VOLUME 22 NUMBER 2 SPRING 1972

Published by

THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF OHIO The Archaeological Society of Ohio

Officers

President - Jack Hooks, R. D. 5, Mansfield, Ohio 44903 1972 Vice President — Ed R. Hughes, 121 E. Russell Ave., West Lafayette, Ohio 1972 Executive Secretary — Larry Cronkleton, 1337 Cambrian Ct., Columbus, Ohio 43220 . . . 1972 Recording Secretary — Dana Baker — Box 157, Mt. Victory, Ohio 43340 1972 Treasurer — Kenneth Goodman, 2528 Swansea Rd., Columbus, Ohio 43221 1972 Editor — Robert N. Converse, 199 Converse Drive, Plain City, Ohio 43064 1974 Technical Advisor — Dr. Raymond S. Baby, The Ohio Historical Society, Columbus, Ohio 43210 1972

Trustees Leonard H. Brown, R. D. 3, Newcomerstown, Ohio 43832 1972 Dorothy L. Good, 15 Civic Drive, Grove City, Ohio 43123 1972 Alva McGraw, R. D. 2, Chillicothe, Ohio 45601 1972 Ensil Chadwick, R. D. 3, Mt. Vernon, Ohio 43050 1974 Wayne A. Mortine, Scott Drive, Oxford Hgts. Newcomerstown, Ohio 43832 1974 Ray Tanner, 1815 Williams, Norwood Branch, Cincinnati, Ohio 45212 1974

Editorial Staff and Publications Committee Editor - Robert N. Converse, 199 Converse Drive, Plain-City, Ohio 43064 Associate Editor - Martha A. Potter, The Ohio Historical Society, Columbus, Ohio 43210 Regional Collaborators Richard Patterson, 519 Front St., Marietta, Ohio 45750 David W. Kuhn, 3222 Scioto Trail, Portsmouth, Ohio 45662 Myers Campbell, 205 Mt. Pleasant St., Mingo Junction, Ohio 43938 Carl B. Dunn, 120 Crescent Court, Bucyrus, Ohio 44820 Charles Stout Sr., 91 Redbank Drive, Fairborn, Ohio 45324 Jeff Carskadden, 2686 Carol Drive, Zanesville, Ohio 43701 Elmer H. Grimm, 7123 N. Murray Ridge Rd., Elyria, Ohio 44035 Olaf H. Prufer, Department of Anthropology, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44240 Jerry Hastings, R. D. 1, Box 4114A-1, Ironton, Ohio 45638 Claude Britt, Jr., 3401 N. Columbus, 26H, Tucson, Arizona 85716 Kenneth Goodman, 2528 Swansea Rd., Columbus, Ohio 43221 Leonard H. Brown, R. D. 3, Newcomerstown, Ohio 43832 Ray Tanner, 1815 Williams, Norwood Branch, Cincinnati, Ohio 45212

EDITORIAL OFFICE BUSINESS OFFICE 199 Converse Drive 1150 Virginia Ave. Plain City, Ohio 43064 Columbus, Ohio 43212

Membership and Dues Annual dues to the Archaeological Society of Ohio are payable on the first of January as follows: Regular membership $5.00; Husband and wife (one copy of publication) $6.00; Sustain­ ing $25.00. Funds are used for publishing the "Ohio Archaeologist". The Archaeological Society of Ohio is an incorporated non-profit organization and has no paid officers or employees.

The "Ohio Archaeologist" is published quarterly and subscription is included in the membership dues.

Back Issues Back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist may be purchased at the following prices.

ISSUE SEND TO: Ohio Flint Types - $3.50 per copy 199 Converse Drive, Plain City, Ohio 43064 Ohio Stone Tools - $2.00 per copy 199 Converse Drive, Plain City, Ohio 43064 All other back issues - $1.50 per copy 1150 Virginia Ave., Columbus, Ohio 43212

Make all checks or money orders payable to the Archaeological Society of Ohio

Ohio Slate Types — $5.00 per copy 1150 Virginia Ave., Columbus, Ohio 43212 OHIO ARCHAEOLOGIST

VOLUME 22 TABLE OF CONTENTS NUMBER 2

President's Page 2 Bar Amulets 3 Two Absolute Dating Techniques 4 An Archaic Site Near Thornville, Perry County, Ohio 6 An Analysis of Blades from Three Hopewellian Sites in Muskingum County, Ohio 8 An Unusual Knife 11 A Large Kentucky Fluted Point 12 A South Park Burial 13 Aboriginal Flint Quarrying Activities in the Muskingum County Area 15 Tubes and Ball Banners 22 An Adena Campsite 23 A Crane Effigy Pipe 25 Hermatite Artifacts 26 Two Unusual Knives 26

Artifacts Found in Licking(Pickaway, and Clark Counties 27 Some Thoughts on the Current State of Archaeology 29 A Note on the South Park Ceramics 31 Flints Used by Ohio's Prehistoric Indians 36 Scenes from the March meeting at Columbus 40 Necrology 41 Book Reprints 41 Federal Salvage Bill 41 Seven Granite Axes 42 Awards 42 Correction 42 Glacial Kame Artifacts .43

Front Cover

This highly polished gorget is of red Ohio pipestone, and was found along the Ohio River in Scioto County, Ohio, by James W. Miller of Portsmouth. It is 2% inches long, 1 inch wide, and about Va inch thick. Its upper surface is gently convex and tapers toward each end. Gorgets of Ohio pipestone are of rare occurence in Ohio. President's Page

For the last two years I have had the can be ordered from our business office. pleasure of serving the Archaeological Society Our Society now has over 1350 members- of Ohio as its President. During this time I membership made up of professionals, have been very fortunate to have a fine group amateurs, universities, museums, libraries, and of fellow officers to work with. These schools. We have members in the military officers, who have done their jobs well, have service and nearly all the fifty states as well as also made my job much easier and more in foreign countries. We are proud to have enjoyable. I wish to thank each and every such a wide cross-section of members and we one of them for helping me and doing their know that only through hard work and a job as it should be done. good publication it can be increased. During the past two years the By the time you read this letter you will Archaeological Society has made progress in have received two ballots - one for revising many directions. I will not be able to tell you and updating the constitution and the other of all of our accomplishments but I will tell for voting for Society officers. The about some which I feel are important. constitution had to be changed because of We have been able to operate the Society requirements of the Internal Revenue code. without a dues increase, even though postage, These changes have been approved by the printing, office supplies, and general costs Board of Directors and we urge you to have increased considerably. We were able to support them by voting yes on this ballot. offset these increases by implementing fund The ballot for officer candidates should be raising programs which the officers and filled out and returned as soon as possible. trustees help establish. All of these programs Vote for the people of your choice and give were successful in subsidizing the treasury and them your continuous support. helping to pay the rising costs of operating In closing, I would like to say to all of our the Society. A special thanks to our members thank you for a precious two years membership for their acceptance and help in as your President. To all of those members making these programs successful. who have invited me to visit their homes and Another accomplishment by the Society view their collections, I have not forgotten and our Editor, Robert Converse, has been the you and I intend to fulfill my promise this first of our special Publications Ohio Slate summer as time will allow. Types. This is a fine reference book on Ohio Good luck and happy hunting to each and slate and is the only book I know of on Ohio every one of you. slate forms. It has been well accepted by professional and amateur archaeologists. This book along with other Society publications Jack Hooks BAR AMULETS by Garret Zuber, Antwerp, Ohio

Pictured are five bar amulets from my collection. Smallest to the largest are from Paulding, Defiance, Montgomery, Putnam, and Van Wert Counties. Longest specimen is 7% inches long. Two Absolute Dating Techniques For Fired Clay Artifacts

by Robert 0. Whitman P.O. Box 548 Dover, Ohio 44622

Introduction These angles of dip and declination not only differ from year to year but also from place Pottery is one of the archaeologist's to place. This variation offeres one of the most important sources of information about main drawbacks to the technique, for re­ a people and their past. The archaeologist is corded data on many sections of the world able to say something about the relative time are unavailable. period and origins of a site by studying the To overcome the lack of data, archaeo­ style, temper, and surface markings on the logists have collected a number of fired clay pottery. The occurence of similar types of samples that could be dated by some other pottery in several different sites links these technique. When these samples from one area sites and reflects the economics and cultural are dated, a curve is plotted that shows the patterns of the inhabitants. variations in angles of declinations and dip The problem arises when the archaeologist through time. Then when samples of an un­ wants an absolute dating technique he can use known date are measured, they can be com­ directly on pottery. In many cases an absolute pared with the charted dates and their ages date can be assigned when other datable mat­ calculated (Hole and Heizer 1966:153). erials are found with the ceramics, but when Another important drawback to the techni- an absolute date is needed on the pottery it­ que is that the sample to be dated must self, the techniques available to the archaeo­ have remained in situ since it was fired. This logist are limited. However, there are two re­ criterion limits considerably the samples that liable methods that promise to be helpful to may be dated. However, kilns, fireplaces, and the archaeologist in the absolute dating of other fired clay artifacts may be used. Even pottery and other fired clay artifacts. They though pottery itself can not be dated, if it are archeomagnetic and thermoluminescence can be related to a datable kiln or hearth, a dating. reasonably accurate date can be placed on the pottery. Archeomagnetic Dating Great care must be taken in preparing a sample for transportation to the dating lab­ oratory. The first and most important con­ This process, also called thermo-remanent- sideration is whether or not the material to be magnetic dating, or TRM, owes its value to a dated has been completely fired. If the sample weak permanent magnetism, or TRM, which is has not been fired to its Curie point, that is produced when the clay is fired in the kiln the temperature above which the ability to and then cooled. The firing causes the part­ retain remanent magitism is lost (675 C. for icles of magnetic oxide of iron in the clay to pottery), it cannot be dated (Brothwell and loose their ability to retain magnetism. Then Higgs 1969:76). as the clay cools it takes on the magnetic lines of force that surround it. Thus when cooled When a sample is found, it should be ex­ this magnetic alignment is fossilized in the cavated as any feature should be. Once the clay. sample is cleared, a wooden frame about 3 The theory of this dating technique is inches square is placed around it and plaster based on the variations in the angle of declina­ poured over it. The top surface is then tion between magnetic north and true north, smoothed off and allowed to dry. Once dried, and in the angle of dip of a magnetic needle the top is marked with the magnetic and geo­ below the horizontal (Aitken 1961:121). graphic north so that when the sample reaches

4 the laboratory it can be realigned as it was By combining the results of the three found (Aitken 1961: 135). measurements it is possible to derive an ab­ Fortunately we have in the United States solute age for the sample. one of the very few archeomagnetic specialists The advantage of the thermoluminescence in the world, Dr. Robert L. DuBois who over TRM is that just about any sample of works at the University of Arizona. It was he fired clay may be dated by this technique, who, by the use of TRM dating, gave us our while with TRM the sample must have re­ most reliable dates for the Hohokam site of mained in situ since firing. Although one Snaketown. The Hohokam, because indoor drawback to the thermoluminescence techni­ fires would destroy the brush roofs of their que may be that the sample must be de­ homes, built fires outdoors and then carried stroyed, only a few square inches are needed. the hot coals indoors to clay-lined pits for This small amount, in most cases, can be cooking. It was these clay-lined pits that were spared in exchange for an absolute date that dated. may not be available from any other source. Currently the University of California is working with this technique and hopefully Thermoluminescence more information will be available in the near future. All pottery contains some small amounts of Conclusion radioactive impurities. These radioactive mat­ erials emit alpha particles at a known rate de­ In the dating of fired clay artifacts, we pending upon their concentration in the pot­ should not prefer one of these techniques tery sample. When these particles are ab­ over the other; rather these methods should sorbed by the pottery minerals, they cause an be used to compliment each other. TRM can ionization of the mineral atoms. Electrons are be employed to date the artifacts found in released from their natural binding to the situ while thermoluminescence can be used to nucleii and may settle at metastable states of date the artifacts found in other contexts. higher energy (Brothwell and Higgs There is much work and data-collecting to 1969:106). do before these dating techniques will be as Energy is released when the pottery is fired widely used as others. Still the anthropologist and from that time until the time of dating and archaeologist have two potential this energy is being restored. When the pot­ processes that fill a void in dating methods. tery is again fired during the dating process, energy is again released with an emission of Aitken, M.J. light. This process is thermoluminescence. 1961 Physics and archaeology. Interscience To date the pottery, three measurements Publishers, Inc. New York. must be made: Brothwell, Don and Eric Higgs 1. the light output of the sample 1969 Science in archaeology. Thames and 2. the alpha radioactivity of the sample Hudson, London. 3. the ability of the sample to produce Hole, Frank and Robert F. Heizer thermoluminescence by an artificial, 1966 An introduction to prehistoric archeolo­ known irradiation from a radioactive gy. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New source. York. An Archaic Site Near Thornville, Perry County, Ohio

by Bob Sterling 2806 Allegheny Columbus, Ohio

The accompanying photographs (Fig. 1 and parently represent the stage of projectile 2) illustrate projectile points from a site near point manufacture just before notching. Thornville, in northern Perry County, Ohio. The Thornville site is also unusual in that it They were found by the writer and Tom Gray is located on a hilltop. Relatively shallow sites of Pickerington. These points are identical to extending for great distances along river ter­ many of the Laurentian Archaic points from race margins appear to be typical for the such sites as the Dixon and Rohr rock shelters Laurentian Arachaic in the Lower Scioto Val­ in West Virginia (Dragoo 1959). Points of this ley (McKenzie 1967), the Hocking Valley type have long been recognized as being (Shane and Murphy 1967), as well as the cen­ Archaic in Ohio, though they have not been tral Muskingum Valley. One locality in parti­ specifically defined in the literature. With the cular, a large river terrace site near Zanesville exception of three points made of Upper along the Muskingum River, yielded points Mercer flint and four of unidentifiable flint and preforms identical to those illustrated varieties, the majority of the points from the from the Thornville site. Most of the artifacts site are made of Flint Ridge flint, which is from the Zanesville site are also made of Flint unusual for Archaic sites. However, the Ridge flint. A report on this site will follow. relatively close proximity of Flint Ridge The choice of a hilltop locality for the probably accounts for this situation. Thornville site may be the result of some sort Also illustrated are finely-worked preforms of seasonal occupation different from that at (Fig. 3), all made of Flint Ridge Flint, which the river terrace sites. Perhaps this site may are common at the site. None of these pre­ have served as a base camp from which forms show evidence of wear or other signs of hunting forays left for the "Great Swamp" being used as completed tools. They all ap­ (Buckeye Lake) region several miles away.

