Joumal of Califomia and Great Basin Anthropology Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 204-220(1996).

Patayan Anthropomorphic Figurines from an Orange County Site

HENRY C. KOERPER, Dept. of Anthropology, Cypress College, Cypress, CA 90630. KEN HEDGES, San Diego Museum of Man, San Diego, CA 92101.

Southern Tradition anthropomorphic figurines found at the Banning-Norris site (CA-ORA-58) exhibit stylistic elements reflecting Hohokam and possibly Prescott influences. These Lower Colorado Buff Ware artifacts may have accompanied Mojave entrepreneurs involved in a textiles-for-shells com­ merce with the Gabrielino and the Chumash. The presence of 12 fired clary anthropomorphs at CA- ORA-58 suggests a trade route along the Santa Ana River leading directly to Newport Mesa. These specimens lend support to the hypothesis that CA-ORA-58 was the important coastal village o/"Genga.

1 WO broad categories of Greater Southwest­ RECOVERY AND DISPOSITION ern prehistoric figurines, a Northern Tradition Sometime around 1964 or 1965, while surface and a Southern Tradition (Morss 1954), have collecting at the extreme north end of CA-ORA- been employed to classify clay effigies found in 58, Ken Fritz and Herrold Plante, past president southern California (e.g.. Hedges 1973). North­ and vice-president, respectively, of the Pacific ern Tradition effigy manufacture centers on die Coast Archaeological Society, discovered a num­ northern Southwest (Morss 1954). The focus of ber of figurines from an area with an estimated the Southern Tradition is the Hohokam culture, diameter of 20 to 30 meters (H. Plante, personal but the division includes historically related communication 1994). Ten of the Southern Tra­ forms produced by Patayan, Sinaguan, and Mog- dition specimens found by Plante ended up in ollon peoples (Morss 1954). the collection of Steve Almond, who had donat­ Twelve fired clay anthropomorphic figu­ ed one figurine to the Bowers Museum of Cul­ rines, belonging to the Southern Tradition, were tural Art. This circumstance provided a paper found by a relic collector in the 1960s at CA- trail leading to the other 11 fired clay anthropo­ ORA-58, the Banning-Norris site in Costa Mesa morphs. (Fig. 1). The primary purpose of this study is Plante retains no specimens, having donated to describe these specimens and discuss dieir two figurines (Figs. 2d and 2f) to the Bowers cultural associations, temporal placement, and Museum. The second collector has since given the possible agents and routes of trade for the four more of die fired clay artifacts (Figs. 2a-c, exotic effigies. Set against the near absence of 2e) to the museum but is in possession of five Late Prehistoric anthropomorphic figurines from odiers (Figs. 3a-c, 3e-f). elsewhere in Orange County, these dozen arti­ facts, as well as figurines of the Northern Tradi­ THE FIGURINES tion found at CA-ORA-58, have important impli­ The 12 anthropomorphic figurines (Figs. 2 cations for the political and economic role of the and 3) exhibit body configurations (as opposed Banning-Norris site, as well as its identification to head or leg configurations) that are quasi- with the historically recorded village of Genga cylindrical, diat is, neidier flat like die Soudiern (Koerper et al. 1996). Tradition Patayan figurines described by Hedges PATAYAN ANTHROPOMORPHIC FIGURINES 205

FOUNTAIN VALLEY/,

Fig. 1. Location of CA-ORA-58.

(1973) nor quite as cylindrical as the Nordiern resemblance eidier to die very early fired clay Tradition figures described by McKinney and objects of CA-ORA-64 (Drover 1971, 1975; Knight (1973) and Dixon (1977). They bear no Drover et al. 1979) or to die crude ceramics 206 JOURNAL OF CALIFORNIA AND GREAT BASIN ANTHROPOLOGY

Fig. 2. Fired clay figurines from CA-ORA-58, Specimens 2a through 2f found at the Little Harbor site on Catalina Island Casa de Rancho Los Cerritos in Long Beach (Drover 1978). They are altogedier different (Evans 1969). from the fired clay objects described from La The 12 CA-ORA-58 specimens share a bifur- PATAYAN ANTHROPOMORPHIC FIGURINES 207

