S Legal profession S37WR

S Law S Legal profession S34 S2 . Primary materials Study in law S34 G * This class is used only under particular jurisdictions; . Student bar associations S34 GGD e.g. English law - Primary materials - Statutes SN2 G. S34 GGM . Moots * See Auxiliary Schedule S2 for instructions. GTC . Law schools (general) H Research in law * For research in the narrow sense of searching the legal . Common subdivisions literature, see S3R D. * These conform to the order of classes 2/9 in Auxiliary * See also Jurisprudence S5A Schedule 1 but with substantial modifications of * Add to S34 H numbers 3/9 following K in K3/K9. notation. H6 . Methodology * Add to S3 numbers 2/3 in Auxiliary Schedule 1 with the additions shown at S33 Y. H6M . . Models S3 . . General works on the law J Lawyers, attorneys, advocates, practitioners * For works on the formal status, etc. of particular parties S33 B . . Dictionaries, encyclopedias or persons in the legal profession. For works on their G . . Journals, periodicals, serials practical functioning, see Practice of law S6A. * For indexing & abstracting journals, see S3WH. * Theoretically, BC2 subordinates personnel to their H . . Yearbooks specific function (e.g. advocacy). But the varied nature J . . Directories, law lists of the tasks undertaken & the possibilities of * Primarily for use in qualifying persons, reorganization which may alter the degree of organizations, etc. specialization of particular personnel make this hard & LR . . Conference proceedings fast distinction impracticable. Most of the literature RA . . Literature & the law refers to types of personnel, but this should be * Imaginative literature, etc. interpreted as covering their duties as well as their office. T . . Legal anecdotes, wit & humour in the law . Properties Y4 . . Persons in general JB . . Psychology of lawyers * Use for non-legal personnel, , etc. JBT . . . Motivation of lawyers * Normal synthesis by CSD is interrupted here. It is JC . . Effectiveness (lawyers), competence (lawyers) resumed at S3M. . Types by various non-legal characteristics Y5 . . Organizations in general, agencies * Add to S34J letters GU/U following 4 in Auxiliary * Use only if needed to qualify classes preceding S38. Schedule 1 - e.g. Women in the law S34 JN. . By role S34 . . Legal profession UY . . Notaries * See also Practice of law S6A S35 . . Solicitors 6 . . . Reform of legal profession S36 . . Barristers, counsel, trial lawyers 7 . . . Structure * For counsel-client relations, see S8B G. 8 . . . . Divided legal profession, fused legal profession V . . . Leading counsel, senior counsel C . . . Ethics, social relations, etc. W . . . Junior counsel * Add to S34 letters C/F following 4 in Auxiliary S37 B . . Private practitioners Schedule 1. D . . Public practitioners, government law officers CE . . . . Ethics in the law (general) DC . . . . Supply & demand (personnel) * For prosecutors & defenders, see Services of DF . . . . . Admission to practice counsel S8B C. DG ...... Licensing of practitioners F . . . Minister of Justice, head of the Judiciary DK ...... Disbarment from practice G . . . Chief law officers of the Government DR . . . . Salaries, remuneration * For law officers of the Crown, see English law SN3 7G. EV . . . . Customs, etiquette, dress * See also Law officers (courts) S6K B F . . . Personnel relations in legal profession N . . . By special function FV . . . Professional charges, costs Q . . Legal officers * Most of the literature on legal costs relates to the * For court officers, see S6K B. rulings of courts as to the distribution of costs * For probation officers, see Class QRB WX. amongst parties; see S9F R Award of costs. S . . . Sheriffs G . . . Study in law, education in law, training in law * An alternative (not recommended) is to locate this W . By specialization class in J Education. * Alternative (not recommended) to locating under * Add to S34G numbers & letters 2/9,A/V following specialization (if outside the law). J in J2/JV. WD . . Advisory services for lawyers GGD . . . . Student bar associations WR . . Lawyers in politics

1 S37WRU S48 Law

Law S Law S Legal profession S34 Communication in law S3M . . . Lawyers in politics S37 WR . Documentation of law S3R . . Libraries in law S3W Y S37 WRU . . . Lawyers in public service WY . . . Lawyers as writers S3X C . . Documentation centres in law S38 Organizations & agencies H . . . Automated information systems, databases * Use this only when no special provision is made for J . . . . Named systems organizations in the subject. * Arrange A/Z. * For corporate persons as legal entities, see SBC TB & * For example, CELEX (EU law) SG2 3XJ C. its notes & subclasses. KE . . . . Expert systems S39 . Operations, processes, parts P . . Primary materials in law (as a subject) * Add to S39 numbers 3/8 following 5 in Auxiliary * As a subject. Primary materials themselves (statutes, Schedule 1. etc.) occur only under specific jurisdictions. S3A . Types * See also Sources of law S5C * Add to S3 letters A/K following 5 in Auxiliary S3Y . Other agents & processes Schedule 1. * Add to S3Y letters Q/S following 6 in Auxiliary S3D . International organizations Schedule 1. S3J . Government bodies * Use S9T J. S4 History of law P . Law societies, bar associations * General works only, covering jurisprudence, practice & * For Inns of Court & Chancery, see English law procedure, subjects of law as well as jurisdictions. The SN3 KC. history of a specific branch, etc. goes with the latter. For S3M Communication in law, information on law the history of legal systems per se (jurisdictions) see SCY * Normal synthesis by CSD is resumed here after its X4. interruption at S34. S47 . Periods * Add to S3 letters M/W following 5 in Auxiliary * General works only on a particular period; periods in a Schedule 1. particular country go with the country. S3N . Language & law * Add to S47 letters C/S from Auxiliary Schedule 4A. J . . Technical terms, legal jargon S48 . Places K . . . Particular words, etc. * Countries define the primary facet in Law (Jurisdictions N . . Abbreviations by political authority) and are usually cited before P . . Citation in law everything else. * As a subject. For citation indexes, see S3W J. * However, this common facet is needed at a number of points, especially in SD International law & SF R . . Paleography, court hand Supranational organizations; e.g. SDK 48 Territorial S . . Etymology claims - (By country). In all such cases, Place is T . . Bilingualism specified as follows: . . Special languages * Add to -4 letters E/Z in Auxiliary Schedule 2. V . . . Latin in the law * Sometimes, the resulting class (with its classmark W . . . Other languages ending with a country classmark drawn from Auxiliary S3P . Data processing, computers Schedule 2) needs to be qualified by all or some of the * As a process; for the data bases, etc. themselves, see legal concepts in Auxiliary Schedule S1. Very S3X. occasionally, this calls for the use of a special S3Q E . Authorship, legal writing intercalator; see the notes at SV for how this is done. * See also Bill drafting S5M R; Law reporting * Sometimes, having cited a country or other local S5Q 3QE division from Auxiliary Schedule 2 (e.g. as at SD2 Q International courts) a second country needs to be cited. F . . Correspondence In such cases, proceed as follows: G . . Translation * Add to -4 (where the hyphen represents the country S3R . Documentation of law classmark to be added to) letters E/Z in Auxiliary * See also Legal documents (preparation & use) S6C Schedule 2. D . . Searching the legal literaturea * Sometimes, the classmark for a national jurisdiction S3T . . Publishing in law, bookselling in law needs to be qualified by a local division of that country. S3U . . Bibliographies In such cases, only the letters following that country’s S3W H . . . Abstracts & indexes classmark (for states, counties, cities, etc.) need be J . . . . Citation indexes in law added; e.g. York Court of Quarter Sessions SN7 RV4 PL (in which SN is English law, 7RV is Y . . Libraries in law Quarter Sessions courts & PL is for York, from EPL in Auxiliary Schedule 2 - the E for being dropped since it is implicit in SN.

2 S52 Historical jurisprudence S5A8E

Law S Law S Common subdivisions Jurisprudence S5A . History of law S4 Historical jurisprudence S5A 6A . . Places S48 By place S5A 6D

S52 . Biography, lives of legal persons S5A 7C Ancient jurisprudence * This will usually go under a particular jurisdiction (e.g. 7D . Topics special to the period English lawyers at SN5 2. 7G . Eastern jurisprudence (ancient & medieval) S53 . . Collective biography 7GD . . Topics special to Eastern jurisprudence S54 . . Individual biography 7H . . By place S55 . Relations with other subjects, phase relations * Add to S5A 7H letters C/O following C in Auxiliary * Locate here only when the relationship is too general to Schedule 2. warrant subordination to a specific topic (e.g. to sources 7J . Western jurisprudence (ancient) of law). 7K . . Topics special to the period * Add to S55 letters A/Z from whole classification. 7L . . Greek ancient jurisprudence P . . Religion & law 7M . . . Special topics S56 . . Comparison with another subject 7N . . . Individuals * For comparisons between branches or systems, see * Arrange A/Z. S59. 7P . . Roman ancient jurisprudence S57 . . View of a subject from another subject 7Q . . . Special topics S58 . . Influence of another subject 7R . . . Individuals S59 . . Relations between branches or system of law, * Arrange A/Z. comparisons 7S . . Other places * See also Relations between subjects of law S9V B59; * Arrange A/Z. Relations between jurisdictions SCY X59. 7T Medieval jurisprudence * Add to S59 numbers & letters 5/9,A/Y in Auxiliary * To c.1500. Schedule S1. 7U . By place * Use only for general works on a place during the S5A Jurisprudence, theory of law medieval period. * The science, philosophy & theory of law. For * Add to S5A 7U letters D/Z from Auxiliary Schedule 2. jurisprudence as the study & knowledge of law in the 7V . Special topics widest sense, see Study & research S34 H. 7W . Individuals 4 . History * Arrange A/Z. * Use Historical jurisprudence S5A 6A. 8 Modern jurisprudence 6 . Theory in jurisprudence * Some prominent jurists are enumerated below as * The main purpose of this location is to allow examples under particular periods & places. qualification of specific topics - e.g. justice theory * Each jurist may be divided, if wished, as indicated at S5U E6. SD5 A9. 67 . Jurisprudence as theory of law 87 . By place * Science of law in the narrower sense, together with * General works on the jurisprudence in a particular philosophy of law. place in the modern period. For that place in a 68 . . Pure theory of law, fundamental nature of law particular period see the period. 689 . . . Basic norms in law * Add to S5A 87 letters D/Z from Auxiliary Schedule 2. 69 . . Other theories . By period 6A . Historical jurisprudence 8A . . 1500-1700 * See note under Philosophical jurisprudence below 8B . . . Special topics (S5A A). 8C . . . Individuals * This class takes the general writings of individual * Arrange A/Z. jurists, each appearing under the relevant place & 8CH . . . . Hale M period. Note that the usual citation order is reversed 8CP . . . . Pufendorf S von here & place is subordinated to period. 8D . . 18th century 6D . . By place * From the 18th century onwards each period is given * Use only for general works on the jurisprudence of a a combined Place and Individual facet. In each case, country or other place covering all the periods below. proceed as follows (where the hyphen represents the If in doubt, prefer the location for this concept under classmark assigned to the facet): Modern jurisprudence (S5A 8). * Add to - letters D/Z from Schedule 2. * Add to S5A 6 letter D/Z from Auxiliary Schedule 2. * Under each country, proceed as follows: Add to - (where the hyphen represents its classmark) % - 9 Topics special to the period % - A/Z Individuals 8E . . . Special topics

3 S5A8F S5AQ Modern jurisprudence

Law S Law S Jurisprudence S5A Jurisprudence S5A Historical jurisprudence S5A 6A Historical jurisprudence S5A 6A Modern jurisprudence S5A 8 ...... Vinogradoff P G S5A 8ME V 18th century S5A 8D . Special topics S5A 8E S5A A Philosophy of law, philosophical jurisprudence, legal S5A 8F . By place & individual philosophy * Theoretically, a distinction can be drawn between 8FE . . Great Britain Philosophy of law and Philosophical jurisprudence. 8FE 9 . . . Topics special to the period The former covers theories relating to law propounded . . . Individuals by philosophers rather than by jurists; it is * Arrange A/Z. characterized by abstractedness & generality. The 8FE BL . . . . Blackstone W latter is more like other branches of applied philosophy 8FE BU . . . . Burke E in that it examines the basic principles & assumptions 8FF . . France of law, its nature & purpose (see S5B Q). . . . Individuals * It is, however, impossible in the literature to * Arrange A/Z. distinguish these at the general level. So this classs 8FF MO . . . . Montesquieu C L de S takes general works on both. But the special detail of the former (Philosophy of law) will be found below in 8FF PO . . . . Pothier R J the classes S5AA/S5AL whilst the general writings of 8FI . . the jurists which form a substantial part of the latter . . . Individuals (Philosophical jurisprudence) will be found under the * Arrange A/Z. relevant period and/or country in Historical 8FI VI . . . . Vico G B jurisprudence (S5A 6A). 8G 19th century * Add to S5A letters A/L following A in AA/AL. 8H . Special topics * Western philosophy is confounded here with general 8J . By place & individual philosophy. A selection of prominent examples is 8JE . . Great Britain given below. . . . Individuals BA . Philosophical doctrines & viewpoints * Arrange A/Z. CG . . Rationalism 8JE MA . . . . Maine H J S CH . . Empiricism 8JK . . Germany CHP . . Legal positivism . . . Individuals CL . . Legal realism * Arrange A/Z. CTR . . Structuralism 8JK HU . . . . Hugo G von DA . Philosophical schools by period & place 8JK KO . . . . Kohler J DC . . Ancient Greek 8JK PU . . . . Puchta G F DEJ . . . Plato 8JK SA . . . . Savigny F C von DJ . . Medieval 8JK TH . . . . Thibaut A F J DNH S . . . Aquinas 8JY . . U.S.A. DO . . Modern . . . Individuals * For Marxist legal theory, see S5B AST. * Arrange A/Z. DUK J . . . Hegel 8JY CA . . . . Carter I C FAY . Branches of philosophy 8JY FI . . . . Field D D GG . . Metaphysical jurisprudence 8K 20th century GQF . . Freewill & determination 8L . Special topics HK . . Ethics & jurisprudence, moral philosophy 8M . By place & individual * For Justice, see Law & society, S5U E. 8ME . . Great Britain . By philosophical tradition . . . Individuals . . Western philosophy of law * Arrange A/Z. * See S5A A. 8ME V . . . . Vinogradoff P G I . . Eastern philosophy of law M Special theories * E.g., normative theory of SBW 5AM. N Social-political theory & law * Add to S5A letters O/Q following K9Q and U/X following K9. Some examples of prominent concepts are given below. O . Reflecting order view of society Q . Reflecting control view of society

4 S5AV Sources of law S5GG

Law S Law S Jurisprudence S5A Jurisprudence S5A Social-political theory & law S5A N Concepts special to a context S5B Y . Reflecting control view of society S5A Q S5C Sources of law, origins of law S5A V . Sociological jurisprudence * See also Historical jurisprudence S5A 6A * See also Law & society (i.e. study of the operations . Operations of law in a particular context) S5U B. D . . Analysis of sources, interpretation & construction W . Social anthropology & jurisprudence * For interpretation of legal documents, etc. in Practice Y . Other social theories of law, see S6C F. * For egalitarian justice, see Rule of law S5U V. H . . Codification * Add to S5A Y letters A/R following K. K . . . codification YFV . . Transactional theory N . . . Non-official codification YHS Q . . Functional jurisprudence U . . Unification of , harmonization of laws YIC . . Conflict theory & jurisprudence * Elimination of inconsistencies (especially national * Law as system of social control, reflecting social peculiarities) primarily to facilitate use/integration ends. between different jurisdictions. S5B A . Political theory & jurisprudence * For approximation, see EU law SG5 CU. * Add to S5B A letters N/T following RA in S5D . Custom, customary law RAN/RAT. * Customs, usages and practices which are sufficiently AN . . Ideologies & jurisprudence fixed and settled over a particular area as to be known, ANS . . Nationalsm & jurisprudence recognized and deemed obligatory as much as written APB . . Authoritarianism & jurisprudence formulations of law. Still widespread (e.g. in Africa, AS . . Collectivism & jurisprudence China, etc.) and may equal or exceed in significance ASQ . . . Socialist legal theory legislative or case law. * See also socialist jurisdictions (general) SSD. G . . Local custom AST . . . . Marxist legal theory T . . Ethnic law, tribal law * See also USSR legal system SVN. * For Ethnolaw, see SI. This location should be used Special approaches in jurisprudence only when qualifying a jurisdiction or a subject of law P . Comparative law to indicate that concepts from an ethnic law are * As a method of enquiry. For comparisons of specific considered in reaching a legal decision. aspects of law, see S59 - e.g. comparison of legal S5E . . . By ethnic group systems SCY X59. * This concept applies only under specific Q . Analytical jurisprudence jurisdictions. * Add to S5E letters B/Y from Auxiliary Schedule R . . Classification in law 3A. RF . . Reform of law S5F . . . . Special concepts in analytical jurisprudence * For ecclesiastical law, see SWE. This location should * Concepts special to a given branch of law (e.g. be used only when qualifying a jurisdiction or a person, obligation) are subordinated to that subject of law to indicate that a concept from branch. Class here analytical concepts which are religious law is considered in reaching a legal too general to be subordinated thus. decision. S . . . Judicial process . . . By religion * As compared with the legislative and * This concept applies only under specific administrative process. jurisdictions. T . . . in law * Add to S5F letters W/Y following S in SW/SY. V . . . Certainty in law S5G B . Historical sources (general) W . . . Justiciability * For specific elements under a given system (e.g. law * Quality of being capable of being considered merchant in English law) see the system. legally & determined by adjudication. Applies D . Formal sources particularly in International law. * By reason of recognized authority. This class is for X . . . Other special concepts these sources as subjects. For primary materials * Arrange A/Z. themselves, see -2 under a given jurisdiction - e.g. for * E.g. duty S5B XD. Statutes, Codes Y Concepts special to a context . . Agencies * For example, see Process of war SDT B. * Political authorities responsible, from point of view of their role as sources of law. E . . . Lawmaking bodies F . . . . Governments G . . . . . Administrative sources of law

5 S5GH S5TR Formal sources

Jurisprudence S5A Law S Sources of law S5C Jurisprudence S5A Formal sources S5G D Sources of law S5C Agencies Formal sources S5G D . . Governments S5G F . Other communications with force of law S5P V . . . Administrative sources of law S5G G S5P W . Precedents (general) S5G H . . Non-governmental bodies as sources of law * For specific forms of precedence (e.g. court * Apply mainly to international law. precedence, conveyancing precedence) see the context. P Processes X . . Judicial precedence * Codes of practice observed for self-regulation; see * Decisions of superior courts. International law SD5 GP * For Stare decisis, see Judgementis S9F M. S5H Treaties S5Q . . Case law * See International law SD5 H: Supranational law SE5 H. . . . Legal writing S5J Conventions (sources of law), conferences (sources of 3QE . . . . Law reporting law) P . . . Principles S5K Common law as source of law * As central feature of case law. S5L Constitutions . Other jurisdictions as sources * This location is primarily for use under Constitutional law S5R . . International law as source of law RC5 L. * Mainly in the case of supranational law. S5M Statute law, legislation (sources of law)a S5S . . Supranational jurisdictions as source of law * For constitutions, see Constitutional law SC5 L. * When a national jurisdiction is affected by the CD . Interpretation decisions of a supranational jurisdiction (e.g. * See also Rights (substantive law) S9V H ). CE . . Mischief rule * The general class for supranational law is SE. Use CF . . Ejusdem generis rule this location only when qualifying a jurisdiction or a CG . . Other rules of interpretation subject of law to indicate that a supranational law is * E.g., golden rule. considered in reaching legal decisions. P . Preparations of statutes * For impact of another national jurisdiction in * For the political process of proposing bills, debating particular decisions, see Conflict of laws, SA. them, etc. see Class R. S5T A . . National jurisdictions as source of law, foreign law R . . Drafting bills & legislation as source * See also Language of law S3N B . . . Specific jurisdictions T . Retrospective legislation, retroactive legislation, ex * For example, Reception of Roman law, SKG 5TB. post facto legislation, intertemporal law * See also Conflict of laws SA X . Plebiscites, referenda F Documentary sources (general), publicists, jurists S5N Codes G . Literary sources * Comprehensive, systematic statements of major bodies of * E.g. treatises. law (e.g. civil, criminal) superseding accumulated H . Commentaries, interpretations mixtures of customary and statutory law, decisions, etc. * For interpretation & construction in modern modern * As subject. For particular codes, see under jurisdictions practice, see S5C D. SD/SY & under their primary materials. J . . Glosses, glossators S5P Delegated legislation, subordinate legislation, subsidiary * Of medieval legal scholars. legislation, indirect legislation K . . Commentators, post-glossators * Administrative rules and regulations, etc. * Of medieval legal scholars. Q Quasi-legislation M Responsa, casuistry * Procedural rules, codes of practice, etc. * Answers of learned jurists to problems posed. R . Autonomous law N Conventional law * Rules created by bodies of persons to whom restricted * Rules originating in agreement of those subject to them legislative powers have been conferred - e.g. (e.g. members of club). universities, professional bodies, public corporations. R Juristic Act, act in the law S Proclamations, statutory declarations, charters * Whereby legal persons create, alter or disturb rights and T . Local legislation duties, thereby affecting legal relations between persons. Distinguished from acts of the law, where the law itself V Other communications with force of law affects the rights and duties of persons. * For example, see Roman law - Senatus consultiam SJX 5NV.

6 S5UB Special fields of social action S6

Law S Law S Jurisprudence S5A Jurisprudence S5A Sources of law S5C . . . Principles special to a context S5V S . Juristic Act S5T R S5W . . . Special fields of social action S5U B Law & society * For general works on the place of the law * See also Sociological jurisprudence S5A V in these fields and their impact on the law. C . Human behaviour, human conduct For the detailed legal relations see the D . Purpose of law relevant branch of law - e.g. Property, E . Justice Commercial law, Public performance law. * Moral value commonly considered to be the end which * See also Social-political theory and law law tries to attain. S5A N * See also Sacred & temporal law S5U P and S5U Q; * Add to S5W numbers and letters 3/9, A/Z Distributive justice S5V L from the whole classification so far as F . . Standards of justice necesary and excluding classes covered G . . Fairness as justice elsewhere in S. H . . . Natural justice AY . . . . Sciences & the law * See also Natural law S5U N H . . . . Anthropology & the law J . . . Relative justice KCQ . . . . Social progress & reform & the law L . . . Compensatory justice KEP . . . . Communication media & the law N . Natural law, law of nature KEQ H . . . . . The Press & the law * See also Natural justice S5U H KEX H . . . . . Publicity on the law P . . Sacred law, divine justice KME P . . . . . Public opinion & the law * See also Religious law as a source of law S5F KRS . . . . The law & particular types of societies Q . . Positive law, temporal law KW . . . . Custom & folklore & the law * Laid down by humans, in particular communities. * See also custom as a source of law S5D R . . Higher law KWM R . . . . . Witchcraft & the law RV . . . Civil disobedience as justifiable conduct P . . . . Religion & the law S . . Public policy, ordre publique Q . . . . Social welfare & the law * Judicial interpretation founded on supposed needs of QGN G . . . . . Victimology & the law the community. QP . . . . . Law enforcement & the law, police & T . Rule of law, supremacy of law, due process of law the law V . . Equality before the law, egalitarian justice * The main class for law enforcement, * See also Discrimination in practice of law S6A D police and penology is QP. Locate here W . . Law as control of conduct only those works in which * See also Sociological jurisprudence S5A V jurisprudence and legal systems are the X . . Law as protector of persons focus in the relationship. * For Victims in law, see Practice & procedure S8E V. * See also Administration of justice S6; Y . Special relations between law & society Police law (constitutional law) * For law of persons, see SAP. SCN A; Police law (criminal * Add to S5U Y letters A/Y following K so far as investigation) SBW 8LN applicable. QQ ...... Penology & the law S5V B . . Interests (general) R . . . . Politics & the law * For specific forms of interest, see context - e.g. RHL . . . . . Political parties & the law interest in property SBH 5VB. RHL AWR ...... Party policy statements & the law D . . Things, objects of legal rights, Res T . . . . Economics & the law * See also Law of property SBH U . . . . Technology & the law J . . Time as legal factor W . . . . The Arts & the law * See also Limitations S8F K . . Duties & rights L . . . Distributive justice S6 Practice & procedure, adjective law, procedural * Justice in distribution of duties, rights and law, administration of justice, judiciary, privileges. procedure (widest sense), civil procedure M . . . Duties, obligations, responsibilities * Means whereby rights & duties may be declared, N . . . . Accountability defended, remedied, etc., as contrasted with substantive law (S9V B). P . . . Rights, claims on society * Includes works covering both civil & criminal * For specific rights, see Human rights law SCC W. procedure. * For rights in substantive law, see S9V H. S . . Principles special to a context * For an example of this, see SG5 V (EU law).

7 S6 S6FT Practice & procedure

Law S Law S Practice & procedure S6 Practice & procedure S6 Law practices S6B * For the narrower meaning (of the steps taken from the . Legal documents S6C S6C L initiating of a claim or other proceeding to the final . . . . Legislative documents judgement) see S8 Actions, Legal proceedings. S6C N . Note-taking * For judiciary as branch of government, see Political * See also Judges - Notes S6N CN; Court reporting science RLY; for judiciary in constitutional law, see S6F J SCX; for judicial process in analytical jurisprudence, V . Advocacy (general) see S5B S. * See also Oral pleadings S8S U6C V. * When building compound classmarks retroactively within the notational classes S6/S9, the first two W . Preparation of briefs characters (S6, S7, S8 or S9) within each of the classes S6D . Legal aid, legal assistance S6/S9 can be dropped; e.g. S6NP Lay judges and . . Personnel S6KF Appointment can be combined to give 35 . . . Duty solicitors S6N PKF for Appointment of lay judges. . . Organizations . Processes 38 . . . Law centres, community law services, S69 . . Access to the law neighbourhood law centres * By the citizen or other party. F . . Financial assistance S6A . . Practice of law G . . . Eligibility for legal aid * For legal profession narrowly, see S34. This class N . . Counselling covers the operations found in the day-to-day P . . Advice by way of representation, ABWOR running of a law practice. C . . . Malpractice D . . . . Discrimination in the law S6E Courts & court proceedings E . . . . . Ethnic discrimination in the law, racial * For structure of courts system, see Types of courts, discrimination in the law S78. F . . . . . Sexist discrimination in the law 5WK . Sociology H . . . . in the law, corruption in the law 5WK FS . . Interpersonal interaction in court L . . . Evaluation of legal performance Q . Management of courts, administration of courts * By the citizen; for evaluation as a management * See also Trial proceedings, S8S procedure, see S6B QVP. * Add to S6E letters Q/V following T in TQ/Y so far N . . . . Efficiency as applicable. A selection of commonly relevant concepts is given below. P . . . . Effectiveness T . . Financial management of courts R . . . . Complaints, criticism of the law TP . . . Court costs TT . . . . Fees . Agents TU . . . . . Filing fees in courts S6B . . Law practices, law firms, law departments . . Personnel Q . . . Management of law practices U . . . Court personnel, court administrators, court * For legal profession, see S34. executives * Add to S6B letter Q/Y following T in TQ/TY. * Managing non-judicial operations; for Court SO . . . . Clerical services, office services officials, see S6V C...... Personnel V . . Court buildings & equipment SOA C ...... Managing clerks, legal executives . . . Courthouses, courtrooms SQ . . . . . Records handling S6F . . Information systems in courts SQJ ...... Correspondence G . . . Computers in court information systems S6C . . . Legal documents H . . . Records handling D . . . . Preparation & use of legal documents J . . . Court reporting E . . . . Composition of legal documents, drafting * Transcribing legal proceedings. legal documents K . . . Communication media & court proceedings * For bill drafting, see Statutes (sources of law) L . . . . The Press in court reporting S5MR. M . . . . Photographing court proceedings F . . . . Interpretation & construction N . . . . Broadcasting court proceedings * See also interpretation of statutes S5M CD O . . . . . Televising court proceedings G . . . . . Analogy (interpretation of texts) Q . . Security in court H . . . . Authentication of legal records R . . . Screens, The Dock . . . . Types of documents S . . . Surveillance systems in court K . . . . . Forms T . . . . Equipment L ...... Legislative documents

8 S6FV Law officers S6NS

Practice & procedure S6 Law S Courts & court proceedings S6E Practice & procedure S6 Management of courts S6E Q Courts & court proceedings S6E . Security in court S6F Q Court procedure S6J . . Surveillance systems in court S6F S . . Criminal contempt of court S6J W . . . Equipment S6F T S6K B Law officers (general), court officers, judicial officers of S6F V . . Personnel identification court W . . Protection of persons in court * Officers special to a particular court or function go with * For protection of specific types of persons, see person the court or function (e.g. military prosecutor, juror). - e.g. witnesses, jury. D . Relations with other law officers . Special processes & procedures * See use of this class under Juries, S9E 6KD S6G . . Court calendar, court dockets, trial dockets . Operations H . . . Terms of court, court recesses, nonterm (USA) F . . Appointment & removal J . . . Cause list, listings of cases G . . . Selection or election * List of cases due to be heard by a court. H . . . . Determining competence to serve K . . . . Non-jury list * See also Voir dire (witnesses) S9A VX N . . Court intake K . . . . Retention of office P . . . Case flow management, case scheduling, * For example, judges’ retention election (USA) assignment of cases L . . . Installation Q . . . Congestion in court, delays in court M . . . Term of office, tenure * See also Right to speedy trial (criminal law) N . . . Termination of appointment SBW 8SF P P . . . . Removal from office S . . Summons for direction Q . . . Succession * Deciding how action is best heard & disposed of. R . . Performance evaluation, effectiveness S . . Misconduct in office Properties & processes & constituents T . . . Disqualification, dismissal * The basic function of the court (to provide a forum for U . . . Judicial corruption adjudicating between plaintiffs or prosecutors and V . . . . Bribery defendants or accused) is served by a mixture of attributes . Attributes of officers/office (powers, etc.), processes (procedures, etc.) & the work of the court personnel who collectively constitute the court. S6L B . . Characteristics of the office holder S6H . Jurisdiction of court, powers of court (general) D . . Role of law officers, function of law officers * See also Conflict of laws SA E . . Powers of law officers J . . Temporal application G . . Privileges, immunities K . . . Retroactive laws, intertemporal laws, ex post facto J . Special attributes & functions of officer/office laws * See, for example, under juries S9E G; Trustees SBH UL. L . . Jurisdiction & venue S6M . Types of law officers P . . Territorial applicability * For Status of forces agreed, see International law . . By non-legal characteristics * SD6 HQ. Add to S6M letters G/V following 4 in Auxiliary Schedule 1. R . . Special topics L . . . By ethnic origin S6J . Court procedure (narrowly) * For procedure relating to action, see Actions, S8. . . . By sex K . . Legal forms, court forms & precedents N . . . . Women L . . Rules of court, procedural rules, conduct of court S6N . . Judges, chief justices (USA) proceedings . . . Operations M . . . Formal rules of court CN . . . . Judges’ notes * See also Simple forms of actions (USA) SP6 JM . . . Types of judges N . . . Practice directions MN . . . . Women as judges P . . . Customary procedure P . . . . Lay judges, assessors (USA) Q . . . Rules special to a specific court or procedure Q . . . . International judges * E.g. Fitness to plead (criminal trials) * See International law, SD6 N SBW 8SD 6JQ. R . . . . Supranational judges S . . Court decorum * See Supranational law, SE6 N T . . Contempt of court S . . . . National judges U . . . Sub judice V . . . Civil contempt of court W . . . Criminal contempt of court

9 S6NT S7UF Courts & court proceedings

Practice & procedure S6 Law S Courts & court proceedings S6E Practice & procedure S6 Law officers S6K B Courts & court proceedings S6E . Types of law officers S6M Properties & processes & constituents . . Judges S6N . . Court interpreters S6V V . . . . National judges S6N S S6W . . Other S6N T . . . . Subnational judges * Arrange A/Z. V . . . . . Local judges * For example, associates, ushers, viewers. X ...... Justices of the Peace, J.P.s Types of courts * If distinguished from magistrates. . Properties S6P ...... Magistrate, U.S. Commissioners R ...... Clerk to the Justices, magistrates’ clerk RP ...... Lay magistrate S78 . . Structure of court system, organization of courts S6Q ...... Stipendiary magistrate S79 . By place T ...... Police magistrate . By secondary role * Special to US criminal courts, which S7D . . Court from which an appeal is made should be cited first. * Use only when qualifying courts in S9H Appeal. S6R ...... Juge d’instruction, examining magistrate . By stage in decision process * Conducts the investigation prior to a S7E . . Courts of first instance (general), trial courts criminal trial. Special to criminal law (general), courts of original jurisdiction (which should be cited first). (general) V . . . . Designated judges, specially appointed judges S7F . . Appeal courts (general) (USA) * Alternative (not recommended) to subordinating to W . . . . Other types Appeal S9H. * Arrange A/Z. . By breadth of jurisdiction * For example, ordinaries, ordinary judges. S7G . . Courts of general jurisdiction (general) X . . Commissioners * For courts of special jurisdiction, see S7U F. * If distinguished from judges. . By historical jurisdiction * For sheriffs, see Practice of law S37 S. S7H . . Common law courts (general) . By special function S7I . . Equity courts (general) S6S . . Arbitrators * For Chancery courts, see English law SN7 I. * See Arbitration S9R 6S . By general branch of law X . . Masters (court appointees) S7K . . Civil courts (general) * Delegated to conduct special investgations or S7L . . Criminal courts (general) implement court orders. * Alternative (not recommended) to subordinating to S6T . . Special to particular jurisdictions criminal law SW. * For example, advocatus diaboli SXJ 6TF. S7M . . Public law courts (general), constitutional courts S6U . . Court attorneys (general) (general) * For prosecution attorneys, see S8C BC; for defence * Alternative (not recommended) to subordinating to attorneys, see defence counsel S8D BC. constitutional law SC. UY . . . Amicus curie S7N . Categories special to a jurisdiction * Counsel permitted by court to present an interest * E.g. Courts of Record in English law, SN7 N. not a party to the case before it but assisting the . By status in courts hierarchy court to decide the latter. S7P . . National courts (general), federal courts (general) W . . . Official solicitor S7Q * May be directed by court to act ad litem as the next . . Supreme courts (general) friend or guardian. F . . . Appellate jurisdiction * S6V C Court officials, court auxiliary personnel Alternative (not recommended) to subordinating to Appeal S9H. E . Notaries S7R . . Higher courts (general), superior courts (general) F . Marshals S7S . . Lower courts (general), intermediate courts G . Sheriffs (USA) (general), inferior courts H . Bailiffs, sheriff’s officers S7T . . . Summary jurisdiction courts (general), magistrates’ J . Sheriff (USA) courts (general) K . Masters (court appointees - USA) S7U F . . Courts of special jurisdiction N . Official referees * The preferred arrangement for these is to subordinate R . Registrars them to the subject of law concerned (except that civil S . Receivers courts are combined with those of general T . Clerks of the court, justices’ clerks, prothonotaries jurisdiction). V . Court interpreters