Fig. 1 (Sterling) Archaic projectile points from the Tlwrnville site.

6 Dragoo, Don W. Shane, Orrin C, and James L. Murphy 1959 Archaic hunters of the upper Ohio Val­ 1967 A survey of the Hocking Valley, Ohio. In ley. Anthropological Series, No. 3, Olaf H. Prufer and Douglas H. McKenzie Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh. (eds. )Studies in Ohio Archaeology, The McKenzie, Douglas H. Press of Western Reserve University, 1967 The Archaic of the lower Scioto Valley, Cleveland. Ohio. Pennsylvania Archeologist, 37:33-51.

Fig. 2 (Sterling) Archaic projectile points from the Thornville site.

I 0 I i 3 4

Fig. 3 (Sterling) Preforms from the Thornville site.

1 An Analysis of Blades From Three Hopewellian Sites in Muskingum County, Ohio

by Jeff Carskadden Zanesville, Ohio

This study deals primarily with the analysis from A are made of Upper Mercer flint, either of blades from a cluster of three Hopewellian local or Coshocton County varieties, the rest sites near Zanesville, in Muskingum County, being made of Flint Ridge material. While Ohio. All three sites appear to be single com­ only 5% of the blades are made of Upper Mer­ ponent and are apparently the only Hope­ cer flint, 40% of the notched points are made wellian farmsteads along a 30 mile stretch of of this material. Thus the inhabitants were the Muskingum River surveyed by this writer. possibly not as selective in choosing the raw Two of the sites (A and B) are located on material for points as they were for blade second terrace remnants immediately adjacent manufacture. That is, they preferred to make to the Muskingum River. The third site (C) is their points of local flints rather than from situated on the second terrace behind A and B material in the Flint Ridge deposits some dis­ along a small intermittent unnamed tributary tance away. of the Muskingum River. The distance be­ tween A and B is roughly 1200 feet; between Blades A and C, 3200 feet; and between B and C, It was thought that a detailed analysis of 2400 feet. Blades and other diagnostic Hope­ the blades from these sites might provide wellian artifacts, including cores, corner- some interesting comparisons between the notched projectile points, and McGraw Cord- three sites themselves as well as between cen­ marked pottery sherds, were found at these tral Muskingum Valley Hopewell and Scioto three sites by the writer while surface hunting Valley Hopewell. Muskingum County sites between 1967 and 1970. may be related to the extensive Hopewellian Pottery ceremonial complexes at Newark. However, Potsherds similar to McGraw Cordmarked no comparative data are available at this time (Prufer and McKenzie 1965: 19-22) have been on artifacts from sites in the Newark area. found on all three sites, but not in significant Therefore, any external comparison can only numbers to draw any reliable comparisons. be made with the published data available Prufer (1968: 149) does suggest that sites from Scioto Valley sites. yielding primarily McGraw Cordmarked This study was undertaken to determine would fall in the latter half of the Middle the feasibility of inferring settlement patterns Woodland period. from comparisons of blade attributes. For Projectile Points example, such an analysis of blades from the Because of the small number of projectile individual sites might indicate whether this points found and the variety of styles present site cluster represents 1) three individual within the individual sites, no correlation be chronologically-distinct occupations; 2) tween the sites could be made on the basis of roughly contemporaneous occupations, per­ point types. Among the three sites a total of haps by a single group shifing its living area six projectile points was found: three from A, due to the accumulation of waste or the ex­ one from B, and two from C. One of the haustion of soil in their garden plots; or 3) points from C is an Adena-like stemmed point individual widely-spaced contemporaneous of black Upper Mercer flint. It does not nec­ house sites or living areas within a single "vill­ essarily indicate that the site is multi- age" or social unit, as has recently been sug­ component, as stemmed points appear to have gested for some Hopewellian site clusters in lasted as a minority type well into Middle the Scioto Valley (Shane 1970:145). Woodland times (Pi-Sunyer 1965:83). The The sample studied for this reports in­ other projectile points are corner-notched. cluded 25 blades from site A, 37 from B, and The remaining point from C and one point 11 from C. All complete blades and blade

8 fragments were saved. However, broken speci­ these two sites. It is possible that one of the mens comprised by far the largest percentage. two localities may have been chosen for habit­ Raw Material- The most obvious criterion ation first. After the buildup of village wastes for comparing the blades from the three and soil exhaustion the inhabitants simply Muskingum County sites is the raw material moved to the next rise, only 1200 feet away. utilized in their manufacture. With the excep­ Or, as suggested in postulate 3, perhaps A and tion of two blades from A and two from B B represent individual house sites within a sin­ which are made of black Upper Mercer flint, gle community. In any case the blade assem­ all of the blades from the three sites are made blages are so similar that, as Pi-Sunyer of colorful Flint Ridge flints. While this mat­ (1965:71) has said, it "allows us to assume a erial is aesthetically pleasing, it sheds little more than casual cultural relationship." The light on the relationship between the three same individuals, perhaps a group of select sites. No positive correlation could be made craftsmen, may have been knapping the concerning the percentage of blades of Upper blades found on both sites. Mercer flint occuring on A and B. A slightly different blade population may Retouch- Six blades from site B (16%) and be represented at site C, if we can assume that two from site A (8%) showed lateral retouch. a variation in the mean widths of 1 millimeter None of the specimens from C showed re­ is significant considering the small sample re­ touch, which may be significant though the presented. The differences may merely reflect sample from C is much smaller and may in separate individuals producing the blades at C. fact not be as representative. Included among It seems likely since these sites are apparently the six blades from B are the two Upper the only Hopewellian localities for miles that Mercer specimens, possibly indicating a spe­ C is somehow related to the other two. How­ cialized use for the Upper Mercer blades. ever, until a larger sample can be collected the However, no positive correlations can be writer is hesitant to make any definite con­ made between the three sites. clusions concerning site C. Metric Attributes-Pi-Sunyer (1965) com­ In comparing the blades from the Musk­ pared the metric attributes of blades from the ingum River cluster, including those from site McGraw site in the the Scioto Valley with C, with the data presented by Pi-Sunyer blades from other Hopewellian sites in south­ (1965), it is apparent that the blades from the ern Ohio. He noted significant differences as three sites along the Muskingum are generally well as similarities between the assemblages 1 to over 2 millimeters wider than those from studied which could indicate important the Scioto Valley. This may prove to be sign­ spatial as well as temporal differences in blade ificant once more data have been collected. manufacture. However, because of the avail­ Conclusions ability of data from only a limited number of A thorough study of blades from Hope­ sites and the uncertain chronological positions wellian sites throughout Ohio may provide of these sites, the exact significance of the answers to the question of whether the vari­ blade variations is not as yet fully understood. ations of metric attributes actually represent "culturally realistic" variabilities. It is sug­ Pi-Sunyer noted that the most useful gested here that the primary importance in attributes for comparing blade assemblages recording the metric attributes of blades will are length and width measurements. Because be in noting relationships among individual of the small percentage of complete blades, sites within larger site clusters such as those only width measurements are considered here, found in the Scioto Valley. Perhaps some and complete blades as well as blade positive inferences may then be made about fragments are considered as single population. the settlement patterns and social relation­ The blades have been organized into classes in ships among these same sites. Table 1 to facilitate comparisons with Pi- Sunyer's data. Table 1. Distribution of width measurements From the metric attributes shown in Table of blades and blade fragments from Musk­ 1 it can be seen that the blades from A and B ingum Valley and select Scioto Valley Hope­ represent an extremely homogeneous pop­ wellian sites. Data on the McGraw and ulation. This fact suggests to the writer that Brown's Bottom sites are from Pi-Sunyer postulates 2 and 3 might well hold true for (1965). Classes Site A Site B SiteC McGraw Brown's (mm) Bottom

0- 5.0 - - - 2 1 5.5-10.0 5 7 5 150 113 10.5-15.0 16 24 5 74 35 15.5-20.0 4 6 1 5 4 20.5-25.5 - - - 2 - 25.5-30.0 - - - - - TOTAL: 25 37 11 233 153 MEAN: 12.54 12.36 11.49 9.66 9.37 s : 3.03 2.73 2.90 2.83 2.34

Pi-Sunyer, Oriol and Douglas H. McKenzie 1965 The flint industry. In The McGraw site 1965 Ceramics. In The McGraw site by Olaf H. by Olaf H. Prufer et al., Scientific Pub­ Prufer et al.. Scientific Publications of lications of the Cleveland Museum of the Cleveland Museum of Natural His­ Natural History, New Series, 4(1) : tory, New Series, 4(1): 18-59. 60-89. Shane, Orrin C. Ill Prufer, Olaf H. 1970 The Scioto Hopewell. In Adena: the 1968 Ohio Hopewell ceramics. Museum of An­ seeking of an identity, edited by B.K. thropology, University of Michigan, An­ Swartz, Jr., Ball State University, thropological Papers, No. 33. Muncie, Indiana.

10 An Unusual Knife by Julius E. Noebe 1115 Whipple Rd. S.W. Canton, Ohio

I found the knife in Figure 1 while sur- it was found has yielded artifacts of various face hunting in Coshocton County. It is 3-3/4 cultures including Paleo-lndian. It is possible inches in length and is made of typical mot- that this knife could date to that period, tied black Coshocton flint. The site on which

Fig. 1 (Noebe) Obverse and reverse views of a Coshocton County knife.

Wood County Birdstone by James Theler 7026 Salem Rd. Cincinnati, Ohio

This birdstone (Fig. 1) was found in Wood County, Ohio. It is 4 % inches long and is made from porphyry. It is drilled from the bottom and ends with conjoining holes which are still unbroken. Fig. 1 (Theler) Porphyry birdstone.

11 A Large Kentucky Fluted Point

by Ben J. Morris Spiceland, Indiana

The large fluted projectile point in gory and the writer believe the point would Figure 1 was found in Breckenridge County, be classified according to the Rolingson study Kentucky, by the late Dr. George Hicks Gre­ as a Subtype 3 Clovis Fluted Projectile Point. gory, prominent Versailles, Kentucky, phy­ The point measures 145 mm in maximum sician. The point is presently in the possession length, 32 mm in maximum width, and 9 mm of Dr. Gregory's son, George South Gregory, in maximum thickness. The obverse flute mea­ friend of the writer and graduate student at sures 39 mm while the reverse flute measures the University of Louisville. The younger Gre­ 96 mm long.

Fig. 1 (Morris) Large Kentucky fluted point, obverse and reverse views.