Fig. 3. Fired clay figurines from CA-ORA-58, Specimens 3a through 3f cated base, presumably representing legs, in fingernail or thumbnail impressions into the wet every case where some evidence of the base ele­ clay or, it would appear, by pinching die paste ment survives (10 specimens). A head is extant between the diumb and index finger. The backs for 11 of the artifacts. In some cases, noses, of the objects are comparatively nondescript, but eyes, and mouths are appliqu6d elements, and in four of the pieces show evidence of arms. Only others they are molded very simply by indenting one specimen exhibits some temper. Evidence 208 JOURNAL OF CALIFORNIA AND GREAT BASIN ANTHROPOLOGY of paint is lacking for any object. Some figures left and right beyond the maximum widdi of die can be identified as female or possibly female, underlying head. The surface of the body is ordy one as a male. Shared formal characteris­ only slightly lumpy. Between the two rudimen­ tics within this grouping suggest that most of the tary legs, a vulvar element makes it obvious that figurines have a common origin. a female is represented. Opposite the vulvar Eleven specimens (Figs. 2 and 3a-e) are element on the back side is a small hole running buff-colored and have little to no nonplastic in­ straight up into the artifact. The hole is not clusions. These, then, appear to have been man­ drilled, but rather a stick was inserted into the ufactured of alluvial, low iron clay. A single wet clay before firing. The hole is so placed as figurine (Fig. 3f) is significandy darker than the to suggest an anus. There are no other distin­ others and contains temper, facts consistent with guishing characteristics on the back side of this Peninsular Range clays which have relatively figurine. higher iron content. Specimen No. 2 The buff-brown dichotomy, or light-dark di­ chotomy, as well as differences regarding non- The second specimen (Fig. 2b) is a nearly plastic inclusions, helps disfinguish Lower Colo­ complete, reddish-yellow anthropomorph. The rado Buff Ware from Tizon Brown Ware. As distal ends of die legs are missing. The nose Lyneis (1988:149) explained: was fashioned by pinching the wet clay from the Clays produced by the weathering of granitic right and left sides of the face, probably with rocks have substantial iron content resulting from thumb and index finger, leaving depressions into the disintegration of dark accessory minerals that which a thumbnail or fingernail was pressed to accompany their quartz and feldspars. Unless indicate eyes. The mouth was similarly fash­ the iron is removed in the natural cycle by leaching ... or is separated from clays in the ioned. A nub, undoubtedly representing male process of transportation prior to sedimentation, genitalia, is not an appliqu^ element, but like the clay will not generally fire to the light colors the nose was built up from underlying clay. A that we conceptualize as "buff." transverse line runs frontally directiy above the Further, the clays used in the manufacture of phallus, giving the appearance of a belt. This Lower Colorado Buff Ware "are deposited in line does not continue across the back, which is very still-water environments after considerable only slightly lumpy. The front is also slightly long-distance transport and sorting in slow- uneven, but widi a smoother finish. A rough moving waters" (Lyneis 1988:149). This ren­ depression between the legs at the rear of the ders them free, or virtually so, of natural tem­ figurine may be an anus. per. Specimen No. 3 Nonmetric descriptions of each specimen are outlined below. Table 1 contains metric descrip­ The left leg and a corresponding trunk piece tions and other measurements. of this reddish-yellow anthropomorph (Fig. 2c) are missing. The nose, eyes, and mouth are Specimen No. 1 probably appliqu^ elements, but they are Specimen No. 1 (Fig. 2a) is a complete, molded to the face in such a way as to conceal pirdcish-grey anthropomorph with appliqu^ this mode of manufacture. There is also the eyes, nose, and mouth. The facial characteris­ suggestion that facial elements were created by tics are remarkable for their high relief The the artisan tooling away the wet paste from relief is not only frontally pronounced but also around the facial features. Either way, the eye extends laterally as the eyes project noticeably holes and mouth opening are the result of a PATAYAN ANTHROPOMORPHIC FIGURINES 209

Table 1 DESCRIPTION OF CA-ORA-58 FIRED CLAY ANTHROPOMORPHS

cimen Length WidUi Thickness Weight Hardness* Coloi* Nonplastic Fig. f (mm.) (mm.) (mm.) (g-) Inclusions