10 S7UF Parties to an action S8EB

Law S Practice & procedure S6 Practice & procedure S6 Courts & court proceedings S6E Courts & court proceedings S6E Actions S8 Types of courts Parties to an action S8A . By status in courts hierarchy Properties . . Courts of special jurisdiction S7U F . . Statutory rights S8A M

* An alternative is provided here for libraries S8A N . . Locus standi wishing to keep together the literature on all types * Right to bring an action or challenge a decision. of courts. If this option is taken, proceed as P . . Rights special to a context follows: * For example, see under of defendant * Add to S7U P letters A/Y in Auxiliary Schedule S8T D. S1; e.g. criminal courts S7U PW; family courts S . . Suability of foreign states S7U PCF. * See Conflict of laws SA8 AS . By geographical jurisdiction Operations * For federal courts, see S7P. S8B A . Choice of law S7U R . . Regional courts * See Conflict of laws SA8 BA S7V . . States courts B . Services to parties, assistance to parties * Applies to jurisdictions with federal or other * Applies mainly to criminal proceedings - see SBW decentralized system. 8BB. * Alternative (not recommended) to subordinating to C . . Legal representation, services of counsel States SCS CAL . . . Rights to legal representation S7W . . Local courts E . . . Parties with legal aid * Alternative (not recommended) to subordinating to Local government SCU. F . . . . Court-awarded legal fees G . . . Counsel & client J . . . Systems of services to parties S8 Actions, lawsuits, suits, litigation, cause, legal * Agencies providing counsel for indigent parties. proceedings, process (general) P . . . . Legal investigations for parties * Procedure in the narrower sense - that part of adjective R . . Ad litem provisions law covering the steps taken in initiating and carrying * "For the suit": actions taken to provide legal services through a legal claim or other proceeding. in particular circumstances (e.g. to act as next * Usually implies a court as the agency of decision; but friend). an action may be settled out of court. T . Joinder of parties * A sharp distinction is usually made between civil and * Combining 2 or more persons (whether as plaintiff or criminal actions. This class gives what is common to defendant) in a single action. both, plus some matters special to civil law; so it takes both material on actions in general and material on civil W Next friend actions in general. It excludes matter peculiar to * Acting for infant, mentally incapacitated person, etc. criminal law; for these, see SU8 Criminal proceedings. S8C Claimant, plaintiff, pursuer (Scot.) * For specific types of proceedings, see S9S. * For national & supranational jurisdictions as plaintiff, see . Agents SD8 C. S88 . . Forensic science & technology (qualifier) BC . Prosecution counsel * The general class is under Evidence, at S8U. Use * For public prosecutor, see SW8 CBK. this location only to qualify concepts appearing BT . Informers, common informers before that stage in proceedings (i.e. classes S8D Defendant S8A/S8T). * The classes below refer mainly to criminal cases. S8A . Parties to an action * For national & supranational jurisdictions as defendant, . . Properties see SD8 D. C . . . Capacity (of parties) BB . Defence services D . . . . Fitness to plead BC . . Defence counsel E . . . Anonymity of parties BJ . . . Defender systems * Agencies providing counsel for indigent F . . . Attitude of parties to adjudication defendants. * Applies mainly in International law, SD. BK . . . . Public defender G . . . Reservations by parties * Applies mainly to International law, SD. BL . . . . Dock brief L . . . Rights & duties of parties BP . . . . Defender legal investigation * In civil law, rights accrue to both parties; in * Professionals trained in fact finding. criminal law, only to the accused. For special BS . Pro se defence rights of the accused on trial, see SBW 8SF. * Acting as one’s own defence attorney. L6A P . . . . Effectiveness of rights S8E B Subsequent parties M . . . . Statutory rights

11 S8ED S8RB Preliminary proceedings

Law S Courts & court proceedings S6E Practice & procedure S6 Actions S8 Courts & court proceedings S6E Preliminary proceedings S8L Actions S8 Commencing an action S8L N Parties to an action S8A . Writs S8L P . Subsequent parties S8E B . . . Petitions S8M N

S8E D . Third parties S8M O . . . Other * For witnesses, see S9A V. * Arrange A/Z. E . . Joinder & severance of parties P . Arrest & charge (general) . By special status * Rarely occurs in civil actions. M . . Children & minors (as parties) T Acknowledgment of service V . . Victim as party to action U Notice of intention to defend, appearance * Most of the literature relates to criminal cases - see V Non-appearance in court SBW 8EV. W Discovery & inspection of documents, documentation General organizational processes (preliminary proceedings) S8F . Limitation of actions, prescription * Collecting documents to be put before the court (as with J . Consolidation of actions pleadings). N . Non-contentious proceedings S8N Pleadings V . Conduct of proceedings * For oral pleading, see Trial practice - Advocacy Y . . Investigatory systems (general) S8S U6C V. * For accusatorial & inquisitorial systems, see Criminal * For admission, see Evidence S9A E. law SBW 8FY. P . Amendments of pleas, supplements to pleas S8J . . Prosecution procedure (general) Q . New matter * Applies primarily to criminal cases (SBW 8J) under * See also Appellate procedure S9H which more details are given. R . Particulars X . . . Nolle prosequi S . . Bill of pleadings S8K . . Defence procedure (general) T . Material facts V . Record (Scot.) * Comprises summons, conclusions, condescendence & S8L Preliminary proceedings, pre-trial proceedings defence, etc. * These differ markedly as between civil & criminal actions. W . Conclusion Details below are mostly peculiar to civil actions. * That part of a summons stating what remedy is sought * For preliminary examination in criminal cases, see SBW from the court. 8N; for accord & satisfaction, see Discharge of SBE TQ. S8P B . Statement of claim, declaration, condescendence M . Pretrial review (Scot.) MP . Proceedings in chambers C . . Points of claim (common causes) * By plaintiff. N . Commencing an action * See also Remedies S9G P . . Writs, originating summons D . . Declaration (pleadings), complaints (pleadings) Q . . . Versus defendant * See also Declaratory judgements S9F N R . . . Versus third party E . . Accusations * Including to witnesses. F . . . False accusations S . . . Service of process W . Waiver * In some uses (e.g. Scots law) process includes * Abandonment of claim, remedy or immunity. collection of pleadings & documents to put before the court. S8Q . Defence, plea, points of defence (common law) * For Defence pleas in criminal actions, see SBW 8SD. T . . . . Amendment * See also Proof (evidence) S8T W. V . . . . Direct service R . . Traverse W . . . . . Specific forms S . . Confession & avoidance X . . . . Substituted service * For Admission, see Evidence S9A E. S8M B . . . . Personal service T . . Objections on point of law, demurrer C . . . . . Acceptance of service U . . Set off & counterclaim E . . . . Postal service (writs) V . . Acquiescence G . . . . Service out of jurisdiction * Failure to object to an infringement of a right. . . . Types of writs W . . Laches J . . . . Summonses * Unreasonable delay or negligence in pursuing a right. K . . . . . Writ of summons . . Special defences M . . . . Motions S8R B . . . Interpleader N . . . . Petitions * Usually restricted to property claims.

12 S8RC Evidence S8TXS

Courts & court proceedings S6E Courts & court proceedings S6E Actions S8 Actions S8 Preliminary proceedings S8L Court actions S8S . Pleadings S8N Trial procedure S8S T . . Defence S8Q Fact & law S8S W . . . . Interpleader S8R B . Causation S8S X

S8R C . . . . Special to a context S8T Evidence, matters of fact, extrinsic evidence, trial * E.g. under SBG 8RC. evidence D . . . . Justification 6JL . Rules * Special to & criminal actions. 6JQ . . Objections (rules of evidence) E . . . . Disclosure in the public interest D . Defendant F . . Reply (of plaintiff) DAH . . Rights of defendants G . . Rejoinder (of defence) * For rights of accused, see Criminal law SBW 8SF. H . . Counterclaim, crossclaim DAK . . . Right to give evidence I . . . Setoff DAL . . . . Statement of the defendant J . . Issues in action DAP . . . Protection from illegally obtained evidence K . . . General issue DAQ . . . Protection from unfair publicity L . . . Joinder of issue, litisconstestation . Properties M . . . . Special issue V . . Admissability of evidence * See also Instructions to jury S9D S * For admissability of a specific form of evidence MV . Payment into court (e.g. hearsay) see the form. N . Interlocutory application * For illegally obtained evidence, see S9A G. P . . Ex-parte V5U S . . . Public policy Q . . On notice (interlocutory application) VJL . . . Rules R . Consolidation of actions * For Judges’ rules, see Criminal proceedings S . Trial preparation SBW 8TV JL. * Gathering information & evidence to prove or W . . Proof disprove factual matters submitted to court. * That which establishes the existence or * For Pre-trial discovery, see S8M W. non-existence of a fact. T . . Interrogations WX . . . Burden of proof, onus of proof U . . Investigation of disputed facts XB . . . Standards of proof W . Settlement of action, transaction (civil law) XC . . . . Probability * See also Dispute resolution S9Q XD . . . . Reasonable doubt WT . . Discontinuance XE . . . . In doubt for the defendant (USA) WV . . Compromise (settlement of actions) XF . . . . Corroboration WW . . Pretrial settlement XG . . . Presumption * Inference drawn from established fact. XI . . . . Irrefutable presumption S8S Court actions (narrowly), trial proceedings, hearings XJ . . . . Rebuttable presumption 6EQ . Trial management XK . . . . Presumption of fact * See also Court management, S6E Q XL . . . Relevancy of evidence XM . . . Credibility of evidence T . Trial procedure, courtroom procedure XN . . . Weight of evidence * If this is distinguished from trial proceedings in XP . . . Estoppel, res judicata general. In doubt, prefer latter (S8). * What is already admitted cannot be retracted. U . . Trial practice, trial strategy, trial tactics Adjudication is final & may not be reopened by . . . Advocacy the parties concerned. U6C V . . . . Oral pleadings (advocacy) XS . . Fact & opinion V . . . Opening statements * See also Expert witnesses S9B P * By plaintiff, prosecutor & defendant. W . . Fact & law * Relation between matters of fact & matters of law. X . . . Causation

13 S8TXV S8YIWUGRL Medical jurisprudence

Actions S8 Evidence S8T Court actions S8S Biology in forensic science S8W Trial procedure S8S T Medical jurisprudence S8X Evidence S8T Physical anthropology in forensic science S8X FM Properties . Genetics in forensic science S8X FN . Fact & opinion S8T XS . . Genetic profiles S8X FNY Operations S8X GHA P . Anthropometry in forensic science S8T XV . Presentation of evidence * General works only; for measurement of specific bodily features, see Parts, organs & systems S8X T/X. Y . Elicitation of facts, fact-finding, identification of Medical actions facts HNG . Clinical investigation & measuring HNH . . Diagnosis S8U . . Forensic science & technology . Treatments * Application of specialized bodies of knowledge to NV . . Pharmacotherapy assist elicitation & interpretation of facts relevant to OL . . Surgery a case. Processes * Most of the literature refers to criminal cases. P . Pathology Y . . . Technical procedures in forensic science PKS . . Death * Add to S8V letters A/F following HI in Class H. PKT . . . Autopsies The basic structure of this class is given here, with some examples of prominent techniques. PKU M . . . Time of death S8V AMY . . . . Safety & hygiene PKU N . . . Cause of death B . . . . Material used (properties, etc.) PT . . Diseases BP . . . . Equipment QX . . Injuries * For example, electronic equipment S8V CHK; SQQ . . Poisons, toxicology Ultrasonic equipment S8V CHO L. ST . . Drug addiction D . . . . Technical operations STJ . . . Alcoholism DL . . . . . Detecting & measuring, identification STJ DL . . . . Breathalysers DS . . . . . Visualization & imaging STL . . . Narcotics EC . . . . . Operations on physical phenomena STL DL . . . . Narcoanalysis ED ...... Timekeeping & measureming Parts & organs & systems of body EN ...... Radiology TF . Regions F . . . . . Operations on materials THM . . Fingers, fingerprints FF ...... Chemical analysis TWT . . Footprints FFS ...... Chromatography . Systems FGJ ...... Radiation chemical analysis UA . . Integumentary system FGQ ...... Spectrometry UAT . . . Nails FQ ...... Operations on biological materials UB . . . Hair S8W . . . Biology in forensic science UC . . . Skin, dermatology * As object of investigation. UG . . Cardiovascular system * Add to S8W letters B/H following E in EB/EH. UL . . . Blood, haematology D . . . . Special physiology UON . . . Blood groups DHU . . . . . Bioluminescence UR . . Nervous system, forensic neurology S8X . . . . Medical jurisprudence, forensic medicine, legal VCB . . . Sense organs medicine, human biology WGV . . . . Voice * See also Forensic psychiatry S8Y IW WK . . Dental system, teeth * Add to S8X letters B/Y following H in Class WV . . Urogenital system H. XDU . . . Semen BJ . . . . . Physiology XFF . . . Gynaecology BP ...... Biochemistry S8Y I Psychology, juridical psychology DY . . . . . Microsystems * Add to S8Y I letters A/Y following I in Class I. E ...... Cytology in forensic science IHW . Hypnotism ES ...... Histology in forensic science * Hypnotism as investigative technique. FM . . . . . Physical anthropology in forensic science IW . Forensic psychiatry FN ...... Genetics in forensic science IWU G . . Lying FNY ...... Genetic profiles, genetic fingerprinting IWU GRL . . . Lie detectors, polygraphs

14 S8YK Sources of evidence S9BE

Court actions S8S Court actions S8S Trial procedure S8S T Trial procedure S8S T Evidence S8T Evidence S8T Operations Forms of evidence S9A B . . . Biology in forensic science S8W Sources of evidence S9A DK ...... Lie detectors S8Y IWU GRL Prima facie evidence S9A M . . . Forensic technology S9A N Real evidence, material facts * Use class S8U Forensic science & technology for * Physical materials & artefacts. general works. * See also Forensic science & technology S8U - e.g. * Details may be taken from Class U/V medical evidence S8X. Technology. Notation below is temporary N8V DL . Identification & analysis S8Y K . . . . Communications technology NP . Collection of real evidence L . . . . . Recording & listening devices NS . . Search & seizure LW ...... Wiretapping * For operation of searching, see Police QP. M . . . . Materials technology NV . Preservation of evidence N . . . . Metals technology P . Agents NT . . . . . Castings technology R Documentary evidence, written statements P . . . . Fibres * See also Legal documents S6C Q . . . . Glass RT . Attestation S . . . . Explosives RV . Affidavit, deposition T . . . . Weapons technology RW . Written interrogation U . . . . . Firearms S . Handwriting, writing UVD ...... Ballistics SI . . Identification S9A B Forms of evidence ST . Typewriting * For police evidence, see Criminal proceedings SU . Computer output SBW 9AD X. SW . Letters rogatory C . Judicial notice, judicial cognizance * Evidence requested of another jurisdiction by the * Information assumed to be known; no evidence court. required. Oral evidence D . Circumstantial evidence, presumptive evidence * See Witnesses S9B F DH . Direct evidence T Recordings (evidence) DK . Sources of evidence * See also Unauthorized interception of DM . . Evidence taken abroad communication S9A H DP . . View (evidence) TV . Videotaped testimony, filmed testimony * Inspection by judge or by judge & jury of any place V Witnesses or thing relevant as evidence. V8A L . Rights of parties DR . . Evidence from previous proceedings VVT . Payment of witnesses DT . . Evidence on commission VW . Selection of witnesses, choice of witnesses DV . . Statutory statement VX . . Voir dire DX . . Police evidence * Preliminary examination to determine * See also Criminal law SBW 9AD X competence to serve. E . . Admission WB . . Lie detectors . . Confession (evidence) WD . . Oath, affirmation * See Criminal law SBW 9AF WE . Subpoena G . . Illegally obtained evidence WF . Right to compulsory process GJ . . . Evidence under duress, evidence under WG . Right to confront H . . . Unauthorized interception of communication, WH . Attendance of witnesses eavesdropping X . Examination of witnesses J . . . . Unauthorized listening devices, electronic YC . . Leading questions bugging, wiretapping YE . . Examination in chief K . . Privileged communication, confidential YG . . Cross examination communication YJ . . Re-examination * Court cannot require it to be produced. S9B C . Testimony (general) KN . . . Client/Attorney confidentiality (evidence) * What a witness perceives through senses. L . . . Special forms CAY G . . Cross-examination * Arrange A/Z. CE . . Credibility of witnesses * For example, religious confessions. E . Hearsay M . . Prima facie evidence

15 S9BF S9EP Jury trials

Actions S8 Actions S8 Court actions S8S Court actions S8S Trial procedure S8S T Trial procedure S8S T Evidence S8T Judicial decision S9D . . Sources of evidence S9A DK Summing up S9D L . . . . Hearsay S9B E . . . Misdirection of jury S9D SDF

S9B F . . . . Oral evidence, parol evidence S9E Jury trials, juries * For Affidavit evidence, see S9A RV. . Operations & properties . . . . Types of witnesses * Details here are taken from those for court officers H . . . . . Personal evidence (general) (S6K B). * For admission, see S9A E; for confession, see . . Relations to other law officers Criminal cases SBW 9AF. 6KD C . . . Attorney-jury relations, counsel-jury relations H8A ...... Parties’ evidence 6KD J . . . Judge-jury relations H8C ...... Plaintiff’s evidence * For judge’s instructions to jury, see Summing-up H8D ...... Defendant’s evidence S9D S. J ...... Eyewitnesses F . . Appointment & removal K ...... Deathbed declarations, dying declarations * Add to S9E F letters F/V following S6K, with the L ...... Hypnosis induced evidence additions indicated. O . . . . . Opinion evidence FG . . . Selection of jury, summoning of jury * For challenges to composition, see S9E GL. P ...... Expert witnesses * See also Forensic science & technology, FGL . . . . Automated jury selection S8U FH . . . . Voir dire (juries) Q ...... Special fields of expertise FJ . . . . Subpoena (juries) * When not covered by Forensic science & FR . . . Performance evaluation of juries technology. FRU . . . . Utilization of jury R ...... Disposition evidence FS . . . Misconduct (juries), corruption (juries) * Including character evidence if treated FT . . . . Disqualification (juries) together. G . Attributes of juries RT ...... Character evidence * Add to S9E G letters C/G following S6L, with the S . . . . . Hostile witnesses additions indicated below. T . . . . . Children as witnesses GB . . Characteristics of jurors U . . . . . Victims as witnesses GD . . Role of jury XC . . Archaic sources of evidence GE . . Powers of jury XE . . . Trial by ordeal GG . . Privileges & immunities of juries XG . . . Trial by battle GH . . . Conflict of interests (jurors) XJ . . . Compurgation, trial by oath GI . . . Exemption (jurors) S9C Matters of law GIO . . . . Conscientious objection (jurors) * Dispute as to the relevant rules of law to be applied. . Special attributes * See also Interpretation of documents S6C F GJ . . Composition of jury GL . . . Challenges to composition of jury S9D Judicial decision, deciding (conclusion of action) GN . . . . Rights of accused (jury composition) * Reaching a conclusion to a dispute or action. GP . . . Size of jury 5US . Public policy, ordre publique GQ . . . . Changes in jury size * Indefinite moral value (‘the public good’) invoked to J . . . Types of persons as jurors assist a decision. * Add to S9E J letters G/V following 4 in E . Judicial error, misconduct of trial Auxiliary Schedule 1. * For Misdirection of jury, see S9D SDF. L . Functions & actions of jury G . . Special forms * For judge’s directions to the jury, see S9D S. * Arrange A/Z. M . . Decision making (juries), verdict finding by jury H . Judicial discretion * For verdict, see Finding in fact, S9E T. L . Summing up, closing speeches MQ . . . Quorum rule, majority verdicts M . . Order of closing speeches N . . . . Hung juries P . . Prosecution’s summing up NQ . . . Unanimity rule Q . . Defence’s summing up . Types of juries S . . Judge’s instructions to jury, directions to jury NV . . Grand jury SDE . . . Judicial error NX . . Petit jury SDF . . . . Misdirection of jury P Findings in fact, verdict of jury

16 S9EQ Remedies S9INR

Courts & court proceedings S6E Actions S8 Actions S8 Court actions S8S Court actions S8S Trial procedure S8S T Trial procedure S8S T Judicial decision S9D Judicial decision S9D Retroactive judicial decisions S9F V Findings in fact S9E P . Prospective overruling S9F VW

S9E Q Findings in law S9G Remedies, legal remedies . Decisions * Most civil remedies are subordinated to the substantive R . . General verdict law concerned - e.g. matrimonial disputes. * For acquittal & conviction, see Criminal law * See also Rights & remedies S9V K SBW 9ES/U. HE . Exhaustion of remedies VB . . Special verdicts I . Execution of judgement, enforcement of judgement * Answers to specific questions, for use by judge. IT . . Objections by third party VL . . Degree of guilt or liability (jury decisions) J . . Court orders W . . Penalties (jury decisions) K . . . Specific orders S9F Judgements, awards (judgements) * When defined by a specific situation, the latter * For judicial error, see S9D E; for awards narrowly, see should be cited first: e.g. Guardianship - Orders. Arbitration S9R F. * Arrange A/Z. * See also SA9 FV Foreign judgements (conflict of laws) KDI . . . Diligences for recognition & enforcement of foreign judgements. KEM . . . Emergency applications (court orders) G . Consistency in judgement, judicial unpredictability L . . Writs of execution I . Interlocutory judgements * See also Prerogative orders & writs S9K * Deciding particular issues in the case. M . . . Financial remedies J . Final judgements N . . . . Fines K . Judgements in personam O . . . . Attachment of earnings L . Judgements in rem P . . . . Charging orders M . Stare decisis Q . . . . Fieri facias * Binding precedent on everyone, not only the parties * Fi. fa.; a levy on debtor’s possessions. concerned in the one case. R . . . . Garnishment of debts * See also Res judicata (evidence), S8T XP S . . . . Sequestration N . Declaratory judgements T . Extraordinary remedies, special proceedings P . Judicial opinions (remedies) PR . . Ratio decidendi V . General remedies special to a context PS . . Obiter dicta * For example, local remedies (international law). PT . . Majority opinion Y . Administrative remedies PV . . Dissenting opinion, conflict of judicial opinion * For post-conviction remedies, see Criminal Q . Advisory judgements proceedings SBW 9GY P. * Advice on application or legal effect of some rule of S9H . . Appellate proceedings, appeals law. 7 . . . Appeal courts * For Appeal to Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, 7D . . . . Court from which appeal made see Commonwealth law SOP 9H7 P. * Add to S9H 7 letters E/W following S7 in R . Award of costs S7E/S7W. RS . . Security for costs I . . . Right of appeal * Requested by defendant. J . . . Permission to appeal RT . . Standard costs K . . . Waiver of appeal RU . . Taxation costs L . . . Result of appeal RV . . Contentious costs M . . . . Affirmation (appeals) RW . . Non-contentious costs N . . . . Overruling (appeals) T . Other judgements P . . . . Reversal (appeals) * E.g. Default judgements. S9I . . . Grounds of appeal, rights of appeal * Arrange A/Z. K . . . . Fact & law (appeal grounds) U . . * See also Types of administrative remedies S9I V/S9J L . . . . . Fact (appeal on grounds of) V Retroactive judicial decisions, intertemporal law M ...... New law (appeal grounds) * See also Retroactive legislation S5M T; Due process of N . . . . . Law (appeal on grounds of) law S5U T NP . . . . Writ of error VW . Prospective overruling * Procedure superseded 1907. NR . . . . Rehearing (appeals) * Procedure superseded 1875.

17 S9IP S9PYFLQ Remedies

Trial procedure S8S T Trial procedure S8S T Judicial decision S9D Judicial decision S9D Remedies S9G Remedies S9G Administrative remedies S9G Y Civil remedies S9L . Appellate proceedings S9H . Specific performance S9M U . . . Rehearing S9I NR . . Particular proof S9M UP

S9I P . . . Case stated (appeals) S9M V . Restitution Q . . . Prerogative order (appeals) * See also Quasi- SBF VE9 M * See also Certiorari S9K M VR . . Specific restitution R . . . Exceptions (appeals), bill of exceptions (Scot.) * See also Quasi-contract SBF U S . . . Cassation (civil law) VT . . Restitutis in integrum (civil law) * See also Judicial review S9J * See also Quasi-contract SBF U9M VI S7R . . . . Court of Cassation VY . Account & enquiry T . . . Special grounds W . Special to a context * E.g. Reformatio in pejus (criminal law) SBW 9JT. * For example, replevin (property) SBL 9MW. . Types of administrative remedy YB . Superseded remedies V . . Quashing of judgement * For example, Detinue SBL 9MY B. X . . New trials, retrials S9N . Injunction S9J . . Judicial review (general) P . . Ex parte injunction * For judicial review in administrative law, see * Granted after hearing only one party. SCK F9J. Q . . Quia timet S9K . Prerogative writs & orders * To restrain imminent or irreparable wrong. * Issued by high court for supervision of inferior courts, R . . Interlocutory injunction tribunals, etc. S . . Perpetual injunction * For originating writs, see S8L P; for writs of execution, T . . Mandatory injunction see S9G L. U . . Prohibitive injunction, restrictive injunction L . . Habeas Corpus V . . . Mareva injunction M . . Certiorari * Prevents defendant from removing assets N . . Mandamus abroad. P . . Prohibition order, cease-desist order (USA) W . . . Other orders, A/Z SB . . Superseded writs, etc. WA . . . Anton Piller order SD . . . Quo warranto * Prevents defendant destroying certain evidence. * Abolished 1938. S9P E . (civil law) SF . . . Scire facias G . Rescission, cancellation * Abolished in civil proceedings 1947. H . Rectification T . Declaratory judgements J . Remedies special to a subject S9L Civil remedies * For example, Recovery (land law) . By historical jurisdiction of court L Sentencing * Remedies restricted to one kind may become applicable * See Criminal proceedings SBW 9PL to the other - e.g. interpleader (re debts, goods, etc.) X . Penalties (civil remedies), punishments (civil M . . Common law remedies (general) remedies) Q . . Equitable remedies (general), specific relief * Rarely arise now in civil law. S9M . Damages, compensation (damages) * See also Criminal proceedings SBW 9RC * See also Restitution S9M V YF . . Forfeiture N . . Assessment of damages YFL Q . . . Equitable remedies O . . Remoteness (damages) P . . General damages Q . . Special damages S . . No fault compensation, no fault liability * See also Workman’s compensation SBU FH TD . . Substantial & nominal damages TE . . Exemplary damages TL . . Liquidated & unliquidated damages TP . . Provisional damages TQ . . Latent damages U . Specific performance UP . . Particular proof

18 S9Q Actions S9U

Law S Law S Practice & procedure S6 Practice & procedure S6 Courts & court proceedings S6E . . . . . Individual actions S9S V Actions S8 Court actions S8S S9T Constitutional law of specific subjects ...... Equitable remedies S9P YFL Q * Use this class only for qualifying specific subjects. The S9Q Dispute resolution (other than litigation), alternative primary reason for this provision is to allow qualification dispute resolution of a subject by administrative agencies serving it or regulating it. * Voluntary participation, but with right to go to court if one * Add to - (where the hyphen represents the classmark side remains dissatisfied. added to) letters AY/O following SC (Constitutional law). * For Compromise and settlement of action, see S8R W. * See also Composition (settlement of debt) SBN GGY J . Central government department serving the subject R . Negotiation Q . Special committees, etc. concerned with subject * Applicable mainly in industrial relations and S9U . Ecclesiastical law intercalator international law; but in principle, applicable to other * See explanatory note at SWE 9U Ecclesiology of branches of law. particular subjects. T . . Conciliation U . . Mediation V . Accord & satisfaction, discontinuance * Agreement not to proceed with action. W . judgement * Terms authorized by court. X . Contract (settlement of actions), contract between parties S9R . Arbitration * See also Commercial arbitration SBN F9R; Industrial arbitration SBM GV . . Personnel 6S . . . Arbitrators, arbiters, umpires, oversmen (Scot.) . . Judgements F . . . Awards (arbitration) S . . Court directed arbitration Y Special types of proceedings * For those defined by the branch of substantive law concerned, see branch. S9S D . Summary proceedings (general) * Judge only, no jury. For jury trials, see S9E. F . Government actions, Crown proceedings (general) * Proceedings by or against the government (the Crown in English law). Civil proceedings may be taken against the Crown (Crown Proceedings Act, 1947). * See also Actions in administrative law SCK 8 H . Forms of action * Abolished in English law by 1875 Judicature Act, but still exerts influence in principle. J . Actions in personam, personal actions (general) L . Actions in rem, real actions N . Single form of action (USA) P . Class actions (USA), multiple claims actions * Strategy (e.g. in personal injuries actions) uniting individual plaintiffs (to fight, for example, a powerful corporation). R . Citizen suits (USA), public interest actions, popular actions (USA) T . Special to an action * For example, Possessory action SBH 9UP. V . Individual actions (collections) * For general collections of civil actions. Actions in specific subject areas go with the subject.

19 S9VB SA Substantive law

Law S Law S Constitutional law of specific subjects S9T Substantive law S9V B . Ecclesiastical law intercalator S9U By historical development factors . Equity S9V Q S9V B Substantive law, subjects of law * That part of law concerned with the rights & duties of By relation of state or jurisdiction to persons legal persons (individual and corporate) in particular circumstances, as distinct from adjective law (S6) S9W . Private law (general) which is concerned with the machinery by which the * As distinguished from public law (SBY). The rights & duties are declared and enforced. distinction is crucial in civil law systems, but less B59 . Relations between branches of substantive law so in common law systems. B5C U . . Substantive unification . . Relations with other branches of law * Covers substantive law & conflict of laws. For the 58 . . . Public law & private law latter alone, see SA. * Including works specifically on the influence * For unification proposals regarding a specific of public law on private law. For influence of subject, see the subject, e.g. unification of private private law on public law, see latter, SBY. law. 5CU . . Unification of private law H . Rights (substantive law) * For Human rights law in general, see SCC W. 5CU 3D . . International organizations J . . Primary rights, antecedent rights 5CU 3DI . . . International Institute for Unification of * To have performance of duties owed by another or Private Law, Rome Institute to have freedom from harm or interference from (unification of law) another. * See also Hague Conference on Private K . . Secondary rights, remedial rights, rights & International Law SA5 CU5 LDH; UN remedies International Law Commission SD3 DL * To have a legal remedy if the primary duty is not S9X . . Civil law (private law) in general duly implemented. * The term ‘civil law’ has at least three different L . . Rights in personam, personal rights meanings which are widely used: * Availing only against a definite legal person. * In Roman law, it referred mainly to the range of persons to whom it applied (citizens, M . . Rights in rem, real rights non-citizens, etc.), but also, eventually, to state * Availing against persons in general. law as distinct from church law. N . . Vested rights * In modern civil law systems it refers to the law * Rights accruing to a person, as distinct from applicable to ordinary citizens as distinct from acquired rights. commercial law, applicable to merchants, etc. . By historical development factors * In common law systems, it may refer to the * The distinction found in English law between regulation of ordinary relations between common law and equity reflects a situation found in persons, as distinct from those in special areas many legal systems - that of a supplementary body (criminal law, administrative law, military law, of law developing when the existing formal ecclesiastical law). provisions have become inadequate for securing * For civil law systems, see SR. natural justice in some areas of law. P . . Strictum jus, Rigor juris * Strict rules of established law. SA . . Conflict of laws, international private law, * See also English common law SN9 VP private international law, intermunicipal Q . . Equity (general), equitable principles, Aequitas law, diversity of laws * Application to particular circumstances of what * A branch of its private law peculiar to each seems naturally just. jurisdiction - that part which must be invoked * See also English law of equity SN9 VQ when an issue involves a foreign or trans-frontier so that the rules of the foreign system need to be considered also. * The same problem arises within many national jurisdictions as a result of the diversity of juridical traditions within it - e.g. Islamic law within a state with a primarily secular law, or tribal law within many African states. The term ‘diversity’ usually signifies this special example of conflict of laws. * For conflict of laws in a particular jurisdiction, see the jurisdiction - e.g. English conflict of laws SNA.

