with the
formal
Pure
was was name
0O
might stayed by Nakamido retired it for it be
short while that
Here
emperor
seen
a so
• ]•], •; Reigen (1654-1732, 1663-87). former the Emperor r.
problem. Guangnan however, Elephant, One There
White Rank 4b. was, one
practice needed those that in the feudal
with the the
It status meet to emperor. era was
position
rank without retired audiences official with
unable have
to emperor or or an were
elephant Simply should have
What be done? decided that the it
put, to
emperor. was was
Conferring something prerogative of rank.
the of the ranks
to
not
emperor, a concern
was
elephants. elephant it, Thus, dubbed the this and he
had 4b rank conferred
upon was a
elephant, "Guangnan presentation known rank, white document rank 4b." the of
In
as a a
promulgated? diploma thing Why is court-rank issued. the world in such It
a a a was was
any
fascinating higher
high rank, exceedingly than the of 4b is but in rank story,
event an
daimy6s region. who the courtiers in the Rank and above reserved for around
5
were was
permitted palace. imperial although elephant attend the visit the the did court, at to not
day month, 28th the and shown the On the fourth he taken of to to court
was
occasions, proceeded first. then it bent retired visit those On the He to
emperor emperor.
legs paying wine, down its front full of in and then drank several ladles its respects, on
promptly consumed
with red and buns mandarin bean It 100 100 paste
oranges. over
apparently peeling the mandarin then crushed after them with its trunk. It
ate oranges
under
taking bamboo, foot five trunk scratched four feet worth of fresh and it its in or
itself and flies. the swept
away
Dainagon Imadegawa
aristocrats The this them
who took in
part event--among
•" • •i•:, Jl] ;•2•J • dO • -•, • -• • N" •. Takatsuji Chfinagon Kimiaki and Fusanaga
}'g fi•--were :• s4g_ •:• Goj6 greatly • pleased Saish6 had made Tamenori that the
emperor
inspection repaired .personal they quickly satisfied, greatly that he and and
to a was
passed following various down the The has been of
poetry. compose genres poem as
work of this the
occasion: emperor on
opportunity extraordinary foreign have land To this able this from be beast
to to at
see a
imperial palace today happy. the makes
very. lne
by This have well-crafted
The aristocrats there
to
poem. no means seem was
a
lasting impressions example, elephants left with been the tusks his of and trunk. For
Dainagon Imadegawa following piece of the poetry: wrote
stalwart, presented imperial [i.e., Japan]. This has the been beast domain It strange to
traversing horse the and when
hill and dale. surpasses ox
Fastening fire its tail and thrust into the would have made the Wu encampment to
warriors of balanced vessels of Wei. Wu abdomen would float with the It retreat.
pointed right long tusks trunk Its
left and the it be the if its
angry, on were can seen as
along freely. uncoils coils
it and
up as moves 55
shy, By ably only it do•aa. trainer directs bo•v The hook it with
nature
can a a on
pole.
the
•, • • This (Poems first
collection in known shi in Eiz6
poetry
poem appears
a as
Elephants) elephant published printing Admiration which of woodblock concerned the in
a
•: Niyfisai by Shop brings that --]N the 1729, Book collections Kyoto. in This
year,
eighteen pieces together containing and of with
additional section poetry twenty prose an
appended This work of fifteen leaves also it after the main section
has
to
more. an
•, • • •2 appendix training elephants by Shiky6 (Sankaku 1702-83). [] Okuda
on
•'• • •
•-• by T6gai Following by aristocrats, there is
It6
poems poem seven, a
N[, :N: (Nagatsugu by training elephants "Ky6shi
), Sankaku's work and then it reads:
on
•i" "9-" • • • •', • kogi • Academy (Written shoin ni shosu" of Ancient t7- the
at
Meanings
Kyoto). disciple of in would This the lead believe that Sankaku
to
one was a
•i'•'•' [Y6gai's Kogid6 academy].
Elephants. According (written Kanbun), All About Sankaku's in
to
essay
we
"Throughout drawings capital, read: the Kyoto of and those the there wards
were near
clay elephant, quantities the and dolls in the well form of in and these sold
toys
were as as
large wealthy
that it recorded. result." could be There who became
not
so
men as a were
people drawings replicas elephant This indicates that earthern doll of made the and and
together believe sold them. work,
the that in and shi I seasonal Eiz6
put
way no was as a
• ,•=•, publishing different today, shrewd the from world of the shi known work Z6
a as
Elephants) (Treatise (midsummer) sixth of that the in in
the lunar month out
year
on came
Ky6h6." elephants. Dragon "Number Collection Fourteen is about of This work all It
begins diagram experiences training with elephant this for of and then describes the
a an
elephant's descriptions body shape, proceeds elephant's Japan. travel with the of the It to
liver, accomplished its trunk, they the the tusks sides of its union and
how sexual
gave on
offspring,
ivory, birth flesh, its skin; its be likened and its that hair woman's
to
to
can a
a
6 large elephant, elephants elephants that fire, feared mice detested and also feared that the
barking dogs, elephants Finally, of wine, that liked and what their behavioral habits
were.
