Year 10 History Ark Globe Academy Remote Learning Pack Phase III

Monday 11th May- Friday 22nd May

Session Title Work to be completed Resource Outcome On-Line Support provided

1 Why were Read through the information Information Table Email Mr Taylor, Mr there religious and highlight the key features sheet summary Whitehouse, Miss divisions in of religious division in Youssif, or Miss England? England Bretherton Complete the table and explain why England was https://www.bbc.co.uk divided /bitesize/guides/zgw3 How serious was this wxs/revision/1 problem? For each, score out of 10 and explain why.

2 What was the Read through the information Information Diagram https://www.bbc.co.uk religious Summarise the religious sheet in /bitesize/guides/zgw3 settlement? settlement in your own words work pack Table wxs/revision/1 (and pictures) summary Task: Highlight evidence that the religious settlement was successful and highlight evidence it was not successful

3 The threat to Read the information about Information Speech https://www.bbc.co.uk the Religious the Puritans sheet in bubbles /bitesize/guides/zgw3 Settlement - Complete the speech bubble – work pack wxs/revision/4 Puritans outline Puritan beliefs, and Summary Elizabeth’s beliefs Read the information about how Elizabeth responded to threats Overall - How effectively did Elizabeth deal with challenges to her settlement?

4 How did the Read through the information Information Summary https://www.bbc.co.uk Catholics sheet in table /bitesize/guides/zgw3 respond to Complete the summary table workpack wxs/revision/2 Elizabeth I and about the Catholic threat the religious settlement?

5 Why did Mary Read through the information Information Table of Queen of Scots Complete the table of the pros sheet in pros and become a and cons workpack cons bigger threat In your own words answer from 1568? the question – why did Summary Elizabeth place Mary under house arrest? 6 Northern Read the information Information Summary https://www.bbc.co.uk Rebellion sheet in /bitesize/guides/zgw3 Complete the summary workpack wxs/revision/3 questions

Why were there religious divisions in England?

Task: 1. Highlight the key features of the reasons for Religious Divisions 2. Explain how it showed England was divided 3. Give each a score out of 3 of how serious a problem it was, and explain why

Religious Division: How does this show that England was religiously divided? ( 1 reason/2 pieces of SFD) The English Reformation (challenge to the teachings of the Catholic Church) began in 1532, when Henry VIII created the Catholic Church. By 1558, The Reformation was tearing Europe apart. The reformation questioned the power and teachings of a Church that had existed for centuries. This caused great tension between those loyal to the Catholic Church and the Protestants (Church of England) who wanted change. Protestants believed that the Bible should be translated from Latin into different languages and that people should be able to interpret the Bible themselves. A few of the Catholic Church’s traditions or decoration were not mentioned in the Bible and Score out of 3: therefore Protestants believed they should be stopped. Under such threat the Catholic Church focused on strengthening the faith. Non-believes were executed and put in prison. Religious wars were fought across Europe to try and re-establish Catholicism.

Parts of England were more Catholic than others, meaning the people living there were less likely to accept Protestantism. These areas such as Durham, Lancashire and Cheshire tended to be further from London. The more remote an area was the more likely it was to be Catholic. London, east-Anglia and the south-east tended to be more Protestant. They had closer links to the Netherlands and Germany were successful Protestant reformations had taken place. Therefore Protestant ideas and Score out of 3: books often came to England through London before being spread. When Mary I (Elizabeth’s sister) had been Queen of England she announced a return to the Catholic faith. She was married to the King of Spain Philip II who was also a devoted Catholic. She tried to rid England of the Protestant Reformation and re- establish the Catholic faith. 300 Protestants were burned for their religious beliefs. Many more Protestants escaped into exile in more tolerant Protestant states such as the Netherlands. Others simply continued to practice their beliefs Score out of 3: behind closed doors.

When Mary I died and Elizabeth was made queen, a lot of the Protestants in exile decided it was safe to return to England. Many of these Protestants who had been in Europe were much more radical on their return to England. They were known as Protestants as they wanted to ‘purify’ the Christian religion by getting rid of anything that was not literally written in the Bible. Puritans wanted to manage their own churches rather than listening to the Pope or Bishops. Furthermore, they wanted churches to be simple and priests not to wear special clothes. A Score out of 3: lot of Protestants believed that Puritan ideas were a step too far and more radical than what Elizabeth’s Protestant church should be.