20 SA Conflict of laws SA9S

Law S Law S Substantive law S9V B Substantive law S9V B Private law S9W Private law S9W Conflict of laws SA Conflict of laws SA By jurisdiction with which in conflict SA5 Y * An alternative (not recommended) is to collocate this class with international law (i.e. SA6 Practice & procedure public international law) at SDA. Note that the E . Courts & court procedure latter class has an alternative location in class GX . . International civil procedure (conflict of laws) R Politics. It is recommended that this class GY . . . Access to foreign courts (Conflict of laws) should not be located with H . . Jurisdiction (public) international law if the latter is located . . . Special topics in Class R. HR . . . . Judicial assistance SA5 8 . Relations with other topics * Enforcement by one country or state of 8BY . . Public law & conflict of laws judicial acts of another country or state. 8DD . . Sovereignty & conflict of laws * See also Letters rogatory (evidence) A . Jurisprudence SA9 ASW; Execution of foreign judgements C . . Sources SA9 FWE; International judicial assistance in * The modification of Formal sources criminal law SBU A6H R (S5G D/S5T) used in International law (at HS . . . . Jurisdiction by consent or submission SD5) is used here. SA8 . Actions * Add to SA5 letters GD/T following SD5; A . . Parties to action e.g. International conferences SA5 LC. AS . . . Suability of foreign states . . Unification BA . . . Choice of law by the parties, party autonomy * For unification of conflict rules in specific * See also Connecting factors SAE subjects, see subject. For regional unification, see region - e.g. Latin F . . Limitation of actions American Congresses for Unification of . . Stages in action Private International Law SVZ A5C 3D. LS . . . Process & service CU . . . International unification, international N . . . Pleading & motions approximation QT . . . . Defence objections CU5 LC . . . . International conferences QTR . . . . . Exceptions CU5 LDH . . . . . Hague Conference on Private RH . . . . Counterclaim, crossclaim International Law (1893-) S . . . Trials CU5 LDH 27 ...... Serials T . . . . Evidence CU5 LDH 27B ...... Monographs, by date TW . . . . . Proof of foreign law CU5 LDH R ...... First & subsequent conferences SA9 ASW . . . . . Letters rogatory . . Retrospective laws F . . . . . Judgements MU . . . Intertemporal conflict of laws, FS ...... Security for costs retroactive laws (conflict of FV ...... Foreign judgements laws) * Including foreign judgements and arbitral TR . . Juristic acts awards together. Y . By jurisdiction with which in conflict FWB ...... Recognition of foreign judgements * Use this class only when qualifying one FWE ...... Execution of foreign judgements, jurisdiction by a second one. enforcement of foreign * An alternative (not recommended) is to cite judgements the foreign country before the legal problem. FWF ...... Direct enforcement of foreign This option is provided at SAN. judgements * Add to SA5 Y letters D/Y following S in * By action in local courts. SD/SY - e.g. English law - Conflict - Export FWH ...... Enforcement against foreign states law - Conflict with French law G . . . . Remedies SNA LNO O5Y VF. R . . Arbitration RF . . . Arbitration awards (conflict of laws), foreign arbitral awards RFG H . . . . Execution S . . . International arbitration in private cases

21 SAB SAQT Conflict of laws

Law S Law S Substantive law S9V B Substantive law S9V B Private law S9W Private law S9W Conflict of laws SA Conflict of laws SA Practice & procedure SA6 . Conflict of laws in special branches of law SAL . . . International arbitration in private cases SA9 S SAM . Conflict of laws in particular jurisdictions Special concepts in conflict of laws * The general rule is to treat conflict of laws in a country SAB . Jurisdiction (conflict of laws) or other jurisdiction as a branch of that jurisdiction’s * General considerations of the jurisdictions of different law. legal systems (i.e., their wider compatibility and/or * This class takes only those works which deal with the comparability). general concept of conflict between two or more legal * See also Courts - Jurisdiction SA6 H systems which are in force in the same territory; e.g. a SAC . Preliminary question (conflict of laws) secular and a religious system. * Prior to choice of law. SAN . Jurisdiction conflicted with E . . Classification (conflict of laws), characterization * Alternative (not recommended) to citing the legal (conflict of laws), qualification (conflict of problem (SAB/SAL) first & using -5Y to introduce the laws) conflicting jurisdiction. SAD . Choice of law (conflict of laws), party autonomy * Add to SAN letters N/V following S in SN/SV; e.g. English law - Conflict of laws - with (conflict of laws) France - Export law SNA NVF ALN OO. * For choice of law by the parties, see parties, SA8 BA. laws - with France SNN OO9 XAN VF. SAE . . Connecting factors (conflict of laws), points of contact (conflict of laws) SAF . . . Nationality & domicile SAP Law of persons * See also Renvoi SAG * Any entity regarded as capable of suing or being sued. H . . . . Choice of domicile * For personal law reflecting the law of a tribe, caste, religious group, etc. as distinct from the territorial law of J . . . . Citizenship[ as point of contact the country to which the person belongs, see the group P . . . Juristic persons (conflict of laws) concerned; e.g. Tribal law SI; Religious law SWE/SY. * General works only; specific types should go in * For juristic persons, see conflict of laws SAF P. Law of persons * Within the classes SAP/SAY retroactive synthesis is Q . . . . Dependant persons (conflict of laws) effected as follows (where the hyphen represents the class R . . . . Corporate persons (conflict of laws) qualified): V . . . Locus regit actum * Add to - numbers 2/9 and letter A following S; e.g. SAG . . Renvoi Insane - Minors SAY EAX M. * See also Nationality & domicile SAF. * Add to -B letters B/X following SB so far as applicable. . . . Theory 5A . Jurisprudence 5A6 . . . . Foreign court theory 5TR . . Juristic act, act in the law SAH . . Foreign laws (conflict of laws) * See definition at S5T R. * For proof of foreign laws, see Evidence SA8 TW. . Operations SAJ . . . Limits of application (conflict of laws) R . . Recording & registration of persons . . . . Public policy S . . . Vital records * See also Retroactive law S5M T; Vested right T . . . . Registers of birth S9V N U . . . . Registers of marriage L . . . . . Evasion (conflict of laws) V . . . . Registers of death M . . . . Recognition of particular foreign laws . Properties * For specific branches involved, see branch; e.g. SAQ . . Legal personality Criminal law - Conflict of laws SBW AJM; * Legal attribute of being a person. For corporate Revenue laws - Conflict of laws personality, see SBC TDA Q. SCL MIW AJM. S . . . Status R . . . . . Political laws (conflict of laws) * A person’s standing in law which determines their T . . . . . Confiscatory laws (conflict of laws) rights & duties in a legal situation. SAL Conflict of laws in special branches of law * For a particular status or characteristic, see Types * The preferred arrangement is to locate this under the of persons defined by these, e.g. married persons. branch. T . . . . Legal rights & duties * An alternative is provided here for libraries wishing to * See also Rights (substantive law) S9V H; keep all Conflict of laws together: Human rights SCC W * Add to SALA letters P/Y following SA; Add to SAL letters B/U following SB - e.g. Penal laws SAL W9R C; Crimes committed abroad SAL WAJ M.

22 SAQU Law of persons SAXBK

Substantive law S9V B Law S Private law S9W Substantive law S9V B Law of persons SAP Private law S9W Legal personality SAQ Law of persons SAP Status SAQ S Properties . Legal rights & duties SAQ T . . Domicile SAU P SAQ U . . Legal standards Types of persons * Criteria by which the observance or contravention of principles or rules may be judged - e.g.reasonable care, prudence (of a trustee). SAV . Natural persons, individuals V . . . Standard individual * For general works on the status and capacity, etc. of * Hypothetical person characterized by the full persons in the categories indicated, and for use in complement of ‘norms’ - e.g. a citizen, of full age, qualifying any context in which the capacity of a legitimate. particular class of person needs to be indicated. * For these persons in special legal contexts, see latter W . . Privileges & immunities - e.g. social security, husband & wife, children in * May also attach to circumstances - e.g. protecting family law. If in doubt as to whether the specific goods from legal distress. context is more appropriate, locate in that context WX . . . Absolute privileges -e.g. employees in labour law. X . . . Conditional privileges * The order of classes is largely that in Class K SAR . . Liabilities (general), legal responsibility (general), Society, with the adjustments noted below. legal accountability (general) SAW B . . Properties, attributes * For liabilities in a specific context, see latter - e.g. * These vary with type of person. For specific Product liability, Parents’ liability. attributes, see type of person characterized. SAS . Special status J . . Operations * Giving special rights & responsibilities (e.g. to * These vary with types of person; e.g. Tests of ambassadors, trustees). For the special rights, etc. insanity under Insane persons. attending these, see the holder of the office. MW . . Persons by social factors SAT Capacity * Add to SAW letters MW/NI following K in * Legal ability to bear and exercise rights and liabilities. KMW/KNI. SAU A . Active capacity MWQ . . . Illiterate persons C . Passive capacity NAP . . . Royalty * Capacity to be subject to legal liability (e.g. a child is NE . . . Castes (law of persons) not capable of criminal responsibility). NG . . . Slaves (law of persons) D . Full capacity V . . Persons by employment factors E . Limited capacity * See also Labour law SBO L G . Disability (law), incapacity (law) * Add to SAW letters V/YM following TL in Class * For particular disabilities, see persons characterized by TL Labour economics. degree of capacity - e.g. alien, unborn child. VEB . . . Employees (law of persons) J Absence & presumption of death VHO . . . Temporary workers * See also probate & wills SBI NL VHQ . . . . Seasonal workers N Personal names VHR . . . Contract workers * Including change of name. VHT . . . Part-time workers P Domicile VJB . . . Residential workers * See also Conflict of laws SAF H VJH . . . Expatriate workers VP . . . Professionals XH . . . Employers XJ . . . Managers XL . . . Self-employed persons YB . . . Involuntary labour, forced labour, tied labour YM . . . Illegal workers SAX B . . Persons in public service * For judicial officers, see S6K B. * Add to SAX B letters I/Y following SC, with additions indicated. BI . . . Legislators BIS . . . . Members of lower house BIV . . . . Members of upper house BK . . . Public services personnel, civil servants

23 SAXBM SBBWN Natural persons

Substantive law S9V B Substantive law S9V B Private law S9W Private law S9W Law of persons SAP Law of persons SAP Natural persons SAV Natural persons SAV Persons in public service SAX B Persons by social/psychological attributes . Public services personnel SAX BK . . Culturally deprived persons SAY BA

SAX BM . Armed forces personnel SAY C . . Mentally disadvantaged persons BMM . . Serving personnel * Terminology here is confused and different BMX . . Ex-service personnel, veterans branches of law may use different terms. BMY . . Prisoners of war * The content & order of the classes below * For status in international law, see SDR W. conform to that in KOBM/KOC, but with BP . Other persons in public service notational adjustments to meet the needs of law. * Arrange A/Z. . . . Statutes BPD . . Diplomatic personnel C2G . . . . Mental health laws Persons by financial status D . . . Mentally ill persons, mental patients CB . Bankrupts E . . . . Insane persons CC . Solvent persons * For criminally insane, see SBW DM Persons by age EAQ S . . . . . Legal status * Add to SAX letters L/T following KN in KNL/KNT...... Operations L . Age groups EAW K ...... Tests of insanity (general) * For completely general works on these classes of * For McNaghten rules, see Criminal law persons. SBW DM8 SJ. * An alternative (not recommended) is to locate all EAW L ...... Commitment & detention works on children in Family law SBC G. F . . . Mentally handicapped, mentally retarded * See also Family law SBC F H . . Physically handicapped persons M . . Children, minors JC . . Deviants (general) MX . . . Unborn persons * For criminals, see SBW D; for sexual deviants, N . . . Infants see SBC PMU. R . . . Young persons, youth, teenagers JK . . Vagrants S . . Age of majority, age of consent, adults P . . Suicides (persons) T . . . Aged persons, old persons S . . Addicted persons V Persons by sex V . . . Drug addicts * For persons characterized by marital and/or familial By citizenship status status (e.g.married women) see status, SBC N. * Classes SBB N/SBB P represent the concept of * For sexual behaviour see SBC PM. citizens in general. Most of the literature deals with * Add to SAX letters V/X following KN in KNV/KNX. their status in constitutional law - see SCD ON. If in W . Females, women doubt, prefer SCD ON. X . Males * Add to SBB letters N/Y following KO in KON/KOY, YC . Transexual persons with the modifications indicated. * * Biologically normal persons who consider that they Within classes SBB N/SBB Y retroactive synthesis belong to the opposite sex. is effected as follows (where the hyphen represents the classmark added to): YE . . Sex change * Add to - numbers 2/9 and letter A following S. YG . Intersexuality * Add to -B letters N/W following SBB so far as * With biological abnormality in sex organs. applicable. YH . . Pseudohermaphroditism * Add to -C letters C/Y in Auxiliary Schedule S1 so far Persons by social/psychological attributes as applicable. * Add to SAY A letters N/W following KOA in KOA SBB N . Citizens, nationals N/KOA W. * Usually assumed. See also Citizens (constitutional SAY AB . Disadvantaged persons (general), victims (general) law) SCD ON. * For victims of crime, see Welfare law SBU JHO. NT . . Naturalized citizens (law of persons) AN . . Disaster victims NV . . Dual citizenship holders (law of persons) AV . . Economically deprived persons, poor persons, O . . Indigenous population, aboriginals paupers PT . . Aliens BA . . Culturally deprived persons Q . Minorities (general) * Add to SAY B letters C/K following KOB so far * For ethnic minorities see SBC C. as applicable. RB . Migrants RH . . Expatriates S . . Immigrants WN . . Foreign residents

24 SBBWP Relatives SBCGPX

Law S Law S Substantive law S9V B Substantive law S9V B Private law S9W Private law S9W Law of persons SAP Law of persons SAP Natural persons SAV Family & kinship law SBC F . . . Foreign residents SBB WN Kinship SBC FH

SBB WP . . . Non-immigrants, tourists, visitors SBC FI Relatives, kin groups WR . . . Refugees FK . Cognates, kindred FM . Descent groups Persons by various characteristics FO . . Cognate descent, multilineal descent * Within classes SBC A/SBC Y retroactive synthesis is FP . . Unilineal descent effected as follows (where the hyphen represents the FS . . . Matrilineal descent classmark added to): FT . . . Patrilineal descent, agnates * Add to - numbers 2/9 and letter A following S. FUT . Adopted kin (general) * Add to - letters B/C following SB. * Nearly all the literature refers to adopted * Add to -D letters D/Y in Auxiliary Schedule S1 so far as children; see SBC HD. applicable. FUW . Guardianship (general) SBC A . Persons by religion * Nearly all the literature refers to children; see * Add to SSB CA letters GH/V following P in PGH/PV. SBC GPU W. B . Persons by language FV . Affines, relations by marriage * Add to SBCB letters D/Y in Auxiliary Schedule 3. * See also Marriage - Impediments SBC LM . Persons by ethnic or racial group FVX . Primary relatives C . . Ethnic minorities FW . . Parents, legal parentage . . . Properties & processes FW9 G . . . Remedies CG . . . . Race relations FW9 PJ . . . . Affiliation CI . . . . . Integration (race relations) * Usually an order against the father. CK . . . . . Discrimination (race relations), racism * See also Illegitimate children SBC GR CM . . . . . Desegregation (race relations) FWA QT . . . Rights & duties CP . . . . . Miscegenation FWA RS . . . . Maintenance of children D . . . Specific ethnic or racial groups FWT . . . Unmarried parents * Add to SBCD letters B/Z in Auxiliary Schedule * See also Illegitimate children SBC GR 3A. FX . . . Mothers, motherhood FY . . . Fathers, fatherhood . Persons by marriage & descent relations FYL . . . . Paternity * The intricate relationships generated by kin, the family, FYL AWK . . . . . Testing marriage and sexual relations are scheduled in detail at FYR . . . Surrogacy KPG/KRP. Whilst the scope of family law as found in * E.g. disputes as to who are the ‘real’ parents most Western jurisdictions is somewhat narrower, this in situations like ‘rent-a-womb’, AID, etc. is not always the case. So some slight modifications of G . . Offspring, children (family law) the schedule in K are made below in order to * Add to SBCG letters P/Y following KQA Add accommodate more accurately the terminology of to SBCH letters D/H following KQB with the family law in the West without diminishing the amendments shown. provision for non-Western societies. * For children as legal persons generally see F . . Family & kinship law SAX M (under Age groups). * For domestic relations law see SBC J. * An alternative (not recommended) is to locate * Add to SBCF letters G/Y following KP in KPG/KPY. here this general material also (instead of at FH . . . Kinship SAX M). See SBC GQ below. . . . Parents GCF W . . . . Parent & child GPU . . . Filiation, acknowledgement (filiation) * Attachment of child to parents. GPU V . . . Fostering * Use SBC HF. GPU W . . . Guardianship GPU X . . . . Guardians ad litem GPV . . . Support of children GPW . . . Custody of children, parental custody * See also divorce SBC MV GPX . . . . Access to children (parental custody)

25 SBCGPYC SBCKTX Law of persons

Substantive law S9V B Substantive law S9V B Relatives SBC FI Law of persons SAP Primary relatives SBC FVX Family & kinship law SBC F Offspring SBC G . . . Offspring SBC G Custody of children SBC GPW . . . . Children subject to welfare action SBC HQ . Access to children SBC GPX . . . . . Reasons for welfare concern SBC HX

SBC GPY C Child minding . . . . Other categories of offspring Types of children * Add to SBC IB letters J/L following GQ . Children by age KQB. * This location is an alternative (not * Add to SBC IC letters L/X following recommended) to SAX M for libraries KQC. wishing to keep all material on children SBC IBJ . . . . . Daughters under Family law. If this option is taken, IBL . . . . . Sons proceed as follows: IC . . . . . Siblings * Add to SBC GQ letters M/R following IDB . . . Secondary relatives SAX; e.g. Infants SBC GQN. * Add to SBCI letters DD/I following KQ. . By other characteristics IFT . . . Tertiary relatives GQY Legitimate children J Families & households, domestic relations law GR Illegitimate children, illegitimacy, bastardy * Add to SBC J letters J/RX following KQ in GRP V . Support KQJ/KQRX. * For affiliation, see Parents SBC FW9 PH. JBG . Torts GRT . Legitimation of children JBG N . . Domestic violence GRV . Paternity tests JMB . Domicile (domestic relations), residence (family GV Orphans law) HD Adopted children, adoption JQ . Extended family HF Foster children, fostering, foster home JQS . Joint family, undivided family HFA YF . Mentally handicapped foster children JRT . One-parent family, single-parent family HFC FW . Parents JS . Other HFC FWA PW . . Licensing (foster parents) * Arrange A/Z. HG . Kinship fostering * For example, immigrant children. HH . Short-term fostering, crisis fostering HJ . Long-term fostering JW Sexual union, marriage & sexual relations HN Wardship, wards of court JX . Sexual union (general) HP Stepchildren JY . . Marital union, conjugal union HPF W Step-parents * Stable union, married or otherwise. Most of HQ Children subject to welfare action the literature refers to marriage as the normal * For Welfare law in general, see SBU. form. . Agencies * For cohabitation, see SBC PLK. HR . . Public authorities (children’s welfare) HRT . . Children’s homes K . . . Marriage, matrimony . Operations * Add to SBCK letters G/T following KQS in HSD . . Interviewing children (welfare action) KQSG/KQST Add to SBCL letters U/Y HSF . . Safety orders following KQS in KQSU/KQSY HT . Children in care . . . . False statements, HV . Abused children (general) KBW HJG . . . . . Jactitation of marriage * Children suffering molestation by parents or KHP . . . . Conjugal rights others. KHV Q . . . . Brideprice, dowry * An alternative (not recommended) is to * See Property relations in marriage locate legal aspects in the general class in SBI TJD (or SBC LQJ D in the QLL J. alternative below). * For specific offences against children, see KR . . . . Mate selection Criminal law SBW. KRR . . . . . Marriage brokerage HX . Reasons for welfare concern KTB . . . . Betrothal, promise of marriage, * Arrange A/Z. engagement * Other than those characterized as abuse; e.g. punishment by parents. KTC . . . . . Breach of promise KTV . . . . Consent to marriage KTX . . . . Marriage contract * Use SBC LC.

26 SBCLC Marriage SBCPLR

Law of persons SAP Sexual union SBC JX Sexual union SBC JW Marital union SBC JY Sexual union SBC JX Marriage SBC K Marital union SBC JY Termination of marriage SBC M Marriage SBC K . . Actions SBC MV8 Marriage contract SBC KTX . . . . nisi SBC MV9 PK

SBC LC Contract of marriage, antenuptial contract, SBC MVT . . Breakdown of marriage marriage articles, prenuptial contract MVU . . . Grounds for divorce, matrimonial offences * For performance of marriage, see SBC LYD. * See also Alienation of affection (enticement) LM . Impediments to marriage SBG NT; Seduction SBG PG LN . . Pre-marital examinations, medical examination MVV . . . . Special grounds (marriage) * Arrange A/Z. LP . . . Prohibitive impediments, prohibited degrees * For example, adultery. (marriage), affinity (prohibited MVW . . Undefended divorce degrees) MVX . . Other forms of divorce * Arrange A/Z. LQ . Property relations (marriage) * Alternative (not recommended) to locating under MW Post-dissolution (of marriage) , at SBI T Matrimonial property. If N Persons by marital state this option is taken: * Add to SBCN letters U/Y following KQ in * Add to SBC LQ letter J following SBI T; e.g. KQU/KQY Dowry SBC LQJ D. NU . Unmarried persons, single persons LU . Religious contract in marriage NV . Married persons, spouses, husband & wife LV . Secular marriage contract, civil marriage contract NV9 VH . . Marital rights LVT . Marriage by proxy * See also Nationality SCD ON LW Solemnization of marriage, weddings, ceremony of NW . . Married women, wives marriage NWW . . . Widows LWA NY . Marriage license NX . . Married men, husbands LYD Maintenance of marriage, performance of marriage NXW . . . Widowers M Termination of marriage, dissolution of marriage, NYG . Divorcees divorce (broadly) NYH . Separated persons * Add to SBCM letters Q/Y following KQT in O Types of marriages KQTQ/KQTY. * Add to SBCO letters A/Y following KRA in KRAA/ * See also Domicile in domestic relations SBC JMB KRAY, with the additions and amendments . Actions indicated. M8 . . Matrimonial proceedings, matrimonial causes * Add to SBCP letters B/L following KR in KRB/KRL. M8R WV . . Compromise OAD . Invalid marriages, voidable marriages M8R X . . . Conciliation (marriage), counselling OAE . Deathbed marriages (marriage) OAF . Posthumous marriages, post-mortem marriages M8R X38 . . . . Agencies OGX . Mixed marriages (general) MR . of marriage OPA . . Interfaith marriage, denominational marriages MRV . . Nullity of marriage OPD . . Interethnic marriages MRW . . . Void nullity OPE . . Interracial marriages MRX . . . Voidable nullity OUY . . Cross national marriages MS . Desertion & non-support, abandonment of family PEA . Arranged marriages MT . Marital separation PHW . Morganatic marriages MTW . . Legal separation, judicial separation * See also Inheritance law SBI MV . Divorce (narrowly) PJ . Polygamy MV8 . . Actions * For illegal multiple marriages see Bigamy MV8 F . . . Time factor (divorce actions) SBW PF MV9 F . . . Judgements PLH . Common-law marriages, consensual marriages * For custody of children, see Parents & PLK . Cohabitation, unmarried couples children SBC GPW. PLN . Concubinage MV9 FR . . . . Costs in divorce PLR . Remarriage MV9 G . . . . Remedies MV9 PH . . . Alimony, maintenance of spouse MV9 PJ . . . Decree (divorce) MV9 PK . . . . Decree nisi

27 SBCPM SBCV Corporate persons

Substantive law S9V B Law S Private law S9W Substantive law S9V B Law of persons SAP Private law S9W Persons by marriage & descent relations Law of persons SAP . . Sexual union SBC JX Persons by various characteristics ...... Remarriage SBC PLR . Quasi-family communities SBC SY

SBC PM . . Sexual relations, sexual conduct SBC TB Corporate persons (general), juristic persons * For sex education, see Education law (general), artificial persons (general), groups SBT YK; for sex crimes, see criminal law of persons as legal persons SBW N. * Groups of indivduals deemed to be a single legal Q . . . Forms of sexual behaviour entity, enjoying perpetual succession, etc. * Add to SBC Q letters H/X following KRM. * For particular types, see class SBC V/SBC X below A selection of the forms most prominent in (except for business enterprises - see SBN YI/SBO). the legal literature are given here for TC . Unincorporated societies (general), associations, convenience. non-corporate groups (general) QQS . . . . Marital sex * Associations with no legal personality distinct QRO . . . . Extramarital sex, adultery from those of its members. QTQ . . . . , prostitutes * The exact scope of these may vary between legal QTR . . . . . Pimps, living off immoral earnings systems and/or within the same system, (e.g. in the QTS . . . . Pornography, pornographers status of trade unions in English law). QU . . . . Sexual deviations * For specific types of associations, see SBC V/SBC X below (which does not distinguish incorporated QW . . . . . Incest societies from unincorporated ones). QWX . . . . . Paedophilia TD . Incorporated bodies QWY . . . . Bisexuality * Associations with corporate personality -i.e. a QX . . . . Homosexuality personality distinct from those of its members. QY . . . . . Male homosexuality TDA PR . . Incorporation, registration (corporate bodies), QYS . . . . . Female homosexuality, lesbianism charter (corporate persons) R . . Procreation, reproduction (procreation) . . . Personality * Add to SBC R letters S/Y following KRN. TDA Q . . . . Corporate personality RS . . . Fertility & infertility TE . . Corporations sole (general) RV . . . Unborn child, pregnancy * Constituted in a single person - e.g. some RVQ . . . Birth, newborn child ecclesiastical offices. * For concealment of birth, see criminal law TG . . Corporations aggregate (general) SBW LS. TH . . Non-profit corporations, membership RVQ APR . . . . Recording corporations * For Registration of births, see SAP T. * Incorporated associations other than business S . . . . Birth control, family planning corporations. * Add to SBC S letters S/Y following KRO, * For foundations & endowments, see with the modifications indicated. SBC WQR. SU . . . . . Contraception . Types of groups & organizations SVK . . . . . Sterilization (birth control), vasectomy * See notes above under unincorporated & SVL ...... Involuntary sterilization incorporated associations. The following schedule SVO . . . . . Abortion does not distinguish whether a given type of group SVP . . . . . Infanticide belongs technically to one or the other, but this SW . . . . Birth promotion will usually be clear from the work concerned. * For business associations, incorporated or SWP . . . . . Artificial insemination of humans, in unincorporated, see commercial law vitro fertilization SBN YI/SBO. SWR ...... Artificial insemination by donor, AID * Each type of group may be divided as instructed SWS . . . . . Embryo transfer under Types of economic enterprises (immediately SWT . . . . . Surrogate motherhood following SBN YHW). Proceed as follows (where SWU . . . . . Other techniques the hyphen represents the classmark added to): * Arrange A/Z * Add to - numbers 2/9,A/P following SBO Q SY Quasi-family communities (companies) so far as applicable. * Add to SBC SY letters B/V following KRP - e.g. V . . Types by general characteristics Clans SBC SYK. * Mostly abstract categories of groups, lacking clear structure and unlikely to constitute legal persons.

28 SBCV Obligations SBDNN

Law S Law S Substantive law S9V B Substantive law S9V B Private law S9W Private law S9W Law of persons SAP Law of persons SAP Corporate persons SBC TB . . . . . Religious trusts SBC XPF F Types by general characteristics SBC V SBD Obligations, personal obligations, contract & tort * Add to SBCV letters M/Y following KL in (together) KLM/KLY. Add to SBCW letters A/I following KM * Obligations are created when two persons establish a in KMA/KMI, e.g. Audiences SBC WH. legal relationship with enforceable rights & duties. In SBC WIT . Meetings (corporate persons), conferences civil law systems they cover all such relationships, (corporate persons) whether contractual or arising in particular circumstances WJ Types of organized groups by some principle of law. In common law systems, * Add to SBCW letters J/S following KM in obligations as a general class are not regarded as a KMJ/KMS. Some examples of those more likely to distinct branch of law, although the various grounds of occur in the literature are given below, with the obligation (contract, tort, restitution or quasi-contract, additions indicated. etc.) are so regarded. WMS . Committees (corporate persons) * Add to SBD numbers and letters 2/9, A/C in Auxiliary WPT . International organizations (as persons) Schedule S1. * For international benevolent associations, see * Add to SBD D letters D/Y in Auxiliary Schedule S1 so SBC WQY. far as applicable. WQA . Voluntary organizations F . Parties WQL . Clubs * For joint obligations, see SBD UF. * See also Licensing laws SBT KTI H FAT . . Capacity WQQ . Charities, charitable institutions FG . . Special parties WQR . Trusts (charities), endowments (charities), * For example, aliens, minors. foundations (charities) G . Liability (general) WQX . Friendly societies, benevolent societies, benefit * For Civil liability, see Torts SBG DG; for Criminal liability, see Criminal law SBW CG; for Indemnity societies against liability, see SBD LT. * Other than insurance businesses. . Processes WQY . . International benevolent societies * Note that all the concepts which follow are repeated * For example, Red Cross. under Contract SBE (as creating a specific obligation). X Types by other functions I . . Formation of liability (general) * Use only for corporate bodies not provided for elsewhere, especially under social law (SBT A) and J . . Agreements (general) * Commercial & economic law SBN Y/SBO. See also Types of obligations SBD U * Add to SBCX numbers & letters 3/9, A/Z from the JX . . . Offer & acceptance whole classification; e.g. K . . . . Offer X5 . Research institutions KM . . . . . Termination of offer * Classmark provisional. KR ...... of offer XHH . Medical corporations L . . . . Acceptance XHM . Hospitals LM . . . . . Communication of acceptance XHM Q . Nursing homes . . . . . Types of acceptance XPF F . Religious trusts * For express & implied agreements, see Terms SBE P. LN ...... Conditional acceptance, acceptance subject to contract LP ...... Acceptance by compliance LQ ...... Oral acceptance LR ...... Written acceptance LT ...... Indemnity against liability, hold harmless agreement LV . . . Express & implied agreements LW . . . . Express agreements LX . . . . Implied agreements M . . Consideration, causa MP . . . Privity of contract N . . Intent to create legal relations * For criminal intent, see Criminal law SBW CL. NN . . . Declaration of intent, expression of intent

29 SBDNP SBEQW Contract law

Substantive law S9V B Substantive law S9V B Private law S9W Private law S9W Obligations SBD Obligations SBD Processes Contract law SBE . Intent to create legal relations SBD N Contractual parties SBE F . . Declaration of intent SBD NN . Special parties SBE FG

SBD NP . . Formalities (obligations) Processes * Evidence of serious intent. SBE G . Liability in contract NR . . Earnest of intent * If considered distinct from general liability at SBD G. P . Terms & conditions I . Formation (contract) * See Contract SBE P . . Standard clauses & forms RX . Operation of law (obligations) J . . Agreement * Mode by which certain legal consequences follow, JX . . . Offer & acceptance as distinct from those willed by parties. K . . . . Offer S . Discharge of obligation (general) KM . . . . . Termination of offer Types of obligations KR ...... Revocation of offer UC . obligation L . . . . Acceptance * Security for fulfilment of primary obligation (Scots LM . . . . . Communication of acceptance law)...... Types of acceptance * See also Accessory contracts SBE WC; Surety & * For express & implied agreements, see guarantee SBF P SBD LV. UE . Real obligation LN ...... Conditional acceptance, acceptance subject UF . Joint obligation to contract UG . Promise (obligation) LP ...... Acceptance by compliance UH . Natural obligation LQ ...... Oral acceptance UJ . Bond by deed (general) LR ...... Written acceptance * Usually involving money. * For Performance bonds, see SBD UP. LT ...... Indemnity against liability, hold harmless * See also Deeds (contract) SBF B agreement UM . Express & implied guarantees M . . Consideration, causa UN . . Express guarantees MP . . . Privity of contract UP . . Performance bonds, performance guarantees N . . Intention (contract) * When security for performance of a contract. NN . . . Declaration of intent, expresion of intent NP . . . Formalities * Evidence of serious intent. SBE Contract law, real agreements NR . . . Earnest of intent * See also Commercial law SBN; Sale of goods SBN XG P . . Terms & conditions of contract, covenants (contract) * Add to SBE numbers and letters 2/9,A/C in Auxiliary PR . . . Regulation (contract terms) Schedule S1. * To ensure fairness between parties. * Add to SBE CY letters E/Y in Auxiliary Schedule S1 PS . . . Certainty of terms should the need ever arise. PT . . . Modus * Add to all classes within SBE/SBF letters F/U * Modus et conventio vincunt legem. following SBD (Obligations), with the addition PU . . . Uberrimae fidei indicated below. PY . . . Conditions & warranties . Influencing factors Q . . . . Conditions (contract terms) 58R O . . War & contract law * For immoral conditions, see Immoral contracts 58T BV . . Economic crisis & contract law SBE YC. 58T PP . . State planning & contract law QR . . . . . Precedent conditions, suspensive conditions F . Contractual parties QS . . . . . Subsequent conditions, resolutive condition * For joint obligations, see SBD UF. QT . . . . . Protestative conditions . . Capacity QU . . . . . Casual conditions FAT . . . Contractual capacity QV . . . . . Mixed conditions FG . . Special parties * Dependent both on choice and chance. * For example, aliens, minors. QW . . . . . Stipulation, non-functional stipulation, material stipulation * Especially in sale of goods. * See also Warranties SBE R

30 SBEQX Contract law SBFBL

Obligations SBD Substantive law S9V B Contract law SBE Private law S9W Formation SBE I Obligations SBD . . Conditions & warranties SBE PY Contract law SBE . . . Conditions SBE Q Processes . . . . Stipulation SBE QW . . Breach of warranty SBE VW SBE QX . . . . Special to a context Types of contracts * For example, Caveat emptor (sale of goods) SBE WA . Forms of contract SBN XGE QX.- . . By obligation R . . . Warranties, fundamental stipulations * Add to SBE W letters C/P following SBD U. RT . . Exclusion clauses, exception clauses WC . . . Accessory contracts (general) RU . . . * For Guaranty, see SBF P. RV . . Preliminary contracts WR . . Contracts needing written evidence RW . . Transfer of rights WT . . Enforceable contracts, enforceability of contracts * For example, in copyright. WV . . Unenforceable contracts S Discharge of contracts, termination of contracts * Legal and valid, but unenforceable for some * See also Limitation of action S8F reason. SW . Waiver (contracts) WW . . Unilateral contracts TC . Rescission, cancellation, renunciation (contracts) WX . . Synallagmatic contracts TD . . Resolution (Roman law), Lex commissoria X . . Void & voidable contracts, unlawful contracts (rescission), Pactum commissorium . . . Capacity TE . Acceptance breach XAT . . . . Invalid capacity in contracts TF . Due performance YB . . . Contracts against public policy TG . . Payment (due performance) * For contracts in restraint of trade, see TH . . . Special rules Commercial law SBN EP. * For example, gold clause in paying debts. YC . . . Immoral contracts, unconscionable contracts TJ . . . Time of payment YD . . . Contracts lacking authentic consent TK . . Special clauses YE . . . . Mistakes in contracts * Especially in sale of goods. YF . . . . . Rectification of mistakes (contract) TN . Discharge by agreement YG . . . . . Mistakes at law (contract) TP . . Alteration of contract, novation, replacement of YH . . . . . Mistakes in equity (contract) contract YJ . . . . . Mistakes in identity of parties TQ . . Accord & satisfaction YM . . . . Misrepresentation in contracts TR . Frustration, impossibility of performance, YM8 . . . . . Actions supervening impossibility YM9 G ...... Remedies TV . Revocation YM9 PF ...... Rescission TW . Nullity (discharge of contract) YN ...... Negligent misrepresentation U Obligations in contract YP ...... Innocent misrepresentation * Usually, these define types of contract; see YQ . . . . Duress in contracts, undue influence SBE WC/SBE WP. (contracts) V Breach of contract, non-performance YR . . . . Fraudulent contracts V8 . Action YS . . . . Concealment of facts in contracts, V8F . . Limitation of action non-disclosure (contracts) V9G . . Remedies * See also Contracts uberrimae fidei SBF BL; * For Quantum meruit, see Quasi-contract Maintenance & champerty SBG RV; Torts SBF U9M VW. SBG V9L Q . . . Equitable remedies (general) YT . . Simple contracts, parol contracts V9M . . . Damages * The great majority - not under seal, but orally or V9M Q . . . . Unliquidated damages in writing. V9M R . . . . Liquidated damages YV . . Verbal agreements, statute of V9M U . . . Specific performance SBF B . . Specialty contracts, contracts under seal, deeds V9N . . . Injunction * See also Estoppel S8T XP; Performance bonds VU . Inducement of breach of contract (obligations) SBD UP VV . Breach of condition BH . . . Delivery of deed VVX . Fundamental breach BJ . . . Escrow VW . Breach of warranty * Deeds subject to a particular condition. BL . . Contracts uberrimae fidei * Requiring disclosure of material facts.