[1• 7 N .• -• [monk] describes it Bodhisattva Japanese the Renb6 Puxian and how took in
image riding elephant. jointly published by: the of Puxian white Namikawa
It
was a
:• • •,-J" 1•]• [[ • • l•[• {g •- Bukk6ji sagaru-ch6 Jinzabur6 Ichir6bee and Kimura • of
J•: ,• •,-j" -• [tr]", •(N • l•[• iN/[] •!• Horikawa-d6ri Kyoto; Y6zabur6 of in
Uemura
]•,
1-•, -•- !g]: 7-• • 1tt]" Itt-f l•,
Edo; Jfikendana Sanch6me Honseki-ch6 and Yasui Kahee in
=__
Osaka. }N• • • :•, • •,• •, • • •'• l• [Ir]" Shinsaibashisuji Awaji-ch6 ,[•, of kado in The
• • jg•, temple
bears Chizen'in "The of the the I the lesser
work stamp:
copy own
on
7•--,• ''• grounds Hon--ji ofKyoto. the of
Furthermore, colophon elephant [to there is the which "Tribute of the notes:
a
sh6gun], altogether published."
stringbound hiragana, be written volume in
to
one soon
•
fact,
published the fifth in bookstore of the this mitsugi month Z6 •) 29, In
6 year very no
what the It is "vessels clear Wei" refers of not
to.
Implying beauty. by that be enticed women's
men can
given characters above; The the in those for this should be: the
text correct
are ones name
single The original indicates character "--" unclear that is the in text. a 56
-•"
(Tribute
Elephant). of the The edition in "•
reading: collection carries
stamp
my
a
d? •3•,_• "The work ofNakamura Heigo Kyoto." of beginning under Just the title the at
work, of this
the
reads: order that this "In volume understand, be
children for text
to easy
the
simply,
words written
language without florid of Thus, kind." would it
are
any
appear
publication
be
boys
girls.
for elephant The and
to Kyoto the end of the
a young to
at
came
fourth lunar month, published
and this month--extremely work quick the work.
I next
was
4•
piece •
[• for (evening • the Mainichi edition, shmbun 1973) March wrote 1,
once
a
in which
compared elephants, pandas interesting I
and found it and that there I
was a
similar boom back
panda then. flooded market, Stuffed Japanese the book toys toy
a
-'•
entitled
5/•" Panda (All subete published, Pandas) •
about 60 and
the.
•
•,,•
no was
weekly magazines printed pieces regularly
panda give about whether would the
not
or
Might birth. that changed,
human might has that
the
nature not
say we say or we
spirit commercial changed. has not
Having In elephant Edo. attained rank the moved and then the stature, court to
day the On month, 25th the of fifth arrived it and entered Edo the in east. Hama
Palace;
the 27th
emerged Yoshimune grand the the for vehicles
entranceway
at to on
rotunda • elephant viewed and the who led had been [] from Sakurada there the Gate.
Viewing elephant
of the permitted
officials the those allowed sit level of in the
to at to was
sh6gun's palace, of and samurai
above. rank six and of
It masters
court
ceremony,
• •: • Sukiyabashi
• the returned via palace Gate and the able maids and
women were
Inspectors it.
Honda Yahachir6
assigned others below and Imperial him be to
to see were
Household elephant, officials
for the and fed it the miscanthus Palace. The Hama at
was
reeds, bamboo and purchased
leaves price all feed, presented for straw, and
set
were a as
7•-•, villages by ofHongy6tokumura the •z}) I]•J", Koganech6 •i Matsudoch6 and
the On eleventh and twelfth Ky6h6 elephant sixth of the of month the 15,
was
l_[l l•_ taken the
Yamazato fortification the enceinte, in day and the last of to western
on
it that month sh6gun because announced that elephant, the had finished with the it
was
given
be it,
who wanted
and thus it entrusted the of to
to
was to someone
care was one
•, gJ3,
dO Gensuke village •. farmer the in of Nakano the volume of Ts•k6 76 In
a
ichiran, there 7• • citation •OJj• • is from JOkan the (Various zatsuroku Records from the
a
Kanp6 J66 tothe [1652-1744]) concerning recognition elephant Eras sale of the of oil
p• • )• white and • Bridge oil the --• 1• Yodo
the of Nait6 Heiemon
of Inn at
to
ox
• • village, Oshitate • village, • • Gensuke Kashiwagi of Nakano Yahee and of
village.
It that items these smallpox, useful for measles, carbuncles, and notes
were
particularly problematic Furthermore, reign, in Kanp6 the 1741, of the first it tumors.
year
village
moved Nakano
Yotsuya, in
Gensuke and built which it small hut feed in to was to
a
and in
which show it others. However, day sixth the fourth the of month of the to
to
on
following
elephant began
the violently. completely pillars of the the It to year, act tore out
pulled hut and the
into driven eight ground the
about which his feet foot post out
to
was
shackled. yanked large It nettle destroyed
with its embankment the trunk and
out tree
to a
dry
day
the On
eleventh of the passed twelfth month it of that due moat. a to
year, away
illness.
by It of
Japanese 21 years count. age was 57
According
Takashima
Haruo's
to
•/•j• • • • 9 Coming [to (The Japan]), Story skin confiscated Animals its of the of
was
by shogunate; Gensuke; given tusks, skull, its skin its the the
and the of trunk
to
were
-i• • • received calligraphy supply because, [a shop] Kobaien skin it famous the in Nara
said, producing glue it could make for ink. be to use
elephant
According just Coming cited, the work there The of Animals.