1 52.4 23.6 18.3 18.6 4 5YR, 6/2 absent 2a

2 54.9 17.1 10.3 9.7 3 5YR, 6/6 absent 2b

3 44.3 21.2 11.9 9.0 3 5YR, 6/6 virtually absent 2c

4 45.4 22.1 12.0 9.9 3 5YR, 7/6 absent 2d

5 57.6 21.5 13.2 14.4 3 5YR, 6/6 virtually absent 2e

6 67.5 31.1 19.3 37.1 3 5YR, 6/4; absent 2f SYR, 5/3

7 32.4 23.5 14.2 10.6 3 5YR, 6/4 absent 3a

8 44.2 20.8 14.3 10.9 2 5YR, 6/4 virtually absent 3b

9 44.4 20.8 11.8 9.7 3 2.5YR. 6/4 virtually absent 3c

10 22.2 18.4 13.0 4.8 3 SYR, 6/4 virtually absent 3d

11 28.8 17.2 12.8 6.8 4 SYR, 6/6 virtually absent 3e

12 33.9 20.6 12.0 8.4 4 2.SYR, 5/4 present, angular 3f

° Moh's Scale. ' Munsell Soil Color Charts; Hue, Value/Chroma. hard, linear object—a fingernail, thumbnail, or Otherwise, the back surface is comparatively stick—being pressed into the clay. As with four nondescript, its surface only slightly lumpy. other specimens in the group, the superior end Specimen No. 5 of the nose begins noticeably above the eyes. This specimen is somewhat crudely manufac­ The front of this reddish-yellow figurine (Fig. tured, with some roughness on the front and 2e) is complete and characterized by elements in moderate lumpiness characterizing the back. very low relief The eyes, nose, and two arms barely protrude from the underlying surface. A Specimen No. 4 diumbnail, fingernail, or other hard object has This reddish-yellow figurine (Fig. 2d) is not produced slits, either indented or incised, across complete. On the face, the upper half of the left appliqu^ eyes. The nose appears to be appli- eye is missing. A very small part of the right qu6d but is integrated smoothly into the face. arm is gone, but an appliqu^ left arm is mis­ The mouth is a simple indented or incised line. sing, having come off cleanly, leaving only a Right and left arms are appliqu6d, beginning smooth depression where it had been appended from the sides of the body, and are enhanced to the torso. The nose, eyes, and mouth are ap- widi indented or incised lines. No sexual or pliqu&l elements, well molded to die face. Three other elements appear near the legs. The sur­ lines at the bifurcated legs form a pudendum, faces of the body are only slighdy lumpy. A conferring female status. Opposite, at the rear, single sherd has broken away from the back, is an oval depression, again suggesting an anus. scarring about 75% of that surface. 210 JOURNAL OF CALIFORNIA AND GREAT BASIN ANTHROPOLOGY