12 A South Park Burial

by Stephen L. Fuller 1531 Brittain Circle, Apt. 10 Akron, Ohio 44310

On June 5, 1971, fellow ASO member The burial was approximately 30 inches be­ Marv King of Stow, Greg LaForme, currently low the present surface with the top of the of Madison, Wisconsin, and I were examining skull to the south facing upward. The pipe and surface hunting several sites in the Cuya­ and awl were situated above the left shoulder hoga River Valley between Akron and Cleve­ as were the bones of the left hand, indicating, land. As the weather was extremely dry, our perhaps, that the pipe may have been placed luck had been poor. Nearly ready to call it a in the hand at time of burial. The individual day, Marv suggested trying the South Park site was an adult male of advanced age. The near Independence, Cuyahoga County, which maxilla (Fig. 3) is completely devoid of teeth, is predominantly a late prehistoric site the bony structure having healed over. There assigned to the Whittlesey Focus of Northern is only one molar remaining in the mandible, Ohio (Greenman 1937:314). again the bone having healed where the other Since he had no spade or trowel, Marv was molars had been. The remaining teeth exhibit more or less contented to sit and watch as extreme wear resulting from an abrasive diet, Greg and I examined the walls of some pre­ an occurrence which I have noted often in the viously excavated pits at South Park. I had remains of prehistoric people from this re­ been working for about a half hour without gion. success, when I handed my trowel to Marv It is not known whether the burial was ex­ hoping he would be more fortunate. Greg, tended or flexed since the entire lower por­ who was digging in a large pit located approx­ tion from the pelvic region downward and the imately 20 feet from the edge of the bluff, bones of the left arm, right arm, and right had already recovered some tubular bone hand were missing. The fact that this site had beads and several potsherds. He suggested that been excavated extensively, both profession­ Marv try the northeastern wall of the same ally and by amateurs, may account for these pit. It might be mentioned at this time that missing portions, although as far as could be Greg seems to possess an uncanny knack for determined there was no evidence of previous selecting the most productive areas in which disturbance, either by excavation or by to dig. rodent activity. No more than 30 seconds after Marv had Further excavation in the immediate area begun, a small section of earth fell away from failed to recover any additional skeletal mat­ the wall exposing the top portion of a human erial. The remaining possibility is that the skull. Having heard Marv's exclamation, "It's body may have been disarticulated at time of a skull!", all eyes were eagerly fixed on the interment. Greenman made note of six im- discovery. With the next motion of the complete burials at Tuttle Hill, another Whit­ trowel, a nicely engraved bowl pipe (Fig. 1) tlesey site nearby, only one of which had ap­ made of a dark, reddish brown compact shale parently been disturbed by the plow (Green­ or slate, gently slid down the earthen apron, man 1937:351). Comments from other mem­ immediately followed by a bone awl with an bers who have made similar discoveries of in­ unusually and extremely fine point (Fig. 2a). complete burials are welcomed. Due to the close proximity of the pipe and A shell tempered fragment of pottery (Fig. awl, it has been suggested by some that the 2b) and a "lucky stone" of a sheepshead fish awl might have been, in fact, a tool designed were also found in the grave fill, although it for the removal of caked tobacco from the could not be determined if these items were bowl of the pipe. Although it is my personal placed there intentionally. It is interesting to belief that this theory does bear merit as the note, however, that the pottery fragment does awl does fit rather well into the pipe bowl, it is bear the same crosshatched design as can be purely a matter of speculation. seen on the side of the pipe depicted in Figure

13 1a. No other pottery was found with or near extend thanks to Marv King and Greg the burial. LaForme for making this report possible. To conclude, I feel quite fortunate that I have since obtained the material recovered Greenman, Emerson F. that day. It will always remain a much trea­ 1937 Two prehistoric villages near Cleveland, sured part of my collection. Finally, I wish to Ohio. The Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Quarterly, 46:305-366.

Fig. 1 (Fuller) Fngravcd pipe associated with South Park Fig. 2. (Fuller) Bone awl associated with South Park burial, burial. Right side, a; left side, b; front, c; rear, d. (Actual a; potsherd recovered from grave fill, b. (Actual size). size).

Fig 3. (Fuller) Skull, pipe, and awl found June 5, 1971 at South Park. Note absence of teeth in maxilla.

14 Aboriginal Flint Quarrying Activities in the Muskingum County Area by James Morton and Jeff Carskadden Zanesville, Ohio

Since the initial report on Upper Mercer our opinion that black Vanport (Flint Ridge) flint quarrying activities in Muskingum flint occuring as float material or surface scat­ County (Carskadden 1971), further field ter at workshops on the ridge led Stout and work and additional unpublished references others to assume that Upper Mercer quarries have yielded a wealth of new information existed in the area. However, Upper Mercer concerning flint quarrying in the Muskingum flint was apparently available to the abori­ County area. This article deals primarily with gines at the ridge and quarry sites may yet be Upper Mercer outcrops since a number of found. publications have already dealt in detail with Kramer (1967: 84) reports the occurrence Flint Ridge which extends for several miles of black flint on the "north-western" portion into western Muskingum County (c.f. Mills of Flint Ridge. However, from Mills' map 1921). However, black Flint Ridge (Vanport) (1921) as well as from topographic maps of flint is discussed here since it has apparently the area (Glenford, Ohio, quadrangle) it can been confused in the literature with Upper be seen that geographically there is no north­ Mercer flint. Also, an outlier of Vanport flint western part of the ridge. It is likely that outcroping north of the Licking River in Kramer is actually referring to the black flint Muskingum County, as well as an outcrop of from the northeastern or eastern portions. Boggs flint along the Licking are included. At Smith (1885) and H. Holmes Ellis (field both localities quarrying or workshop activi­ notes, Division of Archaeology, Ohio Histori­ ties are evident. In addition, data are included cal Society) report black Vanport flint south here on Upper Mercer and Boggs flint quarry­ of Flint Ridge State Park on the ridge above ing activities in northern Perry County be­ old Hearst school. Smith also reports black cause of the close proximity and probable re­ flint just east of the park. Black Vanport flint lationship to Muskingum County sites. has also been observed by the present writers on the ridge at the Licking-Muskingum county Flint Ridge Area line. Here samples were collected from the Carskadden (1971) briefly discussed the actual outcrop. Most specimens were white possibility of Upper Mercer flint quarries in with some black or dark blue mottling. How­ the Flint Ridge area, first mentioned by Stout ever, bluish black specimens, sometimes with (1918: 104) and later by Morningstar (1922: white mottling also occured. The entirely 99-100). Morgan (1929) also notes Upper bluish black samples resembled some of the Mercer quarries in the Flint Ridge area and black flint from Upper Mercer quarries in black flint debitage in the fields near the Coshocton County. Smith notes black flint quarries. Morgan may be quoting Stout and from the extreme southeastern spur of Flint Morningstar, though he may have done some Ridge. He is apparently referring to that por­ field work himself in the area. Black Upper tion of the ridge near Wise school in Hope­ Mercer flint reportedly outcrops about 70 well Township, Muskingum County. No abori­ feet below the Vanport flint along Flint Ridge ginal quarrying activity has been observed in and averages between 1 and 2 feet in thick­ that region, however. ness. On the extreme northeastern end of Flint The present writers have not been able to Ridge, east of Cottage Hill, also in Hopewell locate any Upper Mercer outcrops on the Township, Muskingum County, the writers ridge. However, evidence from recent field collected several samples of dull black flint work in the area indicates that black flint from weathered Vanport float material. Ex­ occurs in the Vanport horizon at several local­ tensive quarrying operations took place in this ities, particularly on the eastern portion. It is portion of the Muskingum County end of the

15 ridge (Smith 1885; Mills 1921) though no in this report to include northern Madison quarries are evident today due to clutivation Township (Fig. 1). and bulldozing for oil and gas well operations. Much of the Upper Mercer flint in the Mad­ The flint for the most part is white to pale ison Township area occurs typically as blue, typical of the bulk of the Vanport on benches up to 3 feet in thickness along stream Flint Ridge. The black flint is usually lami­ beds. In at least one locality in Madison nated with white bands, though specimens Township the black flint is reportedly over­ entirely black do occur. Unfortunately none lain by 8 inches of light gray flint, though the of the flint was found in situ in an outcrop, writers have not been able to secure samples but as debris scattered along the ridge top and there (unpublished stratigraphic section, Ohio hill sides; hence the orientation of the band­ Geological Survey File No. 527). Morgan ing relative to the bedding cannot definitely (1929), in refering to Zaleski flint in Vinton be determined. The banding, or laminae, are and Jackson counties, mentions evidence of linear rather than concentric and were pro­ quarrying or simple breaking off the material bably parallel to the bedding. Many of the along the benches in stream beds. It is likely specimens collected are dark gray to black on that similar benches of Upper Mercer flint in weathered surfaces and dark gray on freshly Madison Township, Muskingum County, were cut surfaces. The black and gray Vanport flint utilized to some extent. Though much of it is without banding from this locality cannot be highly weathered with numerous cracks, there distinguished in hand specimens from some are blocks of sufficient size for the manufac­ Zaleski flint from Jackson and Vinton ture of artifacts. counties, as well as some Upper Mercer flint from Coshocton County. However, there are Licking River Area distinct microscopic differences between the Upper Mercer flint outcrops at various three varieties that will be discussed later in points along the Licking River in western this report. Muskingum County (Stout 1918). One lo­ cation in particular has yielded evidence sug­ Muskingum River Area gesting at least minor utilization by the abori­ gines. On a hillside overlooking Dillon Re­ The first report (Carskadden 1971) dis­ servoir, chippage and blocks of fossiliferous cussed two possible Upper Mercer quarry sites black flint float material were noted. This site associated with workshops in Madison Town­ and a mound have been destroyed by con­ ship, Muskingum County, on the east side of struction of a trailer park and camp ground, the Muskingum River. A third workshop has part of the Dillon Reservoir recreational dev­ recently been found near Ellis Dam in south­ elopment program. ern Madison Township, also on the east side of the Muskingum River. At the first two sites Boggs flint outcrops about 40 feet below the flint was dull black, very fossiliferous, and the Upper Mercer flint in the Licking Valley highly porous, while the flint at the third lo­ in the vicinity of Dillon Falls (Stout 1918; cation is a dark vitreous black, unfossiliferous, Stout and Schoenlaub 1945: 37-38). Both and comparable to the black flint from Upper Upper Mercer and Boggs flint are black and Mercer quarries in Coshocton County. Several fossiliferous, and the beds of each average 2 unidentifiable projectile point fragments and feet in thickness. The chief distinction be­ chippage have been found at the outcrops. tween the two varieties, at least in the Dillon However, the fields in the area are not now Falls area, is the presence of crinoid fragments under cultivation and the exact extent of the in the Boggs flint (unpublished stratigraphic quarrying or workshop activities is not section, Ohio Geological Survey File No. known. Morgan states that Upper Mercer flint 11602). Boggs flint float material was noted from central Muskingum County was utilized on a small rise on the north side of an inter­ by the aborigines, though it is not known how mittent stream, a tributary of Barlet Run, much actual field work he did in the Musk­ northeast of Dillon Falls. The flint is dull ingum County area. He does outline an out­ black and very fossiliferous. Chips of the ma­ crop area along the Muskingum River en- terial and a stemmed projectile point of prob­ compasing the Ellis Dam area (1929: 30, Fig. able Late Archaic affiliation were found on 7). However, on the basis of our field work, the site, suggesting quarrying activity. This his outcrop area has been shifted northward locality was plowed only once in the last ten