to
was an
•t• that Japan that lived fifteenth of in Wakasa had arrived domain in in the 1408,
year
• • reign period. barbarian") ("southern Furthermore, the vessel which Kaei Nanban
a
presented Sh6gun day then arrived the 22nd of sixth month
in Wakasa of that the
year on
•J• •
•[J pair z•. horse, Yostiimochi Ashikaga elephant, mountain with black
two
one one
peacocks, presented
by pair elephant Yoshimochi and of This black of parrots. two was
Tripitaka, and this is said time when of
he wanted obtain the
Korea to at to to copy a a
elephant of Tensh6 have the first in month travel been the seventh Next, 2 Korea. to to
or
following
Hakata; Ming brought elephant tiger vessel from the 1574, China and
to
a an a
6tomo
• • 7• • Yoshishige with presented of vessel
another Chinese 1575
year
an
4(•z elephant, tiger, • things, bay peacock, in Bungo and Usuki other the of
at
among a a
•-• presented tiger peacock together elephant Keich6 in 1602, and with 2,
were a a an
elephant ,• Ky6h6 • Tokugawa Ieyasu [i.e., Vietnam]. Thus, from of the Giao-chi the to
place elephant sixth took Japan. of such arrival the arrival in The seventh of
on era was an
ship day brought (1813) Bunka the 28th the sixth of lunar month of when Dutch
10
one a
gift sh6gun. meeting for the of the Council of the conclusion of However,
at
a a as
place Elders, declined time then and it took "of this time." The seventh
at
was as no use
•°
ofBunkyfi brought ship (1863) month in the fourth when the American Seaton 3 to
one
• [] [] Nishiry6goku Yokohama; viewing Edo, it later
for in and at two
open years was
6saka
elephant prints of show the of in well. There woodblock color
put
was on as are
well, drawings Bunkyfi elephant the of from and have Bunka but the the
I
era, era as seen
depictions Ky6h6 elephant extremely the the of
rare. are
elephants, addition camels and other curious animals such In orangutans' to
as
Although subjects public
from discussion. Japan the time time of and
to
to
came were
• • • objective given attained, nichiroku tst.Oi there the kaisho is in T6
not
was a case
• fi• • (Daily [• Interpreters) for of order the Chinese Accounts from the Hall of
an an
family. in for Mito that made By the Dutch vessel orangutan port
contrast, to
came a
11 hope they carrying (1800) Kansei shierikallo the that and "in 12
orangutan
an a was
purchase sh6gun." family, purchased however, sh6gun's did would be for the The
not
• •,• )ll •
according (1628- Tokugawa them, Mitsukuni that this It to account.
seems
telling
1700) animals. liked nichiroku of is tst•ji There wel| in the kaisho TO
account
as an
Asia, namely Patani, number of vessels that and Southeast from from Jakarta
to
a came
eighth compliance from (1667), with the in order in and of Kanbun that month 7 port
an
carrying
they
monkeys of Mito be the lord delivered. three and three musk
to cats were
9 (Tokyo: shoin, Gakuffi 1965).
•0
• Comments Japanese. I this is the if
-• written is in
It •/ not correct am sure are name.
welcome from readers.
l•
given
squirrel The Sarawak. is kind from katakana in of term a 58
dogs Breeds
of
found in brought Japan quite there became and
not
were
fashionable
times. Ky6h6 In •--•, dog • order • by for at Yiting 11
assumed Shi the
an
a
Nanjing of
vessel,
read the effect
that brought dogs
because the four of
to owner a two
to
by
• Japan • •gl Huang Zheqing
earlier fine, had
bring been he
should five of
this
ten
or
dog. breed
of 1• fl¢2. There dogs" (karainu "Chinese they )
and become all had the
were
12
in Japan.
Various
had become
well,
associated
with them such rage
names as as
•:fl•: • Karainu-pitai • Karainu-gonbee •,• J• •. •, and
Small A Bird. is, A fowl--that small
bird--should small simple have
involved
a
a
business
inasmuch
transaction
it brought small. The
Chinese
vessels
as cargo was
on was
judged by its example, according For ts•ji the nichiroku kaisho T6 for contents. the
to
day twentieth of the third (1709), Nanjing of H6ei month vessel number 6
twenty-seven
carrying
parakeet,
Ningbo thirty
carrying vessel number Siberian
was
one
was
one
bunting,
meadow Nanjing and thirty-one
number vessel carrying
The
canary. was one
that
the
Nagasaki
shown the
account Administrators notes Komakine
to canary two
was
• • f16: J• J2f
Masakata •
•J•] fiJ•
• and Bessho Tsuneharu time, (at the three
men were
assigned
position
the Nagasaki Administrator, of
duty to in
Edo and
in
two one on
Nagasaki, they alternated). and
There also observing the of administrator accounts
are
feeding
Chinese
and herons. Stories
well of whether birds the for
cranes
emerge
as are
official
business they and purchased when
they it is assumed not, would that be
or are
presented by the administrator higher the authorities. record dated another In tenth the
to
day
of the ninth following month the of
H6ei Nagasaki 7, orders of the the
year,
on
Takagi Intendant
Sakuemon,
shipmaster Chinese
journey home
his
route next a en was on
bring
Japan nightingale
with him magpie. and to to this Korean Since
one
one
seen was as
special bird
order,
it sh6gun. from the eight Xiamen vessel the number in a on came
year
sheep the of
arrived
in in sixth the (1775), of An'ei month carrying port it and 4
was as
pair four of pair six
mynah birds, of pair and Similarly, doves.