Specimen No. 6 The head tapers dramatically in cross section from bottom to top. This reddish-brown (front) to light reddish- brown (back) figurine (Fig. 2f) is distinctive in Specimen No. 9 the grouping for its size and for the attention This light reddish-brown specimen (Fig. 3c) paid to smoothing and polishing its surfaces. It has lost about half of the upper obverse surface, is complete save for a noticeable chip at the left and only the remnant of the left eye and a possi­ top of the head. The nose and mouth are obvi­ ble indication of a mouth (a slightly raised area) ously appliqu^; the eyes are probably appliqu&l remain. The broken area exhibits a roughened but are expertly molded to the face. TTie eyes scar much like exfoliated rock. Part of the back and mouth are indented or incised straight lines. side and bottom of the left leg have broken off. Before firing, a stick was inserted into the front side of the figurine at the bifurcated base. The There is no evidence of arms. At the juncfion reverse side of this specimen lacks any distinc­ of the legs, there is an impression made by a tive elements. stick that was thrust into the wet clay before firing. The stick impression is evident on die Specimen No. 7 shorter leg. Additionally, a raised area in the suggested pubic region appears to be appliqu6d. This light brown figurine (Fig. 3a) is mis­ The bottom part of this appliqu^ is molded into sing a bottom half, and probably once had right the underlying clay, obscuring evidence of the and left arms that have popped off. The absence fact that it is an applied element. There is die of roughened scars suggests that these were ap- suggestion that a female form is being represent­ pliqu6d arms. The nose is probably an appli- ed. All surfaces are pitted and rough; this is the qu6d piece but is well molded to the face. The most weathered anthropomorph of the grouping. eyes and mouth are simple slits, rendered when a fingemaU or thumbnail, stick, or some other Specimen No. 10 hard object was used to indent or incise the wet Specimen No. 10 (Fig. 3d) is die light red­ clay. The torso is slightly to moderately lumpy. dish-brown head of an anthropomorph, lacking Some care in smoothing surfaces is evident. The a nose but with a slight impression where an back side is comparatively nondescript. appliqutkl nose may have been. The mouth and nose are appliqu6d elements of "coffee bean Specimen No. 8 style." Front and back surfaces are rough and Specimen No. 8 (Fig. 3b) is crudely molded pitted. with irregular surfaces. It is distinctive especial­ Specimen No. 11 ly for the absence of facial features, except for a slit perhaps made by pinching the wet clay and This anthropomorph (Fig. 3e) is reddish- indenting with a nail. This possible "eye" does yellow with what appears to be a very small fire not appear to have been an appliqudesert and returned to the coast with these artifacts (see Kroeber Specimen No. 12 1925:612; Ruby 1970:53), who dien transported Specimen No. 12 (Fig. 3f) is the most un­ these exotics and along which trails? What is to usual of the 12 anthropomorphic figurines, but be inferred from die observation that in Orange its bifurcated bottom provides an important sty­ County to date only CA-ORA-58 has produced listic link with the rest of the grouping. The figurines of the kinds described above? front side is reddish-brown, but there are dark Cultural and Temporal Associations grey fire clouds (Munsell Hue 5YR, 3/1) on the back. This piece comes the closest of the an­ Hedges (1973) noted that whUe effigies of the thropomorphs to having a cylindrical body, thus Southern Tradition of Southwestern figurines appearing—at least superficially—to be a hybrid found in southernmost California and Baja Cali­ born of Southern and Northern figurine tradi­ fornia had received cursory mention in the lit­ tions. erature (Treganza 1942:159; Heizer and Beard- This specimen is unusual also for the evi­ sley 1943:204; Meighan 1959:31; True 1970:50- dence of abundant (= 1 % by volume) nonplastic, 51), they had not yet been described formally, a angular inclusions in the paste. White quartz necessary prerequisite for developing a typology. inclusions average about 0.25 mm. in diameter. Hedges (1973) offered a preliminary typology Smaller dark inclusions are more numerous. based on his study of examples that he character­ Color and temper suggest a Tizon Brown Ware, ized as belonging to the "Peninsular Branch of which is characteristic of the Peninsular Ranges the Patayan Stem of the Hakataya Root." Here of southern California. No other andiropomorph we will abandon the term Hakataya, and will use could be ascribed to the Tizon category, but instead the term Patayan (see McGuire and rather the other 11 figurines closely approximate Schiffer 1982) to refer to Yuman groups from the appearance of Lower Colorado Buff Ware the Mojave and Colorado deserts into the San (see Lyneis 1988). There is the possibility that Diego coast. Hedges (1973) anticipated that a Specimen No. 12 was manufactured locally. more definitive typology would depend especial­ The head has broken off of Specimen No. ly upon descriptions of unexamined specimens 12. Incised lines that are 1.0 to 1.5 mm. deep known to exist in private collections. indicate arms, a pubic triangle, and a vagina. Southern Tradition anthropomorphic figurines The lines representing arms extend from the are recognized by their resemblances to Hoho­ sides of the specimen across die torso, extending kam eftlgies which often feature coffee bean diagonally downwards. A small, purposeful eyes while Northern Tradition figurines are gen­ hole sits at the lower end of the vaginal line. erally cylindrical, occasionally with modeled The legs are somewhat pointed at their termini. breasts (see Morss 1954). On diese and other criteria, 11 of the CA-ORA-58 effigies described DISCUSSION above are easily attributable to the Southern Tra­ Several immediate points of discussion arise dition, but the CA-ORA-58 collection fits none from the remarkable fact of a concentration of of the diree types proposed by Hedges (1973) anthropomorphic figurines at a single coastal for the Peninsular Branch ceramics. midden (CA-ORA-58). To what ceramic tradi­ General characteristics of Hedges' (1973) tions are they to be attributed, and specifically Types I, II, and III include coffee bean eyes and what ethnic group manufactured the artifacts. prominent nose, a testament to a shared stylistic 212 JOURNAL OF CALIFORNIA AND GREAT BASIN ANTHROPOLOGY ancestry for the Orange County examples and only diree of our specimens (2, 5, and 7) have the Peninsular Branch types. However, punctate slit eyes. Further, die CA-ORA-58 specimens nostrils, punctate mouth, and lack of arms and with appliqu^ parts cannot qualify as examples legs are general Peninsular Branch characteris- of one-piece artifacts. fics not found on the CA-ORA-58 specimens. Breasts are found on many Prescott figurines, The three types of figurines described by Hedges but none of the CA-ORA-58 females has them. (1973:8), including those of a Miscellaneous Noses are described as carelessly shaped on the Hakataya (now Patayan) category, were from the Prescott pieces (Morss 1954:34), a description area occupied historically by the Kumeyaay and that would not characterize most or all of die Cahuilla, where Northern Tradition figurines CA-ORA-58 specimens with noses. Further, the were also noted at three locations. characterization of die central Arizona artifacts In some specifics, there are similarities as exhibiting friable, coarse-tempered fabric between Prescott figurines from central Arizona (Morss 1954:34) might apply in only one exam­ and the CA-ORA-58 anthropomorphs (see Glad­ ple from CA-ORA-58. The Prescott figurines win etal. 1937:Plateccvii, 108; Morss 1954:34- are of Pueblo II and III age, and thus are con­ 37). The terminus of Prescott figurines is "usu­ temporaneous with the end of the Snaketown set- ally knobby or stump-legged widiout the long dement (Gladwin et al. 1937:239). legs often found in Hohokam figurines" (Morss The most striking resemblance between Hoho­ 1954:34). This attribute is present for every CA- kam anthropomorphic figures and CA-ORA-58 ORA-58 anthropomorph described above diat is figures is seen in the coffee bean facial features. not lacking a base. The head might flare out At Snaketown, coffee bean eyes are diagnostic from the body in a manner similar especially to of die Santa Cruz Phase (A.D. 700 to 900) Specimens I, 3, 4, 6, 8, and 9, and the tops of (e.g., Haury 1976). Parendiefically, diis facial the Prescott heads are rounded, a trait most design element is one of a long list of traits indi­ notable on Specimens 1, 6, 8, 9, 10, and 11. cating cultural connections between Mesoamer- Gladwin et al. (1937:240) pointed out diat ica and the American Southwest (Gladwin et al. Prescott Branch figurines bear a striking resem­ 1937:241). The CA-ORA-58 andiropomorphs blance to some Northern Periphery (e.g., Fre­ give die appearance of a stylistic hybrid between mont) figurines. Gladwin et al. (1937:238-239) Hohokam and Prescott figurine traditions. Prox­ described the Prescott artifacts as being manu­ imity of die Lower Colorado River to both cen­ factured by a one-piece method with rod-like tral and southcentral Arizona suggests a possible bodies, with little or no effort to mimic actual origin for at least 11 of the pieces. proportions. The upper end of the figure is Specimens 1 through 6 were examined by pressed flat. Aside from the eyes, nose, and Jerry Schaefer, who noted that die paste lacked mouth, facial/head development is minimal; in any mica, one indication that the "very clean" general, ears, eyebrows, and facial modeling are clays came from the Lower Colorado River. He lacking. Color decoration is also lacking, and confirmed that all six were of Lower Colorado the figures tend to be female. Noses tend to be Buff Ware (Lowland Patayan tradition). Lower beak-shaped, and eyes are represented by slits. Colorado Buff Ware was manufactured along the These descripfions apply in varying degrees to Colorado River, the Gulf of California to the the CA-ORA-58 collection. southern tip of Nevada, along the Lower Gila An arguable issue is how far to apply the River, and in the peripheral western Arizona and somewhat subjective term "rod-like" to the soudiern California deserts (Waters 1982:275). bodies of the dozen CA-ORA-58 specimens, and Schaefer's assessments did not include Speci- PATAYAN ANTHROPOMORPHIC FIGURINES 213