16 years, so surface hunting was limited. sented by 3 feet of black fossiliferous flint, In a study of 88 projectile points and overlain by 3 feet of light gray flint (1945: identifiable point fragments from several sur­ 46). Strip mining operations have now oblite­ face collections gathered in the lower Licking rated many of the outcrops in this region, and valley from the Licking-Muskingum county none has as yet been located by the present line to Zanesville, only one other artifact, a writers. One Piano site and several small Middle to Late Adena stemmed point, was Archaic sites in the Fultonham-White Cottage made of local black fossiliferous Upper area, Newton Township, Muskingum County, Mercer or Boggs flint. Thus it should be em­ just a few miles northeast of the outcrop area, phasized that, at least in the lower Licking have yielded numerous artifacts of black valley, the Upper Mercer and Boggs flint out­ flint which may have been quarried in this crops were utilized to only a minor degree. region. In addition, one hilltop locality in This situation is in part due to the minimal Clayton Township has yielded chippage ex­ extent of the outcrops in the area, as well as clusively of dull, light gray flint that may have the close proximity of Flint Ridge where come from the top gray phase reported by much more desirable flint could be obtained. Stout and Schoenlaub. However, no flint sam­ In addition to the Vanport flint outcrops ples from outcrops are available for compar­ on Flint Ridge, shown in a somewhat general­ ison at this time. ized way in Figure 1 (after Mills 1921), Stout Morgan also reports Upper Mercer quarry­ reports that Vanport flint crops out again on ing in Section 31, Clayton Township, just the hilltops VA miles southwest of Shannon, about 1 mile northwest of New Lexington. It Licking Township, Muskingum County, on may also be the area to which Fowke and the north side of the Licking River. He states Shane and Murphy are referring. Morgan also that aboriginal quarry sites were located in mentions Upper Mercer quarrying in Section this area and were apparently visible in 1917 10 of Reading Township in the vicinity of (Stout 1918: 157). We have not been able to Somerset. However, Boggs flint outcrops in locate the quarry sites, nor collect any flint this area as well. While the Upper Mercer flint samples, though Stout describes the flint as is 1 foot thick near Somerset, Boggs flint being light and very fossiliferous. reaches 4 feet in thickness (Flint 1951: 31). In discussing the Boggs flint, Flint (1951: 31) Another important source for Vanport, as states "the Boggs is most conspicuous be­ well as Upper Mercer and Boggs flint, is the tween Somerset, Reading Township, and outwash gravels that fill the lower Licking Junction City, Jackson Township, where it is valley. The flint has been weathered and e- about 2 feet in average thickness and is com­ roded from the surrounding highlands and posed of black to bluish black chert or flint. occurs in great quantities in the gravel depos­ In this region the Boggs can be confused with its in the valley floor. the Upper Mercer flint or possibly with Lower Perry County Mercer flinty limestone." He also points Information presented here dealing with out (1951: 31) that the black Boggs flint quarrying activities in Perry County is introd­ often contains "irregular buff-colored bands." uctory in nature. Only a limited amount of field work has been done in this area by the At this time the exact extent of the abori­ present writers. However, it is apparent that ginal quarrying operations in Perry County outcrops of Upper Mercer flint in Perry cannot be determined. However, one County were extensively quarried in abori­ workshop site in western Perry County has ginal times, and a detailed survey of the area yielded Hopewellian cores and bladelets of should produce some interesting data. black flint, most likely from the Boggs or Evidence of aboriginal quarrying of Upper Upper Mercer outcrops near Somerset or New Mercer flint in Perry County has been noted Lexington. In addition, black flint found on by Fowke (1902: 625), Morgan (1929), Stout sites to the west in Fairfield County probably and Schoenlaub (1945), and Shane and came from Perry County quarries. Once sam­ Murphy (1967). Morgan reports quarrying ples can be collected at the outcrops and pet- activity in the vicinity of Section 3, Clayton rographic thin sections made from these sam­ Township, Perry County, along the Perry- ples and from workshop debris, the exact re­ Muskingum county line. Stout and Schoen­ lationship to the quarry sites and geologic laub state that the Upper Mercer here is repre­ horizon of the flint can be determined. Microscopic Distinctions colored varieties of Upper Mercer flint; these flint types will be discussed in a later article. The data included here are the results of a Nor do they hold true for the fossiliferous preliminary study of petrographic thin sec­ varieties of Upper Mercer flint from Madison tions cut from Vanport (Flint Ridge), Upper Township, Muskingum County. Thin sections Mercer, and Zaleski flints (Carskadden 1969). from the flint collected at the two workshops Thin sections were cut from samples of black in northern Madison Township showed few of as well as white flint collected in the north­ the microscopic traits characteristic of the eastern portion of Flint Ridge in Hopewell Upper Mercer sections studied from Coshoc­ Township, Muskingum County. For com­ ton County. However, because of the numer­ parison, sections were also made from several ous unreplaced fossil remains and cavities, this of the more colorful flint varieties from the flint can be readily distinguished from the park area in Licking County. Sections were other varieties of flint studied (Carskadden then made from black Upper Mercer flint col­ 1971). lected at two localities near the quarry sites As yet no sections have been made from along the Walhonding River in Coshocton the higher quality vitreous black flint from County. Thin sections were also cut from the southern Madison Township, Muskingum tan and gray varieties from the top-most County, nor from the Boggs flint along the phase of the Upper Mercer horizon at the Licking River. In addition, thin sections must Coshocton County quarries. Finally, sections be made from Boggs and Upper Mercer flint were made from white, gray, and black Zaleski from Perry County outcrops, once samples flint from a quarry site in Richland Township, are collected. Vinton County. The date presented here deal primarily with the distinctions between the Summary black flint from the three horizons, which are Shane and Murphy (1967) were among the pertinent to the previous discussion of Musk­ first to suggest that Upper Mercer flint was ingum and Perry County flints. A detailed re­ probably utilized along its entire outcrop port on all the varieties of flint studied will be area, wherever sufficient quality and thick­ forthcoming. ness of flint occurred. Evidence presented in In general, black Upper Mercer flint from this paper and by Carskadden (1971) shows the Coshocton County quarries has a coarse­ that this suggestion holds true for the Musk­ grained or mottled appearance under double ingum County area. While no actual quarry polarized light, due to the overlapping of sites have been observed, chippage and, more numerous bundles of fibrous chalcedony rarely, projectile points have been found in which have crystalized around impurities (Fig the vicinity of almost every Upper Mercer 2). These aggregates of chalcedony average outcrop located by the writers. While much of 0.015 mm. or more in diameter. Another the material is distinct from Coshocton characteristic of black Coshocton County County flint, being highly fossiliferous and Upper Mercer flint is quartz pseudomorphs often very porous, at least one locality after euhedral or subhedral calcite rhombs. yielded vitreous, high quality black flint, iden­ Black Zaleski flint, as least from the particular tical to some Coshocton County material. In locality examined, also has a coarse texture, addition, a minor amount of Boggs flint from but lacks the quartz pseudomorphs after car­ the Licking Valley and black Vanport flint bonate material. In addition, black Zaleski from the Flint Ridge area is identical in contains numerous siliceous (sponge) spicules some respects to black Upper Mercer flint (Fig. 3). Black Vanport flint from Flint Ridge from Coshocton County. Upper Mercer and contains no recognizable spicules, and no possible Boggs flint from Perry County were quartz pseudomorphs after carbonate. In ad­ evidently very important in aboriginal times dition, black Vanport, as well as all Vanport as well. However, little archaeological research sections examined, showed a fine texture with has yet been done on flint quarrying in this bundles of chalcedony never averaging more area. than 0.007 mm. in diameter, except in fossil Thus in the Muskingum County area some replacements (Fig. 4). caution must be used in automatically assign­ It should be pointed out that these distinc­ ing all artifacts made of black flint to Coshoc­ tions do not necessarily hold true for the light ton County Upper Mercer quarries, or even to the Upper Mercer horizon. While the flint var­ 1971 Upper Mercer flint quarries in Mus­ ieties studied could be distinguished mic­ kingum County, Ohio. Ohio Archaeo­ roscopically in thin sections, this method is logist, 21: 315-318. impractical and destructive when, for exam­ ple, only projectile points are available for Flint, Norman K. study. However, for stratigraphic studies, or 1951 Geology of Perry County. Fourth Series, for studying debris from workshop sites, Bulletin 48, Ohio Geological Survey. petrographic thin sections may prove to be Fowke, Gerard quite valuable. 1902 Archaeological History of Ohio. The The time and cost involved in collecting Ohio Archaeological and Historical Soc­ flint samples and particularly in making thin iety. sections have limited somewhat the scope of Kramer, Leon the present report. Areas of further research 1967 Is there a jet black flint and may it be should deal with petrographic thin sections of found in Ohio. Ohio Archaeologist, 17: Perry County Upper Mercer and Boggs flint. 84-85. In addition, some important comparisons may Mills, William C. result from studying flint from other Upper 1921 Flint Ridge. Certain Mounds and Village Mercer outcrop areas such as Hocking County Sites in Ohio, 3 (3). Ohio Historical Soc­ or the Kanawha deposits in West Virginia. It iety. will be interesting to note if microscopic fea­ Morgan, Richard tures characteristic of black Upper Mercer 1929 Geological aspects of Ohio archaeology. flint from Coshocton County, such as coarse Unpublished master's thesis, Ohio State texture and quartz pseudomorphs after car­ University. bonate, are found all along the Upper Mercer Morningstar, Helen outcrop. If regional variations in the micro­ 1922 Pottsville fauna of Ohio. Fourth Series, scopic features are found, they would prove Bulletin 25, Ohio Geological Survey. equally important in classifying Upper Mercer Shane, Orrin C. Ill, and James L. Murphy flint, and distinguishing it from flint from 1967 A survey of the Hocking Valley, Ohio. other geologic horizons. Zaleski flint from Studies in Ohio Archaeology, Olaf H. Jackson and Vinton counties is a variety that Prufer and Douglas H. McKenzie (eds), has recieved only minor attention in the liter­ Western Reserve University, Cleveland. ature. Yet this material was extremely im­ Smith, Charles M. portant to the aborigines in southern Ohio. A 1885 A sketch of Flint Ridge, Licking County, detailed microscopic study should yield some Ohio. Annual Report, Smithsonian In­ valuable information about it. stitution. Stout, Wilber Carskadden, Jeff 1918 Geology of Muskingum County. Fourth 1969 A petrographic study of flint from abori­ Series, Bulletin 21, Ohio Geological Sur­ ginal quarrying sites in southeastern vey. Ohio (abstract). Journal of the Scientific , and R.A. Schoenlaub Laboratories, Denison University. 50 1945 The occurrence of flint in Ohio. Fourth (4): 22-23. Series, Bulletin 46, Ohio Geological Sur­ vey.

19 33& MERCER

UPPER fy VANPORT MERCER N

UPPER MEHCER or BOGGS

UPPER \ FIVE MILES MERCTvK

Fig. 1 (Morton and Carskadden) Sketch map of Muskingum County with portions of eastern Licking County and Mercer, Vanport, and Boggs flint that were utilized by the northeastern Perry County, showing outcrops of Upper aborgines.

20 Fig. 3 (Morton and Carskadden) Photomicrograph of a Fig. 2 (Morton and Carskadden) Photomicrograph of a petrographic thin section cut from a sample of black Zaleski petrographic thin section cut from a sample of black Upper flint collected in Section 11. Richland Township. Vinton Mercer flint collected at the aboriginal quarry sites between Cotmtv (SOX. doubly polarized light). Note the coarse Nellie and Warsaw. Jefferson Township. Cosliocton County texture and the elongated while areas which arc replaced (SOX. doubly polarized light). Note rhombohedral carbonate spicules. (the two larger white areas).

Fig. 4 (Morton and Carskadden) Photomicrograph of a petrographic thin section cut from a sample of black Vanport flint collected on the northeastern portion of Flint Ridge, Hopewell Township, Muskingum County, Ohio (SOX, doubly polarized light). Note the fine texture characteristic of Vanport flint from Flint Ridge. The dark area is a chalcedony-lined cavity filled with limonite.

21 Tubes and Ball Banners

by Garret Zuber Antwep, Ohio

From left, top to bottom: Ball banner, ing and Portage counties; ball banners, Hills­ Miami County; tubular banners, Paulding and dale County, Michigan and Darke County, Licking counties; slate tubes, Paulding and Ohio; tubular banner, Paulding County. Crawford counties; prismoidal banners, Pauld

W

CO

en

22 An Adena Campsite by Robert D. Ford 3447 Curve Rd. Delaware, Ohio 43015

This collector has yet to locate an Indian stemmed spear point (Fig. 2A), a large hafted campsite that is characterized by only one shaft scraper (Figs. 3 and 4), Hopewell blade- culture; although this site is no exception, it is lets (Figs. 5 and 6), and a broken "keyhole" predominately Adena as evidenced by the pendant (Figs. 7 and 8). adundance of artifacts and flakes of Flint Surface hunting on this site has been a fas­ Ridge material. The campsite is located along cinating experience from the standpoint of Big Run in Berlin Township, Delaware collecting artifacts and learning what Indian County. It can best be described as a hill sit­ cultures inhabited the area. In the future I uated on a plateau-like rise of land at an ele­ hope to prepare an analysis of the artifacts. vation of 920 feet, and bordered by dry Opposite this site on the west side of Big Run, stream beds to the east and south and an I have observed a large winding hill that active stream to the west. appears to be a burial mound. The absence of I began surface hunting there and in the surface finds and its close proximity to the surrounding area in the spring of 1970, and to Adena campsite seem to confirm this con­ date I have found 93 artifacts. It is my clusion. Perhaps someday the mound will be opinion that the data collected so far are in­ excavated and reveal other evidences of pre­ sufficient for an analysis of the site and the historic life. vicinity. As an index perhaps, let it be noted that 43.8% of the artifacts can be identified as Harter, R.L. representing the Adena culture. The entire 1970 Hafted shaft scrapers of Ohio: a prelimi­ collection includes Adena leaf-shaped knives nary report. Ohio Archaeologist 20: and stemmed spear points of Flint Ridge 165-166. material (Figs. 1, 2B and 2C), an Archaic

ABC

Fig. 2 (Ford)-Stemmed Archaic spear point composed of gray Fig. 1 (Ford) Adena leaf-shaped knives of Flint Ridge chert; B and C- Stemmed Adena spear points of Flint Ridge chalcedony and chert. chalcedony and chert.

23 ..('HTiirmTHTriir iiiiiiiiiiHlipMiiirmHimijirmmi HETMC I 1 2 la \A 15 .16

Fig. 3 (Ford) Obverse view of a large Early Archaic hafted Fig. 4 (Ford) Reverse view of hafted shaft scraper shown in shaft scraper of honey colored chalcedony (sard). According Figure 3. to Harter's (1970) system of classification, it would seem to be a Type A hafted shaft scraper.

^lllinill|lMijliiiliiimTrpr(nnirpinnin|irrrrmi I.-.J... Ii 19 U 14 II l«

Fig. 5 (Ford) Obverse view of Hopewell bladelets; the large Fig. 6 (Ford) Reverse view of bladelets shown in Figure 5. bladelct is composed of yellow and white chert, and the smaller one is of red chalcedony.

Fig. 7 (Ford) Obverse view of an Adena keyhole pendant of green slate. Note drilling of second hole (approximately 30 mm from unbroken end). According to Converse (personal communication), secondary drilling was done in an effort to Fig. 8 (Ford) Reverse view of pendant shown in Figure 7. salvage the pendant. Note secondary drilling on this side, too.