of cargo aboard
wrens,
one
Nanjing •
•
shipwrecked vessel
that
day Shimoda
the 29th
Izu
yongmao a
at at
was
on
of the twelfth •J• of month (1815) • • Bunka pair ofjink6ch6 (lit., 12 "aloes 42
were
[but bird" the meaning unclear]), remains pair love-birds, five of Chinese exact and
pair
of The list items of seventeen the of
aforementioned Xiamen vessel is
wrens. cargo
• recorded • in gt•hitsu • the • Keiho (Occasional
by Seacoast) Beautiful Notes the
at
-•fQ• •, Hirasawa
Genkai
the and Nanjing of list the
list vessel's
cargo
yongmao cargo
be
found • in '• •J•J the •
Seihaku hitstm,a (Notes
by Cargo), recorded
Asakawa can
on
g,0 • • •[[
Zen'an (1781-1849).
time, this At Shimoda the intendant Egawa
was
•_]2 fl]• I[ y• Tar6zaemon • 7• • [•
• Tannan The
lists of into vessels that
cargo
came
Nagasaki
without
incident port presented at
of the
office of
matter to were,
course, as a
Nagasaki the Administrator Nagasaki and the Hall.
Aside from those occasions when
at
they
copied
by
resident Nagasaki, in
such Genkai, Hirasawa
there out
were
men
as
was no
time
them
after they accordingly to
discarded, and store
away year year,
were
none
remaining today.
which in Chinese In caught
extant typhoon
vessels in
other
cases
a or
serious accident shipwrecked and
Japanese shores Nagasaki, aside from they
were on
•
Japanese, modem In frequently "karainu" breed, refers though chow the it unclear if is that to
what earlier.
meant was was 59
scrupulously trading they for searched Christian material if
to secret
were were or see
preserved vessels; passed also in
down of local records have these lists and
may
rare cases
Thus, shipwrecked the Japanese records of Chinese vessels that
shores
cargo. were are on
extremely angle. valuable conceivable certain number of collected from have
I every a
publish materials such and would like them collections. to
as
randomly ships just examples mentioned this The of real in
two
sense, are, cases
Nanjing particular, selected. carried the Japan birds Both small in the fact that
to
cargo; as
pair ofjink6ch6 objective probably had that its commercial.
vessel 42 yongmao
means was
tendency
Indeed, Administrator Small fowl seemed have die. bird the
set to to was a one
problem
with died before he able There have been
do also
to to to
a see seems was so.
thoroughly light of the order issued how feed them. This understandable in all sounds to
by by Nagasaki Takagi charge of items ordered Intendant Sakuemon who in
note
as a was
sh6gun, day (1710), the Chinese the dated the 25th of the ninth month of H6ei 7
to
,• a3 interpreters nishikitobi them Chinese about where could obtain for
the to
query one
•;•, thrushes, peacocks, and parrots. grey wrens,
manuscript library Among Elephants is in
the books Pandas. and
my
one
:• formerly H• kaikata: k6mO Tayasu the collection of household: Shoch6 in TO the
•[• •, /• • ,• 5• ,,• •3[ • •,• Species
(How of wataridori Feed Various bu e•; to
no
species birds, Holland). Imported of Birds China and Birds: Section it from In 99
on
starting listed, characteristics each of it includes such data the with the and
crane, as
are
migratory species native Among it birds and when and birds Japan. them
to to
came are
Ryftkyfi Kingdom, arrival Japan in and and the recorded for their Korea the
are eras
necessarily (1764-72), (1772-81), (1781-89). An'ei Meiwa These and Tenmei not
are
datings, raising paradoxically roughly small in but it is from this time that interest accurate
widespread reflecting public large, increased need of this birds became
the
at among an
sort.
foreign Caring belongs particularly lands, the animals, those from for to
rare
luxury antiquity lives the of of finds it in in One extravagant extravagance. category
or
kings imperial Shang dynasty, elephants buried and tombs of
the In
emperors.
were
• _• ShanglinFuan together elephant tigers trainers; with the raised the Han at
emperors
•, Chang'an. Raising park of the of
within manifestation beasts
power a rare was one
despotic precisely. this monarchs. The of Yoshimune fits this model From case
perspective, kind
the existence of for citizens the modern world in be
may as seen a zoos
by monopolization of liberation autocratic and rulers these from of animals
rare
elephants
pandas nowadays aristocrats. This and in whether is instances of the not true
or
reign Ky6h6 the
another. resemble
may
one
elephants Ky6h6 period coming the travels of the Yet, Japan of the the in and
to
ordinary Nagasaki elephant did afford from before the of folk Edo the male to
very eyes
people enjoyment. by Kyoto, Horinouchi time certain from of the
In
poet
a a a verse
• (L[J •, •J• sings elephants: Fuji being
snail Senkaku of it is like he "Beside Mount
a
•3 identity flight; perhaps beaut5' though of unclear, have named for Its remains it the its been
may
,• •
similarly golden pheasant. it related the is named kinkei to or 6O
pulled."
This makes unconsciously easygoing quality feel Sino-Japanese the of the
us
exchange
in during animals Ky6h6 the era.
Importation The
of Plants. animals write Were I about and mention to
not
plants
would be rather onesided. lacking botany, knowledge However, of find
I
any
myself
loss
anything write
is point all. All this do
at relate I stories to have I at a at to can acquired.