mens 7 through 12, which were not available for along the coastal zone was primarily with Chu­ his inspection. However, in the senior author's mash and Gabrielino, who received perishables, assessment, all but Specimen 12 appeared to be blankets, and odier woven goods (Ruby 1970). of Lower Colorado Buff Ware. Pedro Font reported seeing a cotton blanket A Lowland Patayan origin for 11 of the resembling those produced by Gda River Pimans anthropomorphs seems certain. This observa­ at a Chumash village in western Ventura County tion, coupled widi ethnohistoric data to be dis­ (Bolton 1931:257). Archaeological and ethno­ cussed in the following section, indicates trans­ historic data indicate that die textile trade was port of these exotics by the Mojave or their cul­ carried to the edge of die southern San Joaquin tural predecessors along the Mojave Trail. After Valley and beyond (Fremont 1854:367, 376, negotiating a route approximating the present- 1887:362, 370; Coues 1900:278-279; Kroeber day Mojave Road Recreation Trail (see Duffield 1925, Plates 63 and 72, 934-935; Gifford and 1984; Casebier 1986), traders would have fol­ Schenck 1926:104; Cook 1960:247; Smidi and lowed the Mojave River (Coues 1900; Galvin Walker 1965:1; Galvin 1967:47; Walker 1986: 1967), eventually ascending die San Bernardino 86; see also Sample 1950:4-5). Mountains eight miles east of die Cajon Pass Mojave middlemen acquired Hopi and Navajo (Van Dyke 1927). After descending into die blankets from the Walapai (Mook 1935:164), San Bernardino Valley, travelers could have fol­ and from the Havasupai they received blankets lowed the Santa Ana River Drainage, leading di­ woven at an unspecified Pueblo (Spier 1928: recfly to CA-ORA-58 (Fig. 4). 245). Mojave might trade directly with Hopi (Forde 1931:106; Driver and Massey 1957:377). Mojave Trade Wool ponchos were obtained from the Navajo Mojave Indians habitually journeyed through (Spier 1955:6). In return for Southwestern tex­ die territory of other tribes (Davis 1961:8) for tiles, the Mojave acquired shells and shell beads touristic (curiosity and adventure) (Kroeber (Farmer 1935; Ruby 1970). During Fatiier Oar­ 1925:727; 1974:6-7; Farmer 1935:157), milita­ ers' 1776 travels westward across the Mojave ristic (Stewart 1947), and commercial purposes Desert, the trails-priest and his guides passed (e.g. Farmer 1935; Rogers 1941; Tower 1945). two Mojave trading parties transporting Pacific For instance, westbound Mojave entrepreneurs Coast shell eastward (Coues 1900:243; Galvin traveled from their Lower Colorado River home­ 1967:35, 37, 40). land into Chemehuevi, Vanyume, Serrano, Gab­ Pacific shell reached the Southwest as early as rielino, Tataviam, Kitanemuk (see Coues 1900; the Cochise culttare (Sayles 1945:57). In die Kroeber 1925:612; Galvin 1967), Chumash Anasazi area. Pacific shell is well-documented (Kroeber 1925:612; Engelhardt 1930:46-49; for the Basketmaker II period (Brand 1938:7; Smitii and Walker 1965:1; Ruby 1970), Salinan Gifford 1947:61-62; see also Tower 1945:21). (Smidi and Walker 1965:1; Walker 1986:52) and Eventually, Pacific shell occurred in all major Yokuts territory (Fr6mont 1854:367, 376, 1887: divisions of the region, and has been found as 362, 370; Kroeber 1925:612, 727, Plates 63 and far away as the Texas Panhandle (Brand 1938: 72; Cook 1960:247; Smidi and Walker 1965:1; 9). There is no way to estimate what proportion Walker 1986). Spanish documents have die Mo­ of Pacific shell and shell beads in the Southwest jave as far north as Mission San Luis Obispo de would have passed through Mojave middlemen Tolosa and even Mission San Miguel Arcingel or their cultural predecessors, but certainly (Smitii and Walker 1965:1; Walker 1986:52), around the contact period, the Mojave were which is in Salinan territory. Direct exchange prime movers of these commodities. 214 JOURNAL OF CALIFORNIA AND GREAT BASIN ANTHROPOLOGY