24 similar counterpart in a crane pipe of banded A Crane Effigy Pipe slate in the Lehigh County Pennsylvania His­ torical Society Collection. The Pennsylvania By Robert N. Converse, Plain City, Ohio pipe is of unknown provenience but is attrib­ uted to the late prehistoric or early historic Cranes and other wading birds were favorite period. Another crane pipe, also of unknown subjects for some prehistoric pipe carvers, Sculptures of these birds are found among the provenience but probably from Ohio, in a Hopewell effigy pipes from the Tremper Marion County collection shows the crane mound and Mound City. Fort Ancient pipe with feet and bill touching a platform and makers seldom used wading birds as models standing astride the pipe bowl. for their pipes. This pipe and a similar one (Ochsner - 1971) both come from northern This fine pipe depicts the crane by full round Ohio and are probably late prehistoric or carving and incised lines to portray wings and early historic Erie. feathers. The eyes are deeply socketed and may have held small stones or bits of shell in A diffusion of calumet, vasiform, and effigy aboriginal times. A series of circular pipes seems to have taken place across the indentations is located within the markings lower Great Lakes area in late prehistoric denoting the wings. The pipe bowl is located times, quite possibly from the plains area just above the wings and the stem hole is (Wiffhoft 1953). The pipe in the illustration is about half way down the back. from the Meuser collection and was found in Defiance County, Ohio. It has a strikingly

References: Ochsner, Eugene 1971 Artifacts from the Ochsner collection. Ohio Archaeologist 21 (4) :7.

Witthoft, John, Harry Schoff, and Charles F. Wray 1953 Micmac pipes, vase-shaped pipes, and cal­ umets. Pennsylvania Archaeologist 23(3-4).

Fig. 1 (Converse) A crane effigy pipe from Defiance County, Ohio, in the Meuser collection.

25 Hematite Artifacts

by Eugene E. Ochsner Star Route, Box 15 Johannesburg, Michigan

All the artifacts in Figure 1 are from Green­ up County, Kentucky, with the exception of #5 and #8. The celt (#5) was found on Copperas Mountain, Ross County, Ohio, in 1930 by the writer. Specimen #8, a plummet with a shallow groove entirely encircling it, was found in Lawrence County, Ohio. Arti­ fact #3 appears to be broken, but it is not; it is a very small celt. The unfinished celt, #6, was found by the writer at a site along Tygarts River, Greenup County, Kentucky. It just lacks the final grinding. Specimen #7 is an atlatl weight, bar-shaped, rectangular in cross section, slightly convex on one side, and almost flat on the other. It weighs 3 ounces. It was discovered by the writer at a site along the Ohio River near Wurtland, Greenup County, Kentucky, in 1964.

Fig. I (Ochsner) Hematite artifacts from Ohio and Kentucky Two Unusual Knives by can be noted, this knife has distinct notches Eugene E. Ochsner and could have been attached to a handle. Star Route, Box 15 Like the upper knife, this piece is also heavily Johannesburg, Michigan patinated.

The upper knife (Fig. 1) found in Licking ^^m County in 1930 by the writer, has signs of very heavy use on one edge. The arrows in­ dicate the area which is completely worn down until sharpness is entirely gone. The up­ per edge is quite sharp and shows no signs of use, leading one to believe it might have been installed in a wooden or antler handle. It is generally similar to the ulu which has been found in the Northeast and is very common among the Eskimo. The material appears to be Mercer flint and is heavily patinated. This knife was found on the surface, so no age can be ascribed. The lower knife, also found in Licking County, is made of cherty material, yellow in color shading to gray toward the center. This knife also shows heavy signs of use, but only on one edge. The edge is completely rounded and, again, the opposite one is quite sharp. As Fig. 1 (Ochsner) Two knives from Licking County

20 Artifacts Found in Licking, Pickaway, and Clark Counties by Kelly Hicks 521 Ogden Road Springfield, Ohio

While surface hunting in Licking County In Springfield, Ohio, an unusual Archaic near Flint Ridge, I discovered numerous bevel was found several hundred yards south blanks, point fragments, and knives (Fig. 1). of my home and was given to my brother During a summer visit in Circleville, Ohio, I (Fig. 3). He was also given a Vosburg corner- found a series of items at the John L. Seall notched point recovered along Buck Creek. In mound located approximately 2 miles south­ August, my brother and I did some surface east of the city. In the vicinity of the large hunting on the property of Mr. and Mrs. Paul ellipse, I picked up a fine bell pestle, a pitted Hilker, near whose fields was a small mound. stone, three blanks, one end scraper, and a My brother discovered a fine Archaic bevel, portion of a point (Fig. 2). and I found a pitted stone, two small cup- stones, and a Coshocton flint scraper (Fig. 3).

LEAF-SHAPED BLADE POINT FRAGMENTS

AX FRAGMENT SQUARE KNIVES

LARGE KNIFE (ACTUAL SIZE 5Viin.) KNIFE (ACTUAL SIZE 63A in.)

Fig. 1 (Hicks) Flint Ridge artifacts

27 PITTED STONE (PITTED TOP AND BOTTOM)

BELL PESTLE (QUARTZITE)

FLUTED POINTBLANK FRAGMENT OF (Obverse) (Reverse) END SCRAPER SQUAREKNIFE

Fig. 2 (Hicks) Pickaway County artifacts

SIDE SCRAPER (COSHOCTON FLINT) VOSGURG CORNER- NOTCHED POINT (ARCHAIC) ARCHAIC BEVEIS (FLINT RIDGE FLINT)

TWO SMALL CUPSTONES

PEAR-SHAPED HAMMERSTONE

Fig. 3 (Hicks) Clark County artifacts, Springfield and vicinity

28 Some Thoughts on the Current State of Archaeology by Martha A. Potter Division of Archaeology Ohio Historical Society Columbus, Ohio

In recent years, a fairly common pastime D. degree. But more important than all the among some professional archaeologists on degrees is the archaeologist's realization that one hand and some amateur archaeologists on the cultures of the past deserve to be carefully the other has been to heap much criticism studied; studied because, like the mountain upon each other. The professionals accuse the climber's mountain, they were here, because amateurs of raping prehistoric sites to enlarge they give us a better understanding of our their collections; amateurs condemn the place in history, because they illustrate man's professionals for their "ivory tower" attitude ingenuity in the face of various environmental and their unwillingness to cooperate. As with conditions, and because they represent the most arguments of this type, there are some cultural heritage of important segments of our truths and some errors mixed with the heated population. Of course it is not necessary to be words and hurt feelings. This statement is not a professional archaeologist to have these an attempt to defend any position, past event, feelings. In fact, one of the advantages of or personality; such an attempt would archaeology is that its goals and values can be probably border on paranoia. What I hope to shared equally by those for whom it is a point out is that the problems between vocation and those for whom it is a hobby. amateurs and professionals are really Thus we come to our present situation inconsequential in comparison to the which is indeed serious. Scores of archaeo­ problems concerning the destruction of logical sites are being destroyed every day by archaeological sites and information, the construction of highways and reservoirs, destruction that will, if unchecked, soon by urban sprawl, by certain agricultural make all our arguments academic. practices, and by unscrupulous relic col­ First, a few definitions are in order. To my lectors. Frequently professional archaeologists way of thinking, archaeologists are people are contacted when prehistoric material is who systematically reconstruct past human encountered, but all too often we must be cultures using the information derived from satisfied with recovering fragments of bones the physical remains left by the cultures. and artifacts that have been torn out of Relic collectors are also concerned with those context, and with trying to reconstruct a site physical remains, but only in terms of how from the data provided by untrained ob­ valuable they may be on the current market servers. Many more sites are destroyed each or how they might inhance their own year without being recognized or reported. collections. As a result, relic hunters are not Professional and amateur archaeologists are concerned with recording the relationship of now beginning to inform the general public artifacts to each other and to the features in a about this crisis as a means of gaining support, site, nor are they interested in non-artifactual financial and otherwise, for archaeological material-burials, house patterns, pits, midden, research. In 1967, the Society for American etc.-that provide fantastic amounts of data Archaeology appointed a Committee for the about a site's inhabitants. To the archaeol­ Public Understanding of Archaeology to dis­ ogist, any artifact that is not fully docu­ seminate information about the importance mented as to where and under what circum­ of our archaeological resources and the neces­ stances it was found, is practically worthless. sity to preserve them. From an ad hoc com­ Professional archaeologists are, of course, mittee of half a dozen professional archaeolo­ those persons who do archaeology for a living. gists, this body has grown to include repre­ They have had extensive formal training at a sentatives, both professional and amateur, in college or university both in the classroom all the fifty states directed by a seven-member and in the field, generally culminating in a Ph. steering committee. Periodically, Miss Hester

29 Davis of the Arkansas Archaeological Survey, archaeological site is unique so that the the Chairman of the Committee, sends each methods described in a text book may not be state representative a variety of materials the best for all situations. The only way to ranging from proposed state and Federal bills really learn proper techniques of excavation and interpretation is under the guidance of an related to archaeological studies to plans for experienced professional archaeologist. cooperative efforts between amateurs & pro­ Providing the opportunity for such training fessionals. Each state representative then for­ is a monumental task, one that will require wards this material to interested individuals great quantities of thought and not a little within his own state. Dr. Raymond S. Baby, persperation on the part of amateurs and curator of archaeology for the Ohio Historical professionals alike. While this venture would Society, is Ohio's committee member. If you be valuable for all concerned, it is too would like to receive this information, please important to be rushed into pellmell. It would let us know and your name will be added to necessitate a considerable amount of organi­ the mailing list. zation, paperwork, and cooperation. The Being informed about our archaeological Arkansas Archaeological Survey has instituted resources is a fairly easy task. Doing a training program for amateur archaeologists something to maintain these resources is more which leads to proficiency in various tech­ difficult and time consuming, but the efforts niques-surveying, excavating, lab work, etc. must be made by all of us if there are to be Their program is just now being implemented, any sites preserved for future generations. and changes will undoubtedly be made; Most of the professional archaeologistsin Ohio however, it is a beginning. There is no reason are supported by meager state and/or Federal why similar procedures cannot be developed funds. Let your representatives, congressmen, here in Ohio. I would appreciate your and senators know that funds are sorely comments. needed, if for nothing else than to enable archaeologists to keep abreast and hopefully The following articles document the ahead of the bulldozers, earth movers, and ever-increasing destruction of archaeological land levelers that devastate hundreds of sites sites and outline what must be done to each year. Let them know that archaeological alleviate the problem: sites should be preserved and interpreted in state or Federal parks so they can be enjoyed Davis, Hester A. by everyone. Let them know that you 1971 Is there a future for the past? Arch­ support archaeological research which is vital aeology 24:300-306. if we are to fully understand our prehistoric 1972 The crisis in American archaeology. heritage. Science 175:267-272. Most important, do everything possible to Looney, Ralph preserve the sites in your area. This process 1971 Indian relics. Inner Circle Magazine, involves recording their locations, making United Delco Division, General Motors surface collections, and cataloging each piece. Corporation. Much can be learned about a prehistoric McGimsey III, Charles R. and Hester A. Davis settlement, without actually digging it, from 1970 Stewards of the past. University of the carefully-documented artifacts found on Missouri-Columbia, Extension Division. its surface. When a site in your area is being Peterson, John threatened, talk to the people involved and 1972 Amateurs dig archaeology. National inform the professional archaeologists in your Observer 11(4):1. area. Read all the books you can find on Salzer, Robert J. archaeological field methods so that, in an 1971 Archaeology and conservation. Wis­ emergency, you can excavate a site success­ consin Conservation Bulletin 36 (6):3-5. fully. However, remember that a little knowledge is a dangerous thing. Every

30 Notes on the South Park Ceramics by James L. Murphy Cleveland, Ohio

The South Park site lies on a high promon­ The jar, about 5 inches in diameter, had four tory on the west side of the Cuyahoga River angular castellations and a crudely trailed zig­ immediately behind the Haydite light-weight zag motif around the rim. aggregate plant at Independence, Cuyahoga No stratigraphy existed in the units ex­ County, Ohio. Unaccountably, the site was cavated in 1968. The plow zone yielded re­ overlooked by Whittlesey (1871) in his latively little material and features were us­ pioneer study of Cuyahoga Valley hilltop ually discernible within 3 inches of the sur­ sites. Scientific excavation of a small part of face. Nonetheless, the material recovered the site occurred in 1930, with appearance of leaves little doubt that the site is multicom- Emerson Greenman'ssite report in 1937. ponent. Ceramic samples from individual re­ During the summer of 1968, I conducted fuse pits were remarkably heterogeneous; it is excavations at the South Park site for the surmised that considerable amounts of earlier Cleveland Natural Science Museum. Field material were accidentally thrown into re­ notes and all material recovered were turned latively late refuse pits. This idea is at least over to the Museum, but are now unavailable partially confirmed by the radiocarbon date for study. Partial analysis of the recovered of 300 ± 100 radiocarbon years: A.D. 1650 (M-2271), available from Pit 1. This pit con­ material was completed before leaving the tained not only the late Whittlesey vessel Museum, however, and these results will be illustrated in Figure 1-A but also sherds of presented in this and other articles. The site is Reeve Horizontal, a type believed to be some­ currently being destroyed by quarrying opera­ what earlier. tions and should be completely gone within a year or two. On the basis of ceramic assemblages from Excavation was confined to ten 10 X the Whittlesey sites of Cuyahoga and Lake 10-foot units along a ridge trending only a counties and comparable material from New few degrees east of north at the eastern edge York, Michigan, and Ontario, it seems pro­ of the bluff. The few burials known from the bable that at least four distinct components site were confined to this gravely ridge so are represented at South Park (Table I). work was concentrated in the same general The rare dentate and tool impressed rim area in hopes of locating skeletal material, sherds from South Park bear a remarkable re- though surface indications suggested that the semblace to Glen Meyer Branch ceramics central part of the site was much richer in from Ontario. Two motifs in particular, il­ artifactual material. However, only one adult lustrated by Wright (1966: PI. 10) from the burial in a refuse pit was encountered during Goessens, Stafford, and Woodsmen sites, are the 1968 excavation. nearly identical with South Park sherds. One Fifteen storage or refuse pits were ex­ motif consists of diagonal plats of short cavated, ranging from VA to 3 feet in dia­ oblique linear stamping, the other, of several meter and from 1 to over 4 feet in depth. All horizontal rows of short oblique linear stamp­ were cylindrical and contained varying a- ing or tool impressions. The latter resembles mounts of bone and shell refuse, flint debit- some sherds of the tenative type Mixter Tool Impressed (Shane 1967: 156-58). Mixter Tool age, and artifact material. Pit 11 contained Impressed is definitely known from an early approximately 300 carbonized ears of corn Late Woodland component on the east side of which have been analyzed by Hugh Cutler and the Cuyahoga River at the Carey Farm site Leonard Blake (1971). and is abundant at the Libben site, Ottawa In unit 0-4 there was a unique "urn burial". County (O.H. Prufer, O.C. Shane, personal The bones of a human fetus were found in a communication). small vessel buried upside down immediately beneath the surface. The bottom of the vessel The simple stamped vessel illustrated in had been removed, presumably by plowing. Figure 1-E and an unfigured sherd bear a ver-