• • l•[• ;• y• • Shirai Mitsutar6's • • •'kyj • work Shokubutsu Study (A k6 torai
the of
TM Importation [to Plants of Japan]) period limited is brings the Edo but
not to
together
subject material high this antiquity from published
forward. in It 1929
on
was
and reissued in by according 1975. their the flora He Japanese the
to
arranges names
syllabary alphabet,
and gives under each he also its Chinese Japanese other entry
name,
and English occasion the
explanation plant's history of An of each names,
on
name.
given, Japan
is and beginning
been have
with
consulted to the
passage
numerous
sources
--• • Kojiki • • (Record YJg •,• Matters) Ancient of • (Chronicle the Nihon and shoki of
Japan). addition, the In broadly author's concerning extends research materials
to
Nagasaki--such •-• lF2) Nagasaki .• :N: • the bunkenroku (Account of Travels in
as
Nagasaki)a•
•7(• Nagasaki :• • •£ and (Drains Evening Nagasaki)-- s6 Chats in of
yawa
writings and the Edo-period of 7Jr, • • • authors (1655-1715), such In6 Jakusui
as
• ¢f.• •_, • Gentatsu • • Matsuoka
• _• Kon'y6 Aoki and (1698-1769),
among others.
study The herbs--centering of medicinal pharmacology--which botany
covered
on
zoology developing and had been early from originally times China, and it in Japan entered
early date because
it practical learning of form .with
human at life. concerned an
was a
dealing Works with medicinal kept herbs large together in numbers with medical
were
Momijiyama in
the Bunko, shogunal
library. Although the texts orders fact in
even
were
placed
for books
brought China, be from scholarship
especially of this to
new not
area
was
developed well
in China Qing Ming the of Thus, really
and only there few
eras. were
a
that works
transported
Rather, Japan.
be in the
Wa-Kan
to sandal
were
can as
seen zue
2{ •[I • ,• [] (Sino-Japanese Tripartite -_• j•,
•J Assembly) Picture
and the honzd Yamato
;z• ?•
(Japanese Medica), Materia
there development distinctive Japan's in
a was
own
•6 study
of Also, flora. it should be species plants
that noted for of that medicinal
new
use
from
the mainland
cultivated studied and gardens in medicinal-herb
in
came
were
many
daimy6
starting Koishikawa/J• domains Sh6gun with •i" J Yoshimune's garden.
•4 (Tokyo: shoten, Oka 1929).
•
work fascicles, A in
five kind Nagasaki of describing of sights
gazetteer sounds, its and
a
many
•J[[ •, by Hirokawa Kai published
in 1799.
•6•
The Wa-Kan encyclopedia is stringbound in fascicles
and
sansa• 105 volumes 81
zue an
•. =• • compiled by
Terajima
1• Ry6an essentially is Sino-Japanese
It version of
the Sancai
a
• ;• [] (Tripartite tuhui Assembly) ;• Picture Wang (1565-1614). of Qi zlz The Yamato
honz6 is work in sixteen
fascicles with additional appended,
compiled by fascicles five
a an
• •_ g•: •
Kaibara
Ekken
in introduces flora, 1709. fauna, It
minerals and Sino- in
numerous
a
Japanese 7• form • • based •]• • the • Bencao •
(Materia Medica) of Shizhen Li gangmu on
(1518-93). 61
study Identifying that the of Japanese of the time The Plants. At Work
probably problem progressing, medicinal herbs in Japan the difficult the
most
was was
deciding plants corresponded plants by work of which their Chinese in which to
names
Japan.
painstakingly
Irrespective foreign language, work it difficult of transpose to
was
plants, animals, furniture, foreign utensils, language Japanese into the household for terms
studying Cambridge, along like. When used and the in walk road with the I I
to
was an
picture picture birds, illustrated the book matched the book of small and when the in bird I
feeling seeing, still memories of awkward when would its have
I I
I at
guess
name. was
specialist archeology, laughed unexpectedly bumped who Altine, Indian into Professor in
a
thing precisely
"Ah, it, the the said: still Without doubt he had done and eh?" at at same a
completely the of birds &his first visit India. is search and useless time It to out
to
names
ignorant having seeting remain their of and learned their their flowers in
to
names own
picture foreign countries birds Japanese. books and fish for in Hence, of
are names
foreign of indeed, necessities. did would scholars of if literatures be It request strange, not
discerning they purchase libraries work of which their that works of this The sort.
species language corresponds task, essential life which Chinese Japanese in is the of
to
an
•. • scholarship this Japanese and of is known in d6tei
area as
[•N • Nanjing carrying Zhenxian arrived Chert vessel number fourteen in Dr. port
7% shipmaster intercalary day Ky6h6 (1721). sixteenth month The of the sixth of the 6
on
•J• • bring Mingyuan
IN], conveyed Shen the and Yoshimune had him "to request to
was
(Ky•Sh6 along good trading 3). shall when he received his doctor" license in 1718 I
a
coming chapter the of this book. Chen Japan discuss of this doctor the in to next
knowledge mountains fields herbs, had searched and of medicinal and Zhenxian he the
Nagasaki catalogued compiled result, which in around them. he for he
As
report
some a a
species, concerning efficacy. Cai the each annotations its with The work is known 162
as
•:• • ,•
given work, Collecting Herbs). (Account his Chen ht of
100 Dr. For yue was
catties of copper.
compiled by fuyan.
of Zhou d6tei noted this Zhu work in
The A
one area was
title -•, _• • 11• •5• )N Laizhang Qilai the Zhou Zhu which Zhou circulated under
and Zhu
• •_•
• •, • • • • fuyan fuyan Ky6h6 (The Xiangbao (The Exchange) Zhou-Zhu
or
Exchange).