31 SBFCC SBG8RCN Obligations

Law S Law S Substantive law S9V B Substantive law S9V B Private law S9W Private law S9W Obligations SBD Obligations SBD Contract law SBE Guarantee & indemnity SBF N . . . Contracts uberrimae fidei SBF BL . Indemnity SBF S

. . . By parties SBF T Quasi-contract & agency SBF CC . . . . Subrogation * Add to SBF T and all its subclasses (SBF U/X) CE . . . . Assignment (contracts) letters F/V following SBE so far as applicable. CF . . . . Novation U . Quasi-contract, restitution (civil law) CH . . . . Contracts in favour of third parties U9M G . . Remedies CJ . . . . Joint contracts U9M VT . . . Restitutio in integrum CP . . . . Public contracts U9M VU . . . Quantum lucratus CR . . . . Foreign contracts U9M VW . . . Quantum meruit CT . . . . Government contracts UY . . Implied contracts, fictional agreements CV . . . . War contracts VB . . Unjust enrichment, unjustified benefits E . . . Contracts special to a context VD . . . Negotiorum gestio * Notation here is reserved for use in special W . Agency contexts; e.g. Bottomry SBQ AFH; Employer & * Relationship between an agent and his/her employee (master & servant) SBN L9X FD. principal. L . . . By subject XB . . Principal & agent * The preferred arrangement is to subordinate these XD . . Mandate to the subject - e.g. sale of goods SBN XG. * Authority given by one person (the mandator) * An alternative is provided here for libraries to another to take some course of action. wishing to keep together all contract law. If this XF . . Power of attorney option is taken, proceed as follows: XG . . Agent of * Add to SBFL letters A following S, and B/C and XH . . Negotiorum gestis G/V following SB so far as applicable. XJ . . Special types * See also Factoring SBN GHF N Guarantee & indemnity P . Guarantee & suretyship, guaranty, principal & surety SBG Torts, delicts, civil wrongs, wrongful acts * An accessory contract. * A wrong, not arising from a contract, for which * Add to SBF P letters F/V following SBE, with the there is a remedy by compensation. additions indicated. * For criminal wrongs, see Criminal law SBW EH. PF . . Parties * Add to SBG numbers and letters 2/9, A/F in PFH . . . Principal debtor Auxiliary Schedule S1, with the modifications PFJ . . . Surety, guarantor, cautioner (Scot.) indicated at SBG DG. Q . . Security (guaranty), secured transactions * Add to SBG G letters G/Y in Auxiliary Schedule QS . . . Personal security (guaranty) S1 should the need ever arise. QT . . . Real security 59 . Relation to other law * For mortgages, see SBJ N. 59W . . Crimes & tort QU . . . . Fiducia (Rom.) 6 . Procedure QV . . . . Hypothec, hypothecation 8A . . Parties to action * See also Liens SBJ N; Accommodation bill 8AC . . . Capacity (bills of exchange) SBN GJU FP 8DJ . . . Joint tortfeasors QW . . . . Pledge 8DL . . . Concurrent tortfeasors R . . Subrogation 8Q . . Defences * Surety (e.g. an insurer) is put in the place of the 8RC C . . . Consent debtor for the purpose of obtaining relief from other 8RC E . . . Self-help parties. 8RC F . . . . Necessity (torts), state of necessity RT . . Delegation (surety) 8RC G . . . . Self defence (torts) S . Indemnity 8RC H . . . . Defence of land & goods * An independent obligation, not an accessory one. * Add to SBF S letters F/V following SBE. 8RC J . . . . Lawful discipline or arrest 8RC L . . . Abatement of nuisance 8RC M . . . . Distress damage feasant * Abolished 1971. 8RC N . . . . Recaption

32 SBG8RD Torts SBGOQ

Obligations SBD Private law S9W Torts SBG Obligations SBD Procedure SBG 6 Torts SBG . Defences SBG 8Q Negligence SBG K . . Abatement of nuisance SBG 8RC L . Attributes . . . Recaption SBG 8RC N . . . Standard of care SBG KR

SBG 8RD . . Justification SBG KS . . . Proximate cause, causation (negligence) * E.g., of libel. KT . . . Remoteness of damage 9G . Remedies . Forms of negligence * For replevin, see SBL 9MW. * For , see SBW CN; for 9LQ . . Equitable remedies liability for condition of land, see Tresspass to 9M . . Damages property SBH GP; for negligence resulting in 9N . . Injunction damage to goods, see Tresspass to goods SBL GP. D Obligation (torts), duty (torts) KV . . Comparative negligence DG . Liability (torts), accountability (torts), legal KW . . Contributory negligence responsiblity, civil liability L . . Accident liability * For liability for torts, see Parties SBG 8A; for LP . . . Forms of accident liability criminal liability, see SBW CG. * Add to SBG LP numbers and letters from the DGH . . Fault or accident, casus fortuitus whole classification - e.g. School accidents DGJ . . . Proximate cause SBG LPJ. DGK . . . Liability without fault LR . . Professional liability, professional malpractice DGM . . Malice (liability), error (law) * For liability of particular professions, see profession. DGN . . Negligence (liability) LS * As element in committal of another tort. For . . . Specific professions * negligence as specific tort, see SBG K. Arrange A/Z. * Alternative (not recommended) to distributing DGP . . (liability), error (liability) by profession. DGQ . . Strict liability (general) LX Breach of duty DGR . . Absolute liability, liability without fault M Nuisance * Standard of liability set by statute, regardless of * See also Trespass to land SBJ GP care taken. MN . Public nuisance DGT . . Limited liability MP . Private nuisance DGV . . Vicarious liability, vicarious responsibility, MQ . Attractive nuisance liability for torts of others * For Master & servant (employer & employee) tort . Specific nuisances liability, see SBN L9X GG. MR . . Disturbance DGX . . . Respondeat superior MU . . Noise as nuisance DH . . Public liability, government liability MV . . . Aircraft noise DI . . Others with liability for torts of others MW . . . . Sonic boom damage * Arrange A/Z. N Torts against the person Particular torts NQ . Breach of confidence * There are close parallels between some sections of torts NR . Privacy infringement & crimes. These are observed in the order in the classes * See also Civil rights (Constitutional law) SCD B; below. Privacy right () SBL PB. * Any tort in SBG K/V may be classed at SBW HK if NS . treated as a criminal offence. NT . Enticement, alienation of affections K . Negligence (tort) * For seduction, see Torts SBG PG. * For negligence as a liability, see SBG DGN; for NU . Torts against the reputation Contributory negligence, see SBG KW. NV . . , calumny K8Q . . Defence NV8 Q . . . Defence KL . . Voluntary assumption of risk NV8 RC . . . . Fair comment . . Attributes NV8 RE . . . . Innocent dissemination KM . . . Res ipsa loquitur NV9 G . . . Remedies KN . . . Duty of care NV9 PH . . . . Apology KO . . . . Damnum sine injuria O . . . Libel KP . . . . Limits of duty of care * See also seditious libel SBW HIS T; KQ . . . . . Of particular persons Criminal libel SBW HO; Blasphemy * For example, occupier’s liability. SBW UI; Freedom of expression SCD C KR . . . . Standard of care OP . . . Slander * Degree and seriousness of risk. OQ . . . Convicium (Scot.)

33 SBGPE SBHGPV9G Property law

Private law S9W Law S Obligations SBD Substantive law S9V B Torts SBG Private law S9W Torts against the person SBG N Obligations SBD . Torts against the reputation SBG NU . . . Other torts & torts special to a context SBG V . . . Convicium SBG OQ SBH Property law SBG PE . Sexual wrongs (tort) * Add to SBH (and to all classes in SBH/SBK) as PG . . Seduction follows: PM . Threats, duress (tort), , compulsion (tort) * Add to SBH numbers and letters 2/9, A/G in PP . Deception, deceit, false statements (torts), Auxiliary Schedule S1. misrepresentation, chicanery * Add to SBH GY letters L/Y in Auxiliary Schedule * For , see Torts respecting business relations S1 should the need arise. SBG TH; for Malicious falsehood, see SBW HPP. * Add to SBH letters H/IS in Auxiliary Schedule S1 so PYB . . Dolus (Rom.) far as applicable. Q . Trespass to the person 5A . Jurisprudence * Alternative (not recommended) is to locate under 5UN . . Natural law criminal law at SBW K. 5US . . . Public policy * See also Offences against the person SBW I; 5VB . . Theory of interests Negligence SBG K * For rights of property specifically, see QR . . Real injuries (torts), personal injuries (torts) Ownership SBH K. * Deliberate injury other then tresspass. 5VD . . Things, res QS . . . & (torts) 5VE B . . . Corporeal things QT . . Death by wrongful act, fatal injuries (torts) 5VE C . . . Incorporeal things R Abuse of legal process 5VE E . . . Moveable & immoveable things (general) RS . Malicious accusation * For moveables, see SBL 5VE; for RT . Malicious prosecution immoveables, see SBJ 5VE F. RU . Malicious actions less than prosecution 5VE J . . . Mixed things RV . Maintenance & champerty * Both real & personal. * Abolished in UK in 1967. 5VE K . . . Res communes RX . 5VE L . . . Res extra commercium S Tresspass respecting property * Not objects of commerce, e.g. sacred things. * Alternative (not recommended) to locating under 5VF . . Time factors in property law, limitations Property, at SBH GP. (property law) TB Business relations torts 5VP . . Rights * Torts which are usually (but not always) associated with * Most of the literature reflects the particular business. rights implicit in ownership and possession, etc. TE . Procuring breach of contract 6 . Practice & procedure TF . . to defraud 9G . . Remedies * For criminal conspiracy, see SBW FT. * For Conversion, see SBH GPV. TG . . (tort) . . . Restitution TH . . Fraud 9MV . . . . Repossession * For criminal fraud, see SBW WA. 9MW . . . . Distress TL Torts with strict liability * Especially relevant to rented property * Standard of liability is more stringent than with ordinary SBJ SU. torts. 9MY B . . . Superseded remedies * For Environmental damage, Pollution damage, etc., see 9MY E . . . . Ejectment Environmental law SBS. * See also Adverse possession SBH MS; TN . Dangerous activities (torts) Land titles SBJ HL TP . . Dangerous machinery 9MY F . . . . Fines & recoveries TR . . Fire damage (torts) . . Special types of action TS . . Defective premises 9UP . . . Possessory actions (general) U Liability for animals, , protection of G . Torts animals, animal abuse GP . . Trespass to property V Other torts & torts special to a context * See also Trespass to land SBJ GP; Trespass to * For example, see Copyright torts SBL KG. goods SBL GP; Trespass to persons SBG Q GPV . . . Conversion (property law), trover GPV 9G . . . . Remedies . . . . . Superseded remedies

34 SBHGPV9MYD Ownership & possession SBHTT

Substantive law S9V B Substantive law S9V B Private law S9W Private law S9W Property law SBH Property law SBH Torts SBH G Ownership & possession SBH J . . Conversion SBH GPV Acquisition & loss of ownership SBH N . . . . Superseded remedies . Specificatio SBH OV

SBH GPV 9MY D . . . . . Detinue SBH OX . Other forms of acquisition & loss GPW . . Reconversion (property law) * Arrange A/Z. I General operations * For example, bankruptcy. * Operations citing after the particular properties & processes of property law. For an example of P Transfer of property rights, transfer of title the use of this facet, see SBH PI Registration of . General operations title. PID . . Registration * See also Real property SBJ HPI D Properties & processes PV . Alienation * Voluntary disposal. * See also Family provision SBI DFJ J . Ownership & possession PVR . . Restrictions on alienation, restraint on * For tenure, see SBJ P. alienation K . . Ownership (general) PW . . Assignment L . . . Title to ownership * Total alienation, outright transfer. LP . . . Uses (ownership), enjoyment (ownership) . . . Equity * See also Trusts SBH U PW9 VQ . . . . Equitable assignment LR . . . Interests (ownership), fragmentation of Q . Bailment ownership * See Personal property SBL HQ LT . . . Co-ownership (general) * Usually implies real property; see Tenancies SBJ WN. . Forms of transfer M . . Possession (ownership), occupation R . . Sale of property (ownership) * For sale of goods in general, see SBN XG; for MS . . . Adverse possession sale of real property, see SBJ HR. * See also Prescription SBH NT S . . Conveyance (general) N . . Acquisition & loss of ownership * Usually implies real property; see SBJ HS. * For Treasure trove, see Personal property TD . . Transfer inter vivos, vendor & purchaser SBL HOX. * For transfer on death, see Inheritance & . . . Title succession SBI; for trusteeship, see SBH U. NM . . . . Acquisition of title TF . . . Gifts & endowments NR . . . Original acquisition (general) TH . . . Mortgage (general) NS . . . Derivative acquisition (general) TJ . . Transfer under government action NT . . . Prescription, immemorial usage, usu capio TL . . . Eminent domain, expropriation (Roman law) TN . . . Forfeiture * See also Limitations SBI RL; Adverse TP . . . . Mortmain possession SBH MS TR . . . Compulsory purchase O . . . Accession, accessio TT . . . Privatization * Whatever becomes attached or follows from possession. * For Confusion & intermixture, see Personal property SBL HOY. OQ . . . . Alluvion (Roman law) OR . . . . Artificial accession, industrial accession * Addition by human action. OS . . . Accretion OT . . . Constitutum possessorium * See also Fiduciaries SBH UG OU . . . Occupancy OV . . . Specificatio * Creating something new from another 10 material (in civil law & Scottish law).

35 SBHTY SBHXX Trusts & trustees

Private law S9W Property law SBH Property law SBH Ownership & possession SBH J Ownership & possession SBH J Transfer of property rights SBH P Transfer of property rights SBH P Settlement & trusts SBH TY Transfer under government action SBH TJ Trusts & trustees SBH U . Privatization SBH TT Other obligations, etc. relating to trusts SBH V

SBH TY Settlement & trusts (general) Operations * Disposition of land or other property made by deed SBH WB . Creation of trusts or will (or, rarely, by statute) whereby trusts are WBA T . . Capacity (creation of trusts) constituted to regulate the enjoyment of the settled * Very general concept, varying in significance property by the person(s) designated by the settlor. according to legal context. * See also Settlements & trusts for sale SBJ HTY WD . . Declaration U . Trusts & trustees, trusteeship * Inter vivos. * Separation of legal ownership from beneficial WE . . Precatory trust ownership. Property is legally invested in trustee * Requested in a will. but held in equity for the beneficiary. WF . . Testamentary trust * See also Equity S9V Q * See also Fidei commissum (Roman law) U5A . . Jurisprudence SJX IPG U5U S . . . Public policy WG . . Voluntary transfer, volunteers * See also Unlawful trusts SBH XL * No valuable consideration given in return. UDF . . Parties WJ . Variation of trust * Use SBH UE; normal retroactive addition of Elements in trusteeship classes from SBH is interrupted here to provide notation for Parties to a trust. It is resumed at WM . Deeds of trust SBH V. WN . Trust funds UE . . Parties to a trust WQ . . Accounts (trust funds) UF . . . Settlor WR . . . Taxation (trust funds) * Person creating trust. WS . . . Legal investments UG . . . Fiduciaries (general) Types of trusts * Persons in position of trust with respect to * See also Fiduciaries SBH UG; Creation of trusts another & legalLy obliged to act in their SBH WB; Trusts for sale (real property) SBJ HXO interest. XD . Discretionary trusts UJ . . . Trustees XF . Constructive trusts * Add to SBH UK letters B/V following S6K. XG . Resulting trusts * Add to SBH UL letters B/J following S6L XH . Statutory trusts (with additions). XJ . Secret trusts UKF . . . . Appointment XL . Void trusts, unlawful trusts UKP . . . . Removal XN . Private trusts (general) ULC . . . . Capacity of trustees XP . Public trusts (general) ULE . . . . Powers of trustees XQ . . Charitable trusts & foundations, charities, ULK . . . . Rights & duties charitable uses ULL . . . . . Liability of trustees XQH TP . . . Mortmain ULN ...... Extent of liability of trustees XR . . . Special advantage ULP ...... Breach of trust XRT . . . . Tax relief ULP 9G ...... Remedies XS . . . Cy-pres doctrine . . . . Types * If intention of gift is clearly charitable, ULU . . . . . Public trustees uncertainty re precise object of benefit should UM . . . Beneficiaries, cestu que trust not nullify. . . . . Practice & procedure . . Types of public trusts UM8 Q . . . . . Defence XT . . . Relief of the poor (trusts) UM8 QV ...... Acquiescence XU . . . Advancement of education & learning (trusts) UM8 QW ...... Laches XV . . . Advancement of religion (trusts) V . . Other obligations, etc. relating to trusts XX . . . Other * Normal retroactive synthesis is resumed here * Arrange A/Z. after its interruption at SBH UE. * Add to SBH V letters DG/HU following SB in SBDG/SBHU so far as applicable.

36 SBI Inheritance & succession SBIPJ

Property law SBH Transfer of property rights SBH P Ownership & possession SBH J Settlement & trusts SBH TY Transfer of property rights SBH P Inheritance & succession SBI Settlement & trusts SBH TY Decedent’s estate SBI J Trusts & trustees SBH U . . Operations . . . . Other SBH XX . . . Claims against decedent’s estate SBI MC

SBI Inheritance & succession SBI MD . . . Distribution of decedent’s estate * For synthesis in SBI, see notes at SBH. ME . . . . Assents DF . Parties MF . . . Partition of decedent’s estate * For Executors, see Estate administration MG . . . Separation of patrimony, beneficium separatonis SBI NKM. MH . . . Sale of decedent’s estate DFG . . Testator . . Elements DFG AT . . . Capacity MN . . . Inventories of decedent’s estate DFG ATU . . . . Undue influence MP . . . Benefit of inventory DFH . . . Testamentary freedom MQ . . . Assets (decedent’s estate) DFJ . . . . Family provision MR . . . Debts (decedent’s estate) DFK . . Beneficiaries (inheritance) * For death duties, see Taxation SCL MNJ. DFL . . . Heirs, rules of descent (heirs) MS . . . Residuary estate, residue (inheritance) DFM . . . . Prior rights, decedent’s family maintenance MT . . . . Bona vacantia * Right to specific share of estate conferred . . Types on certain relatives. MU . . . Unclaimed estates DFM P . . . . . Lex falcidia MV . . . Insane persons’ estates DFM Q . . . . . Legitim (Scots law) MW . . . Foreign estates DFM R . . . . . Mejora MX . . . Others DFM S . . . . . Forced heirs * Arrange A/Z. DFM T . . . . . Widow’s share N Testamentary succession, testament, testate succession DFM V . . . . . Disinheritance NK . Administration of estate (inheritance) * See Wills SBI PJ . . Agents DFN . . . . Universal succession NKM * To totality of another on his or her death. . . . Executors DFP . . . . Singular succession NKN . . . . Personal representatives (executors) * To one element of property only. . . Operations . . . . Special categories . . . Grant of representation DFQ . . . . . Heirs of the body NL . . . . Probate DFR . . . . . Heir apparent * Certification by court that will is proved & registered. DFS . . . . . Heir presumptive NLM . . . . . Revocation of probate DFT . . . . . Coheirs NLP . . . . . Presumption of death (wills) DFV . . . . . Forced heirs NLR . . . . . Common form of probate DFW . . . . . Illegitimate children (inheritance) NLS . . . . . Solemn form of probate DFX . . . . . Others * Dispute anticipated. * Arrange A/Z. O . Wills, testaments (wills) J . Decedent’s estate, estate of deceased O6C F . . Construction, interpretation K . . Administration of estate (inheritance) OP . . Formalities . . . Agents OQ . . . Forms & precedents (wills) KM . . . . Executors & administrators OR * For executors, see SBI NKM; for . . . Presumption of due execution administrators, see SBI QK. OS . . Formation of wills, validity of wills * Add to SBI KM letter K/L following S6, OU . . Revocation of will amplified as shown at SBH UK/L (for OW . . Election (wills) trustees). . . Elements of wills KMK F . . . . . Appointment PC . . . Codicils, alterations in wills KML K . . . . . Rights & duties PD . . . Devises, bequests, legacies . . . Operations PE . . . . General & specific legacies L . . . . Grant of representation PF . . . . Demonstrative legacies * For Probate, see SBI NL; for Letters of * Payable out of specified sources. administration, see SBI QL. PH . . . . Residues, residual legacies MB . . . . Devolution of estates PJ . . . Disinheritance * Transmission of interests. MC . . . . Claims against decedent’s estate

37 SBIPL SBJHRT Property law

Property law SBH Law S Properties & processes Substantive law S9V B . Ownership & possession SBH J Private law S9W . . Transfer of property rights SBH P Property law SBH . . . Forms of transfer Public property SBI V ...... Testamentary succession SBI N ...... Elements of wills SBI W Alien property, foreign property ...... Disinheritance SBI PJ WAT . Capacity * Of aliens, in relation to property. SBI PL ...... Donatio mortis causa, gifts, causa * See also Acquisition of real property by mortis international organizations SBJ HPI L * Transfer in contemplation of donor’s WX . Enemy property death; not strictly part of will. X Other general types ...... Types of wills * Apart from real or personal property. PP ...... Privileged wills, noncupative wills, oral bequests PQ ...... Holographic wills SBJ Real property, land law PR ...... Joint wills * For retroactive synthesis in SBJ, follow rules at SBH. PT ...... Military wills 5A . Jurisprudence Q ...... Intestate succession 5VE F . . Immoveable things ...... Administration of estates G . Torts * ...... Agents See also Trespass to land SBJ GP; Trespass to goods SBL GP QK ...... Administrators (estates) GK . . Negligence ...... Operations GM . . Nuisance ...... Grant of representation GMR . . . Disturbance QL ...... Grant of administration, letters of GP . . Trespass to land administration . . . Liability QLM ...... Revocation (grant of GPG . . . . Liability for condition & use of land administration) GPQ . . . Eviction QMY ...... Partial intestacy GPW . . . Waste (real property torts) QX . . . Other forms of transfer . Ownership & possession RE . . Extinction of estates & interests, loss of ownership HJ . . Land tenure (general) RG . . . Abandonment of property, bona vacantia, * See also Agricultural land policy (government dereliction (civil law) regulation) SBK RHL G * For bona vacantia, see Residue SBI MT. HL . . . Land titles RL . . . Limitations (property) * For investigation of title, see Conveyancing SP . Other rights & interests in property SBJ HSR. * For restrictive covenants, see Real property SBJ LT. HLT . . . Co-ownership * See SBJ WN Types of properties HM . . . Possession SW . Family settlement HMS . . . . Adverse possession T . . Matrimonial property, married women’s property, HN . . . Acquisition & loss of ownership marital property in settlement HNT . . . . Prescription * Add to SBI T letters M/P following SBC so far as HP . . Transfer of rights applicable. HPI D . . . Registration of land, cadasters * Alternative (not recommended) is to locate under HPI F . . . . Torrens system Marriage, at SBC LQ. HPI H . . . . Better title, priorities of title, worthier title TJD . . . Dowry HPI L . . . . International organizations land registration TJG . . . Community property (matrimonial) HPV . . . Alienation TJK . . . Separate matrimonial property . . . Forms of transfer TM . . Dissolved marriages (property distribution) HR . . . . Sale of land, vendor & purchaser (land) * Use also for divorce specifically. HRE . . . . . Contract V . Public property, government property HRF BJ ...... Escrow * Most of the literature relates to real property; see HRT . . . . . Control of land sales SBJ OV. * For church property, see Ecclesiastical law SWE AH.

38 SBJHS Real property SBJNW

Private law S9W Law S Property law SBH Substantive law S9V B Real property SBJ Private law S9W Ownership & possession Property law SBH . . . Sale of land SBJ HR Real property SBJ . . . . Control of land sales SBJ HRT Life interest SBJ JD

SBJ HS . . . . Conveyances, real estate business SBJ JF Future interest (real property), future estates * See also Economics of real estate TKT L JG . Rules against remoteness . . . . . Agents JH . . Perpetuities HSK ...... Estate agents, real estate agents JI . . Accumulations HSK T ...... Licensed conveyancers JJ . Reversions (estates) HSK V ...... Others JK . Remainders (estates) * Arrange A/Z. JL . Executory interest HSL . . . . . Conveyancing JM . Expectancies, estates in expectancy HSL FBJ ...... Deeds (conveyancing) JP Determinable interest HSM ...... Standard conditions of sale JR Interest upon condition (conveyancing) JT Concurrent interest HSN ...... Costs of conveyancing * See also Co-ownership SBJ WN HSO ...... Solicitors’ charges (conveyancing) JX Rights & use & profits of another’s land HSP ...... Stamp duties (conveyancing) K . Servitudes, incorporeal hereditiments HSQ ...... Deposits (conveyancing) * See also Estates for life SBJ QV HSR ...... Investigation of title, abstracts of title, KM . . Easements, real servitudes searches (conveyancing) KN . . . Light & air (servitudes) HST ...... Surveying (conveyancing) KP . . . Right of way HSV ...... Valuation (conveyancing) * See also Access to land (planning law) HSW ...... Closing & settlement (conveyancing), SBK QQ completion (conveyancing) KQ . . . Right of access to neighbouring land HSX C . . . . . Chains (sale of properties) KR . . . Easement of necessity HSX G . . . . . Gazumping KT . . . Party walls HSY C . . . Consolidation of holdings KV . . . Other easements * Arrange A/Z. HTD . . . Transfer inter vivos * For vendor & purchaser, see Sale of land SBJ L . . Personal servitudes, estates for life, usufruct HR. LR . . Rent charges HTY . . . Settlements & trusts for sale LT . . Restrictive covenants, real covenants * For settlement & trusts in general, see LU . . Positive covenants SBH TY. LX . . Profit a prendre HU . . . . Trusts & trustees in land M . . Common lands, enclosures, inclosures * Ony works dealing specifically with land as MT . . Tithes & advowsons the object of trust go here. * See Ecclesiastical law SXJ NK HXO . . . . . Trusts for sale MY . Real rights of guaranty on real property I . . . . Inheritance of land N . . Mortgages (rights of guaranty), liens, land Other rights & interests in real property charges * For joint tenancies, see Landlord & tenant SBJ WO. * For mortgages as credit, see SBN GKN; for IS . Legal interest ships’ mortgages and maritime lien, see * Recognized in common law courts. SBQ AFQ. * Normal retroactive synthesis by SBI T/X (under * See also Building societies (private finance law) Property in general) is interrupted here; it is SBN GHW resumed at SBJ O. N6 . . . Practice & procedure IU . Equitable interest N9G . . . . Remedies * Recognized in Court of Chancery (English law). N9G WF . . . . . Foreclosure * See also specific equitable interests; e.g. Uses NS . . Antichresis (Rom.) SBH LP. NT Other rights IV . . Escheat & forfeiture * Arrange A/Z. JB . Entailed interest * For example, Neighbours’ rights. JD . Life interest (real property), settled land Elements in land ownership NV . Boundaries NW . Riparian rights

39 SBJO SBJWS Rented property

Substantive law S9V B Property law SBH Private law S9W Real property SBJ Property law SBH Rented property SBJ S Real property SBJ Elements in landlord/tenant relations Other rights & interests in real property . Compensation on departure of tenant SBJ UG . . Riparian rights SBJ NW . . Tied accommodation SBJ UI

SBJ O Types of real property by general characteristics SBJ UK . Rent (landlord/tenant) * Normal retroactive synthesis by SBI T/X is resumed UM . . Review of rents here after its interruption at SBJ IS. UN . . Control of rents * See also Planning law SBK UP . . Ground rent * Add to SBJ O letters SW/X following SBI so far as US . . Service charge applicable. VB . Condition of property (landlord/tenant) OV . Public land VD . . Damage to property (landlord/tenant) Types of real property by tenure * For public land, see SBJ OV. VF . . Repair of rented property, dilapidations . Equity VH . . Improvement of rented property, decoration of P9V Q . . Equitable interests (real property) rented property PS . Estates VJ . . Fixtures in rented property Q . . Freehold estates . Types of landlord * See Types of tenancy, by landlord SBJ VN/VR QS . . . Fee simple Types of tenancy QT . . . Fee tail, entail * For farm tenancies, see Agricultural law SBQ TJP. QV . . . Estates for life, life interest (real property) * Each type of tenancy may be qualified as follows * For servitudes, see SBJ L. (where the hyphen represents the classmark added to): R . . Leasehold interest, chattels real * Add to - letters S/U following SBJ; e.g. Security of * See also Landlord & tenant SBJ S tenure in local authority tenancies SBJ VR UC. RS . . . Term of years . By landlord RV . . Special forms of tenure VN . . Private landlords, private tenancies * Arrange A/Z. VP . . Housing association tenancies RVC . . . Copyhold VR . . Public authority tenancies, local authority RVG . . . Gavelkind tenancies RW . . . Special to a jurisdiction . By function of property * Arrange A/Z. WB . . Housing (tenancies) * For example, Feu in Scots law. WBU C . . . Security of tenure WD . . . Protected tenancies S . Rented property, landlord & tenant, tenancies * Replaced in UK law by Assured tenancies. (broadly) WE . . . . Controlled tenancies . . Elements in landlord/tenant relations * In UK law, now converted to Regulated ST . . . Sanctions (landlord/tenant relations) tenancies. SU . . . . Distress WF . . . . Regulated tenancies SV . . . . . Bailiffs (landlord/tenant relations) WG . . . Statutory tenancies SW . . . . . Priority of landlord’s claims * When the former protected tenant continues to SX . . . . Eviction, ejectment live in the property. T . . . Leases, tenancies (narrowly), letting (rented WH . . . Assured tenancies * property) With security of tenure, but at market rent. * Tenancy for defined period; e.g., agricultural WI . . . . Assured shorthold tenancies tenancies usually imply a lease. WK . . Business properties, business tenancies TE . . . . Contract WN . Co-ownership (real property) TFB . . . . . Covenant (landlord/tenant) WO . . Joint tenancy, cotenancy, joint property . . . . Operations WOT . . Timesharing TU . . . . . Creation of tenancy WP . . Common property (tenancy), tenancy in common TV . . . . . Termination of tenancy . . Other forms of co-partnership TW . . . . . Enfranchisement of tenancy WPX C . . . Coparcenery UC . . . Security of tenure, protection of tenant rights * Abolished in UK law, 1925. UE . . . . Continuation of tenancy by relations WPX E . . . Tenancy by entireties * Abolished in UK law, l925. UG . . . Compensation on departure of tenant WQ . Subleases, subletting UI . . . . Tied accommodation WR . Multiple occupation (tenancies) WS . Furnished accommodation

40 SBJWT Planning & development law SBKNT

Substantive law S9V B Environmental law SBJ X Private law S9W Planning & development law SBK Property law SBH Operations Real property SBJ . Planning procedures SBK LR Types of real property by tenure . . Hearings SBK LU . . . Furnished accommodation SBJ WS . . . Public enquiries SBK LV

SBJ WT . . . Commercial leases, business tenancies SBK MB . . Planning decisions WU . . . Farm tenancies MC . . . Appeals against planning decisions WV . . . Urban leases MD . . . Permission to develop WX Types of real property by function ME . . . . Conditions attaching to planning permission * Add to SBJ WX letters B/O following SBK Q in SBK MF . . . Enforcement of planning decisions QB/SBK QQ - e.g. SBJ WXG Condominiums. MG . . . . Stop notices MH . . . . Compulsory acquisition, compulsory purchase X Environmental law * For compulsory acquisition in housing law, see * The developing subject of environmental law is not SBK QD MH. restricted to considerations of land use, although this latter MI . . . . . Compensation may be regarded as a fundamental element in it. Because MJ . . . . . Eminent domain, expropriation of its wider connotation, environmental law is preferred at MK ...... Nationalization SBS, whilst that part of it which is more narrowly * Transfer of rights to state. concerned with land use is preferred here (at SBK). ML ...... Land nationalization * An alternative (not recommended) is to locate MM ...... Other forms of expropriation environmental law here. If this option is taken proceed as MN . . . Development charges, land charges follows: * Add to SBJ X letters P/Y following SBS. MNT . . . . Betterment levy MO . . . Development grants MP . . . . Credits for development SBK . Planning & development law, town & country . By site initial conditions planning law, regional & city planning law MS . . New site planning * See note above, under SBJ X. MT . . Replanning, redevelopment * An alternative (not recommended) is to collocate with Environmental law, at SBS Y. MV . . Improvement planning * Add to SBK letters A/J following SB Add to SBK K MW . . Development planning letters K/R following SB so far as applicable. MXD . . . Development plans * Within the class SBK, the 3 initial letters (SBK) can be MXF . . . . Structure plans dropped in retroactive synthesis; e.g., Farm credits MXH . . . . Local plans SBK RHM P. MXK . . . . Action area plans . . Agencies MXN . . . . District plans LC . . . Land Commission . . Operations Objects of environmental & planning control LG . . . Government regulation of development, NC . Change of use government control of development, NE . Amenity preservation & control planning control NF . . Visual amenity control LI . . . . Registration of title NG . . . Advertisement control LJ . . . . Rights of private owners NJ . . Nuisance control LK . . . . . Protection of owner’s rights NL . . . Noise control LN . . . . . Land charges NN . . Amospheric cleanliness control LO ...... Specific classes of charges * Control of smoke, fumes, dust, etc. For * For example, Classes of charges A/F. Atmospheric pollution (environmental law) see LR . . . Planning procedures SBS V. LS . . . . Public participation in planning procedures NQ . . Heritage conservation, preservation of social LT . . . . Applications heritage, protection of social heritage LU . . . . Hearings, enquiries * See also Conservation of wildlife SBS XE; LV . . . . . Public enquiries, local enquiries Conservation of wilderness SBK TG NR . . . Conservation areas NS . . . Historic remains preservation * Alternative (not recommended) is to locate at SBV LES. NT . . . . Historic monuments & buildings

41 SBKNU SBKRJ Land use planning

Property law SBH Environmental law SBJ X Real property SBJ Planning & development law SBK Environmental law SBJ X Environmental use planning SBK NY Planning & development law SBK Land use planning SBK O Amenity preservation & control SBK NE Buildings law SBK P . . . Historic monuments & buildings SBK NT . . . Civil engineering works SBK QO