MOJAVE DESERT

N BARSTOn'

CAJON P.4SS

\ mSAN BERJNARDINO

!• RJIERSIDE

I "1 km. C0L0R.AD0 DESERT 100 COSTA MESA 50

Fig. 4. Probable trade route for CA-ORA-58 figurines.

This **directional-commerciaI'* (see Renfrew Blackburn 1964), Cibola Black-on-white (Ruby 1972:470) Southwestern textile-Pacific shell and Blackburn 1964), Colorado Buff Ware trade may have been facilitated by reciprocal ex­ (Anonymous 1939; Ruby and Blackburn 1964), changes of prestige goods as a preliminary to and Trincheras Purple-on-red (Demcak and Cot- barter exchange involving the primary commodi­ trell 1985). ties of blankets, shells, and shell beads. Such Implications for CA-ORA-58 possible prestige goods found in Orange County, on Catalina Island, or in the greater Gabrielino During the Spanish and Mexican periods, area might have included the fired clay anthro­ Newport Bay was referred to as the ''Bolsa de pomorphs herein discussed, as well as Glycymer- Gengar'' or "Bolsa de Genga," indicating that is shell bracelets (Anonymous 1938a; Miller a village of major importance, Genga, was situ­ 1991:90), pottery, grooved stone tools (Heizer ated in the area encompassed by the bay and 1946; Dixon 1960), Sonoran projectile points contiguous Newport Mesa. After extensive ex­ (Koerper and Drover 1983), a unique Desert amination of historical records, especially mis­ side-notched arrowpoint (Anonymous 1937), and sion registers, Earle and O'Neil (1994; see also U-shaped crescents (e.g., Anonymous 1938b). Koerper et al. 1996) favored placement of Gen­ The pottery is varied—Sacaton Red-on-buff ga (also known as Genna, Jenna, Gebit, Gevit, (Brand 1935:208; Gladwin and Gladwin 1935: Jebit, and Jevit) at the Santa Ana River on 204; Heizer 1941; Walker 1945:193; Ruby and Newport Mesa over any Newport Bay location, Blackburn 1964; Ruby 1970:266-268; also see such as CA-ORA-111,-119, or -287. Archaeo­ Bissell 1983), Cibola White Ware (Ruby and logical evidence further supports the hypothesis PATAYAN ANTHROPOMORPHIC FIGURINES 215