ship
Nanjing Qilai fourteen, under number Zhou vessel Japan aboard
to
came
• •'•,
• Ky6h6 eighteenth day Zanhou sixth Fei of the month of the lunar 10 master
on
Laizhang day Ningbo (1725). second number six fifth Zhu of the arrived vessel the
on on
supplying by Chinese They of the the month fulfilled Yoshimune's orders
year. same
species species species plants, of shellfish, for thirteen fish and of of and 145 34
names
report
day They sh6gun presented nineteenth the of birds their the and beasts. the to
on
of eighth Ky6h6 only Zhu.fityan and the month mention here shall the Zhou 11. I
reserve
gentlemen chapter discussion &who these &the work for
next two were. a
region, Following the in this
medicinal examination of herbs that the
grew a
supplement imported titled Haktts'ai added with This addition materials herbs.
was was on
•J• •¢• • •J• yakubutsu Japan), Transported (Account and it is held Medicines •vku of
to
• f•, 1• • manuscript
City, is in Bunko Nishio Aichi Prefecture. the in in Iwase It 54 a 62
folios,
and, according
colophon,
in K6ka (1846) to
3 Yamamoto • • • a • Y6shitsu
made
of the manuscript
in possession the copy a • • of Noda g• Seika []
Nagasaki. of
original--dated The
the fitch
month of (1820)--was Bunsei
3 prepared, probably
for
submission
the Nagasaki
Administrator, to
by •
• Morita Jinbee
• •, []
who
in
was
charge weighing
of
and measuring medicinal herbs, five and
inspectors
other
of
medicinal
herbs,
it and
concerned categories Chinese of
and "red-haired" [namely, Dutch] herbs
and
imported sundries
Japan.
The Chinese to
section
is comprised
species, beginning
of 338
"yinyanghuo"
with _•
• •
(an aphrodisiac [in Chinese herbal medicine]),
while those
brought
aboard
the "red-haired"
Dutch vessels numbers
by
One 86.
the
also
or
text
one
mentions
the
in which
item brought each
Japan. year example, For to was
Coffee *
brought First
[to Japan]
for
sale in Bunka [1804], the of However, the it
rat. year
brought had been
in small
in earlier
for
their amounts
years own use.
Various kitchen
sundries included,
also
thus and Chinese-style finds
and are
one
paper
ivory
Although well.
this
is
extremely
valuable unfortunately record, as
the
an
accounts
prior for
Ky6h6
20,
by noted to appraisers the
the original of end
the
as
at text,
are
missing,
and
thus
have nothing
prior for that brings This down we the
to value of year.
the though
nevertheless text,
have
choice but deal with what remains we to no extant.
Plants Enjoyment. for importation
The
plants
of followed the
pattern
same
as
importation
the
elephants
of
and small birds. plants Those
limited those that could
to
were
appreciated be
enjoyed.
These horticulture plants.
flowers From or and
were
trees,
varieties
flora of
import
easier Japan than animals.
to Aside
from they to were whether
took in
Japanese
soil they and root
fairly simple Perhaps
for this grew,
were
cargo.
the
7• tst•i kaisho
nichiroku
has
few reason, flowering records of plants.
Mito R6k6
so
7J• @
•
•
(Tokugawa
Mitsukuni) also in orders plants. for put the aforementioned
In
foilowing items ordered in Kanbun
7, three
of of each the imported:
"Sugar
bamboo
were
--namely,
longan fruit; richii--namely, and [lizhi]." lichee highly sugar is cane; doubtful
It
frigid that in
Mito
the fruits of Southeast
Asia would have been
able take
to root.
instance, In
flowering mention
of plant in the one records, rare of
the
a appears
Nagasaki
Commercial
Hall for the day seventeenth of fourth the month of [ H6ei 1708]. 5
The
number three
vessel for
that transported Japan
the and number year to
peony,
one
brought
vessel twenty plum three
The
record indicates that trees. purchased these by
were
l_h Yateyama the office--namely, •_•
Administrator Nagai 7• •(: -• •z• 1• Sanuki
kami
no
price and
fixed
for Clearly, them.
flowering Chinese a plants just was than these
more
imported
Japan. to were
interesting These
is
concerning peonies
story in the
under Li an Wei
entry
(Ve•rmillion
[1687?o1738]
Yongzheng
in the • zhupi (fl(• • ]• • yuzhi •
Edicts of the
Yongzheng
Emperor).
While serving
the
ofZhejiang,
Li had Wei occasion
governor as to
examine Laizhang
Zhu Zhu As it, recounted Nagasaki the Administrator
ordered
had
the
importation
of yellow with flowers,
complied. and
he peony When bloomed, the flowers a
however,
they
purple
the and Administrator
highly displeased. forbad were
He all
was
commercial
transactions
and ship ordered the
home with its intact. to return Zhu cargo 63
himself suffered result though, financial losses, losses. The for
Zhu's great as a reason
different, the
fact have been idle chatter. The
that he story turns to
out
peony as were
this proof accepted offered that it substantive flowers and is that such
excuse was
were
imported being
being indeed their colors Japan and ordered.