SBK NU . . . Historic sites Areas NV . . . . Archeological sites SBK QQ . Access to land NW . . . . . Archeological finds . By ownership * See also Treasure trove SBL HOX QS . . Public land use * For Parks, see SBK TD. NY Environmental use planning QSM O . . . Land grants (USA), homesteads (USA) * Covering land, water & air use together. QT . . Private land use QTS . . . Estate land use . By factor used O . Land use planning QV . . Space use P . . Buildings law QW . . Resource use PE . . . Contract QX . . . Energy use . . . Parts & services RB . . . Machinery & equipment * For Pipelines & cables, see SBK RM. . . . Special resources PR . . . . Plumbing RC . . . . Chemicals PS . . . . Light & heating & ventilation RD . . . . Others PSW . . . . . Wiring * Arrange A/Z. PT . . . . Waste disposal . By particular use * In individual buildings; for waste control at community level, see SBS Q. RF . . Zoning (general), regional land use PU . . . . . Sewerage RH . . Agricultural use PW . . . . Earthquake resistant elements RHL G . . . Government regulation, agricultrual land . . . Types policy QB . . . . Private buildings RHP . . . Farms buildings QC . . . . Public buildings RHR B . . . Agricultural machinery QD . . . . Residences, dwellings, housing law RHR C . . . Agricultural chemicals * For landlord & tenant, see SBJ S. RHR CS . . . . Fertilizers QE . . . . . Gardens RHR CT . . . . . Particular fertilizers QF . . . . . Flats, apartments * Arrange A/Z. QG . . . . . Condominiums, horizontal properties, RHR CU . . . . Pesticides co-operative ownership RHR CV . . . . . Particular pesticides * Arrange A/Z. QH . . . . . Mobile homes, park homes * See also Caravanning sites SBK TC RHS . . . Soil conservation QJ . . . . Offices & shops, commercial properties RHT . . . Farm tenancies QK . . . . . Offices RHU . . . . Smallholdings QL . . . . . Shops RHU V . . . . . Crofts QN . . . . Factories RHV . . . . Agricultural cooperatives * For Agricultural buildings, see SBK RHP. RHW . . . . Collective farms QO . . . . . Civil engineering works (general) RHX . . . . Sharecropping * See also specific types, e.g. harbours RHY . . . . Allotments RIC . . . Crops RIM . . . . Market gardening RIN . . . . . Nurseries RIW . . . Animals * For wild animals protection, see SBK TL. RIX . . . . Domestic animals, pets RJ . . . Timber, forestry use, trees

42 SBKRK Planning & development law SBLGK

Environmental law SBJ X Private law S9W Planning & development law SBK Property law SBH Environmental use planning SBK NY Real property SBJ Land use planning SBK O . . . Objects of environmental & planning control . . . Agricultural use SBK RH . . . . . Water resources planning SBK TX . . . . Timber SBK RJ ...... Land reclamation SBK UX

SBK RK . . . Industrial zones SBK VB ...... Rivers & canals RL . . . . Enterprise zones VC ...... Rivers RLX . . . . Industrial infrastructure VE ...... River basins RM . . . . . Pipes VG ...... Pools & lakes RN . . . . . Electrical supply, cables VJ ...... Other bodies of water . . . . Special industries W . . . . . Atmosphere planning & control RP . . . . . Minerals & mining * See also Air environmental law SBS V RQ ...... Quarries * Add to SBKW letters A/O following RR ...... Coal SBK. RS ...... Iron WQ ...... Weather control RT ...... Precious minerals . . . Special facilities controlled RU ...... Radioactive minerals XP . . . . Transport planning & control RV ...... Oil & gas * Add to SBK X letters P/Q following SB; e.g. RW ...... Other minerals & mining XPX . . . . . Water transport planning RX . . . . Other industries XQC * Arrange A/Z...... Land transport planning S . . . Urban development, town planning XQD ...... Roads . . . . Atmospheric control XQD QY ...... Pedestrian facilities * Pedestrian crossings, etc. SNN . . . . . Smokeless zones XQD QYF ...... Motorways ST . . . . Residential zones, housing XQE ...... Railway transport planning SU . . . . . Slum clearance, city redevelopment, urban XQF . . . . . Air transport planning renewal, inner city renewal SV . . . . Non-building zones, green belts SW . . . . New towns SBL Personal property TB . . . Recreation zones * Add to SBL numbers & letters 2/9,A/I in Auxiliary TC . . . . Camping & caravanning sites Schedule S1. * Add to SBL IX letters N/Y in Auxiliary Schedule TCV . . . . . Gipsy caravan sites S1 should the need arise. TD . . . . Parks 5A . Jurisprudence TE . . . . . National parks 5VD . . Things TG . . . Wilderness conservation 5VE . . . Moveable things, chattels personal TH . . . . Wildlife protection * For immoveable things, see Real property * Use only if planning considerations narrrowly SBJ 5VE F. are the subject. The general class is SBS X 5VF . . . . Choses in possession, things in possession Environmental law and when in doubt that * Tangible things, possessable physically. should be preferred. 5VG * Add to SBK TJ letters D/G following SBS X . . . . Choses in action, things in action * so far as applicable; e.g. Wild animal protection Intangible things, rights of property SBK TJG. enforceable by legal action. * See also Intellectual & industrial property TX Water resources planning SBL J; Negotiable instruments SBN GJS * See also Water environmental law SBS U; Water 5VH transport law SBP X . . . . Fungibles, res fungibles * Consumed in use; e.g. food. U . Marine resources planning 8 * For marine installations (harbours, etc.) see Transport . Actions & remedies law SBQ AQN; for Fisheries law see SBQ BJ. 9G . . Remedies * Add to SBK U letters A/O following SBK. 9MV . . . Restitution UP . . Tidal waters planning 9MW . . . . Replevin UQ . . Non-tidal waters planning, freshwater resources . Torts planning G . . Interference with goods UR . Drainage . . . Negligence US . Irrigation GK . . . . Damage to goods (result of negligence) UV . Water power UX . Land reclamation

43 SBLGP SBLKERW Personal property

Private law S9W Substantive law S9V B Property law SBH Private law S9W Personal property SBL Property law SBH Torts Personal property SBL . . Negligence Ownership & possession SBL HJ . . . Damage to goods SBL GK . . . . . Particular liens SBL HRF QYJ

SBL GP . . Trespass to goods Types of personal property GPQ . . . Detainer SBL IY . Chattels personal, tangible goods GPV . . . Conversion of goods * For chattels real, see Leasehold interest SBJ R. . . . . Superseded remedies GPV 9MY D . . . . . Detinue J . Intellectual & industrial property (together), HJ Ownership & possession intangible property HO . Accession * Most of the literature is either on intellectual HOX . Finding, discovery, treasure trove property (copyright) or on industrial property; there HOY . Confusion & intermixture is little on this general class. So a detailed common schedule is given under intellectual property HP . Transfer (SBL K/P) & the details in this may be drawn on to HPI S . . Declaration of title qualify both industrial property & this general class HPI U . . Delivery (transfer of movables) (SBL J). HQ . . Bailment * For business aspects of protection of intellectual * Delivery of property to a person (baillee) property, see TWG P. under an express or implied contract, to use * Add to SBL J numbers & letters 2/I in Auxiliary in a particular way. Transfer of possession Schedule S1. without transfer of title. * Add to SBL JJ letters J/X in Auxiliary Schedule S1 * See also Sale of goods SBN XG so far as applicable. . . . Liability * Add to SBL J letters KQ/P following SBL in HQD G . . . . Liability of baillees SBL KQ/SBL P so far as applicable to general * See also Innkeeper, hotel-keepers works on intellectual & industrial property together. SBT LU For example: HQS . . . Deposits J6 . . Practice & procedure HQT . . . Loans JE . . Contract law HQU . . . Hire JKQ . . Administrative procedures HR . . Sale of property JNB . . Scope of protection * For Carriers, see SBP TC. JPK . . By element or product protected HRF Q . . . Secured transactions * See SBL K/SBM Y HRF QW . . . . Pledges * See also Pawnbrokers SBN GIS P K . . Copyright, protection of intellectual property, HRF QX . . . . Liens intellectual property in general * See also Retention (Scots law) * The term intellectual property is sometimes used SOB LHR FQX to include industrial property; in such cases, use HRF QYB . . . . . Legal liens SBL J. HRF QYE . . . . . Equitable liens * Major classes in copyright belong strictly to HRF QYG . . . . . General liens international law & appear there (at SDB LK). HRF QYJ . . . . . Particular liens * Add to SBL K numbers & letters 2/O in Auxiliary Schedule S1. * Add to SBL KP letters P/X in Auxiliary Schedule S1 so far as applicable. * An alternative (not recommended) is to locate here the materials on international treaties, organizations, etc. on copyright. If this option is taken, proceed as follows: * Add to SBL K numbers 2/5 following SDB LK; e.g. Berne Convention SBL K5L T. K2 . . . Primary materials * Major classes in copyright belong strictly to international law & appear there (at SDB LK2). But see Alternative noted above. KE . . . Contract law KER W . . . . Transfer of rights

44 SBLKFF Copyright SBLPC

Property law SBH Property law SBH Personal property SBL Personal property SBL Intellectual & industrial property SBL J Intellectual & industrial property SBL J Copyright SBL K Copyright SBL K Contract law SBL KE Administration of copyright SBL KQ . Transfer of rights SBL KER W . . . Collective licensing SBL LSH

. Types of contract SBL LSJ . . . Cross licensing SBL KFF . . Contracts of usage & exploitation LSL . . . Dependency licensing KG Torts LSN . . . Franchising . Deception Attributes KGP P . . Plagiarism MC . Protectability, copyrightability KGV . Infringement of copyright ME . Creativity, authorship, intellectual paternity * For Passing off, see SBL XOU. * For employees’ rights, see SBL NK. . . Permitted acts MG . . Originality * For acts not permissible, see Scope of protection MJ . Distinctiveness SBL MB. ML . Special to a product KGW B . . . Fair dealing * For example, see Validity (patents) SBM ML. KGW D . . . Public interest NB Scope of protection, rights, permitted acts KGW G . . Contributory infringement of copyright * For rights special to a product, see latter; e.g. Artwork KGW J . . Secondary infringement of copyright - Droit de suite SBL TPG. KGW L . Unauthorized use ND . Duration & renewal KGW P . Unauthorized reproduction NF . Moral rights KGW R . Counterfeiting, piracy NH . . Creators KH Property law * Authors, artists, etc. KHN . Acquisition of rights NI . . Special moral rights * For assertion, see Moral rights SBL NF. * Arrange A/Z. KHO . . Fixation * E.g. false attribution, integrity right. KHP . Transfer of rights NK . Employees rights * For Licensing, see Exploitation SBL LR. NN . Neighbouring rights, quasi-copyright KHP W . . Assignment * General works on these; for those referring to a specific product (e.g. music) see product. KHP X . . Succession NP . . Remuneration rights KIR E . Loss of rights NR . . Rental rights KIS P . Renewal of rights NT . . Distribution rights KQ Administration of copyright, protection procedures * For transfer & loss of rights, see SBL KHP. NV . . Reproduction rights, dissemination KR . Agents NX . . . Copying rights . Special conditions . . . . Attributes KT . . Wartime measures NXM L . . . . . Substantiality * Applicable primarily to industrial property. OB . . . Sampling, extraction . Formalities OD . . . Recording rights (general) KV . . Application for copyright OF . . . Adaptation * For acquisition of rights, see SBL KHN. OG . . . Variation & arrangement KW . . . Specification OH . . . Translation rights LB . . Registration of copyright OJ . . Exhibition rights (general) LD . . Clearance of copyright OL . . Lending rights (general) LF . . Deposit ON . . Performance rights (general) * Of designs, etc. OP . . . Broadcasting rights (general) LHB . . Other formalities OR . . . Filming & photographing rights (general) LJ . Valuation OT . Unfair competition LM . Taxation * Forms of competition from which a right of LO . Exploitation of copyright protection may be sought. LP . . Royalties * Applicable primarily to industrial property; see SBL XOT for further details. LR . . Licensing PB . Privacy right LRK R . . . Licensing agencies * For defamation, see SBG NV Torts against the LSB . . . Licenses of right person; for trespass, see SBH GP. LSD . . . Compulsory licensing PC . . Disclosure of private information LSF . . . Exclusive licensing LSH . . . Collective licensing

45 SBLPDC SBLWG Copyright

Personal property SBL Property law SBH Intellectual & industrial property SBL J Personal property SBL Copyright SBL K Intellectual & industrial property SBL J Scope of protection SBL NB Copyright SBL K . Privacy right SBL PB Literary works SBL S . . Disclosure of private information SBL PC . . Scientific works SBL SXS

. . By data used SBL T Artwork, figurative art, graphics SBL PDC . . . Name, signature . Scope of protection PDE . . . Portraiture TPG . . Droit de suite PF . Rights special to a medium or product . Special forms of artwork * For rights special to a product, see the product; e.g. TU . . Illustrations, drawings Artwork - Droit de suite SBL TPG. TV . . Prints, commercial art By element protected TW . . Artistic designs & models * These vary according to the product & should be TX . . Photographs subordinated to the product; e.g. Literary works - TY . . Others Phrases, words, etc. The following are applicable to all * Arrange A/Z. or several products. U Performing arts PK . Idea & title . Elements protected PM . Fictional characters UPL . . Script writers PP . Special to a medium or product UPN . . Directors & producers By product or medium protected * For general works on reproduction rights, etc. see UPP . . Performers Scope of protection SBL NB. This facet takes the UPR . . Costumes protected works themselves. . Special forms QC . Anonymous works UV . . Music copyright QE . Pseudonymous works * See also Sound recordings SBL VS QG . Joint works VB . . Theatrical works copyright, plays QJ . Posthumous works VC . . . Drama productions QL . Unpublished works VE . . . Dance works, choreographic works QN . Crown copyright VG . . . Shows & spectacles QP . . Parliamentary copyright VJ . . . Other forms R . Publishing, printing * E.g. mime productions. * For electronic publishing, see SBL WJ. VM . . Motion pictures, films . . Contract law VP . . Broadcasting productions, radio & television RE . . . Author & publisher contracts VQ . . . Special forms RR . . Books & journals * Arrange A/Z. * . . . Lending rights E.g. satellite, cable. VRL . . . Loudspeakers, juke boxes RRP L . . . . Public lending right VS . . Sound recordings RS . . Manuscripts VT . . . Special forms RV . . Other physical forms * Arrange A/Z. * Arrange A/Z; e.g. maps. * E.g. records, tape recordings, compact disks. S . Literary works VW . Games * For publishing copyright, see SBL R. WB Machine-held data, data protection (narrowly) . . Scope of protection WC . Computer products SOH . . . Translation rights WE . . Computer systems as products . . Elements protected . . . Torts SOL . . . Titles copyright . . . . Infringement . . Special forms WEG V . . . . . Hacking ST . . . Private correspondence, letters * Unauthorised use of computer system SU . . . Articles, journalism where this gives rise to a tort. SV . . . Plays, drama WG . . . Software, computer programs SW . . . Speeches, public lectures * Includes code that is stored in non-volatile SX . . Special subjects memory or embedded in hardware. * Arrange A/Z. SXS . . . Scientific works

46 SBLWJ Industrial property SBMNB

Personal property SBL Property law SBH Intellectual & industrial property SBL J Personal property SBL Copyright SBL K Intellectual & industrial property SBL J . . Machine-held data SBL WB Industrial property SBL X . . . . Computer systems as products SBL WE Scope of protection . . . . . Software SBL WG . . Trade libel SBL XOV B

SBL WJ . . . . Computer works, electronic publishing SBL XOV M . . Misleading trade descriptions * Works which run on a computer, whose * See also Consumer law SBN XQ; Product interpretation is mediated by a computer description SBN WGY and normally require use of a computer Elements protected system. * For designs as objects of protection, see SBM V; for WL . . . . . Multimedia products based on protection of an exclusive right to exploit, see Patents computers SBM. * Add to SBL WL letters PK/VW XPK . Goodwill following SBL; e.g. SBM . Patents law WLV W ...... Computer games * Patentable things are those elements or products WN . . . . . Computer simulation, virtual reality which may be protected by patent in respect of their * Computer constructed environments in exclusive exploitation. which the computer is an actor. * For patents in general, see Science & invention AY. WP . . . . . Databases * For general works on choses in action, see WPT . . . . . Artificial intelligence SBL 5VG. WPX . . . . . Expert systems * Add to SBM numbers & letters 2/Q following SBL K so far as applicable, with the additions & WQ . . . . . Other applications modifications indicated below. * Arrange A/Z; e.g. artificial intelligence. E . . Contract law . . Other forms of intellectual property EPU . . . Disclosure WS . . . Cultural products & artefacts G . . Torts GV . . . Infringement of patent X Industrial property, industrial intellectual property H . . Property law * Add to SBL X numbers & letters 2/P following HN . . . Acquisition of rights SBL J so far as applicable, with the additions & HP . . . Transfer of rights modifications indicated below. * For licensing, see SBM LR. XG . Torts . . . Assignment * See also Unfair competition (industrial property) SBL XOT HPW . . . . Assignable rights XKQ . Administration KQ . . Administration . . Special operations KV . . . Application XKT . . . Wartime measures, emergency measures KW . . . . Specification XKU . . . . Secrecy KXC . . . . Grace period XLO . . Exploitation KXE . . . . Disclosure * For protection of an exclusive right to exploit, KXF . . . . Examination & search see Patents SBM LO. KXH . . . . Opposition . Scope of protection KXM . . . . Amendment XNK . . Employees’ rights LO . . . Exploitation XOT . . Unfair competition LR . . . . Licensing of patents * The general class for unfair competition LT . . . . Foreign licensing agreements (including anti-trust law) is SBN EOQ. This . . Attributes class takes only those unfair practices relating MC . . . Patentability to industrial property as a subject for ML . . . Validity protection. MN . . . . Novelty XOU . . . Passing off MP . . . . . Prior art * Representing marks, packaging, etc. as being those of a competitor, or falsly MR . . . . . Prior use representing identity or connection with the MT . . . Industrial applicability latter. NB . . Scope of protection XOU 9G . . . . Remedies XOU 9GV . . . . . Account of profit XOV B . . . Trade libel

47 SBMRD SBMWT Industrial property

Property law SBH Intellectual & industrial property SBL J Personal property SBL Industrial property SBL X Intellectual & industrial property SBL J Distinctive marks SBM SYM Industrial property SBL X . Trade marks SBM T Elements protected . . Elements protected . . Scope of protection SBM NB . . . Other elements SBM TPR . . Types of patents . . Types of trade marks . . . By function or attribute SBM TU . . . By industry SBM RD . . . . Dependent patents * Add to SBM T letters U/V in Classes U/V. RF . . . . Process patents TW . . . . Other industries RH . . . . Improvement patents, added subject matter * Arrange A/Z. RJ . . . . Repair patents UB . . . Service marks RL . . . . Double patents UD . . . Certification marks . . . By application UF . . . Collective marks RP . . . . Utility models, petty patents UH . . . Personal name trademarks * For Design patents (models patents), see UJ . . . . Geographical names of origin Designs as elements protected SBM VR. UL . . . . Marks of origin, hallmarks RX . . . . Inventions UN . . . . Brand names RY . . . . . Classification of inventions UP . . . Signatures, insignia S . . . . . By field of application UR . . . Portraits * Add to SBM S numbers & letters from the UT . . . Logos, signs whole classification; e.g. UV . . . International trade marks SC ...... Chemical patents UX . Other distinctive marks SE ...... Microorganisms V Designs (industrial property) SF ...... Plant varieties (patents) * Visual features of shape, pattern, ornament, etc. applied * Add to SBM SF letters following F in to an article. Class F. . Administration ...... Attributes VLB . . Registration of designs SFM J ...... Distinctiveness . Scope of protection SFM N ...... Uniformity . . Patents SHN X ...... Pharmaceutical patents, drug patents VR . . . Design patents, models patents SHN Y ...... Specific substances . Types of designs * Arrange A/Z. VX . . Registered designs Other elements protected VY . . Unregistered designs * Each element may be qualified by classes SML/SMP. WB . . Industrial designs To qualify by patent (as a particular form of * If distinguished from the general class. protection) add R; e.g. design patents SBM VR. WD . . Computer generated designs SYM . Distinctive marks WE . . Fashion designs T . . Trade marks WG . . . Hair style designs . . . Administration WJ . . Other designs TLB . . . . Registration of trade marks * Arrange A/Z. TLR . . . . Licensing of trade marks * E.g. recipes. . . . Attributes WP Confidential information TMJ . . . . Distinctiveness WQ . Breach of confidence TML . . . . . Functionality WR . Trade secrets TMN . . . . Generic use WS . . Industrial espionage, commercial espionage TMS . . . . Secondary meaning WT . . Know-how . . . Elements protected TPL . . . . Goodwill TPN . . . . Shape, configuration TPR . . . . Other elements * Arrange A/Z. * E.g. colour, fragrance.

48 SBN Commercial law SBNCXL

Law S Substantive law S9V B Substantive law S9V B Private law S9W Private law S9W Commercial law SBN Property law SBH Regulation of economic & business activities SBN 9UC ...... Know-how SBM WT . Regulatory agencies SBN 9UD . . Organizations SBN 9UF SBN Commercial law, mercantile law, economics law * In common law systems, commercial law is an . Operations indeterminate term covering topics from civil law SBN 9UH . . Registration, licensing particularly relevant to business and commerce in the 9UI . . Identification widest sense and often including industrial law. It draws * For example, in transport undertakings. heavily on contract and property law. When a particular * See also Names of businesses SBO F9U I transaction or other legal relationship is considered (e.g. 9UJ . . Inspection bankruptcy) its primary connotation relates to business 9UK . . Testing associations, but includes also individuals. 9UL . . Enforcement * In civil law systems it is usual to treat commercial law as 9UM . . . Specific measures a branch of law distinct from civil law and some * Arrange A/Z. concepts (e.g. merchant, commercial transaction) have a particular significance outside civil law. 9UP . . Government regulation of economic activities * The following schedule follows that in T/TP Economics 9UQ . . . Particular agencies and TQ/TY Management of economic enterprises, 9UR . . Self-regulatory agencies amplified by concepts prominent in the law of some 9US . . . Particular agencies classes, such as company law (SBO Q) and transport 9VH Economic rights law (SBP). 9VO . Economic freedom, right to establish businesses * For commercial law in the narrow sense of business law 9VW Private law (i.e. relating to the administration and management of 9VX . Civil law businesses & their various types) see SBN Q. * Add to SBN letters A/Y following T in TA/TY. 9YU By industry * Compounding of economic and management concepts * Industries represent types of businesses defined by within classes SBN A/Y follows the normal retroactive product. The general class is at SBOY/SBQ. This rules in class T. These do not allow at the same time the location allows qualification of a legal problem (e.g. retroactive synthesis of class S (i.e. adding directly public health & safety) by industry when this is the letters A/Y from Auxiliary Schedule S1). So number 9 preferred arrangement. from Auxiliary Schedule S1 has been modified, as * If qualification by a specific industry or product is indicated below, to accommodate all the legal concepts needed, proceed as follows (where the hyphen needed to qualify the economic and commercial classes represents the classmark of the industry): which follow. * Add to -9YU letters A/Y following U * Any class in SBN and SBO may, unless otherwise noted, * Add to -9YV letters A/Y following V be retroactively qualified as follows (where the hyphen * Add to -9YW numbers & letters from the whole represents the classmark added to): classification, so far as applicable. * Add to - numbers 2/9T following S in S2/S9T. A Economic policy, public policy * Add to -9U letters C/S following SBN 9U. AB . Intervention, planning, government intervention * Add to -9V letters B/Q following S9V and letters W/X AC . . National economic planning, government economic following S9. planning * Add to -9X letters A/Y in Auxiliary Schedule S1 so far * For International economic planning, see as applicable; e.g. SBN I9X FW Commercial agency. SDB NAC. * Add to -9Y letters U/W following SBN 9Y (for AGP . . Implementation of economic planning industries) so far as necessary. AGR . . . Government grants, grant aid * Add to - letters A/P following SBN (taken from TA/TP AGS . . . Compensation in economic planning & normally only added retroactively). AHD . . . Planning controls 9UC . Regulation of economic & business activities * As distinct from the more comprehensive policy of AHP . . . . Appeals against planning economic planning (see SBN AB). Usually seen in the AHQ . . . . Inspection, supervision government regulation or self regulation of enterprises AJH . . Emergency measures (see SBN QQ) & akin to the administration of the AJJ . . . Disaster provisions law. B Economic processes * See also Public administration operations SCK KC, CT . Economic cost with the divisions of which the classes below are CXL . . Externalities consistent. 9UD . . Regulatory agencies, regulatory bodies 9UE . . . Persons 9UF . . . Organizations

49 SBNDQ SBNGJSM Finance

Law S Private law S9W Substantive law S9V B Commercial law SBN Private law S9W Economic exchange SBN DQ Commercial law SBN Finance SBN F Economic processes SBN B Money SBN FQ . . Externalities SBN CXL . Coinage SBN FRL

SBN DQ Economic exchange SBN FRN . Paper money * See also Sale of goods SBN XG * See also negotiable instruments SBN GJS DS . Price determination FRN Q . . Banknotes DT . . Price regulations, price controls FRP . Legal tender, fiat money * For price fixing, see SBN EPR. FXR Near-money, quasi-money (general) DTV . . . Price discrimination * See also Credit instruments SBN GIT DU . . . Resale price maintenance FXR W . Postal orders EK . Market system G Credit, debt, debtor & creditor EN . . Competition GDX . Interest EOQ . . . Unfair competition, unfair trade practices GDX H . . Usury * For protection against unfair competition see GDX J . . Rates of interest Industrial property law SBL XOT. GGP . Collateral, liens, guarantees EP . . . Restrictive trade practices, restraint of trade GGR . Payment of debt, settlement of debt EPR . . . . Price agreements, price rings, price fixing GGS . . Composition EQ . . . . Cartels, industrial trusts (Am.), anti-trust law GGW . . Moratorium, extension of credit EV . . . Monopolies, engrossing, forestalling, GHA . . . Extinguishment of debts cornering, combination in restraint of * See also Discharge of contract SBE S trade GHB . Non-payment of debt, defaults in payment EX . . Barter GHD . . Recovery of debts, collection of debts GHF . . . Factoring F . Finance, financial exchange GHJ . Bankruptcy (general), insolvency (general) FG . . Banking law * For business bankruptcy, see SBO QLL. FG9 UC . . . Regulation of banking operations GHJ R . . Receiver FGS I . . . Electronic banking GHJ V . . Personal bankruptcy FGS J . . . Home banking GHS . Credit institutions * For Banks, see SBN FG. FGT . . . Bank accounting GHW . . Building societies, savings & loan FGV . . . . Security associations FHJ J . . . . . Collection of cheques GIE . . Investment institutions FHJ P . . . . . Confidentiality, secrecy GIG . . . Investment trusts, investment companies FJE . . . . . Bank deposits GIH . . . Unit trusts FJH . . . Customer services * For cheques, see SBN ; for cheque cards, see GIK . . . Other investment institutions SBN GKP S; for bank loans & overdrafts, * Arrange A/Z. see SBN GJW FG. GIM . . Loan societies, loan associations FJH Q . . . . Deposit accounts GIN . . Finance houses, commercial finance FJJ . . . . Cheque accounts, checking accounts (Am.) companies, credit companies, * For bills of exchange in general, see instalment credit companies SBN GJU. * See also Consumer credit SBN GK FJJ X . . . . Travellers’ cheques GIQ . . Industrial loan associations (Am.) FJW . . . Banks of issue GIS . . Money lenders FK . . . Central banking GIS P . . Pawnbrokers FMW . . . Clearing houses GIT . Credit instruments FN . . . Commercial banks, joint stock banks GIW . . Rollover credits FNW . . . Private banks GJ . . Short term loans FNX . . . Cooperative banks GJS . . Negotiable instruments, bills of credit, FOG . . . Merchant banks commercial paper FOS . . . Savings banks * See also Securities SBN GPH; Warehouse FQ . . Money, currency receipts SBN XGT P: Choses in action * For , see Criminal law SBW WG. for SBL 5VG. Foreign exchange, see SBN OF. GJS 9XE . . . Contract FRJ . . . Mints GJS 9XE M . . . . Consideration FRL . . . Coinage GJS M . . . Holder in due course

50 SBNGJSN Finance SBNGYT

Economic exchange SBN DQ Commercial law SBN Finance SBN F Economic exchange SBN DQ Credit SBN G Finance SBN F . Credit instruments SBN GIT Capital investment SBN GL . . Negotiable instruments SBN GJS . Stocks & shares SBN GLS . . . Holder in due course SBN GJS M . . Acquisition of stocks & shares SBN GLT

SBN GJS N . . . Loss . . Agents GJS P . . . Protests * For investment trusts, etc. see credit GJS Q . . . Bearer instruments (general) institutions SBN GIG. GJS R . . . . Share warrants payable to bearer SBN GLT 38 . . . Investment services GJS S . . . Acceptances GLT 389 UC . . . . Regulation of operations GJS T . . . Cheques GN . . . Stock Exchange, stock market GJS U . . . . Stamp duties on cheques GNN . . . . Market makers, brokers GJS V . . . . Travellers’ cheques GNT . . . . Forward market operations GJT . . Promissory notes * For futures dealing, see Commodities * For banknotes, see SBN FRN Q. SBN GYS. GJU . . . Bills of exchange GNU . . . . Stock options * For Acceptances, see SBN GJS S. GNV . . . . . Put & call transactions . . . . Contract GNX . . . . . Contango & backwardation GJU E . . . . . Novation & surety GNX R ...... Hedging . . . . Guarantee & surety GNY . . . . Arbitrage GJU FP . . . . . Accommodation bill, accommodation GOB . . . . Speculation endorsement GOH . . . . Margins . . . . Stamp laws GON . . . Over the counter markets, OTC markets GJV G . . . . Document bills & credit GOO . . . Third market GJV H . . . Letters of credit, bills of credit * Dealing with large blocks of shares (e.g. for institutional investors). GJV K . . . Drafts, bank drafts * Orders for payment of money drawn by one . Types of investments person on another. GPH . . Securities GJV S . . . IOUs * Investments in respect of which the holder has a claim backed by enforcement rights in GJV W . . . Certificates of deposit security - so exclude stocks & shares. GJW . Cash credit * For specific types of company stock, see GJW FG . . Bank loans Company law SBO Q. GJW FIV . . Overdrafts GPN . . . Unlisted securities GJW P . . Personal loans GPO . . . Hybrid securities GK . Consumer credit GQB . . . Bearer bonds GKL . . Instalment credit GRB . . . Stock GKM . . . Hire purchase GRD . . . . Debentures GKN . . Mortgage credit, chattel credit GRP . . . . Preference shares * See also Mortgages SBJ N GS . . . Ordinary shares, equities, common stock GKO . . Revolving credit, check credit plans (Am.) (USA) GKP . . . Credit cards, charge cards GTG . . . Risk capital, venture capital GKP S . . . Bank cards, cheque cards GTQ . . . Foreign securities, foreign investments, GKQ . . Credit accounts, charge accounts, budget capital exports accounts * Alternative (not recommended) to GL Capital investment locating at SBN OGT Q. GLS . Stocks & shares, bonds (Am.) GV . . . Government securities, public securities * Often loosely called securities; see note at (Am.) SBN GPH below. GVY . . . Municipal bonds, local government GLT . . Acquisition of stocks & shares securities * For procedures of issuing new securities, etc., GY Commodities dealing see Capital raising SBO QF. GYS . Forward markets in commodities GYT . . Futures contracts

51 SBNH SBNIJR Insurance law

Private law S9W Substantive law S9V B Commercial law SBN Private law S9W Economic exchange SBN DQ Commercial law SBN Finance SBN F Economic exchange SBN DQ Commodities dealing SBN GY . . . . Fire insurance SBN HP . . Futures contracts SBN GYT . . . . . Special perils SBN HPR

SBN H Insurance law SBN HPY . . . . Transport insurance HB . Risk carriers, insurers HQ . . . . . Marine insurance HC . . Underwriters HQ9 XG ...... Torts HCJ . . Foreign insurers, overseas insurers HQ9 XGJ ...... Proximate cause HCT . Risks HQE K ...... Policies HE . Policy issuing, covering HQF DH ...... Standard policies & clauses HEH . . Discrimination in insuring, discriminating rates HQF DJ ...... Seaworthiness clause HEK . . Policies, insurance contracts HQF E ...... Average in marine insurance HFB . . Conditions of policies, clauses HQF F ...... General average HFD H . . . Uniform insurance conditions, standard clauses HQF FB ...... Hague Rules HFD J . . . Warranties HQF FC ...... York-Antwerp Rules HFK . . . Indemnity principle HQH F ...... Reinsurance HFP . . . Exclusions HQH X ...... Hazards HFS U . . . . Subrogation HQI E ...... War risks HHF . Reinsurance ...... Special HHX . Hazards ...... Bottomry HIB . . Negligence HQI Y ...... Ship mortgages insurance, HIE . . War risks hypothecation insurance . Branches of insurance HR . . . . . Aviation insurance, air insurance HJF . . Persons insured, policy holders, personal HS . . . . . Motor insurance, automobile insurance, insurance (general) car insurance * For specific forms, see branch; e.g. Accident HSN ...... Traffic accidents insurance SBN HN; Life assurance SBN HT. HT . . . . Life assurance, life insurance HJJ . . . Travellers, holidaymakers HTW L . . . . . Burial insurance HKB . . . Group insurance HVN . . . . . Annuities HKH . . Property insurance HW . . . . . Pensions insurance HKJ . . . Financial interest insurance, pecuniary loss HX . . . . . Personal sickness & accident insurance, insurance health insurance HKK . . . Consequential loss HY . . . . Social insurance HKS . . . Legal costs insurance, litigation insurance * Alternative (not recommended) to locating HKU . . . Guarantee insurance, surety insurance, title in Class QFB FC. insurance HYY Economic production & distribution HKY J . . . Mortgage insurance I . Commerce & trade (general), distributive trades HLY . . . Product insurance * Legal aspects of economic structure & policy * For Products liability insurance, see relating to this area. For law relating to the SBN HNW L. activities of individual firms, see SBN QQ. HM . . . . Specific industries . . Agency * Arrange A/Z. I9X FW . . . Commercial agency HMA . . . . . Agricultural insurance (general) I9X FXB . . . . Principal & agent * For livestock insurance, see SBN HNQ. I9X FYD . . . . Power of attorney HN . . Accident insurance, casualty insurance I9X FYJ . . . . Special types HNQ . . . Livestock insurance IJD . . . . . Merchants HNW . . . Liability insurance, general liability, third IJF . . . . . Brokers, commission agents, factors party insurance IJH . . . . . Commercial travellers, firms’ HNW J . . . . Employers’ liability insurance representatives HNW L . . . . Products liability insurance IJK . . . . . Tradesmen, dealers HP . . Fire insurance IJM . . . . . Forwarding agents, distributors HPR . . . Special perils, extended coverage IJP . . . . . Middlemen, intermediaries (general) * E.g. earthquakes. IJR . . . . Chambers of Commerce