Stretch: How does the issue of religion link to Elizabeth’s other problems?

Why was it so important for her to settle the issue of religion quickly, but carefully?

2. What was the religious settlement?

In 1559 Elizabeth I made her Religious Settlement to solve the problem and establish her Church of England. The Act of Supremacy was passed by Parliament, as was the Act of Supremacy.

1559 The Act of 1559 The Act of Uniformity The Royal Injunctions Supremacy • This established the • This was a set of instructions, issued by • This Act made Elizabeth appearance of churches and Sir William Cecil on behalf of the queen supreme governor of the form of services they held. to the clergy, on a wide range of issues the Church of England - to reinforce the acts of Supremacy and all clergy and royal • The Act of Uniformity Uniformity. officials had to swear an introduced a set form of • This was NOT passed by parliament oath of allegiance to her church service in the Book of • It included instructions on how people as the head of the Common Prayer to be used in should worship God and the structure Church. all churches, which was of services. written in English. The clergy o The Royal Injunctions were • Under the Act of had to use the wording of the issued to help further establish Supremacy, a high Prayer Book when conducting the Acts of Supremacy and commission was services. Anyone who refused Uniformity. They covered a established with the job to use it was punished. range of issues, including: of maintaining o All clergy were to teach the discipline within the Royal Supremacy church and enforcing • It also made it clear that o Anyone who refused to attend the queen’s religious priests were to wear special church was to be reported to settlement. clothing. the Privy Council o Each parish was to have a copy • The Act of Uniformity also of the Bible in English • Members of the clergy ordered that everyone was to o The Royal Injunctions also whose loyalty was in attend church on a Sunday allowed images in churches. doubt could be and other holy days, such as punished. Good Friday, or else be fined one shilling for every absence.

Summarise the religious settlement in your own words (and pictures) :

Act of Supremacy Act of Uniformity, 1559 Royal injunctions

Reactions to Religious settlement:

Task: Highlight evidence that the religious settlement was successful and highlight evidence it was not successful

1. All members of the Church had to take the oath of supremacy under the Act of Supremacy if they were to keep their posts. 8,000 priests and less important clergy did so. There were 10,000 parishes in England at this time so this shows that the religious settlement was largely successful. When it came to the bishops, however, only one agreed to take the oath. The others all had to step down and Elizabeth appointed 27 new bishops. This gave her the opportunity to put Protestants in place. She could not afford to lose the support of these new bishops, as there was a shortage of qualified Protestant clergy in England. 2. The majority of ordinary people accepted Elizabeth’s Religious Settlement and attended the Church of England services, even though many of them held on to Catholic beliefs. The wording of the new Prayer Book helped this because it could be understood to mean different things by Catholics and Protestants according to their beliefs. Parishes in places like Lancashire, where Catholics were in the majority, were slow to change to the new services, however. Nevertheless, Elizabeth made it clear that she did not want the settlement enforced too strongly, even if people were recusants*. In most of the country the change of religion was smooth. However, in some places Protestants welcomed the new Elizabethan Religious Settlement with sometimes violent enthusiasm. In London, for example, there was a great deal of destruction of church ornaments and statues of saints 3. There were ways around the Elizabethan Religious Settlement for committed Catholics. For example, many attended church but then had private Catholic services in their homes. Sometimes the husband and father would go to Church of England services, but his wife and children would stay at home to say their prayers and practise Catholic beliefs. This meant they avoided fines. 4. Although Church courts mainly focused on Church matters, they did act in a range of minor disputes on moral issues. Examples of moral issues dealt with by the Church included marriage (ensuring both bride and groom were marrying of their own free will, or at a suitable age), sexual offences (such as bigamy – being married to more than one person at the same time), and slander (false insults). Church courts also dealt with wills and inheritance. For example, all wills had to be proved valid before anyone could inherit. Lawyers greatly resented the powers that the Church courts had. All other offences, such as civil cases (one person suing another), disputes over land, robbery, fraud, rape and murder were dealt with in the ordinary court system. 5. The Church was responsible for helping to enforce the religious settlement. Visitations were inspections of churches and clergy by bishops to ensure that everyone took the oath of supremacy and were following the terms of the religious settlement. The first visitations were in 1559 and resulted in up to 400 clergy being dismissed. In some places those carrying out the visitations caused a great deal of destruction of decorations and statues in churches, which was more action than Elizabeth wanted. In addition, she made it clear that she did not want people’s religious beliefs investigated too closely. After 1559, visitations took place every three to four years. They were very wide-ranging and did not just cover the Church. For example, not only did clergy have to present their preaching licences, but teachers, midwives, surgeons and physicians had to provide the licences that allowed them to practice their jobs. In this way, the Church was able to monitor other professions for the government.