to even were
importing flowering plants the shO. From Japan, issue of there is the On Tsuta to
consulting better period starting method than works, Edo horticultural the with Z6ho
no
•
,tag • • •
particular, (Selections sh6 Expanded). Ivy, is there section In
tsuta
on a
• • • • :• •g yori • [] I) l) (Annual entitled "Kusaki watarikitaru ikoku nenki"
11,, •
plants brought foreign lands) records of Japan] [to and from the third fascicle of in
trees
•
• • ,• furoku [•f•
(Appendices the sh6 Ivy). Tsuta Selections introduction Its
to
on
begins plants with: is unknown Japan from
when the flowers and all "It to
many came
following reign period China. The arrived the Sh6h6 those that from of the
years are
plants imported period (1644-47), forward." that from the and For the Sh6h6 trees were
gives: then text
madder, Ryfik3a] Chinese plum azalea, A late-year plum), (now known small
tree
a a as a
palm, mankamanju [cluster-amaryllis]),
coir (now knowaa kint6s6
evergreen,
a
a as a a
windmill, K•y•3shfi)
(from anjaberu rhododendron, azalea Kirishima (now
and
rose, a a
an
"know, variety carnation, of carnations, and distinct from
kinds this is various other of
an as
a
large large flower
blossom, with Holland). which later taken
to a a
was
Chrysanthemums, five varieties
Yang, Drunken down, Love, Princess Jade Goose and All five Taibo.
peony,
together.l
7 chrysanthemum of varieties came
reign period following The gives (1661-72) the Kanbun items and the text next to
moves
imported that Japan from China: to were
Fusang plant R}a•k?a3; (from apprehensive wither; A cold, it of the winter's it will
was
gillyflower,
again reimported discontinued Ky6h6 ship and 8), azalea, in black
a a a
• clematis, azalea, large Chinese azalea, Kirishima carnation.
a a a
by transported period (1673-80): followed then This is Enp6 the Japan the
flora in to
z7 Establishing English precise the difficult, these flora is that the Sino- for if
not
so, names as more
Japanese give dOtei described shall thus the entries for this the several Japanese above. and other I
follow; suggestions improvements entries that appreciated. would for be much
any
18 64
Chinese pawlonia A (from wandering lily pawlonia), (now known scarlett
as a
a
Tsushima), jade large perelmial lily genista, lotus), (from (now orchid known
a
a as a a
Satsuma), lily perennial lily] ([a Tsushima), umbrella" "Korean from Chinese
a
a
camellia, holly variety (imported garden camellia, camellia, of balsam Korean
a a a
19 during during Ky6h6 it the Sh6h6 era). discontinued recontinued then the
and era, was
(1681-83) the J6ky6 ( 1684-87): and Tenna For eras
flowering
perennial], plantain, amaranthus, The [some "rock orchid" of
sort
a a an
"Mandaia
vine, thorny k6ry•), nandin,
flower" (now
called rungens6
cypress
a
a a a
2° glory). morning the knox•aa Korean (now as
(1688-1703): the Genroku For era
mahogany, identity unclear], "Indian [actual An lotus"
Chinese bladder Chinese
nut,
a a
•).2•-
• _•. 21
O,ukimochis6 taro a
(1704-10) periods the H6ei (1711-15): and Sh6toku For
ryz•senka, The [the unidentified shokassai in last three remain sangosai, peanut,
English]."
Ky6h6 period the (1716-35): of the For year
passiflora Nagasaki, imported (in A caerulea it is called ill the
it tegaron
creeper; was
Ky6h6 8), (imported Ky6h6
Chinese 9),
trifidum,
in
pomegranate
sugar a an a acer
24 cane.
ability Clematis. substantiate lack the whether of above is fact in The all the I to
knowledge
this Professor borrow the Tsukamoto need For I of Y6tar6 true. expert.
to an
19
20
2• •,• •3•, •. _• This is reading educated "Yukimochi" is the
for both and the former
guess.
an
meaning so]"
figuratively "covered with [or and the latter related the Either the to tree taro.
snow
question bright in by is snow) white is in (as covered and still unknown it color if its
name or a
slight mistranscription
for the taro.
24 65
f-•;zls:i•-flX2l•[•
is
in
the field physiology of
the
expert floriculture. of learn
As
from
an
we
work,
his 7• bijutsu •: • 5•_ Hana
1• • rekishi History
to
(A 60 of Fine Flowers and
no
25 Arts),
tracing while the d•signs floral
that in works of flowers
the and appear art
themselves,
Japanese of culture is elucidated.
niece, aspect Tsukamoto's Ms. one
•
:}•
•-fi, Kashiwasako
Machiko
fine is scholar who
lectures attended
at a
my once
university.
has He section the clematis book;
begins his
in he with the in the
entry a on
Tsuta sh6 which introduced
earlier proceeds then and
follows.
was
as
The clematis said imported have been Japan into reign in Kanbun
the
to
was
period.
designs Clematis clothing the portraits
of of beautiful be found
on
can women
during
the Kanbun arabesque clematis
and designs
padded used well silk
era,
were as on
and made n6 the paintings in slidings seventeenth garments The
costumes
century.