that the historically important village of Genga portion of the Ci^nega de las Ranas and beyond was located on the western boundary of the mesa to San Juan Capistrano (Koerper et al. 1996). (Koerper etal. 1996). As previously indicated, the area was probably The quantity and quality of magico-religious the terminus of a trade route that descended the and status artifacts reflects the intensity of the San Bernardino Mountains just east of the Cajon more ideational activities at a site. Since such Pass and proceeded down the Santa Ana River to activities are molded by the more material con­ the coast (see also Koerper n.d.). siderations of technology and domestic and poli­ CA-ORA-58 and/or nearby large middens— tical economy, such artifacts might be employed the Adams-Fairview site (CA-ORA-76), the Gri- as rough measures of the comparative economic set site (CA-ORA-163), CA-ORA-506, and pos­ and political importance between contempora­ sibly CA-ORA-165—may be the village or com­ neously occupied sites within the larger region. plex of villages recorded as Genga in the records The evidence here includes Late Prehistoric arti­ of San Gabriel and San Juan Capistrano mis­ facts manufactured of high quality Santa Catalina sions (Koerper et al. 1996). The richness of the Island steatite (see Koerper 1993; Koerper et al. Late Prehistoric component at CA-ORA-58 al­ 1996). Most, if not all, of these items probably lows die speculation diat this village might have were exported in finished form from the island. served as the polidcally vested center for the The aggregate of exotic steatite objects from complex of sites. Late Prehistoric components at Newport Bay falls well below the richness of those recovered SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS on Newport Mesa. Further, well over a dozen A variety of material remains recovered in other fired clay objects (Koerper et al. 1996) and Orange County reflects different kinds of con­ perhaps many more (see Dixon 1977), several nections linking the Hohokam and coastal Cali­ being Northern Tradition figurines, have been fornian cultures. Such connections were un­ refrieved from CA-ORA-58. The Nordiern Tra­ doubtedly indirect, presumably through Colora­ dition specimens probably account for the major­ do River Yumans. At contact, the Mojave were ity of such types unearthed in all of Orange the major intermediaries in a long-distance County. When the inventory of exotics is ex­ Southwestern textile/Pacific shell commerce. panded to include die CA-ORA-58 Southern In one kind of connection, Hohokam manu­ Tradition fired clay effigies (found nowhere else factured artifacts such as Glycymeris bracelets, in the county), the Late Prehistoric importance Sacaton pottery, possibly grooved stone tools, of the mesa sites, particularly the Banning- and possibly chipped stone objects reached the Norris site, is unmistakable. coast. In another, some of the Sonoran projec­ The location of a major village or village tiles found locally, whUe ultimately of Hohokam complex at the Lower Santa Ana River is not or possibly Piman inspiration, would have been difficult to explain. First, there would have manufactured in Orange County. Also, 11 of been abundant water, more so than at Newport the 12 Patayan fired clay anthropomorphs show­ Bay, and the village would have been strategical­ ing Hohokam stylistic influences, and possibly ly placed to control bay resources, as well as a Prescott Branch (Patayan) influences, were not variety of microenvironments adjacent to the riv­ manufactured locally. er. The region was probably at a trade cross­ Speculatively, some of the exotics may have roads, lying along a coastal route running soudi- been exchanged through reciprocity between in­ ward from the Long Beach area to Genga, in­ terior traders and their coastal trade partners/ land to Pajbenga, and then across the southern protectors as a social/ritual preliminary to the 216 JOURNAL OF CALIFORNIA AND GREAT BASIN ANTHROPOLOGY more overtly economic activities of a larger 1978:27), or, in a curafive ritual, an andiropo­ directional-commercial market exchange. This morph might be employed to heal. A Havasupai scenario is suggested by the rarity of especially sucking shaman worked a cure by removing, the clay figurines, Glycymeris bracelets, and pot­ among other things, the spirit of a grandfather tery vessels. The rarity of such archaeologically from an afflicted patient. The spirit was in the durable goods is not consistent with an inventory form of "a little white man, with a head but no of durable primary market exchange commodi­ limbs" (Spier 1928:280-281). Widi diis Hava­ ties. supai example, two themes are again commin­ Beyond an economic role, possession of the gled; in this instance, death with curative fired clay effigies may have conferred prestige powers. on those receiving the exotics through exchange. It may be that figurines constructed from ma­ Beyond considerations of status acquisition, fur­ terials other than clay (e.g., cloth, wood, and ther speculations regarding functions might be as shell) could be used for witchcraft and in mourn­ varied as those frequendy given to explain the ing rittial (DuBois 1908; Sparkman 1908:227; purposes of other clay figurines. Perhaps fertil­ Strong 1929; True 1957; Hudson 1979:357, ity/fecundity increase imagery attached to the an­ 359-360). In postcontact times, cloth figurines thropomorphs, particularly the female examples, replaced those of clay in witchcraft and shaman- with attendant ritual use (see Parsons 1919, ic activity (True 1957:296). Interestingly, a 1939:317-318; Heizer and Beardsley 1943; Bul- Northern Tradition unfired clay anthropomorph, len 1947; Morss 1954:53; Graffam 1978:26-27). with breasts and a longitudinal slit possibly Employment in death rites is a possibility (e.g., representing female genitalia, was unearthed in Campbell 1932:iii; Hedges 1973:34; Graffam Cahuilla territory in association with a large 1978:27). Of special note here is Trippel's quartz crystal and basalt smoking pipe. This (1889:8) observation of Lower Colorado Que- cache may represent the remnants of a sacred chan women at a mourning ceremony walking bundle or, more likely, a shaman's kit (Langen- about to "console the wallers by touching them walter 1980). with tiny clay dolls, thus keeping them mindful The CA-ORA-58 figurines, while simUar of the fact that children will again be born to fill enough to each other to be taken as belonging to the places of those who have gone." In this a single genre and sharing identical function(s), example, death and fertility themes overlap, a lack the degree of standardization one might ex­ reminder that the use categories enumerated here pect if a particular deity was being represented. need not be mutually exclusive. An additional Equally unlikely was their use as toys, especially mortuary use, falling under Graffam's (1978:27) given the circumstances of their transport over "Afterlife Figure" functional category, was significant distances and their possible role in proposed by Chace (1973:42), who speculated exchange. Further, following True (1957:296), that the unbaked clay effigy from a cremation their great rarity makes a toy function a less near Twentynine Palms described by Campbell likely proposition. (1932:111) "may symbolically embody traits a Finally, with no other Orange County site young female had not yet achieved in life, but yielding a Southern Tradition figurine, CA- should be properly directed to achieve in a ORA-58, already remarkable for its compara­ future time, an afterlife." tively unusual inventory of Late Prehistoric The figurines might have been used in imita­ prestige items, appears to have been within or tive magic to harm victims (see Roberts 1917: near the center of a significant political/econom­ 33; True 1957:296; Hedges 1973:34; Graffam ic orbit, more so than any Late Prehistoric com- PATAYAN ANTHROPOMORPHIC FIGURINES 217