Stretch – Overall, how successful was the settlement and why?

Session 3: The threat to the Religious Settlement - Puritans

• The Puritans were pleased that the new Church was Protestant, but felt that it did not go far enough. They believed that it was too much of a compromise with the Catholics. • They wanted a more extreme form of Protestant service, along with churches that were plain and simple. • The Puritans did try and persuade Elizabeth to make changes. Between 1559 and 1563, bishops pushed for the removal of those things they believed were ‘too Catholic.’ These things included Holy Days, using the sign of the cross, organ music and above all imposing rules about the wearing of dark, plain clothes. Elizabeth ignored the Puritans campaigns. Some MP’s who tried to make changes through Parliament in the 1570s were imprisoned.

Task: Annotate the beliefs of the Puritans and the beliefs of Elizabeth

Stretch – Overall, how serious was the threat from Puritans between 1559 and 1563, and why?

How did Elizabeth respond to reactions to the religious settlement: • Elizabeth’s tolerant approach seemed to have worked on the whole, but it did not keep everyone happy and she faced numerous threats. However, most Catholics accepted her settlement and carried on their practices in the comfort of their own homes. • Recusancy fines (fines for not going to church) for Catholics remained low throughout the early part of Elizabeth’s reign. • More extreme Protestants, known as Puritans, argued against any compromise with Catholic ideas. This was the first of the challenges Elizabeth’s settlement faced. Puritans hoped Elizabeth was reform religion further.

However – over time the threat from the Catholics grew. • 1n 1568, her Catholic cousin Mary Queen of Scots arrived in England, having lost her throne in Scotland. Many Catholics in England, and abroad, thought Mary should be the legitimate ruler of England! • In 1569 the first Catholic plot – the Revolt of the Northern Earls took place. • In April 1570, the Pope excommunicated Elizabeth from the Catholic church and asked Catholics to end her rule. • This meant that Elizabeth began to receive more opposition throughout the 1570s. • Following the Northern Rebellion in 1569, Elizabeth started to face a number of Catholic plots. This showed Elizabeth that she could no longer trust the Catholics. • New laws were made to try to disrupt Catholic activities. Three main laws were passed: o 1571: The Treason Act made it treason for anyone to question her authority. Also, anyone who left their country for more than 6 months had their land confiscated. o 1581: Recusancy Act made it treason to attend a Catholic mass. The fine also rose to around £20, which was a significant amount of money, even for the wealthy. o 1585: The Second Act of Treason: made it treason to have a catholic priest living in your house. Priests would be executed and the family would have their lands and wealth taken away from them.

Task: how effectively did Elizabeth deal with challenges to her settlement?

Stretch: Which group did she view as the greatest threat – the Puritans or the Catholics? Explain why you think this

Session 4: How did the Catholics respond to Elizabeth I and the religious settlement? Why were the Catholics a problem for Elizabeth?

England • In November 1569, the earls of Northumberland and Westmorland led a rebellion in the north of England against Elizabeth known as the Revolt of the Northern Earls. • One of the key events of the rebellion was the taking of Durham Cathedral and the celebration of a full Catholic mass. • The rebels marched south. The earls appealed to other Catholics to join them, but they didn’t. • The vast majority of England’s nobles stayed loyal to Elizabeth, with the exception of the Duke of Norfolk, England’s most senior noble and her distant cousin. • On 24 November 1569, the rebels were forced to retreat. The rebellion was successfully put down by royal troops. Many were executed in towns and cities across the north.

Netherlands • The Dutch Revolt, which broke out for the first time in 1566. In 1567, Philip II of Spain sent the an army of 10,000 men to the Netherlands to put down the revolt and it was defeated the year after. • Some of the rebels came to England hoping for protection. ‘Sea Beggars’, as they became known, attacked Spanish ships in the English Channel. • In 1568, Elizabeth stopped Spanish ships taking money to Phillip and decided to take it herself. • Spanish ships carrying gold to pay the Spanish troops in the Netherlands also took refuge in English. These developments greatly angered the Spanish.