52 SBNILC Industrial relations law SBNLJST

Private law S9W Substantive law S9V B Commercial law SBN Private law S9W Economic production & distribution SBN HYY Commercial law SBN . Commerce & trade SBN I Labour law SBN L . . Agency Tort liability SBN L9X GG . . . . Chambers of Commerce SBN IJR . . . Particular types SBN L9X J . . Forms of trade SBN LC Industrial relations law, labour relations law * For Market intermediaries (wholesaling & LCN . Government’s role retailing), see SBN XHW. LD . Trades unions, labour unions SBN ILC . . . Illegal trade, black market * Please check classmarks here. IP . . . Home trade LDM RUN . . Formation of trades unions, registration of * For International trade, see SBN OI. trades unions J . Production & industry (general) LDM RUT . . Responsibilities & immunities * Legal aspect of economic structure & policy LDM RY . . Management relating to this area. LDM T . . . Funds & accounts * For industrial law in the narrow sense of labour LDM TW . . . . Subscriptions law, see SBN L. * For individual industries, see SBN 9Y. LDM TX . . . . Political funds JKL . . Location of industry LDN G . . Inter-union relationships * See also Industrial zones (planning law) LDN P . . Membership SBK RK * See also Closed shop SBN LLO JL . Wealth & income LDN R . . . Rules of membership JR . . Distribution of wealth LDO F . . . Meetings K . Economic resources (general) LDO J . . . Elections KQ . . Conservation of economic resources (general) LDP D . . Officials KRM . . Exploitatiob of resources (general) LDP H . . . Shop stewards * For Pollution law, see SBS R. LDQ . . Branches, chapels KT . . Land LDR R . . Political activities * See also Real property SBJ LDR S . . . Political fund KW . . Capital . . Types of trades unions * See also Corporation finance SBN TR; LDS D . . . Illegal trades unions Investment SBN GL LEE . Employers’ associations LF . Worker participation, employee participation, L Labour law, industrial law, employment law employee representation in management * Compendious term covering employment & the LG . Industrial disputes, labour conflict relations between employers & employees & LGH . . Collective bargaining drawing heavily on the law of contract & tort. LGL . . . Grievance procedure * An alternative (not recommended) is to collocate LGP . . . Consultation, joint consultation with Social law at SBU W. LGR . . . Negotiation * For Industrial law (general), see SBQ U. LGT . . . . Conciliation, grievance procedure L9X E . Contract LGU . . . . . Mediation L9X FD . . Employer & employee contract, master & LGV . . . Arbitration servant, contract of service (general) * For specific elements in the contract, see the . . . . Agencies element - e.g. termination of employment. LGX . . Unilateral action L9X FG . . Independent contractors, contract of work & LHB . . . Industrial action (general), strikes & labour lockouts L9X FH . . . Mechanics’ liens LHC . . . Sympathetic action L9X FJ . . . Professional services contracts LHE . . . Blacklisting L9X FK . . . Technical services contracts LHJ . . . Legal action in industrial action L9X GG . Tort liability LHK . . . . Injunctions in industrial action L9X GV . . Vicarious liability LHM . . . Militant action, intimidation L9X HY . . . Tort liability LI . . Government action in industrial disputes L9X I . . . Employers’ tort liability LIL . . . Industrial courts, labour courts * See also Workmen’s compensation SBU FH LIN . . . Industrial tribunals L9X J . . . . Particular types LJ . . Workers’ action in industrial disputes * Arrange A/Z. LJM . . . Unofficial action LJS . . . Strikes LJS T . . . . Picketing

53 SBNLK SBNLVB Labour law

Private law S9W Commercial law SBN Commercial law SBN Labour law SBN L Labour law SBN L Conditions of work SBN LRY Industrial relations law SBN LC . Wages & salaries SBN LS . . Workers’ action in industrial disputes SBN LJ . . Wages structure SBN LTB . . . . Picketing SBN LJS T . . . . Truck system SBN LTV V

SBN LK . . Employers’ action SBN LTW . . Supplementary earnings, perquisites LKT B . . . Lockouts LTW E . . . Tips . . Subjects of action LTW F . . . Travel allowances, company cars LLL . . . Unfair employment practice LTX . Social security benefits LLN . . . Shop arrangement, union shop (Am.), union LTX P . . Occupational pensions security (Am.) LTX Y . Non-financial benefits, non-wage payments LLO . . . . Closed shop LTX YB . . Staff canteens LM Labour supply, workforce LUA Working conditions (narrowly) LO Employment (narrowly) LUO . Recruitment & selection of personnel * For administrative procedures (selection, etc.) see LUO LV . . Qualifications of personnel, certification SBN LUO. LUO NT . . Security risks LO9 VH . Economic rights LUO Q . . References, testimonials LO9 VO . . Right to work, free choice of employment LUO U . . Appointment of personnel LOQ R . Job availability LUO V . . . Employment contracts, service agreements LOR . Equal job opportunities LUO VT . . . Probation period LOS . . Job discrimination, preferential employment LUO WF . . Rules of employment, discipline (Am.) LUO WM . . . from work LP Unemployment LUO XT . . Job security, tenure * For unemployment relief, see social welfare LUO YB . . Sick leave SBU FJS. LUP B . Termination of employment LPP . Job creation measures LUP BV . . Resignation LPQ . Employment services, labour exchanges, LUP C . . Dismissal, notice employment agencies LUP DC . . . Unfair dismissal, wrongful dismissal LQP . Retraining schemes, vocational rehabilitation LUP DT . . . Temporary dismissal, suspension LRK Labour systems (Am.) LUP DV . . . Reinstatement * Types of employment. LUP F . . Redundancy LRL . Apprenticeship LUP FT . . . Compensation for loss of employment LRO . Temporary employment LUP FV . . . Special reasons for job loss LRQ . Seasonal employment * For example, closure of firm. LRR . Contract work LUP P . Hours of work LRT . Part-time employment LUR R . . Overtime LRT U . . Job-sharing LUS . . Shiftwork LRT V . Multiple employment, moonlighting LUT . . Rest periods LRY Conditions of work (broadly), factory law LUU . . Annual leave (narrowly) LUW . Physical working conditions * Including wages & other rewards of labour. * See also note at SBN MD. LUX . . Health & safety at work * See also Workmen’s compensation LS . Wages & salaries, remuneration SBU FH LST . . Administration of wages . . . Liability LSU J . . . Deductions from pay, attachments from pay LUX 9XD G . . . . Employers’ liability LSV . . Control of wages LUX NF . . . Hygiene LSW C . . . Wages councils . . . Special topics in health & safety LTB . . Wages structure * Notation from TLU X is amended LTD T . . . Equal pay slightly here. LTI . . . Rates of pay . . . . Specific health hazards LTK . . . . Minimum wage LUY . . . . . Dangerous substances LTR . . . Incentive systems * Arrange A/Z, e.g. asbestos LTS . . . . Bonus systems SBN LUY A. LTV T . . . Payment in kind LVA . . . Industrial safety, industrial accidents LTV V . . . . Truck system LVA V . . . . Fire LVB . . . . Dangerous machinery

54 SBNLVC Commercial law SBNOMR

Substantive law S9V B Law S Private law S9W Substantive law S9V B Commercial law SBN Private law S9W Labour law SBN L Commercial law SBN . Working conditions SBN LUA Forms of production & Sectorial economics SBN M . . . . . Dangerous machinery SBN LVB . Sectors SBN MH

SBN LVC . . . . . Industrial injuries SBN N National economy, economic constitution LVD . . . . . Industrial diseases * For public administration law, see SCK. LVE . Employees, workers NH . Public finance LVJ B . . Residential workers * Alternative (not recommended) to locating with LWM . . Women workers Constitutional law at SCL MF. LYP . Places of employment, workplaces NJ . . Taxation law * Alternative (not recommended) to locating LYQ B . . Non-industrial employment with Constitutional law at SCL MJ. If this LYQ D . . . Shops option is taken: LYQ F . . . Offices * Add to SBN N letters J/O following SCL M. LYQ H . . . Catering establishments, hotels NU . Regional economies, subnational economies LYR . . . Other special places of employment NW . Local government economies * Arrange A/Z. O International economic relations LYS . . Industrial employment * As a subject of law in all jurisdictions. For the LYT . . . Factories, workshops subject in international law, see SDB N. LYU . . . Mines, quarries OAY . International economic agencies M Forms of production & Sectorial economics * For agencies serving special functions, see MCO . Domestic work, work at home function; e.g. International Monetary Fund MCP . . Cottage industries, village industries SBN OFM (under international finance). * Production in the home by self-employed workers * For supranational agencies, see SBN OT. & family. OF . International finance law, international monetary MCQ . . Home industries system * Production in the home for an external employer. OFE K . . Foreign exchange markets MD . Factory production, factories, industrial plant OFG . . International banking * Factory law is usually synonymous, as is industrial OFG K . . . Central banks law, with the environment & conditions of work of OFT . . Foreign currency the labour force, for which see SBN LRY. OFT J . . . Convertibility * This class takes only works concerned with legal OFT K . . . Exchange rate aspects of the form of production, the physical plant & product & their potential for pollution & other OFT L . . . . Exchange control hazards to persons & environment. OFT T . . . . Clearing MDJ K . . Location of industry OGJ E . . . International money market MDP . . Automated production OGJ X . . . . Eurocurrency market MDR . . Industrial robots OGL . . . International investment MEB . . Mass production OGT Q . . . . Foreign securities MEL . . Recycling * Alternative (not recommended) is to * See also Environmental law SBS locate at SBN GTQ Securities (general). MEN . . Alternative technology OGT SQV . . . . . Syndicated loans MG . Enterprises, industries, The firm OGY . Commodity exchanges * See Business enterprises SBO G OI . International trade & commerce, foreign trade MH . Sectors * See also Sale of goods SBN XG * See Businesses by structure SBO HB OIA HW . . Trade agreements (general), commercial treaties (general) * See also International trade law SDB NOI . . Barter OIE W . . . Countertrade OJ . . Balance of payments, balance of accounts OLC . . Protection & free trade OLI . . . Free ports & zones OM . . Import trade OMQ . . . Import controls OMR . . . . Non-tariff controls * Licenses, quotas, etc.

55 SBNON SBNVMV Business management law

Commercial law SBN Law S International economic relations SBN O Substantive law S9V B . International trade & commerce SBN OI Private law S9W . . Import trade SBN OM Commercial law SBN . . . Import controls SBN OMQ Business law SBN Q . . . . Non-tariff controls SBN OMR Business management law SBN QQ

SBN ON . . . Tariffs * For retroactive synthesis of business concepts within ONR . . . . Preferential tariffs SBN QQ/SBN Y, follow the rules in TQ/TY. Since ONT . . . . . Most favoured nation clause these rules relate primarily to the use of intercalators special to the Management class, these are repeated here OO . . Export trade for convenience (where the hyphen represents the OOE NY . . . Dumping classmark added to, and addition is always retroactive): OOQ . . . Export controls * Add to -A letters A/Y following TQ (here, SBN QQ). OOS . . . Promotion of exports * Add to -B letters A/Y following TR (here, SBN R). OOU . . . . Credits for exports * Add to -C letters A/Y following TS (here, SBN S). OOV . . . . Subsidies for exports * Add to -CY letters A/Y following TT (here, SBN T). OOY . . Particular commodities * Add to -D letters A/Y following TU (here, SBN U). * Arrange A/Z. * Add to -E letters A/Y following TV (here, SBN V). OP . International aid, foreign aid, economic * Add to -F letters A/Y following TW (here, SBN W). * assistance, development aid Add to -G letters A/Y following TX (here, SBN X). * Add to -H letters A/Y following TY (here, SBN Y). OPQ . . Agencies for international aid SBN QQC . Managers OQH . . . Government foreign aid * For directors, see Company law SBO QCF B. * For Lome conventions, see EU law S . Information in management SGN OI5 LNR Q. SX . Legal departments in business OQL B . . . . UNCTAD T . Accounting OQS L . . Emergency aid, relief TF . . Auditing OQU . . Technical assistance TLI . . Assets OT . Trade blocs, economic blocs * See also Supranational organizations SE/SH TLU . . Goodwill P Economic systems (general) TOB . . Financial reports TOC . . Financial statements TR . Financial management (general), corporate financing Q Business law (narrowly) (general) * An exception is made here to the rule at SNB * For company accounts, see SBO QE. regarding the use of the intercalator 9X: TS . . Financing * Add to SBN Q numbers 2/9 in Auxiliary Schedule S1. TSR . . . Sponsorship, patronage Q6 . Practice & procedure TV . Formation of businesses, incorporation * See Company law SBO QK Q9R . . Arbitration U . Personnel management Q9U C . Regulation of businesses * See Labour law SBN L * The main application of this class is to particular forms of enterprise (e.g. companies SBO Q). V . Production management . Substantive law VF . . Procurement, industrial purchasing * Add to SBN Q letters A/N in Auxiliary Schedule VFR . . . Leasing of equipment S1. VJS . . Warehousing, storage of goods * Add to SBN O letters O/Y in Auxiliary Schedule VMS . . Production standards S1 so far as applicable. VMV . . Product safety . Contract QE . . Commercial contracts (general)

QQ . Business management law * Classes SBN QQ/SBN Y are taken from TQ/TY, with some additions (e.g. under Sale of goods SBN XG). * Add to SBN QQ letters A/Z following TQ. * Add to SBN letters R/Y following T. * For retroactive synthesis of legal concepts, follow the instructions on the use of 9U/9Y at SBN.

56 SBNW Marketing SBNXP9XFG

Private law S9W Business law SBN Q Commercial law SBN Sale of goods SBN XG Business law SBN Q . Contract of sale SBN XGE Business management law SBN QQ . . Formation SBN XGE I Production management SBN V . . . . Conditions SBN XGE Q . Product safety SBN VMV . . . . . Caveat emptor SBN XGE QX

SBN W Marketing (general), marketing process SBN XGE R . . . . Warranties & guarantees * Most of the literature relates to the sale of goods; see XGE S . . Discharge of contract SBN XG. XGE TD . . . Lex commissorium W9Y J . By product or service sold XGE TF . . . Performance WGN . The Product * For CiF & FoB clauses, see SBN XP 9XFE. WGP . . Protection of interest in product XGE TM . . . . Weights & measures stipulation * For patent law, see SBM; for brand names, see . . Types of contracts SBM UN. XGE YV . . . Verbal agreements, statute of frauds WGP L . . . Licensing XGF P . Guaranty & surety WGY . . Product description, trade description . . Pledge * See also Misleading trade descriptions XGF QW . . . Earnest (industrial property) SBL XOV M . Liability WGY K . . . Information on product XGG G . . Products liability WGY L . . . Standards XGH P . Transfer of property & title WGY M . . . Weights & measures * For assignment, see Property law SBH PW. WGY Q . . . Composition of product, contents of product XGR . Sales documents WGY R . . . Fitness for purpose, quality XGS . . Invoices, bills WGY S . . . . Formal evidence XGT . . Documents of title * E.g. qualifications of personnel, hallmarks. * See also Negotiable instruments SBN GJS WGY V . . . Performance claims XGT L . . . Bills of lading WH . Packaging XGT N . . . Delivery orders WHL . . Labelling, consumer information XGT P . . . Store warrants, warehouse receipts, dock WHP . Pricing warrants, mercantile warrants * For price-fixing & retail price maintenance, see * See also Negotiable instruments SBN GJS Restraint of trade SBN EP. XGU . . . Certificates of deposit WHU . . Discount pricing XGV . Management of selling WHW . . . Promotional pricing, loss leaders * The notation at TXG A/W is amended here. WJ . Promotion law * Add to SBN XGV letters A/W following TXG. WL . . Advertising law XGV D . . Sales persons, salesforce * See also Consumer protection SBN XRH XGV N . . . Salesmanship WLR Q . . . Fraudulent claims XGV OB . . Servicing the customer XFR Q . . Sales, pricecutting XGV OG . . . After-sales service XG . Sale of goods, selling XGV PS . . Delivery of goods * An exception is made here to the rule at SBN regarding the use of the intercalator 9X, as XGV PV . . . Stoppage in situ indicated below. This applies only to the general XGV Q . . Payment procedures class SBN XG; if the subclasses XH Channels (SBN XGR/SBN XGY) are qualified by legal XHW . Market intermediaries, middlemen concepts, follow the rules at SBN; e.g. Payments XHX . . Resellers, title holders procedure - Contracts SBN XGVQ 9XE XI . . Wholesaling law * The notation at TXG A/W is amended to allow XJJ . . Agents & brokers for this arrangement; see SBN XGV below. XLP . . Franchise marketing * Add to SBN XG numbers and letters 2/9, A/N in Auxiliary Schedule S1. XM Markets * Add to SBN XGO letters O/Y in Auxiliary XO . Foreign marketing, international marketing, Schedule S1 so far as applicable. import-export selling XGE . . Contract of sale XP . . Export sales XGE I . . . Formation XP9 XE . . . Contract XGE N . . . . Intention XP9 XFE . . . . Special contracts XGE NR . . . . . Earnest XP9 XFF . . . . . CiF clauses XGE P . . . . Terms & conditions XP9 XFG . . . . . FoB clauses XGE Q . . . . . Conditions XGE QX ...... Caveat emptor

57 SBNXQ SBOHS Commercial law

Business law SBN Q Law S Business management law SBN QQ Substantive law S9V B Marketing SBN W Private law S9W Markets SBN XM Commercial law SBN Foreign marketing SBN XO Business law SBN Q . . . . FoB clauses SBN XP9 XFG . . . . . Redemption SBN YHW

SBN XQ Consumer law, consumer market Types of economic enterprises * See also Consumer credit SBN GK * The classes below (SBO G/SBO X) reflect * See also specific topics in marketing law; e.g. enterprises defined by structure and by legal Product description SBN WGY; After-sales characteristics. For enterprises defined by product, see SBN XGV OG. SBP/SBQ. * An exception is made here to the rule at SBN Types by size, etc. regarding the use of the intercalator 9X: SBN YI . * For Project management, see SBO_HV, for Small * Add to SBN XQ numbers 2/9 & letters A/N in businesses, see SBO_I Auxiliary Schedule S1. YNR By capital distribution & ownership * Add to SBN XQO letters O/Y in Auxiliary Schedule * The notation at TYNR/TYO is adjusted here; see S1 so far as applicable. under Types of enterprise by structure & ownership, at XQ9 UC . Regulation SBO G. * See also Consumer protection SBN RH XQE . Contract XQG . Tort Types of enterprises by structure & ownership XRH . Protection of consumers XRR . . Complaints by consumers SBO G . Business enterprises, businesses, The Merchant XT . Retailing law * This class takes works on the legal position of the XUR . . Shops & shopping various types of individual enterprises per se. XVO . . Self-service retailing * Do not qualify this general class (SBO G) by XWQ . . Auctions classes SBN Q/Y Management (from TQ/TY); the concept of businesses is implicit in those classes. XWS . . Mail order selling * See also Corporate persons (general) SBC TB XXH . . Direct selling, home selling * Add to SBO letters G/Y following TM, with the XXI . . . Cold calling adjustments indicated. * Calling uninvited & obtaining a questionable * Any given type of enterprise may be qualified, so far agreement to purchase. as applicable, as follows (where the hyphen XXN . . Markets & fairs represents the classmark of the enterprise): XXQ . . Vending machine selling * Add to - numbers 2/9 following SBN & letters A/M Other markets following SBO Q (companies) * See also specific products, services, etc.; e.g. * Add to -N letters D/U following SBO H investments acquisition SBN GLT. * An example of the application of these instructions YB . Organizational markets, institutional markets is given at Small businesses SBO I. YD . Government market, government contracting G9U C . . Regulation of businesses YDC . . Government contracts . . . Identification YE . Second-hand market G9U I . . . . Names YG . Services market . . Special operations Special legal categories of selling * Add to SBO H letters D/U following TMH O * The notation at TYI/TYR is amended here; for types (with the amendments indicated). of business enterprises, see SBO G et seq. HD . . . Government reorganization of businesses, * For conditional sale, see Instalment credit setting up businesses by government SBN GKL. * For company formation, see SBO QK. YHL . Sale by description HE . . . . Economic assistance to businesses YHN . Sale by sample HF . . . . . Subsidies to businesses, grants to YHP . Bulk sales businesses YHR . Judicial sale HH . . . . Enforced closure, enforced contraction * See also Foreclosure (+mortgages+) HJ . . . . Compensation for government regulatory SBJ O9G WF measure YHT . Tax sales, tax-titles HM . . . . . Compulsory sharing of resources YHV . Pre-emption HP . . . . . Restrictions on use of resources YHW . Redemption, repurchase HQ ...... Rationing HR ...... Substitution of resources HS ...... Rationalization of resources

58 SBOHU Company law SBOQFQOQ

Private law S9W Private law S9W Commercial law SBN Commercial law SBN Business enterprises SBO G Business enterprises SBO G Special operations Private sector undertakings SBO N . . Compensation for government regulatory measure SBO HJ Partnerships SBO P . . . . Rationalization of resources SBO HS . Limited partnership SBO PW

SBO HU . . Transfer of ownership by government SBO Q Company law, corporation law (Am.), incorporated * For Nationalization, see SBO IMU; for companies, public limited companies, privatization, see SBO NMU. limited liability companies Types by size, etc. Q6 . Practice & procedure HX . Projects, project management Q9U C . Regulation I . Small businesses Q9U I . Name of company IE . . Financial management QA . Management IN . . Special operations * Add to SBO Q intercalators A/H for management INE . . . Government assistance aspects, as listed at SBN QQ, with the INE 38 . . . . Business Expansion Scheme adjustments indicated below. QAF B . . Directors, board of directors QAF BR . . . Duties & responsibilities of directors Types by sector QAF BT . . . . Disclosure of interest J . Public sector undertakings, public service QAF BV . . . Remuneration of directors industries, public ownership, state QAF C . . . Non-executive directors ownership QAF D . . . Executive directors J9U C . . Regulation QAF DG . . . Company chairman, company president . . Government transfer of ownership QAF DS . . . Shadow directors JMU . . . Nationalization QAF DW . . . Worker directors K . . Nationalized industries QAF E . . . Chief executive, managing-director M . . Municipal enterprises, local government QAF J . . Officers enterprises QCY . . Accounting * Normal synthesis by Management intercalators N . Private sector undertakings, private industry, The A/H is interrupted here; it is resumed at Firm SBO QH. N9U C . . Regulation * Add to SBO QD letters A/Q following SBN T . . . Government transfer of ownership (taken from TT Accounting); e.g. Divisional accounting SBO QDQ Y. NMU . . . . Privatization QE . . Financial management NX . . Foreign firms * Add to SBO QE letters A/Y following TTR. NY . . Unincorporated firms QF . . . Capital raising, acquisition of funds * For unincorporated bodies in general, see * Add to SBO QF letters A/QO following SBC TC. TTS. O . . Sole owners, one-person companies QFK . . . . Internal funding, self-financing P . . Partnerships, companies (Am.) QFK N . . . . . Reserves * For Joint ventures, see SBO UV. QFN . . . . External funding PKP J . . . Articles of partnership QFO . . . . . Loan capital, debt capital PKP X . . . . Dissolution of partnership QFQ . . . . . Securities, shares . . . Parties QFQ LS ...... Registration of shares PR . . . . Partners QFQ LT ...... Purchase of company shares PS . . . . . Joint partnerships QFQ M ...... Flotation, issuing company shares PT . . . . . Silent partner, sleeping partner QFQ MP ...... Allotment of company shares PU . . . . . Partnerships limited by shares QFQ MX ...... Transfer of company shares PV . . . . Third parties QFQ MY ...... Transmission of company shares PW . . . Limited partnership QFQ NU ...... Options QFQ OQ ...... Investors * Use SBO QG; normal synthesis by TTS Q is interrupted here; it is resumed at SBO QGP.

59 SBOQG SBOQU Company law

Business enterprises SBO G Commercial law SBN Private sector undertakings SBO N Business enterprises SBO G Company law SBO Q Private sector undertakings SBO N Capital raising SBO QF Company law SBO Q . External funding SBO QFN Management SBO QA . . . Investors SBO QFQ OQ . . . . Dividends SBO QJP

SBO QG . . . Shareholders SBO QK Formation & reorganization of business QGA BT . . . . Disclosure of interest * Add to SBO QK letters D/Y following TTV, with the QGE . . . . Meetings of shareholders additions indicated. QGF . . . . . Voting of shareholders QKK . Valuation of businesses QGH . . . . Types of shareholders by general QKP . Incorporation of businesses characteristics * Formation of business as a legal entity. * Add to SBO QGH letters W/Y following . . Agents SA. QKP 38 . . . Promoters * Add to SBO QGI letters B/C following SB. . . Elements QGJ . . . . Types of shareholders by special * For Company names, see SBO Q9U I. characteristics QKP J . . . Memorandum of association, articles of * Add to SBO QGJ letters R/X following association, certificate of incorporation TGO; e.g. Government as investor (Am.) SBO QGJ W. QKP K . . . . Table A QGK . . . . . Majority shareholders * Model articles of association QGL . . . . . Minority shareholders QKP L . . . . Other tables QGM . . . . . Nominee shareholders QKP M . . . Objects clause QGP . . . Types of securities QKP P . . . . Ultra vires * Normal synthesis by TTS Q is resumed here QKP Q . . . De facto incorporation (Am.) after its interruption at SBO QFQ OQ. QKP X . Disincorporation * See also Securities (investment) SBN GPH QKQ . Reorganization of companies, corporate * Add to SBO QG letters PJ/X following TG. reorganization QGQ B . . . . Bearer bonds * This class deals with the operations involved in QGQ Y . . . . Stocks & share (together) reorganization, etc. For the types of companies QGR B . . . . . Stocks, fixed interest securities which may result from these, see SBO T/SBO X. QGR C ...... Non-voting shares * For nationalization, see SBO IMU. QGR D ...... Debentures QKV . . Insider deals QGR P ...... Preference shares, preferred stock QL . . Combination of businesses (Am.) * Add to SBO QL letters C/L following TTW; e.g. QGR PT ...... Convertible preference shares QLE . . . Mergers, amalgamations, amalgamations, QGS . . . . . Shares, ordinary shares, equities, common consolidation of companies stock (Am.) QLG . . . Takeovers QGT M . . . . . Scrip, warrant scrip QLG T . . . . Management buyouts QH . Other sources of funds QLH . . Divestiture, divestment * Nornal synthesis by SBN T (taken from TT) is QLK . Failure of businesses resumed here after its interruption at SBO QCY. QLL . . Bankruptcy * Add to SBO QH letters R/V following TTS; e.g. QLN . . Winding-up, liquidation, dissolution grants SBO QHR S. QM Special operations QHS . . Leasing * Add to SBO QM letters D/U following SBO H so QHV . . Franchising far as applicable; e.g. QHV Y Use of funds QMD . Government reorganization of companies * Add to SBO QH letters VY/Y following TTS. QP Other resources in company management QHW . Capital expenditure * Add to SBO QP letters U/YG following T; e.g. QI . Corporate investment Labour force SBO QPU; Production management * Add to SBO QI letters J/Y following TTT SBO QPV. * Add to SBO QJ letters J/M following TTU QS Types of companies QJN . Distribution of profits * For Incorporated companies in general, use SBO Q. * Add to SBO QJ letters N/Y following TTU * Add to SBO Q letters U/X following TMQ. QJP . . Dividends * Add to SBO letters R/X following TM, with the adjustments indicated. QU . Quoted companies

60 SBOQW Commercial law SBPGN

Private law S9W Law S Commercial law SBN Substantive law S9V B Business enterprises SBO G Private law S9W Private sector undertakings SBO N Commercial law SBN Company law SBO Q Business enterprises SBO G . . Quoted companies SBO QU . . . Other private organizations SBO XR

SBO QW . . Registered companies Economic & business enterprises by product QX . . . Joint-stock companies * The rules for retroactive synthesis given at SBN do not * If distinguished from the general class SBO Q. apply to particular industries; see the special provision RB . . . Private companies made for Transport (SBP) & Agriculture (SBQ T). RD . . . . Limited private companies RF . . . . Unlimited private companies SBO Y . Transport & communications law RH . . . Close companies RJ . . . Public companies SBP . . Transport law, carriage of goods & passengers RU . . . . Limited by guarantee * Nearly all the literature relating to the earlier RV . . . Unlimited companies facets (i.e. preceding Types of transport) concerns S . . Combines, industrial combinations, cartels, those facets as found within a particular type of industrial trusts (Am.) transport (e.g. sea transport) . The detailed T . . Conglomerate corporations schedule in SBP is applicable to each type; see TX . . Holding companies SBQ A Sea transport for an example. UD . . Subsidiary companies * See also International law of transport SDB P. * Add to SBP and to all the specific forms of UM . . Consortia, groups of companies transport in SBP VY/SBQ I as follows (where * Temporary groupings to undertake large-scale works. the hyphen represents the classmark added to): UV . . Joint ventures * Add to - numbers 2/9 & letters A/H in Auxiliary * At least one foreign enterprise combining with a Schedule S1, but including the special use of 9U local one. given at SBN 9U. V . . Multinational companies, international business * Add to -I letters I/Y in Auxiliary Schedule S1, so enterprises (Am.) far as applicable. VX . . Global companies 9UC . . . Regulation W Cooperative societies, cooperatives 9UD . . . . Regulatory agencies * For cooperative ownership of dwellings, see SBK QG. 9UE . . . . . Persons WU . Industrial & provident societies (general) 9UF . . . . . Organizations WV . Producers’ cooperatives, industrial cooperatives . . . . Operations XB . . Marketing boards 9UH . . . . . Registration, licensing XD . . Workers’ producer cooperatives, integral 9UI . . . . . Identification (tranport law) cooperatives 9UJ . . . . . Inspection XF . . Professional producer cooperatives * For investigation of accidents, see XH . . Agricultural cooperatives SBP PQ. XJ . Trading cooperatives ...... Personnel XK . . Wholesale cooperatives 9UJ E ...... Inspectors XM . . Retail cooperatives 9UK . . . . . Testing XR Other private organizations 9UL . . . . . Enforcement of transport regulations * Arrange A/Z. 9UM S . . . . . Stopping & arrest 9UP . . . . . Government regulation 9UR . . . . . Self-regulation 9UT . . . . . Planning * Alternative (not recommended) to treating separately under Planning law SBK QQ. * If this option is taken, planning law will be distributed under the particular forms of transport; e.g. Railway transport planning SBQ E9U T. E . . . Contract * For contracts of carriage, see SBP UE. G . . . Tort GDG . . . . Liability * For transport accidents, see SBP P. GN . . . . . Personal injuries (transport liability)

61 SBPGS SBPSI Transport law

Private law S9W Transport & communications law SBO Y Commercial law SBN Transport law SBP Transport & communications law SBO Y Operations & processes Transport law SBP . Traffic SBP LD Tort SBP G . . Operation of vehicles SBP M . . Personal injuries SBP GN . . . Other operations SBP NX

SBP GS . . Damage to property (transport liability) SBP O . . Safety I Other branches of law in relation to transport P . . . Accidents INH . Insurance PQ . . . . Investigation of accidents * For transport insurance, see SBN HPY. PR . . . . Collision IX . Constitutional law PS . . . . Fire & explosions IXC W . . Rights of transport personnel PV . . . . Special to particular transport forms IXK . . Public administration QE . . Environmental effects * For regulation of transport, use SBP 9UC. QF . . . Pollution by vehicles Agents of transport operations QI . Searches of vehicles * For vehicles and supporting infrastructure, see SBP QJ . Tolls QN; for forwarding agents, see Carriers SBP TR. QL . Charges, fares JN . Owners QN Infrastructure & vehicles in general JP . Operators QO . Design requirements JT . Others agents * For example, agents ashore (marine transport) QR . Transport infrastructure * SBQ AJT. This is nearly always considered in relation to a particular transport form - e.g. roads in land transport, KA . Personnel harbours in sea transport, etc. This class takes only the * Add to SBP K letters B/VD following SBN L. concepts in general. KVW . . Types by general characteristics * See also Traffic control systems SBP LH * Add to SBP KV letters W/Y following SBN L. QS . . Track . . Types special to transport * Roads, railway tracks, airlanes, etc. KW . . . Drivers, main operators of vehicles QTC . . . Accessories to track KX . . . Other technical personnel QTE . . . . Bridges KY . . . Other personnel QTG . . . . Tunnels Operations & processes QTJ . . . . . Other LB . Routes * See Road transport for an example of special LD . Traffic accessories (at SBQ DQT C). LD9 UC . . Regulation QU . . . Types of track * For traffic control, use SBP LE; for traffic QV . . Stations, terminals offences, see Operation of vehicle SBP N. QX . . Accessories special to particular transport forms * For regulation as an operation designed to * E.g. canal locks. improve the efficiency of traffic movement, see QY . Users other than vehicles Transport technology in Class U/V. * Notably, pedestrians in road transport (SBQ DQY). LE . . Traffic control, control of traffic R . Vehicles . . . Codes RO . . Safety standards LE5 N . . . . Traffic rules . . Properties LH . . . Control systems RU . . . Condition of vehicle LJ . . . . Automatic aids RV . . . Faulty construction LL . . . . Signalling systems RX . . . Special to a particular part/type of vehicle LN . . . . Warning systems . . Parts of vehicles LQ . . . . Tracking SB . . . Body, hull, etc. LX . . . . Special hazards SC . . . Machinery * For example, low-flying aircraft in air transport. SD . . . . Electrical equipment M . . Operation of vehicles SE . . . . Automatic equipment * Driving, navigating, etc. SF . . . . By special function MN . . . Control systems * Arrange A/Z. MO . . . . Automatic aids SG . . Types * For goods & passenger vehicles, see SBP UR. NK . . . Speed limits . . . By ownership NP . . . Parking & stopping SH . . . . Private vehicles NX . . . Other operations * Arrange A/Z. SI . . . . Other * Arrange A/Z.