31 tical denate pattern that may be related to leted Tuttle Hill Notched and Fairport Fil­ Vase Dentate from southern Michigan. How­ leted on the other. On the basis of a few rare ever, simple stamping seems to be rare in the untyped sherds at the Lyman site, sherds Late Woodland of Michigan. The Stafford site, which have been duplicated at South Park Ontario, yielded simple stamped vessels with (Figure 1-D), it is believed that the major dentate rims similar to the South Park speci­ Lyman occupation is a "Monongahela Com­ men. This material, scanty though it is, plex" component contemporaneous with the strongly suggests an Early Late Woodland later Whittlesey Phase component at South component at South Park, dating around A.D. Park. These occupations are guess-dated as post-1400, comparable to the Lawson site in 1100-1200, contemporaneous with Fitting's Ontario for which Wright has suggested an YoungeTradition and Wright's "Early Ontario A.D. 1550 date. Significantly, an unquestion­ Iroquois." able sherd of Lawson Opposed has been There are three rim sherd types which, al­ found at the Lyman site (Dennis Dodd col­ though rare at South Park, indicate a relation­ lection). ship with Lake County "Whittlesey" sites The dominant ceramic type at South Park such as Reeve and Fairport Harbor. These is Tuttle Hill Notched characterized by a nar­ types are Reeve Horizontal, Reeve Filleted, row but distinct collar which is notched along and Parker Festooned, believed to date the lower edge and by frequent notching a- around A.D. 1300-1400. Parker Festooned, long the lip. Such rims occur on cordmarked, originally described from the Parker Earth­ simple stamped, and smoothed vessels with works, Ontario, occurs at a Michigan site both grit and shell tempering. Considerable radiocarbon dated at A.D. 1320 ± 100 variation is shown in the treatment of indivi­ (Fitting 1966:738). The Reeve types seem to dual rims, and it is suspected that some of be closely related to Neutral-Erie ceramic these varieties will prove to have temporal types from southern Ontario (MacNeish 1952; significance. The rim in Figure 2-E, for Wright 1966), notably Ontario Horizontal. example, is reminiscent of Lawson Incised. White (1961) has found similar material in The large shell tempered storage vessel with western New York (Kienuka, Oakfield sites). subconoidal base (Figure 1-A) has a rim much The dearth of such sherds on Ohio sites away like some late Fort Ancient Madisonville from the northeastern lake shore is signif­ Phase pots, though the vessel form is atypical icant. Initially, I believed that the Reeve rim of Fort Ancient. This vessel came from Pit 1 sherd forms represented a phase considerably with a radiocarbon date of A.D. 1650. Like older (around A.D. 1300) than the typical many of the other Tuttle Hill Notched vessels, Whittlesey type Tuttle Hill Notched, and I it has vertical finger impressions along the still do, but the possibility that they may re­ smoothed rim and neck area, one of the most present a distinct phase at least partly con­ striking characters of this late Whittlesey temporaneous with the Cuyahoga Valley ware. An excellent example of Tuttle Hill Whittlesey Phase cannot be dismissed. One Notched, nearly identical with this vessel ex­ slight piece of independent evidence for the cept for size and shape, is illustrated by Grif­ age of the Reeve site comes from examination fin (1943: Plate 134) from the vicinity of of Reeve maize by Cutler and Blake (1971), Zanesville, Muskingum County. Grit-tempered indicating a pre-1300 date for Reeve and a South Park vessels with strongly notched lips post-1300 date for the major occupation at (Figure 1-B, C) especially resemble sherds South Park. from the Riker site, Tuscarawas County. Diagonally-incised sherds representative of The weakly filleted grit-tempered sherd Reeve or McFate Incised are as rare at South illustrated in Figure 2-F is unlike any others Park as Reeve Horizontal and Reeve Filleted. recovered from the site and probably should The abundance of such incised rims at the not be included in Tuttle Hill Notched. It Lyman site east of Painesville (38.3%) sug­ more closely resembles the type Fairport Fil­ gests a close tie with western Pennsylvanian leted, which is believed to be earlier than sites such as Wilson Shutes and McFate. These most of the other Whittlesey ceramic types. sites, which have been somewhat uncomfort­ The Tuttle Hill Notched sherds reminiscent ably fitted into the Monongahela Complex, of Madisonville and Riker material are be­ seem to lack both Reeve Horizontal and Reeve lieved to represent the latest occupation at Filleted sherds on the one hand and the fil­ South Park, that responsible for the bulk of

32 the refuse pits excavated by the 1968 crew. performed at South Park and at numerous The occupation dates perhaps well into the other "Whittlesey Focus" sites. late 1500's to become terminal Whittlesey. Although no trade goods have been found at South Park, it is believed that the site may have been occupied as late as 1600. To conclude, it may be noted that the bulk Boas, Franz of later Whittlesey ceramics display affinities 1927 Primitive art. Dover reprint, 1955, New with Fort Ancient as well as with Ontario or York. New York Iroquois. The only distinctively Cutler, Hugh and Leonard Blake Iroquoian feature seems to be the presence 1971 Corn from the South Park and Reeve of low angular castellations on many of the sites Whittlesey focus of Ohio. Ohio vessels. Too much can be made of the pre­ Archaeologist, 21:23-24. sence of multiple horizontal incising, which Fitting, James E. occurs in the early Fort Ancient Baum Phase at 1966 Radiocarbon dating the Younge tradi­ Blain valley, and the notched added rimstrip. tion. American Antiquity, 31:738. Every horizontally incised sherd need not re­ Greenman, Emerson F. present "Ontario Horizontal." And no less a 1937 Two prehistoric villages near Cleveland, student than Boas (1927:139) has recognized Ohio. Ohio State Archaeological and His­ that the filleted rim strip is of very wide torical Quarterly, 46:305-366. occurrence. Not to range too far afield, it may Griffin, James B. be found in Tennessee, at Fox Farm and Lar- 1943 The Fort Ancient aspect: Its cultural and kin, Fort Ancient components in Kentucky, chronological position in Mississippi Val­ as well as in Ohio Fort Ancient components. ley archaeology. Ann Arbor Of course it is also possible to over-emphasize MacNeish, Richard S. the Mississippian elements of late Whittlesey 1952 Iroquois pottery types, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 124. Ot­ ceramics. I certainly would not include the tawa. Whittlesey Phase within the Fort Ancient Shane, Orrin C. Ill Tradition, though this suggestion has been 1967 The Mixter Site. In Studies in Ohio ar­ made to me. It seems better to recognize chaeology edited by Olaf H. Prufer and these Late Prehistoric sites of the Cuyahoga Douglas H. McKenzie, Western Reserve Valley and the Lake Shore as representative University Press, Cleveland. of a distinct, as yet unnamed, tradition of White, Marian E. which only the relatively late Whittlesey 1961 Iroquois culture history in the Niagara Phase is as yet at all well known. frontier area of New York state. Anthro­ Paradoxically, of the four components dis- pological Papers, Museum of Anthro­ tinquished at South Park, it is the earliest and pology, University of Michigan, No. 16, least represented that is the most firmly es­ Ann Arbor. tablished. The Glen Meyer-like ceramics are so Whittlesey, Charles distinctive as to permit little doubt about 1871 Ancient earth forts of the Cuyahoga val­ their identity and relationships. The Reeve ley, Ohio. Western Reserve Historical pottery types and McFate Incised are distinct­ Society, Tract 5. ive enough as types, but their relationships to Wright, James V. ceramics of other areas must remain hypo­ 1966 The Ontario Iroquois tradition. National thetical until more data becomes available. Museum of Canada Bulletin 195. Ot­ Nor are the spatial and temporal dimensions tawa. of the latest component at the site — that marked by Tuttle Hill Notched — as well un­ derstood. Tuttle Hill Notched may have cov­ ered a rather broad time span from 1300 to near 1600; if so, the internal variation upon which further subdivisions may be based is not adequately known, nor will it be known until considerably more excavation work is

33 Table I: South Park Ceramics

Surface Body sherds Grit-tempered cordmarked 669 166 52 13 16 22 12 80 simple stamped 63 30 2 19 3 8 3 11 smoothed 124 33 5 3 3 3 Shell-tempered cordmarked 119 34 12 15 20 11 5 simple stamped 38 2 3 2 7 1 4 smoothed 20 3 3 Tuttle Hill Notched Grit-tempered notched lip 3 3 plain lip 13 1 1 1 2 lip not preserved 1 1 2 Shell-tempered notched lip 1 1 plain lip 2 2 Reeve Filleted Grit-tempered Reeve Horizontal Grit-tempered McFate Incised Grit-tempered cordmarked lip 2 1 incised lip Cordmarked rims Grit-tempered incised lip plain lip Shell-tempered plain lip Smoothed rims Grit-tempered notched or incised lip plain lip 1 1 Shell-tempered notched or incised lip plain lip Mixter Tool Impressed Grit-tempered Misc. "stab and drag" Grit-tempered Shell-tempered Misc. dentate rims Grit-tempered Shell-tempered Obliquely dentate rims Grit-tempered

34 Fig. 1 (Murphy) AC. Three Tuttle Hill Notched vessels. A x 1/5; B x Lyman site. Approximately x I. 1/3; C approximately x 1/5 Simple-stamped vessel with vertical dentate rim D. Untyped shell-tempered sherd with crudely motif and vertical lug handles. Approximately x trained zig-zag motif, identical with sherd from 1/8.

^ \.3«

Fig. 2 (Murphy) <•;. Reeve Filleted Sherd from Pit 1. A-E. Varieties of Tuttle Hill Notched. II. McFate Incised sherd. F. Aberrant rim similar to Fairport Filleted. All illustrations x 0.6

35 Flints Used by Ohio's Prehistoric Indians

by Robert N. Converse Plain City, Ohio

Little has been written about Ohio's flint de­ some artifacts from Adams County are of a posits since Stout and Schoenlaub's The dull pink or mauve material which may also Occurence of Flint in Ohio published in 1945. be part of this flint formation. In no instance This booklet was a publication of the Depart­ will any Brassfield chert be glossy or lustrous ment of Natural Resources, Division of Geo­ except in very small inclusions. In spite of its logical Survey, and was written primarily apparent poor or cherty quality, the Indian from a geological viewpoint. While this had little trouble working it. Although earlier treatise touches on the use of flints and cherts peoples did not make much use of it, the Fort by primitive man, the bulk of it deals with Ancient Indians fashioned some very fine and strata formations and geographic locations. delicate triangular points and side-notched tri­ However, as many collectors may know, it is angular points from this stone. It was used for not complete if it intended to describe the many flint celts - some crudely chipped ex­ more important deposits of flint used by the cept at the bit and some which were ground Ohio Indians. For example, any mention of and polished. Brassfield flint was apparently the Plum Run deposits is conspicuously lack­ not an important flint source outside Adams ing. County, for little of it is found far from its Flint occurs in the geologic systems of southwestern Ohio origin. Ohio from the oldest - the Silurian - to the youngest - the Pennsylvanian. The rock of Bisher Flint these various systems is exposed in Ohio in Next in age of Ohio flints is the Bisher the fashion of a layer cake set at an angle and Formation which is also part of the Silurian sliced to show all the layers. Hence, the oldest System. According to Stout and Schoenlaub rock formations are in the western part of (1945:16) its predominate outcroppings are Ohio and the progressively younger ones in Highland County and northern Adams toward the east. County and its color is either dark gray or gray with lighter stripes. It is a material with which I am totally unfamiliar. It was noted Brassfield Flint (Stout and Schoenlaub 1945:20) that many The oldest flint stratum in Ohio is known implements made of Bisher flint were found as the Brassfield Formation of the Silurian in Liberty Township, Highland County. System. This flint outcrops primarily in Adams County where much of it was used by Cedarville - Guelph primitive man. It is exposed along much of The Cedarville-Guelph is also of the Sil­ the length of Brush Creek and weathers into urian System but of the Niagara Group. Stout the stream bed where it patinates to an ochre and Schoenlaub declare (1945:20) this mat­ color. This patina penetrates the surface quite erial to be "unfit for the fashioning of imple­ deeply and smaller weathered pieces will be a ments". This statement notwithstanding, the uniform yellow-brown when broken. Aborig Cedarville-Guelph flints occur northward inal man worked deposits near the mouth of through Logan and Hardin counties where it Brush Creek where the material presents a was extensively quarried by the Indians, not­ dirty white or cream color. Some artifacts ably in northern Logan county (Owen Cowan, made from it show the telltale outer crust personal communication 1971). Archaic and layers of an ochre patina. When flakes or arti­ Woodland artifacts made from it are scattered facts of Brassfield chert are viewed in a group over west-central Ohio principally in the they present a dirty cherty or chalky cream Miami and Mad River drainages and Hardin color mottled with white fossiliferous inclus­ County. ions. Some pieces have a definite pale pink or In appearance it is dull pinkish white, rose colored cast. It should be noted that often with pale lighter stripes, but usually