ponent at Newport Bay. For this and odier rea­ Brand, D. D. sons, we support the idea that the location of the 1935 Prehistoric Trade in the Southwest. New important village or complex of Genga was at or Mexico Business Review 4(4):208. near the site of CA-ORA-58 (see Earle and 1938 Aboriginal Trade Routes for Sea Shells in the Southwest. Yearbook of the Associa­ O'Neil 1994). tion of Pacific Coast Geographers 4:3-9. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Bullen, Adelaide 1947 Archaeological Theory and Anthropologi­ This study would not have been possible without cal Fact. American Antiquity 13(2): 128- the cooperation of Herrold Plante and Steve Almond, 134. and for this we are most grateful. We thank Paul Campbell, Elizabeth W. Crozer Apodaca and Tim Campbell of the Bowers Museum 1932 Cremation in the Desert. The Masterkey of Cultural Art, as well as Jerry Schaefer, for their assistance. The Pacific Coast Archaeological Society 6(4): 105-112. granted us permission to use Figure 3a. The editorial Casebier, Dennis G. comments of Lavinia Knight, Paul Chace, Roger Ma­ 1986 Mojave Road Guide. Essex, CA: Tales son, and an anonymous reviewer were greatly appre­ of the Mojave Road Publishing Company. ciated. We thank Joe Cramer for the drawings of Chace, Paul G. Figures 2 and 3, Deborah Gray for producing Figures 1973 Clay Figurines, Additional Data. Pacific 1 and 4, and Karen Koerper for typing several drafts Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly of our paper. We also acknowledge Brant Brechbiel 9(3):41-43. and Ken Stumpff for their assistance. Cook, Sherbume Friend REFERENCES 1960 Colonial Expeditions to the Interior of California, Central Valley, 1800-1820. Anonymous University of California Anthropological 1937 Daily Notes, Black Star Canyon. May 17 Records 16(6). to 20, 1937. WPA Anthropological Pro­ Coues, E. (ed.) ject No. 4465. Typescript on file at Li­ 1900 On the Trail of a Spanish Pioneer: The brary Special Collections, University of Diary and Itinerary of F. Garc^s, 1775- Califomia, Irvine. 1776, Vols. 1, II. New York: P. Harper. 1938a Report of Excavations of Three Coastal Davis, James T. Rancherias. WPA Anthropological Pro­ 1961 Trade Routes and Economic Exchange ject No. 7680. Typescript on file at Li­ Among the Indians of Califomia. Berke­ brary Special Collections, University of ley: University of Califomia Archaeologi­ California, Irvine. cal Survey Report No. 54. 1938b Report of the San Joaquin Home Ranch Demcak, Carol R., and Marie G. Cottrell Site Excavation. March 28 to July 25, 1985 Report of Salvage Investigations Conduct­ 1938. WPA Anthropological Project No. ed at CA-Ora-469, Area C, Mission Vie- 7680. Typescript on file at U. C. Irvine jo, Califomia. Report on file at the South Library, Special Collections. Central Coast Information Center, Univer­ 1939 Report of Morro Canyon No. 2 Excava­ sity of Califomia, Los Angeles. tion. WPA Anthropological Project No. Dixon, Keith A. 7680. Typescript on file at U. C. Irvine 1960 A Grooved Maul from Western Orange Library, Special Collections. County. Archaeological Research Asso­ Bissell, Ronald ciates 5(1):2. 1983 Archaeological Site CA-Ora-572: A Two- 1977 The Mason Valley Clay Figurines: Their Component Site Located in Fullerton, Cal­ Decoration and the Problem of Proveni­ ifomia. Master's thesis, Califomia State ence. Pacific Coast Archaeological Socie­ University, Fullerton. ty Quarteriy 13(4):73-86. Bolton, Herbert Eugene (ed.) Driver, Harold E., and William C. Massey 1931 Font's Complete Diary: A Chronicle of 1957 Comparative Studies of North American the Founding of Sam Francisco. Berkeley: Indians. Transactions of the American University of Califomia Press. Philosophical Society 47(2). 218 JOURNAL OF CALIFORNIA AND GREAT BASIN ANTHROPOLOGY

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