on
•,•
by • • k[_l doors
Sanraku disciples Kano and his that
done the time the of
at
were
founding • )•,[•,
My6shinji of • Tenkyfiin 5• • and (Kan'ei sliding 1631), the door 8
or
temple work in ]• of Ry6sh6in the Chion'in and the art a on [•, ceilings 7• the ,• and Honganji • • the of Nishi and the the Goose of Room •-• [• [• Shiroshoin all designs clematis have architectural the in ornamentation of the Thus, they Kan'ei clearly predate period. the Kanbun era. Japan The Conclusion is Clearly, in doubt. during it did first the not not to come Kanbun What then the the just in Tsuta sh6 it based on? Was account era. was a coincidence that designs there clematis paintings the beautiful of in the are on women Although imported Kanbun era? it during imported first the Kanbun it not at was era, was time, perhaps that and imported clematis the looked earlier light different in upon was a given different circumstances highly and popular. became then becomes clear thus that It imported it first in the Kanbun transported it but Japan this not time and to was at era, was fashionable, become did that much design. it kimono used so so was a as circumstances The pertaining approximate clematis those other of to to seem plants • • well. • Noda Seika's work, Study (A ShtThin k6 Items), of Gathered as important is others imported document the period. flora late Edo of the among an on Export Finally, The of Flora. subject would like plants the touch I of to on exported from Japan. concerning plants Materials exported fewer. What are even we • • •_• • solely is know based the kamotsu T6ban (Register ch6 Chinese of and on .26 • Cargo) Barbarian 3•2 JN •.•] in the Naikaku Bunko After the Chinese and Dutch completed vessels had trading, their annual interpreters the Chinese prepared Dutch and a listing, general ship by ship, for Nagasaki submission the Administrator of the to cargo transported Japan aboard Chinese produce and vessels Ducth loaded and the to the onto vessels for •ourneys. their imported The placed Japan list known return to cargo was a on p-• the ff• •. • •.• I• "T6sen kamotsu aratamech6" (Account of Chinese as cargo on ships), and that loaded for China called kihan kamotsu "T6sen export to was • I• ]•N •f• • •4 kaiwatashich6" I[• • •1• purchased (Account of for the return cargo Chinese vessels). The stringbound kamotsu T6ban contains thirteen ch6 voyage on Arranged by volumes. comprised it ic of Nagasaki the books from the year, account sent z-• (Tokyo: shinsha, shob6 Kawade 1970). 26 (Tokyo: photolithographic Naikaku edition, Bunko 1970). 66 portion Administrator (H6ei though period Edo. 6) of the from It 1709 1714 to covers a (Sh6toku only 4). (Sh6toku 1). The it for which the all vessels is 1711 We year covers example chapter. looked this in earlier at an examine When kamotsu the it, kaiwatashich6" "T6sen kihan within we we can see plants which and ships example, the Chinese loaded for home. For trees transport next to Ningbo number four setting day vessel which sail home the for of tenth the 29th was on following there month of is 1711 the notation: pine, Flora: camellia, azalea, * fourteen tubs. in 27 Each tub valued is 8.3 at monme, worth of silver all. 116.2 in monme Follwoing this, day Ningbo last for the of month the the tenth of vessel number year, same five (pines plants had nineteen camellias); day of tubs of eleventh and for the third the month, Ningbo thirty eighteenth (pines camellias); vessel had number tubs and for the 25 day of camellias; the twelfth month, thirty-one only Taiwan of vessel number had tubs 23 for day nineteenth the thirty-eight month, of the Hainan number twelfth had ninetten vessel only tubs Ningbo of thirty-seven camellias camellias; and vessel of number had three tubs twelfth forty, Taiwan depart vessel day number month, the 29th of the had 40 set to on tubs of camellias azaleas; day, Ningbo forty-two and for vessel had nine the number same camellias; tubs of day, and that also for Taiwan had vessel number twenty-seven very loaded tubs Guangdong forty-four of camellias and azaleas. 32 vessel also number set was day, sail heavy that pines, it had camellias, and taken tubs of and of 120 to cargo on a day azaleas. Nanjing ships the final On of the home: three sail for vessel number set year, thirty-four camellias; had fifty-two tubs of Jakarta vessel number had of 37 tubs 35 camellias; shipwrecked Guangdong and terrain, vessel Hirado and the because a was on ship damage, had holding sustained it made "extra" vessel for that It too year. was an was only camellias, meaning day tubs, 38 vessels that that final of the that all the set out year carrying only ships camellias; plants of the camellias. All laden with carried thirteen was ships pines, four also ships had had azaleas. and four returning ships of the Records plants only Chinese with have been thus far found in this section the of perhaps kamotsu T6ban chd. We've concentrated Sh6toku and 1, on particular there day demand Under of that the for the seventeenth the entry a was year. third lunar Sh6toku month of in nichiroku, tst•ji that the kaisho order T6 2 an can we see they effect that the departing compared when read of and the vessels went out to accounts before Administrator, the plants designation the in plant's of the sometimes case was indicated they and bring plant sometime unity that and of thus the entry not to to were designations records. This the correspond precisely order the time of the to to on seems reorganization ships previous departing of the of for home of the the end accounts at year. ordinary Had it they been prescribed load, year's surely would have followed the form. an Thus, there certainly have situation. been unusual Yet, that must cannot most say an one other time exported. plants at no were •.:• • ;•21•]• According Asai shim, Keitar6' tsubaki "Tsubaki kai to essay, s o e no :) •]1 }•- --• • • • tebiki" • (Knowing camellias, guide L] the r) "; 6 '7 •" "• '•'., to • -", a •_7 equal is One 3.75 to grams. monroe 67 28 camellias), world of the British Company India established East Xiamen in 1676; at was Cuninghame Xiamen, James specimens pressed himself and he of camellia to sent came leaves Petiver in drawing James London. introduced Petiver of In 1702 the camellia to a Philosophical Transactions, in first and this the the camellia of in the appearance was precisely Sh6toku West. 1 This later. due have been that the fact ten to years may was Guangnan what the others, vessel, vessel and the Jakarta carrying among was was subsequently ships loaded its home this If Western then the port. onto at case, was we history Chinese-Japanese-European here the have of vexing interactions. is rather that It there is clear this all to way no up. 28 bunka/• 3•(Camellias: • Tsubaki, In hana • (Tokyo: Culture) Flowers Seibund6 and to shink6sha, 1969). 68