Spain • The Spanish king, Philip II was a strict Roman Catholic and did not like Elizabeth’s support for Protestant rebels in Scotland and France. • In fact, in 1563, he banned the import of English cloth to the Netherlands (which he owned) so Elizabeth retaliated and stopped trading with the Netherlands. This only lasted a year as both countries suffered. • Elizabeth was concerned that Spain would encourage France to form an alliance against her.

France • When religious war broke out in France in 1562, Elizabeth I was concerned that it may cause conflict in England. • Elizabeth had agreed in 1562 to help French Protestants, hoping to gain the area of Calais in return. • She had already successfully helped Scottish Protestant lords rebel against Catholic rule in 1560. • This time, however, her policy failed. The French Protestants made peace with the Catholics later in 1562.

Mary Queen of Scots • Mary, Queen of Scots, was a Catholic with a strong claim to the English throne. She was Henry VII’s great granddaughter, Elizabeth I’s second cousin, and there were no issues about her legitimacy. Born on 8th December 1542, she became Queen of Scotland at six days old after her father, King James V, died. Her mother, Mary of Guise, was from a very powerful Catholic, French, noble family. • After the unexpected death of her husband, King Francis II of France, in December 1560, Mary returned to Scotland from France. Mary wanted to reinstate her power as Queen of Scotland and wanted to be named as Elizabeth’s heir also. • In 1560, Elizabeth helped Scotland’s Protestant lords defeat Mary of Guise, who had been ruling Scotland for her daughter, whilst she was in France with her husband. Elizabeth secretly sent money to help the rebels, and eventually sent troops, too. • The rebellion ended with the Treaty of Edinburgh in 1560. The treaty said that Mary, Queen of Scots, would give up her claim to the English throne. Mary did not agree with the treaty. • Elizabeth had no intention of naming any heir and choosing Mary would divide England: she would be popular with Catholics, but not Protestants. Divisions would damage the kingdom and weaken Elizabeth’s position. • Mary married her second husband, Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, in 1565. She gave birth to their son, James, in 1566. In 1567, Darnley was murdered, probably by the Earl of Bothwell and Mary was suspected of 9

being involved. In fact, she married Bothwell soon after Darnley’s death, which for many was admission of her guilt. The scandal led to the Protestant Scottish lords rebelling again. They forced Mary to abdicate* in favour of her baby son, James. • She was imprisoned but escaped in 1568 and raised an army in an attempt to win back her throne. Mary’s forces were defeated and she fled to England, seeking Elizabeth I’s help against the rebels.

Task – Explain why each was a threat by completing the sentences below:

English Catholics were a threat because…

Dutch Catholics were a threat because…

Spanish Catholics were a threat because…

Scottish Catholics were a threat because…

Mary Queen of Scots was a threat because…

Stretch – Which was the biggest and most dangerous Catholic threat? Explain

5. Why did Mary Queen of Scots become a bigger threat from 1568?

In 1567, Catholic Mary, Queen of Scots had been overthrown and imprisoned by her nobles. However, in 1568, Mary escaped to the North-West of England. Mary asked Elizabeth for her help to regain the throne. If Elizabeth did not want to do this, Mary asked Elizabeth to help her travel to France. • The Scottish nobles wanted Elizabeth to send Mary back to Scotland so they could put her on trial. • Catholics in England, wanted Mary to be Queen of England. • Protestants wanted Mary to be executed. • Elizabeth believed rulers (including Mary, Queen of Scots) were appointed by God and Mary was her cousin. What do you think a should have done, and why?

Options Pros Cons

Help Mary regain the throne

Allow Mary to go to France

Send her back to Scotland

Keep her in England

Execute her

Mary was a threat to Elizabeth because she was the heir to the throne. This meant she could encourage rebellion, especially if she had the support of some English nobles. Mary also had support in Europe, especially from France. However, Mary, Queen of Scots also claimed that she was the rightful Queen of England because of the debate around Elizabeth’s legitimacy. Before Mary’s arrival in England, English Catholics had not caused Elizabeth any problems. Now Mary was in England, Mary could become the focus of plots and rebellions against Elizabeth. Elizabeth decided to place Mary under house arrest in isolated locations, away from the coast, London and Scotland.

Task: In your own words - Why did Elizabeth place Mary under house arrest?