62 SBPSJ Water transport law SBQAKYPB

Commercial law SBN Private law S9W Transport & communications law SBO Y Commercial law SBN Transport law SBP Transport & communications law SBO Y Infrastructure & vehicles in general SBP QN Transport law SBP . . . By ownership Mixed medium SBP VY . . . . Other SBP SI . Hovercraft SBP W

SBP SJ . . . . Nationality of ships SBP X Water transport law SK . . . By propulsion method * See also Water resources planning SBK TX SL . . . . Nuclear vehicles Y . International waters (general) SN . . . Special to form of transport * See also International law SDB PY * E.g. containers (goods vehicles). Types of transport by contractual characteristics SBQ A . Maritime law, sea transport law, ocean transport TC . Carriers law, shipping law, high seas law TD . . Common carriers * For law of the sea (international waters, etc.) see TF . . Ferries SDB QA; for Rhodian laws, etc. see * See Maritime transport SBQ ATF SDB QA5 A7U. TP . . Private carriers * For Admiralty law, see Courts SBQ A7W 6H. TR . . Forwarding agents . . Codes Types of transport by thing carried A5Q . . . Maritime laws TY . Carriage of goods & passengers together * For Rhodian laws, etc. see SDB QA5 A7U. U . . Carriage of goods, goods transport A6E . . Courts & court procedure UQL . . . Charges A7W . . . Admiralty Court UQM . . . . Cash on delivery . . . . Jurisdiction UR . . . Vehicles A7W 6H . . . . . Admiralty law UU . . . Tare A8 . . Actions * Weight of container or vehicle, as distinct from . . . Actions in rem net weight. A9S L . . . . Arrest of ships UV . . . Goods A9U C . . Regulation . . . . Types of goods A9U H . . . Ships’ registration UW . . . . . Dangerous goods * For flags of convenience, see SBQ ASJ P. UX . . . . . Animals A9U I . . . Identification UY . . . . . Other transport goods A9U IR . . . . Ships’ papers * Arrange A/Z. A9U IS . . . . Flags V . . Carriage of passengers, passenger transport law AFP . . Guaranty VV . . . Luggage AFQ V . . . Hypothecation, ship mortgages VW . . . Passengers AFQ VS . . . . Maritime lien VX . . . Types of passengers AFQ X . . . . Bottomry * Arrange A/Z. * Hypothecation of ship itself. VXS . . . Stowaways AFQ Y . . . . Respondentia * Hypothecation of cargo alone. AG . . Tort Types of transport by medium AGD G . . . Liability * Each type is divided like SBP Transport in general. with the adjustments indicated under particular types. . . Insurance VY . Mixed medium AHQ . . . Maritime insurance, marine insurance * Alternative (not recommended) to locating W . . Hovercraft under insurance law SBN HQ. . . Agents of operations . . . Owners & operators AJN . . . . Shipowners AJT . . . . Agents ashore . . . Personnel AKA . . . . Seamen, merchant seamen AKD . . . . . Marine unions AKU W . . . . . Conditions of work narrowly AKU WY ...... Accommodation on shipboard ...... Citizenship rights AKY PB ...... Welfare in port

63 SBQALD SBQAUJYF Maritime law

Transport & communications law SBO Y Transport law SBP Transport law SBP Water transport law SBP X Water transport law SBP X Maritime law SBQ A Maritime law SBQ A Infrastructure & vehicles SBQ AQN Agents of operations . . Safety SBQ ARO . . . . Welfare in port SBQ AKY PB . . . . Loadline SBQ ARO PX Operations & processes . . Parts of vessels SBQ ALD . Sea traffic SBQ ASC . . . Machinery & equipment ALE . . Control of sea traffic ASE . . . . Electrical installations . . . Codes ASF . . . . Automated equipment ALF . . . . Rules of the road at sea . . Types of vessels ALN . . . Lighthouses & lightships . . . By owner ALP . . . Pilotage ASI . . . . State owned vessels AM . . Navigation ASJ . . . . . Nationality (ships) AMO . . . Automated navigation ASJ P ...... Flags of convenience AMP . . . . Automatic pilots . . . By propulsion AO . . Safety at sea in general ASL . . . . Nuclear-powered ships * See also Vessels SBQ ARO . . . By special function AP . . . Accidents ASN . . . . Submarines APR . . . . Collision at sea * Commercial only; for military submarines APV . . . . Abandonment of ship see International law SDW NR. APW . . . . Assistance & salvage ASO . . . . Offshore support vessels APW S . . . . . By ship ASP . . . . Pleasure craft APW T ...... Lifeboats ASQ . . . . . Yachts APW V . . . . . Air-sea rescue Types of services by contract characteristics AQA . . . . . Salvage ATD . Common carriers AQB ...... Towage ATF . . Ferries AQB T ...... Tugs ATP . Private carriers AQB V ...... Divers Types of services by thing carried AQB W ...... Wrecks AU . Carriage of goods by sea AQE . . Environmental effects AUE . . Contract AQF . . Pollution by sea transport * For C.i.f. and F.o.b. clauses, see Sale of goods contracts SBN XP9 XFE; for Maritime liens, AQH . . Searches of ships see SBQ AFQ VS. * See International law SDB QAQ H AUF F . . . Affreightment AQN Infrastructure & vehicles * For Hague rules (1921) and Hamburg rules AQR . Infrastructure (1978) see International law SDB QAU FF5. AQT . . Sea lanes AUF G . . . . Freight AQV . . Ports & harbours * Money paid by a charterer or shipper to a AQV S . . . Harbourmasters shipowner for the use of his ship, or space AQV T . . . Port charges on it, for the carriage of goods. AQV U . . . . Tonnage fees AUF H . . . . . Types of freight AQV W . . . Docks * Arrange A/Z. AR . Ships, vessels * E.g. dead freight. ARO . . Safety AUF I . . . . Ocean bills of lading ARO 9UC . . . Regulation * For Hague Rules (1921) see SDB QAU FF5. ARO 9UQ . . . . Maritime Safety Committee of the AUF J . . . . Charter parties Intergovernmental Maritime AUF KE . . . . . Voyage charter Consultative Organization AUF KG . . . . . Time charter . . . Personnel AUF KH ...... Lay days, laytime ARO KA . . . . Manning requirements AUF KJ ...... Demurrage ARO P . . . Hazards . . Agents ARO PS . . . . Fire & fire prevention * For Ocean freight forwarders, see Carriers ARO PV . . . . Infestation control SBQ AUT R. ARO PW . . . . Tonnage measures AUJ YB . . . Agents ashore ARO PX . . . . Loadline AUJ YD . . . Shipbrokers AUJ YF . . . Transit agents

64 SBQAUJYH Land transport SBQDTT

Transport law SBP Private law S9W Water transport law SBP X Commercial law SBN Maritime law SBQ A Transport & communications law SBO Y . . Carriage of goods by sea SBQ AU Transport law SBP . . . Agents Water transport law SBP X . . . . Transit agents SBQ AUJ YF . . Seabed exploitation SBQ BS

SBQ AUJ YH . . . . Stevedores SBQ C Land transport, inland transport (general) . . . By contractual characteristics CQN . Infrastructure & vehicles AUT C . . . . Carriers CQP . . Landscape . . . . . Forwarding agents CQU B . . Bridges AUT R ...... Ocean freight forwarders CQU D . . Tunnels . . . By goods carried CQU F . . . Underwater tunnels AUV . . . . Cargoes CR . . Vehicles AUW . . . . . Dangerous cargoes * See particular forms of land tranport below. AUY . . . . . Specific types of goods D . Road transport law, highway transport law * Arrange A/Z. DKW . . Drivers of road vehicles AUY GR ...... Grain DKW JP . . . Licensing AUY OI ...... Oil DKW JT . . . Testing AUY OIS N ...... Tankers DLD . . Road traffic in general, motor traffic AUY TI ...... Timber cargoes, lumber cargoes DLH . . . Control systems AV . . Carriage of passengers by sea DLL . . . . Signalling Other forms of water transport DLM . . . . . Road signs BB . Domestic shipping, coastal shipping DLN . . . . . Traffic lights * Includes works covering domestic services DM . . . Driving using inland waterways as well as sea. * For road traffic offences, see SBW UA. BD . Inland water transport DNK . . . . Speed limits BE . . River & lake transport DNP . . . . Stopping & parking BEX . . . Lake transport DO . . . Safety * If distinguished from river and lake DP . . . . Accidents on road transport. DQJ . . . Tolls BF . . Canal transport DQR . . Infrastructure BH . . International waterways transport DQS . . . Roads, highways * For international status, control, etc., see DQT C . . . . Accessory structures International law SDB Q; for international * See also Traffic control systems SBQ DLH waters (general), see SDB QBH...... Special accessories * For individual rivers, see the region concerned (in international law) SDK NU. DQT L ...... Lighting Other water-based business DQT N ...... Verges of roads, sidewalks, pavement BJ . Fisheries DQT P ...... Pedestrian crossings BK . . Non-tidal water fisheries, private fisheries DQT S ...... Road signs BL . . Tidal water fisheries, inshore fisheries DQT T ...... Road works BM . . High seas fisheries DQT W ...... Traffic wardens . . . Personnel . . . . Types of roads BMK . . . . Fishermen DQU B . . . . . Private roads . . . Environmental effects DQU D . . . . . Unadopted roads BMQ E . . . . Conservation laws for fish DQU F . . . . . Motorways BMR . . . Fishing boats, factory ships . . Users other than vehicles BP . . By type of fish DQY . . . Pedestrians * Arrange A/Z. DR . . Motor vehicles, motor cars, automobiles, private BS . Seabed exploitation cars DRJ P . . . Licensing DRJ T . . . Testing . . . Types by contract characteristics DTC . . . . Common carriers DTP . . . . Private cars DTT . . . . Caravans, trailers

65 SBQDU SBQMP Transport law

Transport law SBP Commercial law SBN Land transport SBQ C Transport & communications law SBO Y . Road transport law SBQ D Transport law SBP . . Motor vehicles SBQ DR . . Air transport law SBQ F . . . Types by contract characteristics . . . Infrastructure SBQ FQR . . . . Caravans SBQ DTT . . . . Airports SBQ FQV . . . Types by thing carried . . . Vehicles . . . . Carriage of goods by road SBQ FR . . . . Aircraft SBQ DU . . . . . Road haulage * Includes all types - lighter-than-air as well as . . . . . Operators heavier-than-air. DUJ WP ...... Hauliers FRO . . . . . Safety DUR . . . . . Goods motor vehicles, lorries, trucks FRO P ...... Airworthiness DUS N ...... Light goods vehicles . . . . . Parts DUS P ...... Heavy goods vehicles FSF ...... Automatic flying aids DUS R ...... Containers (road haulage) . . . . . Types * For heavier-than-air craft, use SBR FR. DV . . . . Carriage of passengers by road * For private passenger cars, see SBQ DR. FSN ...... Lighter-than-air craft DVS N . . . . . Buses, coaches FSP ...... Airships, dirigibles DVS P ...... School buses FSQ ...... Balloons DVS Q . . . . . Tramways, street railways G . . Space law, aerospace law, space flight law * See also International law SDK T DVS T . . . . . Taxicabs, hired cars . . . Vehicles DVS V . . Motorbikes GR . . . . Spacecraft, space vehicles DVS W . . Bicycles . . . . . Operations E . Railway transport law GRL P ...... Tracking spacecraft ELD . . Traffic . . . . . Types ELH . . . Control systems GSK ...... Rockets ELL . . . . Signalling systems GSM ...... Space shuttle EQR . . Infrastructure GSN ...... Artificial satellites EQS . . . Permanent way * For satellites serving specific functions, EQW . . . Stations see function - e.g. Telecommunications, EQX B . . . Frontier sections of railway lines Environmental survey. . . Vehicles GSS ...... Space stations ER . . . Rolling stock . . Other transport forms . . Types of railways H . . . Local transit (general) ESN . . . Underground railways I . . . Pipelines ESP . . . Monorail transport F Air transport law, aviation law L Communications law . Agents * For freedom of expression, censorship, etc., see FJW . . Airlines, commercial aviation Human rights law SCD C; for intellectual property, FK . . Personnel see SBL K; for Informations sciences & computer FKW . . . Aircrew, flight crew law, see SBV 7. FKW R . . . . Pilots * Add to SBQ L itself and to the specific forms of FKX . . . Cabin crew communication in SBQ M/S as follows (where the . Operations & Processes hyphen represents the classmark added to): FLD . . Traffic * Add to - numbers & letters 2/9,A/I in Auxiliary Schedule S1 but including the special use of 9U given FLE . . . Air traffic control, flight control at SBN 9U FLR . . . Low-flying aircraft * Add to -J letters J/Y in Auxiliary Schedule S1 so far as FQE . . Environmental effects applicable. FQG . . . Vibration M . Postal service, mail FQH . . . Noise, sonic boom * For offences committed through the mail, see * See also Nuisance (torts) SBG MV Criminal law SBW WN. FQK . . Charter flights * See also International law of postal services FQR . Infrastructure SDB QM (including Universal Postal Union). FQS . . Airlanes MP . . Rates of postage FQV . . Airports

66 SBQMQ Communications law SBQTNDTAIB

Private law S9W Substantive law S9V B Commercial law SBN Private law S9W Transport & communications law SBO Y Commercial law SBN Communications law SBQ L Transport & communications law SBO Y Postal service SBQ M . . . . Selling time . Rates of postage SBQ MP . . . . . Advertising fees SBQ RNX GV

. Classes of mail SBQ RS . . . . Frequencies allocation, wavelengths * For postal orders, etc. see Money SBN FXR W...... Agencies SBQ MQ . . Parcel post RST ...... International Frequencies MR . . Foreign mail Registration Board MS . . Surface mail RTB . . . . Broadcasting stations MT . . Airmail post RTC . . . . . Receivers MU . . Registered post RTE . . . . . Cable transmission MV . . Insured mail RTF . . . . . Satellite transmission MW . Non-mailable merchandise RTP . . . . Programmes MX . Private postal services RTQ . . . . . Particular forms or subjects N Publications (general), publishing * Arrange A/Z. * Communicating & making available to the public. * For example, religious broadcasting. * For copyright, see SBL K; for defamation, see RV . . . . Radio broadcasting SBG NV and SBW HNV (as criminal offence). RVT B . . . . . Stations NP . Right of reply in publications RVT J ...... Aeronautical radio stations . By medium RVT L ...... Mobile radio stations * Each medium may be qualified like SBQ N. RVT N ...... Amateur radio, citizens’ band radio, O . . Mass media (general), media law CB radio ONP . . . Right of reply S . . . . Television broadcasting OT . . Printed matter (general) STB . . . . . Stations OV . . . Books, bookselling STE ...... Cable television P . . . The Press STF ...... Satellite television * For freedom of the press, see Human rights SCD C * See also Libel & slander SBG O and SY Agriculture & industry together SBW HO (as criminal offence); Copyright * Add to SBQ SY and to all the specific forms of SBL K; Official secrets SCL VS industry in SBQ T/Y as follows (where the PNP . . . . Right of reply hyphen represents the classmark added to): PS . . . . Newspapers * Add to - numbers & letters 2/9,A/N in Auxiliary * Many works treat these as virtually Schedule S1. synonymous with the Press in general. * Add to -O letters O/Y in Auxiliary Schedule S1 Locate here only those which exclude the so far as applicable. periodicals press. T Agriculture PV . . . . Periodicals, magazines, journals TE . Contracts * See note under Newspapers above. TH . Property Q Telecommunications law TI . . Inheritance & succession QR . Telegraphy, teletype TJ . . Real property QS . . Submarine telegraph, submarine cables . . . Tenure QT . Telephones TJH J . . . . Farm tenure (general) QU . . Radio telephones . . . Common land QV . . Telex TJM . . . . Countryside rights of public QX . . Fax TJM P . . . . . Footpath rights QYE . Electronic mail TJQ T . . . Entail R . Broadcasting, radio & television . . . . Leasehold interest * See also Performing arts law SBV WY TJR . . . . . Agricultural holdings RNP . . Right to reply TJR T ...... Metayer system RNW L . . Advertising TJR V ...... Emphyteusis . . Selling time TNA B . Government intervention RNX GT . . . License fees TNA GR . . Grants RNX GV . . . Advertising fees TNA HD . . Production controls, quotas TND T . . Price regulation TND TAI B . . . Price supports

67 SBQTNG SBS Commercial law

Private law S9W Substantive law S9V B Commercial law SBN Commercial law SBN Economic & business enterprises by product . . Other forms of enterprise by product . Agriculture SBQ T . . . Industrial law SBQ U . . Government intervention SBQ TNA B . . . . Energy technology SBQ UM . . . . Price supports SBQ TND TAI B . . . . . Electronic & electrical energy SBQ UP

. . Credit SBQ VG . . . . Mining, mineral extraction technology SBQ TNG . . . Agricultural credit VGR . . . . . Concessions TNG IM . . . . Farm loans institutions VGS . . . . . Equipment & use TNV . . Production management * Arrange A/Z. TNV FR . . . Leasing farm equipment * For example, drills. TNW . . Marketing VGT . . . . . Prospecting, exploration TNW GY . . . Product standards, grading products VGW . . . . . Seabed mining TO . . Other substantive law in agriculture VHB . . . . . Solid fuels extraction * Add to SBQ TO letters O/Y in Auxiliary VHC ...... Coal mining Schedule S1 so far as applicable. VHM . . . . . Metals mining . . Specific agricultural products VHN ...... Iron mining * The notation for these is not yet finalized. VHP ...... Non-ferrous metals mining Provisional arrangement may be A/Z under the * Arrange A/Z. following categories. VHR ...... Radioactive metals mining TP . . . Crops by product utility VHT . . . . . Non-metals mining * E.g. food crops, medicinal, industrial (oil- VHU ...... Quarrying yielding, etc.). VHW ...... Precious stones mining, semi-precious TQ . . . Crops by quasi-taxonomic categories stones mining * E.g. grain crops, fruit crops, vegetables. VI . . . . . Oil & gas extraction, petroleum extraction TR . . . Horticultural products * For petroleum refining, etc., see TS . . . Animal husbandry, livestock farming SBQ VK. TT . . . . Particular kinds of livestock VIG ...... Safety TU . . . Dairy farming VIG S ...... Equipment . . . . Particular products VIG SR ...... Oilrigs TUM . . . . . Milk & milk products VIO ...... Offshore oil extraction TUP . . . . . Poultry VIS ...... Gas extraction TUR . . . . . Other VJ . . . . Process industrial technology, chemical * Arrange A/Z. technology TV . Veterinary science VK . . . . . Petroleum technology TW . Forestry VL . . . . . Polymer technology TX . Wildlife exploitation, game laws VM . . . . . Fuel & explosives technology * For Fishing, see SBQ BJ. VP . . . . . Pharmaceutical technology Other forms of enterprise by product * Each specific industry may be divided analogously W . . . Service industries (general), retail industries to Agriculture SBQ T. * For specific services, see function; e.g. Banking services SBN FG. U . Industrial law, technologies * For industrial law in its narrower connotation, see X . . . . Special services Labour law SBN L. * Arrange A/Z. * Add to SBQ letters U/V. * Alternative (not recommended) to * The technology class in BC2 is not yet complete distributing under function. & notation is provisional. Y . . Other forms of enterprises UM . . Energy technology (general) * Add to SBQ Y numbers & letters 4/9, A/Z from the whole classification. UMT . . . Alternative energy sources * Arrange A/Z. * For example, tidal power. SBS Environmental law, ecology law, protection of UO . . . Nuclear energy environment UP . . . Electronic & electrical energy * Regulation of activities which threaten the quality of the environment (for all forms of life other than pathogenic forms) by excessive exploitation, pollution, etc. In the widest sense, includes town and country planning; but this is preferred with real property law (SBK). This clas takes completely general works (i.e. those dealing with environmental and planning law together).

68 SBS Private law SBTA9UM

Law S Law S Substantive law S9V B Substantive law S9V B Private law S9W Private law S9W Environmental law SBS Objects of control . Conservation of natural resources SBS W * An alternative (not recommended) is provided at SBJ X. . . Sustainability of resources SBS WP * See also Town & country planning SBK; public health SBT G; Population policy SBV KB. SBS WR . . Limitation of use of a resource * Add to SBS numbers & letters 2/9,A/N in Auxiliary WT . . Renewal of resources Schedule S1. X . Resources controlled * Add to SBS O letters O/Y in Auxiliary Schedule so far as * For conservation of cultural property, see applicable. SBV KKT; of archeological and historical sites, . Agents etc., see SBK NS. SBS PE . . Earth resources survey satellites * Add to SBSX numbers & letters 3/9, A/Z from the . Operations whole classification. PH . . Control & protection of environment XD . . Nature reserves, Sites of Special Scientific PI . . . Inspection Interest, SSSI Objects of control XEG O . . Ecology PN . Dangerous substances XEH T . . Wildlife conservation * An alternative (not recommended) is to locate under XEJ B . . Endangered species public health & safety SBT LP. XF . . Plant species conservation PQ . . Radioactive substances XG . . Animal species conservation PR . . . Nuclear wastes Y . Town & country planning PRS . . . . Reprocessing nuclear materials * Alternative (not recommended) to locating with real PT . . Toxic substances property law (SBK). PU . . . Specific poisons * Arrange A/Z. SBT A Social law & legislation, social services law Q . Waste control * Law primarily concerned with regulation of a number QQ . . Re-use of wastes, recycling of basic social conditions and relations. QS . . Sewage * The preferred arrangement in BC2 is to subordinate QT . . Refuse disposal the law of special subjects to those subjects, except where it is part of a long-established branch of law QU . . . Domestic wastes (e.g. law of persons, criminal law). Social law is not QV . . . Industrial wastes so firmly established, reflecting social and QW . . Litter technological developments which began on a R . Pollution control (general) significant scale only in the 19th century. * See also Public health hazards SBT J and the note * So the schedule below is only an alternative (not there. recommended) to distributing the law under the . . By source special subjects concerned. RR . . . Industrial pollution control * Add to SBT A and to the specific services in RS . . . Domestic pollution control SBT B/Y as follows, unless otherwise instructed (as RT . . . Radiation pollution control e.g. at SBT X Psychiatry). The hyphen represents the classmark added to: RU . . . Chemical pollution control * Add to - numbers & letters 2/9,A/G in Auxiliary RV . . . . Specific substances Schedule S1, but including the special use of -9U * Arrange A/Z. given at SBN 9U. RX . . . Smells, odours * Add to -H letters H/Y in Auxiliary Schedule S1, S . . . Noise pollution control except XKK (Actions of administrative agencies) ST . . . . Sonic boom which is provided for by -9U. . . By location A9U C . Regulation of services in social law * See also the general class for control of resources in . . Agents Town & country planning SBK. A9U E . . . Persons T . . . Land pollution control, ground pollution control A9U F . . . Organizations U . . . Water pollution control . . Operations UT . . . . Land-based water pollution A9U H . . . Registration in social services, licensing in UV . . . . Sea pollution social services V . . . Air pollution control, atmosphere pollution control A9U J . . . Inspection in social services W . Conservation of natural resources A9U K . . . Testing in social services * Conservation for narrowly economic purposes (e.g. of A9U L . . . Enforcement in social services fisheries stock) goes with the economic activity. A9U M . . . . Special forms of enforcement WP . . Sustainability of resources

69 SBTA9UP SBTKYP Public health & hygiene & safety

Substantive law S9V B Social law & legislation SBT A Private law S9W Health & medicine law SBT B Social law & legislation SBT A Preventive medicine SBT F Regulation of services in social law SBT A9U C Public health & hygiene & safety SBT G . . Enforcement in social services SBT A9U L Control measures SBT H . . . Special forms of enforcement SBT A9U M . Control of incidence of hazards SBT HW

SBT A9U P . . Government regulation of social services SBT HX . Zones for health & safety A9U R . . Self-regulation of social services HY Hazards in public health * Factors affecting public health which are susceptible to public regulation. B Health & medicine law * For these hazards in particular types of establishments, * The following schedule follows closely the order of etc., see SBT LT; for contagious diseases, see SBT Q. classes in HH/HY Medicine, but with substantial IB . Sanitation modifications to notation. * For Medical jurisprudence, see S8X. . . Particular sources BJ . Medical research ID . . . Heating & ventilation * See also Biological research SBV E. IDR . . . . Air conditioning BL . Medical experiments IE . . . Refrigeration systems BQ . Human biology research IF . . . Water supply BR . . Tissue, histology IG . . . Cleansing facilities BS . . Embryology * For Toilet facilities, see SBT KXH. BV . . Genetics IJ . . . Vermin (public health) * See also Genetic engineering SBV GRX F J . Pollution C . . Medical personnel, doctors * Public health regulation only; for pollution in * Add to SBT D numbers & letters 2/9,A/Y general, see Environmental law SBS R. following SBN L. * An alternative (not recommended) is to locate here those subclasses when they refer narrowly to human C34 G . . . Training of medical personnel health. In this case, proceed as follows: D . Medical practice * Add to SBTJ letters P/V following SBS; e.g. Sewage D9U C . . Regulation (health hazards) SBT JQS. . . . Registration K . Food, drink & drug laws D9U H . . . . Right to practice K9U J . . Inspection . . Liability torts KL . . Labelling laws, packaging food (public health) DGK . . . Negligence * See also Consumer law SBN XQ DGL R . . . Malpractice in medicine, medical compensation KM . . Additives in food, preservatives in food DHN L . . Labour law KN . . Adulteration * For medical personnel, use SBT C. KP . . Specific foodstuffs DQ . . Ethics * Arrange A/Z. DT . . Medical records KQ . . Drinks, beverages F . Preventive medicine, health & safety (general), * For alcohol, see SBT KT. health, environmental health & safety KS . . Drugs G . . Public health & hygiene & safety KT . . . Alcohol, liquor laws * See also Environmental law & pollution SBS KTI H . . . . Licensing hours . . . Registration KTL . . . . Public drinking of alcohol G9U H . . . . Certification KTM . . . . . Public houses G9U J . . . Inspection KU . . . Controlled drugs G9U L . . . Enforcement * See also Illicit possession (criminal law) G9U P . . . Government regulation SBW QJ GX . . . Health promotion, health education KV . . . . Specific drugs H . . . Control measures (public health & safety) * Arrange A/Z. HR . . . . Health standards KW . . . Tobacco, smoking HT . . . . Environmental design & planning (health & KXC . Cosmetics safety) KXF . Spitting * Primarily design for safety - see SBT L. KXH . Toilet facilities, public conveniences HV . . . . Supply of dangerous goods, sale of dangerous KY . Disposal of the dead, burial, cremation, cemeteries goods KYP . . Exhumation * Most of the literature refers to food & drugs; see SBT K. HW . . . . Control of incidence of hazards * E.g. control of outbreak of infections.

70 SBTL Health & medicine law SBTUXA

Private law S9W Private law S9W Social law & legislation SBT A Social law & legislation SBT A Health & medicine law SBT B Health & medicine law SBT B Preventive medicine SBT F Curative medicine SBT M . Public health & hygiene & safety SBT G . Patient care SBT MU . . . . Exhumation SBT KYP . . Rights of patients SBT MUF GN

SBT L . Safety, accident prevention SBT MY . . Nursing care * See also Product safety (general) SBN VMV; N . Clinical medicine Industrial safety SBN LVA * Investigation, diagnosis, treatment of pathological LI . . Accidents conditions. LJ . . . By specific cause NP . . Medical treatment, therapy * Arrange A/Z. * For treatment of specific disorders or organs, see * E.g. electrical faults. disorder or organ. LK . . Fire prevention & control NPI T . . . Consent to treatment, informed consent LL . . Explosives regulation NQJ H . . . Euthanasia, right to die LLW . . . Fireworks regulation NQL F . . . Permanent life support, prolongation of life, LM . . Firearms regulation, guns regulation, weapons vegetative state regulation NV . . . Drug treatment, chemotherapies LN . . Dangerous goods * For drug addiction, see SBT T. * For dangerous machinery, see SBN LVB. NVM Q . . . . Prescriptions LO . . Specific dangerous goods NXE R . . . . Proprietary medicines * Arrange A/Z. OA . . . . Specific drugs LOT . . . Toys (safety regulation) * Arrange A/Z. LP . . Dangerous substances OL . . . Surgery * Locate here only works dealing with the public OQ . . . . Transplant surgery health hazard; the main class for dangerous OQF V . . . . . of organs substances is in Environmental law (SBS PN). OWQ . Alternative medicine If in doubt, prefer the latter. OXC . . Homeopathy LQ . . . Radioactive substances P Death LQT . . . . Nuclear waste PQ . Autopsy LR . . . Poisons, toxic substances PR . Proof of death, certification of death LS . . . . Specific poisons PS . Causes of death * Arrange A/Z. Specific disorders & diseases LT . . Establishments * For public houses, see SBT KTM. Q . Communicable diseases, infectious diseases, LU . . . Hotels & restaurants, inns, motels notifiable diseases, contagious diseases LV . . . Public entertainment establishments . . Special regulations LW . . . . Specific types QS . . . Isolation, quarantine * Arrange A/Z. QT . . . Vaccination, immunization * E.g., stadia, theatres. . . Specific communicable diseases LX . . . Other establishments QV . . . Venereal diseases, sexually transmitted * Arrange A/Z. diseases LXS . . . . Slaughterhouses QW . . . Other communicable diseases M Curative medicine, medical care * Arrange A/Z. * For medical personnel, see SBT D; for general R . Other disorders practice, see SBT C. * Add to SBTR letters A/S & U/X following HS in * Retroactive synthesis within classes SBT M/W HSA/HSX. follows that in Class H, using the special Auxiliary RY . . Addictive disorders Schedules H1/H3. S . . . Alcoholism * For qualification by legal concepts, folow the Add T . . . Drug dependency instructions at SBN; e.g. Regulation of nursing care TB . . . . Specific drugs SBT MY9 UC. * Add to SBT T letters B/X following IWN in MN . Medical services (general) IWNB/IWNX. MO . Hospitals U Parts of the body MP . Sanatoria, nursing homes * Add to SBTU letters T/X following H in HT/HX MU . Patient care, patients UUL . Blood transfusion MUD B . . Patients’ records UXA . Reproductive system MUF GN . . Rights of patients * For Consent to treatment, see SBT NPI T.

71 SBTX SBUFBCB Social law & legislation

Substantive law S9V B Substantive law S9V B Private law S9W Private law S9W Social law & legislation SBT A Social law & legislation SBT A Health & medicine law SBT B Education law & legislation SBT Y . Parts of the body SBT U . Student welfare SBT YDU . . Reproductive system SBT UXA . . . . Other forms of assistance SBT YGB K

. Types of patients SBT YK . Curriculum * Add to SBTV letters D/Y following HX in YKT P . . Religion in schools HXD/HXY. YL . Schools * Add to SBTW letters C/S following HY in * In the common sense of schools serving children HYC/HYS. to the end of the secondary stage and prior to SBT X . Psychiatry, medical psychology, mental health higher education. * Retroactive synthesis within class SBT X follows YLB D . Public education, state education, sate schools that within Class I Psychology & psychiatry. YLB L . . Local authority schools * For qualification by legal concepts, follow Add YLB P . Private education instructions at SBN; e.g. Regulation of psychiatric services SBT X9U C; SBT X9X G Torts & YLC G . Denominational schools, church schools psychiatric service. YLN . Nursery schools XBC . . Psychiatric research YM . Elementary schools, primary schools XEP . . Psychiatrists YN . Secondary schools XMN . . Mental health services YR . Higher education XMO . . . Mental hospitals YT . Technical education, vocational education XMQ . . . Care of psychiatric patients XO . . Treatment of mental disorders SBU Welfare law, social welfare law, public welfare law, XS . . Mental patients, mentally ill patients public relief * For civil status, see SAY E; for criminal * For labour law, see SBN L. liability, see SBW DM. * Retroactive synthesis within class SBU follows that XTS . . . Insane people within Class Q Social welfare. . . . . Courts * Add to SBU letters A/T following Q in QA/QT. XTS 7W . . . . . Court of Protection * For qualification by legal concepts, follow the Add * Administers property & affairs of the instruction at SBN; e.g. Regulation of residential insane. care SBU EL9 UC. Y Education law & legislation . General principles * Alternative (not recommended) to locating in J. If AGR . . Selectivity & universality this option is taken, proceed as follows: . Agents * Add to SBT Y letters A/V following J in JA/JV. B . . Social workers * Retroactive synthesis within class SBT Y follows B9X DG . . . Liability that within Class J Education. C . . Organizations in welfare, welfare agencies * For qualification by legal concepts, follow Add CJ . . . Government welfare agencies instructions at SBN; e.g. Regulation of admission to schools SBT YDO 9UC. CM . . . Voluntary welfare agencies YD . Management of schools, government of schools . Operations & processes YDG . . School finances D . . Social work YDG J . . . Income DDE LT . . Claims to welfare aid YDG K . . . . Government grants DDE LV . . Appeals YDG Q . . . . Fees E . Social services, protective welfare services YDO . . Admission to schools EL . . Institutional care, residential care YDO R . . . Discrimination in schools admission ELL . . . Almshouses, poor houses, workhouses YDO S . . . Segregation in education EN . . Community care, non-institutional care, YDO T . . . . Bussing non-residential care YDP . Compulsory education ENO . . . Day centres YDU . Student welfare EO . . . Home care, domiciliary care * By social work employees. YFR V . . Counselling of students ERE MS . . Rest homes YGB . . Student assistance * Implying temporary residence only. For nursing . . . Specific forms of assistance homes, see medical care SBT MP. YGB H . . . . Financial aid to students, grants to students F . . Social security, income maintenance YGB K . . . . Other forms of assistance FBC B . . . Abuse of social welfare, false claims * Arrange A/Z. * For example, school meals, SBT YGB KM.