36 with brown or tan pinpoint inclusions. These from it. However, this flint was exploited by inclusions seem to be tiny crystalline masses Middle Woodland Indians of central Ohio, when viewed under a magnifying glass, how­ particularly for the Middle Woodland points ever, even those on the edges of thin spalls are and Chesser type points. Fort Ancient tri­ not translucent. Most of the artifacts made angular points from Ross County northward from Cedarville-Guelph material have these are nearly always of Delaware chert. distinctive inclusions, making the identifi­ cation of this particular variety fairly easy. Coshocton Flint Perhaps the most extensively-used flint de­ Delaware Chert posits in the state of Ohio occur in Coshocton The Columbus and Delaware formations and Muskingum counties. Literally thousands occur in the Columbus Limestone of the De­ upon thousands of prehistoric artifacts were vonian System. Although in separate geologic fashioned of Coshocton flints. Workshops are strata, they will be considered as one here. numerous along the Walhonding River where The older of the two strata, the Columbus, chips and debitage, cores, and other evidence occurs from Pickaway County in the south to of prehistoric flint working may be found. Kelleys Island in Lake Erie with varying de­ The bulk of Coshocton flint is glossy black or gree of purity. The Delaware Formation runs gray-black with mottlings of gray or cream sporadically from Franklin County northward color. Fossils are common although relatively to Sandusky. Flints in both formations were few of them weather out of the matrix in extensively used in central Ohio and, in fact, which they were formed. Rarely will an arti­ are the predominate materials on many sites. fact of any size be pure black; it will nearly Delaware chert is also found as weathered-out always have inclusions of a lighter color. It is boulders in the stream beds of central Ohio-- a not uncommon to find Coshocton flint on handy source of raw material for the Indians. any camp site in the state. Delaware chert is uniformly tan or earth Several variations and textures of Cosh­ colored in appearance although darker var­ octon flint are known. Most collectors have ieties occur south of Columbus and lighter heard of Nellie chert - so called because of its ones north of Columbus. Freshly chipped or proximity to the little Coshocton County broken areas are invariable darker color than town of Nellie - but few know anything about patinated surfaces. Few fossils are present, it. This stone, a dull gray material with dark but occasionally some are completely dis­ gray streaks resembling wood grain, was used solved out of the parent piece, leaving a hole. quite extensively by the Piano Indians who Rarely it will have thin streaks of blue white carried it to sites many miles from Coshocton or translucent quartz through it. Some of it County. A somewhat more wide-spread Cosh­ octon variety is a high quality, somewhat lus­ has a rather waxy luster and seems to be of trous translucent gray flint. It may be banded superior quality. Despite its cherty appear­ with streaks of white or yellow. This flint is ance, it chipped quite well and some artifacts often mistaken for Flint Ridge material but it made of Delaware chert show extremely fine is less translucent and is streaked rather than workmanship. mottled. Gradations occur among all textures This stone was used by all prehistoric cul­ of Coshocton material and I have seen arti­ tures. Paleo-lndians made fluted points of it facts which are Nellie chert on one end and in both the Ross County and Clovis types. black Coshocton on the other. Less fre­ Perhaps no other group employed it more quently, the glossy gray will appear with than the Piano people in a large portion of black, but I have never seen a combination of Ohio who made lanceolate and stemmed the Nellie and glossy gray varieties in one arti­ lanceolate points of Delaware chert to the fact. near exclusion of any other flint. It is not uncommon to see this material in lanceolate From the large number of fluted points of points found many miles from the quarry lo­ Coshocton flint it is evident that is was a fav­ cations. Nearly all types of Archaic imple­ orite material for the Paleo-lndians. ments including knives, beveled points, and Numerous Paleo-lndian points are found a- scrapers are made of this stone. long the Walhonding and indeed a major Pal­ The Adena people generally avoided its use eo-lndian site - the Welling site - is near the and few of the classic Adena points are made quarry areas. Archaic artifacts by the literal thousands were made of this stone while the eventually patinate to its familiar yellow and Adena used it to a minor extent. The Hope­ pink shades. well people rarely made any of their point types from it and classic Hopewell points of Flint Ridge Coshocton flint are almost unknown. Many triangular points from the Coshocton area are Little can be added to what has already of this stone but they are not often found in been written about Flint Ridge. This huge areas beyond eastern Ohio. flint deposit lies on a plateau between Newark in Licking County and Zanesville in Musk­ Zaleski Flint ingum County. It was formed in the Vanport Limestone of the Pennsylvania System and is Zaleski flint is of the Pennsylvanian the largest flint deposit in the state. System and its principal quarries are in Vin­ Geologically speaking, it is the second ton and Jackson counties. Like the black youngest stratum in Ohio. Coshocton flints it also occurs in the areas of the coal measures. From the Vinton County By any standard, Flint Ridge must be con­ quarries, the Indians quarried some of the sidered as the source of the"finest fhnrin finest black flint to be found in Ohio. The North America it not the woFld. r-rom the" best of it is lustrous jet black with no mot­ stanapoint of quality, gloss, and color nothing can compare to it. Samples taken from the tlings or inclusions whatever. It sometimes has state park at Clark's Corners, named for a a deep brownish cast and some of it may be smithy owned by a man named Clark in the slightly translucent near the edges of thin early 1900's, are almost pure silica-99% spalls. Smaller artifacts made of it are diffi­ (Stout and Schoenlaub 1945:82). Indeed, cult to segregate from those of Coshocton some of the rare Ohio artifacts were made of flint but as a general rule it may be distin­ pure translucent quartz or rock crystal that guished by its uniformity of color and lack of probably came from Flint Ridge. Every imag­ inclusions. inable shade and tint of the rainbow can be The Zaleski deposits were known to all of found there as well as combinations of all Ohio's Indian cultures. It found its greatest these colors. The exception is opaque black use during the Archaic but it was also known but even it is approached by an occasional by the Paleo-lndians as well as the Adena and deposit of deep brown or brownish black Hopewell people. Zaleski flint would rank translucent material. Rarest of all Flint Ridge among the top four flints in importance to colors are the blues and greens. These shades Ohio Indians. nearly always occur with red or maroon streaks or splotches giving them the appear­ Plum Run Flint ance of gem quality bloodstone. Delicate shades of purple, pink, vermillion, and yellow The Plum Run deposits are not mentioned are common in the literal millions of flint in Stout and Schoenlaub's book. The use of spalls and the debris found on the ridge. One this material was confined chiefly to north­ variety is banded with streaks of pink with eastern Ohio, primarily to two or three coun­ gray or black. The familiar Flint Ridge chalce­ ties, and so their lack of knowledge of this dony is most common and the most widely stone is understandable. used by the Indians. It is milky white or blue The Plum Run quarries are no longer in white in color, but often has mottlings of existence, having been obliterated by the con­ c, yellow, or other shades. struction of a tile factory in 1905. However, J many spalls and chips are still found in the vicinity. There are extremes in color and Extraneous Flints quality, some of it being mottled gray with Even though Ohio had many sources of maroon or pink splotches while other varieties high quality flint available to the prehistoric are cherty yellow with a pink cast. When a Indians, a number of flints from other areas large sample is seen one is impressed with its were carried into the state. Foremost among pink and yellow or orange colors. A glossy them is Indiana hornstone. This glossy gray gray material with black mottlings is also flint is found in Harrison County, Indiana, found at the Plum Run quarries but it is ap­ and vastquantitiesof it were carried not only parently freshly chipped stone which would to Ohio but to other states. It has one peculi-

38 arity in that it is nodular - formed in balls - a stone, found its way from West Virginia into characteristic which is reflected in its con­ southeastern Ohio to a minor extent. In centric rings or circles of a lighter color that northeastern Ohio, an occasional artifact of usually occur on artifacts made from it. Sim­ Onondage chert is found. Quarried in New ilar gray flints are found across the river in York state, it is an icy blue or gray stone with Kentucky and are almost impossible to seg­ tan mottled inclusions and quite glossy in tex­ regate from Indiana hornstone. ture. Of particularly scarce occurrence is a flint Another flint often found in Ohio, especial­ carried into Ohio from Indiana called "In­ ly the southern portion, is so-called Kentucky diana Green" (Converse 1970: ). This Elkhorn flint. This stone was first introduced stone was quarried in the north-central part of to me by the late Arthur George Smith. It was the state and was apparently familiar to most one of the few times he was wrong in things prehistoric Indians in Ohio, since points from pertaining to archaeology. Having wondered the Paleo-lndian, Archaic, and Woodland per about the origins of this colorful material I iods are made from it. It is lusterless and wrote to Charles Johnston of Frankfort, Ken­ rather cherty in texture with a green or gray tucky, who has collected in the Elkhorn area. green color. Cherty white or gray bands or He sent me a generous sample of both debit- mottlings are usually present and occasionally age and artifacts made of Elkhorn flint which the greens are rather vivid. However, its ap­ parent cherty quality did not hamper the he had gathered in central Kentucky over the skilled flint knappers as evidenced by some years. It looks very little like the material very well-made lanceolate andArchaicpoints. named Elkhorn by Smith and is in fact a Seldom will more than one artifact made rather cherty rust colored or ochre colored from this stone be found on a given site. stone. Smith's Elkhorn is high quality flint characteristically reddish maroon, yellow ma­ Other Flints roon, orange yellow, or gray with maroon or Before closing, mention of glacial flint and orange streaks. It is always lustrous and waxy so-called Brush Creek flint should be made. in texture and rarely has cherty or dull inclu­ Cobbles of glacially smoothed flint are found sions. It has recently come to my attention in the glacial till of Ohio. Ranging in color that this colorful flint comes from Carter from gray-maroon to purple or purple-green, Cave, Kentucky (Ray Tanner, personal com­ this flint was on rare occasions used by the munication). Such a source was mentioned by Indians. The scarce artifacts made from it are Fowke (1902:625-626) as occuring 25 miles colorful and often difficult to segregate from south of Portsmouth, Ohio. Carter Cave flint, Flint Ridge flint. Brush Creek is apparently the name given to a number of minor flints in he noted, presents shades of "red, brown, Ohio occuring in many different areas. The yellow, and gray", which sounds suspiciously name seems to be a catchall for anything not like the flint in question. Distribution is prin­ readily identifiable although there may act­ cipally along the Ohio River from Clermont ually be such a material in the state. to Gallia counties, all within easy distance of Carter Cave. Thus, Elkhorn is probably a mis­ Fowke, Gerard K. nomer for this flint and it should more prop­ 1902 Archaeological history of Ohio. Colum­ erly be called Carter Cave flint. [Tech. Edi­ bus. tor's note: A cache of 11 leaf-shaped blades Stout, Wilbur and R.A. Schoenlaub made of this material was discovered beneath 1945 The occurrence of flint in Ohio. Geo­ the Dunlap mound, Ross County, during the logical Survey of Ohio Fourth Series - Ohio Historical Society's excavations in Bulletin 46. Columbus. 1941.] Kanawha flint, a jet black non-glossy Scenes from the March Meeting at Columbus.

Photos courtesy of Kenneth Goodman.

Member Melvin Wilkins, Lima, Ohio, checks revised ASO constitution prior to voting for adoption at the March 1972 meeting.

"Happy Is" Mr. and Mrs. Paul Fritch,Cleves, Ohio, after being pres­ ented the award for the best "Site" display at the March 1972 ASO meeting.

Sharing the honor of having the best "Type" display at the March 1972 meeting of ASO at the Hospitality Inn in Columbus, is Mr. and Mrs. Franklin G. Harner, Newark, Ohio.

Dr. John E. Blank, Associate Professor of Anthropology, Cleve­ land State University, speaker at the March 1972 ASO meeting. John's presentation provided evi­ dence that the Archaic built Harry Hopkins holds the "Best of Show" ribbon houses in the Salt Creek Valley presented to him by the Exhibits Committee at the and had fire pits of unusual 19th March 1972 meeting of ASO. design.