Mary’s arrival in England in 1568 triggered a Catholic rebellion called the Northern Rebellion in 1569 . This was led by the Duke of Norfolk-the most senior English noble, wealthiest landowner and cousin of Elizabeth. Stretch Why would Mary’s arrival trigger a rebellion?

Why do you think the problem of Mary Queen of Scots will be complicated for Elizabeth to deal with?

6. Northern Rebellion: What happened during the Northern Rebellion? What were the consequences? Mary’s arrival in England in 1568 triggered a Catholic rebellion called the Northern Rebellion in 1569 . This was led by the Duke of Norfolk-the most senior English noble, wealthiest landowner and cousin of Elizabeth. So what happened? The Duke of Norfolk resented William Cecil’s power as Elizabeth’s chief minister. He What was the Duke of felt his political talents were underrated by Elizabeth. Norfolk also did not like Cecil’s Norfolk plotting to do? Why? unfriendliness towards Spain as Norfolk was a Catholic sympathiser. Norfolk wanted to gain greater influence for himself and weaken Cecil’s position. Norfolk wanted to do this by marrying Mary, Queen of Scots and setting her up as Elizabeth’s heir. He did not want to remove Elizabeth as Queen but planned a rebellion to rescue Mary. Two of Elizabeth’s councillors worked with Norfolk on this plan. These were Sir Nicholas Throckmorton and Robert Dudley, who also wanted to reduce Cecil’s power. Dudley felt so guilty about the plan that he confessed all to Elizabeth and Cecil. Norfolk What triggered the Northern fled Court but was captured and imprisoned. He begged Elizabeth for forgiveness. Rebellion? Norfolk ordered his fellow plotters not to carry out a rebellion. However, rumours that an uprising was being planned continued. Elizabeth summoned Catholic nobles-the Earl of Westmoreland and the Earl of Northumberland to Court. This triggered the Earls to call on people in the North to rebel. They wanted to demonstrate their independence from the Crown. The rising involved nearly 5000 rebels who moved through the north of England. Many How did the rebellion of the rebels used emblems like the five wounds of Christ to symbolise their loyalty to progress? Why? the Catholic Church. They took control of Durham and illegally held mass (Catholic prayer) in Durham Cathedral then headed South. The rebels took over Barnard Castle. Most of the land east of the Pennines was in rebel hands. Elizabeth’s supporters struggled to raise an army on her behalf in the North. The rebels captured the port of Hartlepool on the East Coast, where they awaited help from Spain. Help from Spain never arrived. The Spanish were Catholics but felt Mary was too pro- Why did the rebellion fail? French. The Earl of Westmoreland and Northumberland had no coherent plan. As the royal army moved north, rumours of its strength encouraged the rebels to retreat. After a short battle, the earls crossed the border into Scotland. The vast majority of English Catholics and nobility remained loyal to Elizabeth. The Why did the rebellion fail? Pope had not yet excommunicated (thrown out from the Catholic Church) Elizabeth. He did this after the Northern Rebellion in 1570. If Elizabeth had been excommunicated before the Northern Rebellion, English Catholics might have been more willing to rebel against Elizabeth. After the rebellion, anti-Catholic sentiment (feeling) increased. It reinforced the message What were the that English Catholics could not be trusted. 450 rebels were executed. Elizabeth consequences of the strengthened her control by reorganising the Council of the North (the organisation that rebellion? ruled Northern England) so that control was more centralised and Elizabeth confiscated the land of the rebels. Westmoreland escaped abroad. Northumberland was beheaded. The Privy Council wanted Norfolk to be executed too but, out of family loyalty, Elizabeth imprisoned him in the Tower of London, releasing him after nine months in August 1570. Although Norfolk was given a second chance by Elizabeth, he continued to plot against What did Norfolk do when her. In 1571, William Cecil found out Norfolk was involved in a plot to overthrow released from prison? Elizabeth. The plot was organised by Ridolfi, an Italian banker but Mary, Queen of Scots, the Duke of Norfolk, Phillip of Spain and the Pope were all involved. The plan was for a Spanish army to invade and help English Catholic overthrow Elizabeth and make Mary Queen. Then Mary would marry the Duke of Norfolk and make England a

Catholic country again. After learning of Norfolk’s involvement in this plot, Elizabeth reluctantly agreed to his execution. In 1572, Norfolk was executed.

What was the importance of the Northern Rebellion? Give two important consequences of the Northern Rebellion 1.