40 Necrology

Archie P. Diller passed away December 20, Jerry Hastings 1971, at the age of 65. He had been a long Rt. 1 time collector of Indian artifacts and member Ironton, Ohio of our Society. Jerry was killed in a car-truck collision, Janu­ Lawrence Pitzer ary 23. He had been a regular contributor to Rt. 1 the Ohio Archaeologist and had served as a North Lewisburg, Ohio Regional Collaborator. Passed away December 21, 1971 Lester Deacon Harold D. Bender Member since 1961 Portsmouth, Ohio RR 1, S. River Road Killed in an automobile accident January 9, Elmore, Ohio 1972 in Portsmouth, Ohio. Deceased 3-6-71 Book Reprints

The University of Tennessee Press has reprinted two of their classic volumes that have been out of print for several years: TRIBES THAT SLUMBER (A story of the Indians of the Tennessee region in late prehistoric times.) $4.95

HIWASSEE ISLAND (Documentation of one of the classic Mississippian sequences in the Southeast.)

$8.95 Both volumes may be ordered from the following address: THE UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE PRESS UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE KNOXVILLE, TENNESSEE 37916 It is my understanding that if you send payment with your order, the press will pay postage. Professor John Blank, Cleveland State University Federal Salvage Bill

Of concern is Federal Legislation now be­ terior, Army) have destroyed numerous arch­ fore the 92nd Congress to provide funding for aeological sites in Ohio within the last 25 archaeological salvage. Two bills have been in­ years, this legislation will provide a means to troduced. The Senate Bill by Senator Frank salvage information before it is lost to the bul- Moss (Utah) has introduces Senate Bill 1245. dozers and concrete. I urge the Members of In August 1971 the Senate Bill was passed the Ohio Archaeological Society to write to and sent to the House of Representatives. A their respective Congressmen and Represent­ similar bill has been introduced in the House atives and express their opinions on these bills of Representatives (HR 6257) and this bill has - either positive or negative. It is only when been referred to Committee for study. the Federal Legislators have information from Since the construction by federal agencies their constitutents that they will be able to (Corps of Engineers, Highways, NASA, In­ make proper decisions.

41 Seven Granite Axes by Ernest R. Sutton Coolville, Ohio

These seven granite grooved axes (Fig. 1) were found on the second terrace of the Hocking River near the town of Stewart, Fed­ eral Township, Athens County, Ohio. Al­ though the area where they were found has been under constant crop production for many years, the axes were not badly dam­ aged. Fig. 1 (Sutton) Seven granite axes.

Awards

Winners of awards for displays at the January Following are the awards for displays at 16, 1972 meeting of The Ohio Archaeological the March 19, 1972 meeting of The Archaeo­ Society at Westerville: logical Society of Ohio at Columbus, Ohio:

Best of Show Best of Show Parker Melvin Harry A. Hopkins 1296 Crestwood Avenue 7385 North Troy Sidney Road Cincinnati, Ohio Piqua, Ohio

Best Type Best Type Display Dr. John Haney Franklin G. Harner William Haney 87 South 31st Street 706 Buckhorn Street Newark, Ohio 43055 Ironton, Ohio Best Site Display Best Site Paul Fritch John Unrue 32 Porter Street Doug Rice Cleves, Ohio 723 South 9th Street Ironton, Ohio

Correction

The complete title of the article in the Winter were inadvertantly left out and apologies go issue of the Ohio Archaeologist on the Head­ to the authors. In addition a radiocarbon date quarters site should have read - Salvage Ex­ for the site has been obtained since publi­ cavations at the Headquarters Site. A Middle cation. The date is A.D. 165 + 345; sample Woodland Village Burial Area in Hamilton no. UGa-318, Geochronology Laboratory, County, Ohio The words "County, Ohio" University of Georgia.

4? Glacial Kame Artifacts

by Robert N. Converse Plain City, Ohio

The best known Glacial Kame artifacts are knoll which was partially excavated for rail­ the slate birdstones most often found in the road ballast before the turn of the century. Glacial Kame area of northwestern Ohio. Many burials and artifacts were discovered Sandal sole gorgets made of marine shell are during the course of this work. also diagnostic of this culture but are of even Elmer R. Bondley, of Prospect, Ohio, was less frequent occurrence than the rare bird- an old-time antiquarian and inveterate col­ stones. Also found with Glacial Kame burials lector of Indian artifacts, rocks, minerals, and are well-made shell beads, sometimes with almost anything which was collectable. In thousands of individual beads accompanying a those early days, Indian artifacts were a mere single burial. Beads made from nuggets of curiousity and few people bothered to save copper are also occasionally discovered in them. It was only through the efforts of these these graves. Copper was obtained from the early collectors that many rare and priceless Lake Superior region, probably by trade. relics survived. Dick Johnson, of Meeker, Mar­ Lumps of the metal were pounded into elong­ ion County, Ohio, purchased the Bondley col­ ated pieces and then bent into a circle, the lection shortly before Mr. Bondley's death. Among the thousands of objects he had col­ resultant center hole accomodating the string. lected are the artifacts shown in the ac­ Other grave goods occuring sporadically in­ companying pictures. In Figure 1 is a string of clude humped gorgets of banded slate, stone exquisite shell beads which were carefully tubes, and antler harpoons. A circular shell made in graduated sizes and highly polished. gorget with a large central hole and two peri­ In the center is an extremely rare antler har­ pheral suspension holes, similar to some poon. It is perforated at the proximal end and Hopewell shell gorgets, is also typical of this has three barbs. In Figure 2 is the reverse view burial cult. of this harpoon which was designed to fit into A particular concentration of Glacial Kame the hollow shaft of a spear. The perforation cemeteries is near the border of southern Har­ was used to accomodate a line attached either din County and northern Logan County where to the spear shaft itself or another stick, the there have probably been more artifacts attached shaft or stick snagging or hobbling found than any comparable area in north­ the animal in flight. Evidence for the pro­ western Ohio, northeastern Indiana, or south­ venience of the beads and harpoon may be ern Michigan. Similar burial practices and arti­ seen in the old tag which states simply, in facts, with slight regional variations, exist Bondley's handwriting, "Zimmerman Farm". across southern Ontario and into New York The tag on the copper beads in Figure 3 gives state. The Zimmerman kame, near Roundhead the location as Roundhead, Ohio, also the in Hardin County, was large gravel and sand same area as the Zimmerman farm.

43 Fig. 1 (Converse) Obverse of Glacial Kame antler harpoon Fig. 2 (Concerse) Reverse of antler harpoon from the and shell beads. Zimmerman Farm.

Fig. 3 (Converse) Glacial Kame cooper beads from near Roundhead, Ohio BACK ISSUES

The following is a list of the back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist which are still available. Each issue, except for special issues as indicated below and except for Vol. 12, No. 3-4, is priced at $1.50 per copy. Vol. 12, No. 3-4 is $2.50 per copy. ALL SUBJECT TO PRIOR SALE.

Vol. No. Vol. No. 3 3 July, 1953 14 2 April, 1964 14 3 July, 1964 4 1 January, 1954 15 2 April, 1965 Warren County Serpent Mound 15 3 July, 1965 Special Issue September, 1954 15 4 October, 1965

5 1 January, 1955 16 2 April, 1966 5 3 July, 1955 16 3 July, 1966

6 2 April, 1956 17 1 January, 1967 17 2 April, 1967 7 2 April, 1957 17 4 October, 1967 7 3 July, 1957 7 4 October, 1957 18 1 January, 1968 18 2 April, 1968 8 2 April, 1958 18 3 July, 1968 8 3 July, 1958 18 4 October, 1968 8 4 October, 1958 19 2 April, 1969 9 2 April, 1959 19 3 July, 1969 9 3 July, 1959 19 4 October, 1969 9 4 October, 1959 20 1 Winter, 1970 10 1 January, 1960 20 2 Spring, 1970 10 2 April, 1960 20 3 Summer, 1970 20 4 Winter, 1970 11 2 April, 1961 11 3 July, 1961 21 1 Winter, 1971 11 4 October, 1961 21 2 Spring, 1971 21 3 Summer, 1971 12 3-4 July-Oct., 1962 21 4 Fall, 1971

13 2 April, 1963

SPECIAL ISSUES: Ohio Slate Types ... $5.00 ... Robert N. Converse. All of the above ordered from the Business Office 1150 Virginia Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43212. Ohio Flint Types $3.50 Robert N. Converse Ohio Stone Tools $2.50 Robert N. Converse These two issues are to be ordered from Robert N. Converse, 199 Converse Drive, Plain City, Ohio 43064. Make all checks payable to The Archaeological Society of Ohio. OBJECT OF THE SOCIETY

The Archaeological Society of Ohio is organized to discover and conserve archaeological sites and material within the State of Ohio; to seek and promote a better understanding among students and collectors of archaeological material, professional and non-professional, including individuals, museums, and institutions of learning; and to disseminate knowledge on the subject of archaeology. Membership in this society shall be open to any person of good character interested in archaeology or the collecting of American Indian artifacts, upon acceptance of written application and payment of dues.

STANDING COMMITTEES

PROGRAM COMMITTEE EXHIBITS COMMITTEE AUDITING COMMITTEE

Dorothy Good, Co-chairman Julius Noebe, Co-chairman Jan Sorgenfrei, 15 Civic Drive, Grove City, Ohio 43123 1115 Whipple Ave., S.W., Canton, Ohio 44710 7625 Maxtown Road, Westerville, Ohio 43081 Linda Cronkleton, Co-chairman Ken Black, Co-chairman Mike Kish, 1337 Cambrian Court, Columbus, Ohio 43220 R. R 2, Mt. Vernon, Ohio 43050 39 Parkview Avenue, Westerville, Ohio 43081 Mike Kish, Myers Campbell, Ensil Chadwick, 39 Parkview Avenue. Westerville, Ohio 43081 205 Mt. Pleasant St., Mingo Junction, O 43938 RR 3, Mount Vernon. Ohio 43050 Prof. John Blank, Dept. of Soc. & Anthropology, Victor Hiles, Cleveland State Univ., Cleveland. Ohio 44105 RR 2, Box 258, Maineville. Ohio 45039 Robert Converse, Dean Majors, LEGISLATIVE COMMITTEE 199 Converse Drive, Plain City, Ohio 43064 169 Vennum Avenue, Mansfield, Ohio 44903 Merle Guthrie, Robert Converse, Chairman 123 N. Grove Street, Bowling Green, O 43402 FRAUDULENT ARTIFACTS COMMITTEE 199 Converse Drive, Plain City, Ohio 43064 Kenneth Goodman, Dwight Shipley, 2528 Swansea Road. Columbus, Ohio 43221 Stanley Copeland, Chairman 656 Glendale Road, Grove City, Ohio 43123 Dana Baker, 5830 Crescent Ct., Worthington. Ohio 43085 Alva McGraw, Box 157, Mt. Victory, Ohio 43340 Ernest Good, R.F.D. 2, Chillicothe, Ohio 45601 15 Civic Drive, Grove City, Ohio 43123 Dana Baker, MEMBERSHIP COMMITTEE Robert Converse, Box 157, Mt. Victory, Ohio 43340 199 Converse Drive, Plain City, Ohio 43164 Kenneth Goodman, Summers A. Redick, John Schatz, 2528 Swansea Road, Columbus, Ohio 43221 35 W. Riverglen. Worthington, Ohio 43085 Rt. 1, Williamsport. Ohio 43164 Dr Raymond S Baby, Frank Otto, Jim Johnson, Ohio Historical Society. Columbus, 0. 43210 220 E Columbus Street, Kenton, Ohio 43326 2322 W. Country Club Pkwy Toledo, O 43614 pr Norman Wright Don Kegg, Prof. John Blank, Dept Soc. & Anthropology Box 84, Chillicothe. Ohio 45601 24 Meadowbrook Way, Coshocton, O. 43812 Cleveland State University, Cleveland, O 44115 Carroll Welling, Douglas Hooks, RR|C3. Warsaw, Ohio 43844 460 Beethoven St., Mansfield, Ohio 44903 EDUCATION & INFORMATION COMMITTEE Paul Fritch, Dr Orrin Shane, 32 Porter Street, Cleves, Ohio 45002 Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44240 Don Kegg, Co-chairman Leonard H. Brown Box 84. Chillicothe, Ohio 45601 R.F.D. 3, Newcomerstown, Ohio 43832 Kenneth Goodman, Co-chairman Jan Sorgenfrei, NOMINATING COMMITTEE 2528 Swansea Road, Columbus, Ohio 43221 7625 Maxtown Road. Westerville, Ohio 43081 Dana Baker, Dennis Roberts. Ernest Good, Chairman Box 157, Mt. Victory, Ohio 43340 P. O. Box 22, White Cottage, Ohio 43791 15 Civic Drive, Grove City, Ohio 43123 Marilyn Harness, Ernest Sutton. Robert Converse, P. O. Box 186, Coolville, Ohio 43523 199 Converse Drive, Plain City, Ohio 43064 Marvin King, Stanley Copeland, 3293 E. Graham Rd., Stow. Ohio 44224 5830 Crescent Ct., Worthington, Ohio 43085 Robert Harter, 1873 Don Morrow, 1873 Buttermilk Hill Rd, R.I. Delaware. O 4301 5 8884 S. St. Rt. 201, Tipp City, Ohio 45371 Robert Cochran. Charles Stout, RR 2, Coshocton, Ohio 43812 91 Redhank Drive, Fairborn, Ohio 45324