72 SBUFBCC Social law & legislation SBV9M

Private law S9W Law S Social law & legislation SBT A Substantive law S9V B Welfare law SBU Private law S9W Social services SBU E Social law & legislation SBT A . Social security SBU F . Welfare law SBU . . Abuse of social welfare SBU FBC B . . . Persons in need

SBU FBC C . . Claims SBU IR . . . . Victims of crime FBC D . . . Persons on welfare, recipients of welfare, IR9 M . . . . . Compensation welfare claimants ...... Government agencies FBC F . . . Appeals IR9 M3J ...... Criminal Injuries Compensation FBC J . . Welfare rights Board * Includes rules governing payments. P . . . Police law FBC O . . Means test * See SCN A FBC QL . Domicile rules W . Employment law, labour law FBD G . . People in need, causes of need * Alternative (not recommended) to locating with FBD W . . . Carers, voluntary carers, informal carers Economics law, at SBN L. If this option is taken, FBF C . . Social insurance, national insurance proceed as follows: FBF L . . . Overlapping benefits * Add to SBUW numbers & letters 2/Y following SBN L. FBF P . . . Pensions (general) FBF V . . Non-means-tested benefits FBG G . . . Unemployment benefits SBV 2 Cultural law FBG HB . . . Disablement benefits * Subjects in private law other than those given FBG J . . . Widows’ benefits already in S9W/SBU. * The classes below (SBV 4/SBV Z) continue the FBG P . . . Sickness benefits, invalidity benefits provision of alternatives, begun under Social law, for FBG R . . . Maternity benefits those libraries wishing to keep all law together in FBG T . . . Retirement benefits, old age pension, old class S; see the note at SBT A. persons’ benefits * None of the classes below reflects clearly any FBH . . . Workmen’s compensation, industrial injuries particular branch of law and few of them feature compensation prominently in the legal literature. They are given in * See also Health & safety at work SBN LUX the order of main-classes in BC2 and are easily FBJ . . Supplementary benefits, public assistance expanded if need be. They are all alternatives (not FBK B . . Family benefits, chilren’s benefits recommended) to the preferred arrangement in BC2, which is to subordinate the law of a special subject to FBL H . . War pensions, ex-servicemen’s benefits, the subject military pensions, veterans’ pensions * Add to SBV numbers 4/9, A/Z from the main FMD . . Private social security schemes classification, with the adjustments indicated below. FSA . Other forms of aid * Retroactive synthesis within the classes * Arrange A/Z. SBV 4/SBV X follows that within those classes. FSP . . Fuel allowance * For qualification of any given class by legal FT . . Shelter concepts, follow the Add instruction at SBN; e.g. FTW Z . . . Assylums, refuges Regulation of scientific research SBV AYD 9UC. FXB . Employment aid 4 . Knowledge & research in general * Schemes for helping unemployed to gain * Sciences, humanities and arts together. employment. * Add to SBV numbers 4/9 from the main * See also Employment & unemployment TLO/Q classification (but the notation is provisional). Causes of need & persons in need 6A . . Research in general GN . Disaster relief, emergency relief 6J . . . Innovation & discovery (general) GV . Poverty relief, poor law 7 . . Information science & technology (general) GXH . Unemployment relief * See also Communications law SBQ L H . Housing welfare law, accommodation 8 . . . Computers (general) * For types of tenancies, see Landlord & tenant 8D . . . . Software (general) SBJ VN/SBJ W. 8F . . . . Data storage & processing HH . . Homelessness 8J . . . . Hardware . Persons in need 8N . . . . Data communication * Use this class only for general works on these 8P . . . . . Networks persons as recipients of special social action. For 8V . . . . Applications their legal status within particular branches of law * Arrange A/Z. (e.g. adopted children) see the branch concerned. 9 . . . Libraries If in doubt, prefer the branch. 9M . . . Museums & art galleries

73 SBV9R SBVXN Cultural law

Law S Law S Substantive law S9V B Substantive law S9V B Private law S9W Private law S9W Cultural law SBV 2 Cultural law SBV 2 Knowledge & research in general SBV 4 Historical research SBV L . . Museums & art galleries SBV 9M . Palaeology & epigraphy SBV LEB

SBV 9R . . Public records, public archives SBV LES . Protection of historical property 9V . . Other institutions devoted to knowledge & * Alternative (not recommended) to locating information with conservation of social heritage at * E.g. planetaria. SBK NS. AY Science & technology together * If this option is taken: * Notation is provisional. * Add to SBV LE letters S/W following SBK N; e.g. SBV LEV Archeological sites. AYD . Scientific & technological research VX Recreation & arts AYM . Scientific instruments & apparatus VX9 XNT SR . Sponsorship AYX . Natural sciences VY . Recreation DH . . Earth sciences * Notation is provisional. * See also Environmental law SBS * For holidays, see SBV KXJ D; for DJ . . . Geological research Recreation areas, see Planning law SBK TB. DL . . . Atmosphere research VYG . . Outdoor recreations, sports DN . . . . Meteorological services, weather services VYJ . . . Spectator sports DP . . . Oceanographic research VYJ L . . . Hunting, blood sports E . . Biological research VYJ M . . . . Specific forms * For veterinary science, see SBQ TV; for * Arrange A/Z. conservation of wildlife, see SBS XEH T. * For example, badger baiting GRX . Applied biology, biotechnology SBV VYJ MBA. * For health, medicine and psychiatry, see SBT; VYS . . Amusements, entertainments for agriculture, etc., see SBQ T. * For performing arts, see SBV WY. GRX AHK . . Ethics of biotechnology VYS T . . . Circuses GRX F . . Genetic engineering VYX . . Tourism GRX G . . . Genetic recombination VYX P . . . Package holidays K Social processes & structures W . Arts, works of art * This class provides for a number of topics relating * Notation is provisional. to features of society not fully provided for WBD . . Protection of works of art otherwise, either by the traditional branches of law * See also Protection of cultural property or those collocated under social law (SBT/SBU). SBV KKT T; Protection of intellectual In particular, it includes matters of social science property SBL K research, analogous to the provision for the natural sciences in SBV AY. When in doubt, prefer the WBE . . . Artworks in wartime provision under the branches or under social law. WBH . . Reproduction of artworks * Add to SBV K letters A/Y following K in KA/KY * For forgery, see SBW WG; for copyright, for classes not otherwise provided for. see SBL K. KB . Population policy, demography WY . . Performing arts KKT . Cultural property WYM . . . Theatrical performances KKT T . . Protection of cultural property WYP . . . Other performances * See also Heritage conservation SBK NQ XL Language & literature KWB . Customs & observances XN . National languages, official languages KXJ A . . Celebrations, festivals KXJ D . . . Legal holidays, national holidays * See also Employees’ leave SBO LUU KXJ DJ . . . . Bank holidays KXJ DK . . . . Holy days, Sundays KXJ DN . . . Parades, processions * See also Public meetings SBC WIT KXJ FB . . . Official ceremonies KXJ FC . . . . State visits L Historical research LEB . Palaeology & epigraphy * See also Public records SBV 9R

74 SBW Criminal law SBW8EW

Law S Law S Substantive law S9V B Substantive law S9V B Private law S9W Criminal law SBW . . . National languages SBV XN Practice & procedure SBW 6 Jurisprudence SBW Criminal law . Theory & philosophy of criminal procedure SBW 65A . Information in subject SBW 6E Courts & court procedure 3M . . Criminal justice information systems . Jurisdiction 5A . Jurisprudence 6H . . Criminal jurisdiction * For theory and philosophy of criminology and * For crimes committed abroad, see Conflict of penology, see QO. laws (criminal) SBW AJM; for crimes on ships, 5AA . . Philosophy aircraft, etc. see SDB WFT. 5AG QF . . . Free will & determinism & criminal law 6KB . Law officers 5AH K . . . Ethics & criminal law 6N . . Judges . . . Special theories 6R . . . Juge d’instruction (criminal law) 5AM . . . . Normative theory in criminal law . Types of criminal courts 5UB . . Criminal law & society . . Appeal courts 5VK . . . Duties & rights * See Appeal SBW 9H * Most of the literature concerns the citizen’s 7E . . Courts of first instance role in the maintenance of law; see 7R . . . High Courts Administration of justice S5V K. 7T . . . Summary jurisdiction, magistrates’ courts 5W . . . Special fields of social action 5WH . . . . Human biology * See also Forensic medicine in criminal law 8 . Criminal proceedings, prosecutions, criminal SBW 8X actions 5WI . . . . . Psychology & psychiatry * For prosecution in the narrow sense of the conduct 5WK EP . . . . Communication media of the case for the prosecution, see SBW 8J; for 5WQ . . . . Social welfare private prosecution, see SBW 8JR. 5WQ O . . . . . Victims of crime 8A . . Parties * See SBU O * Use for works on the parties per se, & their 5WQ Q . . . . . Criminology & penology ’non-legal’ characteristics; e.g. sources of * Alternative (not recommended) to finance. For the prosecution & defence as locating in class QQ. activities in the proceedings, see SBW 8J. . . . Relations between branches of law 8AE . . . Anonymity of parties in prosecutions 5XB G . . . . Civil wrongs & criminal law . . . . Anonymity until sentenced 8AL . . . Rights & duties of parties 8BB . . . Services to parties, Assistance to parties 6 . Practice & procedure * Steps taken to assist victims, witnesses, etc. to * The detailed schedule for this is given under the overcome nervousness, etc. over their general class, at S6/S9. All of it is available here participation in the trial. by normal retroactive synthesis. The only classes 8BC . . . . Counsel enumerated below are those which are particular 8C . . . Prosecutor to criminal law, together with a minimal number of general terms necessary to show the scope & 8CB C . . . . Prosecution counsel contextual structure of the class. 8CB K . . . . Public prosecutor * See also the note at SBW 8L (after which point 8D . . . Accused, Defendant (criminal actions) numerous special adjustments occur). * See also Rights of accused at trial SBW 8SF * For enforcement of law by police, etc., see QP. 8DB C . . . . Defence counsel . . Jurisprudence 8EV . . . Victim as party to action 65A . . . Theory & philosophy of criminal procedure * If victim has legal status in action. 8EW . . . Non-legal representatives (parties to action)

75 SBW8FV SBW8MU Preliminary proceedings

Law S Law S Substantive law S9V B Substantive law S9V B Criminal law SBW Criminal law SBW Criminal proceedings SBW 8 Courts & court procedure SBW 6E Parties SBW 8A Criminal proceedings SBW 8 . Non-legal representatives SBW 8EW Defence procedure SBW 8K

Organizational processes SBW 8L Preliminary proceedings, Pre-trial proceedings SBW 8FV . Conduct of the proceedings * From this point onwards the procedure in criminal 8FY . . Investigatory systems law diverges considerably from that in civil law & 8G . . Accusatorial system (general) notation is adjusted accordingly. In particular, * The accusation (by an individual or official) S8L M/S8S for general & civil law is replaced by and the evidence for it is examined by a detail special to ciminal trials in magistrate or group of individuals (jury) in SBW 8LM/SBW 8S. order to determine its substantiation. 8LL T . Technical aids 8H . . Inquisitorial system (general) * The general class for Forensic science & * The examining magistrate or judge technology is under Evidence, at S8U. But some undertakes his or her own enquiry, which is of its techniques may be applied to earlier stages not limited to the evidence presented. in the proceedings. The only use of this class * See also Juge d’instruction, SBW 6R should be to qualify such stages if the need arises; e.g. aids to surveillance, SBW 8LO LLT. 8J . Prosecution procedure * Add to SBW 8LL T letters U/Y following S8 in * The process of preparing & presenting a case S8U/S8Y. may begin before preliminary proceedings. 8LM . Pre-trial review (general) . . Models 8LN . Criminal investigation, Police law (criminal 8J3 4H6 M . . . Prosecution models investigation) 8JB C . . Counsel * The general class for this is QPE. This class takes * For prosecutor per se, see SBW 8CB C. only works considering these operations as 8JL . . Initiation of prosecution elements in a prosecution. For police law in 8JM . . . By authority general, see Constitutional law SCN A. 8JN . . . . Police prosecution * The following examples demonstrate some topics 8JP . . . . Public prosecution service prominent in the legal literature. 8JR . . . Citizen’s prosecution, Private prosecution 8LO . . Surveillance of suspects 8JS . . Prosecutional screening 8LP . . Caution * Evaluation of case by prosecutors to * See also Prosecutional discretion, SBW 8JU determine whether it should go to trial or be 8LQ . . Interrogation of suspects, Questioning of dropped. suspects 8JT . . Prosecutional diversion, Alternatives to . . . Technical aids prosecution 8LQ LLT . . . . Recording interrogations of suspects * Decision to channel alleged offence to 8LR . . . Code of practice (interrogation of suspects), counselling treatment, etc. & not file charges. judges’ rules * See also Juvenile court waiver SBW X8J TW 8LS . . Interception of communication (criminal 8JU . . Prosecutional discretion, Decision to proceedings) prosecute 8LT . . Inquest (criminal investigation) * See also Caution SBW 8LP 8MB . Process (narrowly) 8JV . . . Plea bargaining, Plea negotiation * Bringing in suspects before justices. Often used for the documentation (originating process) by 8JW . . . Pleading guilty by post which prodeedings are initiated. It is a civil * In minor offences, this is allowed without action in Scotland. the defendant appearing in court. Applies only to summary jurisdiction. 8MD . . Search & seizure 8JX . . Nolle prosequi 8ME . . . Search with warrant, search warrants 8K . Defence procedure 8MG . . . Search without warrant * This depends on a plea of not guilty; see 8MJ . . Summons (criminal proceedings), writ of SBW 8SE. summons 8MP . . Arrest & commitment, arrest & charge 8MQ . . . Arrest with warrant 8MR . . . Arrest without warrant 8MS . . . Charge (summons) 8MT . . Extradition * See also International law SDB W8M T 8MU . . . Right of assylum from extradition

76 SBW8MV Trials SBW8SFP

Substantive law S9V B Law S Criminal law SBW Substantive law S9V B Criminal proceedings SBW 8 Criminal law SBW Preliminary proceedings SBW 8L Criminal proceedings SBW 8 Process SBW 8MB Preliminary proceedings SBW 8L . . Right of assylum from extradition SBW 8MU . . Defective indictment SBW 8RW

SBW 8MV . . Special topics SBW 8S Trials (criminal law), trial on indictment * Arrange A/Z. * For Summary trials, see SBW 9T. 8MW . . Interstate extradition 8S5 U . Social aspects * In federal systems. 8S5 WKE P . . Pretrial publicity, trial by news media, free 8MX . . By country from which sought press & free trial * Add to SBW 8MX letters D/Z in Schedule 2. 8S8 . Legal proceedings, process generally 8N Preliminary examination, preliminary hearings, * It is unlikely that court actions will need to be preliminary enquiry qualified by classes SBW 8A/SBW 8R; but * To decide if charges sufficiently well founded as to should the need arise, proceed as follows: justify trial. * Add to SBW 8S8 letters A/R following * For Pre-trial review, see SBW 8LM. SBW 8. * Add to SBW 8O letters MT/RW following S8. 8S9 . Omnibus hearings 8PC . By police or prosecution * Acceleration of criminal proceedings by broad 8PE . By magistrate, justice, Juge d’instruction disclosure of prosecution evidence to the 8PG . Adjudication (preliminary examination) defence & judicial supervision of the issues * Determination by judge. identified. 8Q Indictment, levelling charges, committal for trial, 8S9 U . Trial practice accusation (indictment) 8SB . . Forensic orations & legal arguments 8QS . Counts 8SC . . Arraignment * Separate statements in an indictment of two or more 8SD . . . Pleas (criminal trials) offences charged. . . . . Rules 8QT . . Alternative counts, Contradictory counts 8SD 6JQ . . . . . Fitness to plead 8RB . Remand 8SD E . . . . Oral pleading 8RC . . Remand in custody 8SD F . . . . Stand mute 8RD . . Pre-trial release 8SD G . . . . Denial of court’s jurisdiction * For home detention, see Juvenile crime 8SD H . . . . Objection on point of law, Demur SBW X9Q KX (obsol.) 8RE . . . Bail 8SD J . . . . Autrefois acquit 8RF . . . . Bail bonds 8SD K . . . . Autrefois convict 8RG . . . . . Bail bondsman 8SD L . . . . Pardon (pleas) 8RH . . . . . Bail payment methods 8SD M . . . . Special liability (pleas) 8RJ . . . . Jumping bail * Now obsolete. 8RK . . . . Forfeiture of bail collateral 8SD N . . . . Guilty plea 8RL . . . . Discrimination (bail) * For plea bargaining, see SBW 8JV. 8RM . . . . Review of bail 8SD P . . . . Not guilty plea, General issue 8RN . . . Release on cognizance 8SE . . Defence proceedings 8RQ . . . . Suspended release 8SF . . . Rights of the accused at trial 8RR . . . . Release on recognizance * For rights relating to specific elements in * Guaranteeing appearance in court by signing the proceedings, see element (e.g. agreement. evidence, witnesses). 8RS . . . . Supervised release, custodial release 8SF G . . . . Presumption of innocence 8RV . Informations 8SF H . . . . Right to be informed of the charge 8RW . Defective indictment 8SF J . . . . Right of silence, Right against self-incrimination 8SF K . . . . Right to legal advice, Right to call solicitor * For right to counsel, see SBW 8SF R. 8SF L . . . . Right not to be detained 8SF M . . . . . Habeas corpus 8SF N . . . . Right to fair trial 8SF P . . . . Right to speedy trial * For Congestion in court (court management), see S6G Q.

77 SBW8SFQ SBW9G Trials

Criminal law SBW Law S Criminal proceedings SBW 8 Substantive law S9V B Trials SBW 8S Criminal law SBW Trial practice SBW 8S9 U Criminal proceedings SBW 8 . . Rights of the accused at trial SBW 8SF Trials SBW 8S . . . Right to speedy trial SBW 8SF P Fact & law SBW 8SW

SBW 8SF Q . . . Right to prepare defence SBW 8T Evidence, matters of fact 8SF R . . . Right to counsel 8TD . Defendant 8SF T . . . Double jeopardy 8TD AH . . Rights of accused * Being tried twice for the same offence. 8TD AP . . . Admission (rights of accused), declaration 8SF U . . . Ex post facto laws (right against), retroactive against own interest application of laws (right against) 8TD AQ . . . Right against self-incrimination . . Types of defence 8TD AR . . . Evidence of previous conviction * For criminal liability in general, see SBW CG. 8TV . Admissability of evidence * Add to SBW 8SG letters R/Y following S8Q, . . Rules and to SBW 8SH letters A/E following S8R so 8TV JL . . . Judges’ rules far as applicable. * Governing conduct of police in questioning 8SH E . . . Disclosure in the public interest suspects. 8SH G . . . Exemption from liability (criminal law) 8TW . . Proof 8SH I . . . . Incapacity defence 8TY . . Elicitation of facts * See also Fitness to plead SBW 8SD 6JQ 8U . . . Forensic science & technology 8SH J . . . . . Infancy defence 9AB . Forms of evidence * See Juvenile offenders SBW X8S HJ 9AD K . . Sources 8SH L . . . . . Drug addiction defence 9AD X . . . Police evidence 8SH N ...... Intoxication defence, Drunkenness 9AE . . . Admission defence * Of facts relevant to establishment of guilt. 8SI . . . . . Insanity defence, Mental derangement 9AF . . . Confession (criminal evidence) defence * Admission of whole charge. * See criminally insane SBW DM 9AV . . . Witnesses 8SL B . . . . . defence 9BH 8A . . . . Parties 8SL D . . . . . Brainwashing defence 9BH 8D . . . . . Accused * See also Compulsion defence, SBW 8SR * For admission & confession, see 8SL H . . . . . Medical incapacity defence SBW 9AE. * Under influence of a particular medical 9BI D ...... Identification of accused treatment. 9BI F ...... Identification parades 8SM . . . . Mistake of fact, ignorance of the law 9BI H ...... Photographs, Identikits 8SN . . . . * Inducement by police, etc. to commit crime. 8SP . . . Justification defence 9D Judicial decision 8SQ . . . . Consent of injured party defence 9E . Jury trial & juries 8SR . . . . Duress & threat defence, Compulsion 9EP . Finding a verdict defence, coercive persuasion 9ES . . Not guilty verdict, acquittal defence, force & fear defence (Scot.) 9ET . . Guilty verdict, conviction * See also Brainwashing defence 9EU . . Not proven (Scot.) SBW 8SL D 9F . Judgement 8SS . . . . Necessity defence 9FR . . Award of costs 8ST . . . . Self-defence (criminal law) 9FR ES . . . Award of costs on acquittal 8SU . . . . Superior orders defence 9FW . . Mitigation 8SV . . . Alibis * Statement after conviction suggesting why 8SV W . . . Other defences A/Z penalty should be moderated. 8SW Fact & law 9G . Remedies * Criminal proceedings do not generally afford remedies to aggrieved individuals.

78 SBW9GY Sentencing SBW9RS

Law S Criminal proceedings SBW 8 Substantive law S9V B Trials SBW 8S Criminal law SBW Sentencing SBW 9PL Criminal proceedings SBW 8 Special factors in sentencing SBW 9PU Trials SBW 8S . Length of sentence SBW 9QH Remedies SBW 9G . . Prescribed maximum length SBW 9QH P

SBW 9GY . Administrative remedies SBW 9QJ . Severity of penalties 9GY P . . Post-conviction remedies 9QJ R . . Ratings of penalty severity 9H . . Appeal, Appellate procedure . Detention 9HI . . . Right of accused to appeal * See Juvenile delinquency SBW X9Q K . . . Special grounds 9QK Sentences 9IT R . . . . Reformatio in pejus * Legal aspects only. For penology, see QQQ. 9IU . . Prerogative of mercy 9QL . Court orders, Court directions (sentencing) 9IU R . . . Reprieve * E.g. care order for juveniles. 9IV . . . Quashing of conviction 9QM . Summary sentences 9IV P . . . . Pardon, Free pardon 9QM T . . Automatic sentences 9IV S . . . . Amnesty 9QN . Presumptive sentences 9IV V . . . . Compensation (miscarriage of justice) 9QO . Suspended sentences * For probation, see Penology QQL. 9IV X . . . Commuting of sentence 9QP . Weekend sentences 9IW . . . Remission of sentence 9QQ . Indeterminate sentences 9IX . . Retrial * See also Parole SBW 9SJ 9IY Arrest of judgement 9QR . Reparative sentencing * Action by accused between conviction & sentence. 9QS . Rehabilitation of offenders * Principle that a convicted person who has not been 9PL Sentencing, Adjudicating (sentencing) reconvicted for a certain period should be treated 9PL 38 . Agencies as if they had never been convicted or sentenced. 9PL 3JL . . Sentencing commissions 9QU . Discharge 9PL 5A6 . Theory of sentencing 9QV . . Conditional discharge * Legal considerations only; penology in general * Binding over. as a form of social sanction is at QQ. )Rights of 9QW . . Absolute discharge, unconditional discharge accused( 9RC Penalties, Punishments, penal law 9PL 8AM . . Rights at sentencing * Legal aspects only. For penology, see QQ. 9PM . Aids to sentencing, guide lines in sentencing * For penalties special to a given offence, see the 9PN . . Pre-sentence investigation offence (particularly juvenile offences). 9PP . . Reports on convicted persons (sentencing) 9RC BA . Conflict of laws 9PQ . . . Medical reports (sentencing) 9RD . Non-custodial treatment 9PR . . . . Psychiatric reports (sentencing) * See also Types of sentences; e.g. suspended sentence. 9PS . . . Social enquiry reports (sentencing) 9RE . . Probation 9PT . . . Probation reports (sentencing) * Legal aspects only. General class is QQF EL. 9PU . Special factors in sentencing 9RG . . Community service * See also Plea bargaining, SBW 8JV 9RH . . . Community service orders 9PV . . Effectiveness of sentencing 9RJ . . Other non-custodial treatments, A/Z 9PW . . Disparities in sentencing * E.g. attainder, infamy. 9PX . . . Geographical variations in sentencing 9RK . Economic sanctions 9QB . . Judicial discretion, judge sentencing discretion 9RL . . Fines (criminal penalties) 9QC . . . Modifying factors (sentencing) 9RM . . Forfeiture of foods or office 9QE . . Aggravating circumstances (sentencing) 9RM P . . Confiscation (penalties) 9QF . . . Recidivism, Previous convictions 9RN . Reparation by offender, Restitution by offender (sentencing) 9RP . Restoration to victim, Compensation to victim * As factor in sentencing policy. * As element in legal redress. From viewpoint of * For previous convictions as factor in the victim’s welfare, see SBU O. trial, see Evidence SBW 8TD AR. 9RQ . . Criminal bankruptcy order 9QG . . Extenuating circumstances 9RR . Loss of rights (penalties) 9QG L . . Deferment of sentence 9RS . . Supervised liberty 9QH . . Length of sentence * See also probation SBW 9RE * Refers mainly to custodial sentences. 9QH P . . . Prescribed maximum length (sentencing)

79 SBW9RT SBWCT Criminal law

Substantive law S9V B Law S Criminal law SBW Substantive law S9V B Practice & procedure SBW 6 Criminal law SBW . . . Organizational processes Constitutional law SBW 9U ...... Loss of rights SBW 9RR ...... Supervised liberty SBW 9RS Substantive law in criminal law SBW A . Conflict of laws SBW 9RT ...... Restrictions on movement A6 . . Practice & procedure 9RT R ...... Exile . . . Judicial assistance 9RT S ...... Deportation A6H R . . . . International judicial assistance (criminal 9RT T ...... House arrest law) 9RT W ...... Withholding passport . Recognition of foreign laws 9RU ...... Attainder, Civil death * Extinction of civil rights & AJM . . Crimes committed abroad powers. B . Other branches of civil law arising in criminal law 9RV ...... Infamia (Roman law) * It is unlikely that many of the concepts will apply. If any do, proceed as follows: 9RW ...... Retributive punishment, deterrent * Add to SBW B letters B/Y in Auxiliary Schedule punishment S1 so far as applicable. 9RX ...... With fixed penalties 9RY ...... With discretionary penalties 9SB ...... Physical punishment C . Criminal offences, Crimes, Unlawful acts, Illegal 9SC ...... Corporal punishment acts 9SD ...... Capital punishment, death penalty, C5B Q . . Analytical jurisprudence execution . . . Classification 9SF ...... Committal to medical treatment C5B R . . . . Codification of offences * See also specific crimes (e.g. sex C5B X . . . . . Decriminalization crimes) for specific treatments . . Elements of crimes 9SH ...... Imprisonment, custodial sentences, CD . . . Statutory statement of facts (Am.) confinement CE . . . Commission or omission of criminal act 9SJ ...... Parole CF . . . . Causality (crimes) 9SK ...... Hard labour CG . . . Criminal responsibility, Liability of criminal * Abolished in England, 1948. * For exemption from liability, see Defence 9SL ...... Life imprisonment SBW 8SH G. 9SM ...... Preventive detention CH . . . . Extent of liability (crimes) 9SN ...... Short prison sentences * Factors affecting judgement - e.g. court’s competence to deal with case, age & mental 9SP ...... By type of prison capacity of offender. * E.g., maximum security prison. CJ . . . . Culpability, guilt (criminal liability) . . . Special types of proceedings CK . . . . . 9T . . . . Summary actions * The act itself. * Classmark S9T usually represents the CL constitutional law of a specific subject; use . . . . . , criminal intent, pre-meditation SBW 9U here. CM ...... Elements of intent, A/Z * For Actions on indictment, see SBW 8S * E.g., recklessness, malice, dishonesty. * Add to SBW 9T numbers 2/9 following CN . . . . . Criminal negligence SBW and letters E/V following S9S. CP . . . . (criminal law) 9TV . . . . . Individual trials * Intentionally ifluencing another to commit a * By name of accused, A/Z. crime. 9U Constitutional law . . . . By person * See note at SBW 9T for the reason for this location. CS . . . . . Juristic persons (criminal liability) * For individuals, see Offenders SBW D. CT ...... Corporate persons (criminal liability)

80 SBWD Criminal offences SBWGF

Substantive law S9V B Law S Criminal law SBW Substantive law S9V B Criminal offences SBW C Criminal law SBW Elements of crimes Criminal offences SBW C . Criminal responsibility SBW CG Forms of offences SBW EH . . . . Corporate persons SBW CT * Add to - letters A/E following SBW; e.g. Road traffic SBW D . Criminals, Offenders offences - Persistent offenders SBW UA EC. . . By non-criminal characteristics * Add to -F letters F/W following SBW so far as is * For juveniles, see SBW XD. applicable; e.g. Offences against public order in rural * Add to SBW D letters GN/N following areas SBW RF GA. Q in QGN/QN and letters P/R SBW EK . Completion & (crimes) following QR in QRP/QRR, with the EL . . Preparatory act, Preparation to commit offence modifications indicated below. Some EM . . Attempt to commit offence classes prominent in the literature are . By procedural factors given below as examples. EQ . . Non-arrestable offences, misdemeanours DGP . . . Deprived persons as offenders ER . . Arrestable offences, DJJ . . . Abused persons as offenders ES . . Summary offences DJN . . . Female offenders ET . . Indictable offences DJN T . . . Male offenders EU . . Regulatory offences * Usually assumed. EX . . Index crimes (Am.) DJO . . . Ethnic group members (offenders) * Categories of FBI Uniform Crime Reports. DJP . . . Racial group members (offenders) . By structure DM . . . Mentally ill persons as offenders, FA . . Compound crimes, Multiplicity of offences, criminally insane Mergers DM8 SG . . . . Exemption from liability * Violation of several laws at a time or of one law DM8 SI . . . . . Insanity defence, Mental several times. derangement defence FC . . . Continuous crimes DM8 SI8 LM ...... Evidence FD . . . Joinder & severance of offences DM8 SI8 LMY I ...... Forensic psychiatry FG . . Occupational crimes DM8 SJ ...... M’Naghten rules, MacNaghten * For employee , see Business crime SBW GB. rules FH . . . White collar crime DM8 SK ...... Diminished responsibility FJ . . . Law enforcement officer crime, Police crime DMP . . . Mentally retarded persons as offenders * See also abuse of administrative authority . . By crime-defined characteristics SCK GLD DS . . . Principals in crime, Instigators of FK . . . . On-duty offences crime FL . . . . Off-duty offences DT . . . Accessories to crime, in FP . . Petty crimes crime * See also Non-arrestable offences SBW EQ DU . . . . Subornation FQ . . Organized crime, Gangster crime DV . . . . Accessories before the fact, FR . . . Syndicated crime to crime * Large-scale crime deliberately mixed with legitimate business. DW . . . . Accessories after the fact, aiding & FS . . . International crime, Transnational crime abetting * For crime in international law, see SDB W. DX . . . . Conspiracy FT . . Conspiracy, Criminal conspiracy EA . . . First offenders . By scene of crime EB . . . Occasional offenders * For crimes committed abroad, see Conflict of laws EC . . . . Persistent offenders, hardened SBW AJM offenders, recidivists FV . . Crime in residences EE . . . . Professional criminals * For domestic crime, see SBW GV. EF . . . . Petty offenders FW . . Street crime * See Petty crimes SBW FP FX . . City crime, Urban crime GA . . Rural crime EH Forms of offences GB . . Business crime * Each type of offence may be qualified as . . . Costs follows (where the hyphen represents the GD . . . Criminal infiltration of business classmark to be added to): GE . . . Employee theft GF . . . Bank

81 SBWGG SBWMN Criminal offences

Substantive law S9V B Law S Criminal law SBW Substantive law S9V B Criminal offences SBW C Criminal law SBW By scene of crime Criminal offences SBW C . Business crime SBW GB Crimes against Administration SBW HJD . . Bank robberies SBW GF . . Intimidation of jurors SBW HJJ

SBW GG . . Retail business crime SBW HK Criminal torts, tortious crimes GH . . . Shoplifting * Many torts are also crimes (e.g. assault). Some crimes GK . Disaster-related crime (e.g. recklessness) may give rise to an action in tort (if it causes injury to another). GL . . Looting * Add to SBW H letters K/P and R/V following SBG so By victim/offender relation far as applicable; e.g. criminal negligence SBW HK. * For Victimology, see QIR. * For Trespass to the person, see SBW K. GP . Witness intervention in crime GQ . Victimless crime * Offender is own victim, but unwilling to inform I Offences against the person authorities of the offence. * See also Torts against the person SBG N * See also Drug abuse SBW QG IM . Family offences GR . Unreported offences J . Offences against children, GS . Self-reported offences * For special offences, see below SBW K/SBW Q. * Admission of crime by undetected offendera. JL . . Neglect, Juvenile dependency (child abuse) GT . Stranger-to-stranger offences JP . Crime passionel, crimes of passion * Usually assumed. GU . Offender known to victim (crimes) K . Trespass to person (criminal law) GV . . Domestic crimes, Crimes within family * Alternative (not recommended) to locating with Tort, GW . Victim-precipitated crimes at SBG Q. If this option is taken: GX . Offences against police * Add to SBW K letters R/T following SBG Q; e.g. Real injuries SBW KR. KX . . By legal definition L . . . HC . Offences in international law * For , see Offences against the State * Alternative (not recommended?) to locating in IL, at SBW HIW; for lynching, see SBW SB. SDB W. If this option is taken, proceed as follows: * Add to SBW HC numbers & letters 2/X following . . . . Trials SDB W - e.g.International terrorism SBW HCT. LK . . . . . By means of murder HI . Offences against the State, Political offences, * Arrange A/Z. * Offences against the Crown E.g. trials of poisoners. LL . . . . . By name of accused HIR . . * Arrange A/Z. HIS . . Subversion, Sedition, Conspiracy against the state LM . . . HIS T . . Seditious libel LN . . . Matricide, Patricide, Fratricide HIT . . Espionage, Spying, Official secrets (offences) LR . . . . Abortion (infanticide), Criminal abortion HIW . . Assassination of political persons LS . . . . Concealment of birth, Concealment of HIX . . Defection, Desertion (crimes against the state) pregnancy (Scot.) HIY . . Others A/Z LT . . . Euthanasia, Mercy killing HIY S . . Sabotage LU . . . Suicide HJD . Crimes against Administration LV . . . . Aiding & abetting suicided * For abuse of administrative authority, see Administrative law SCK GD. MA . . Assault HJE . . Corruption, Bribery MB . . . Battery HJF . . Crimes against justice MC . . . Common assault * For contempt of court, see S6J T. MD . . . Aggravated assault HJG . . . Perjury ME . . . Malicious injury, , Wounding, Grievous HJG S . . . . Subornation of perjury bodily harm HJI . . . Intimidation of witnesses MF . . . , Abduction HJJ . . . Intimidation of jurors MG . . . Hostage taking * See also Terrorism SBW T MH . . . . Ransom MJ . . . Communicating venereal disease (crimes) MM . . Affray MN . . Duelling

82 SBWN Offences against public order SBWUJ

Substantive law S9V B Criminal law SBW Criminal law SBW Criminal offences SBW C Criminal offences SBW C Offences against the person SBW I Offences against the person SBW I Trespass to person SBW K Trespass to person SBW K Offences against public order SBW R Duelling SBW MN . Terrorism SBW T

SBW N Sexual offences SBW TV . Obstruction * For seduction, see Torts SBG PG. TW . . Obstructing police * See also Offences against public morality SBW WO TX . . . Resisting arrest . Penalties UA . Road traffic offences, Driving offences NP . . Castration UA9 RC . . Penalties NQ . . . Sterilization UA9 RJD . . . Disqualification from driving, Withdrawal NS . Prostitution of driving license NT . . Procuring of women, pimping UA9 RJE . . . Endorsement of license NU . . Immoral earnings UA9 RJF . . . Fixed penalties (traffic offences) NV . . Brothels UAD . . Offenders NW . . Soliciting UAE C . . . Persistent offenders O . . . Offences against administrative measures OR . . Rape in marriage * Add to SBW UA letters H/M following OS . Indecent assault SBP 9U, with the adjustments indicated. OT . . Exhibitionism, indecent exposure UAH . . . Driving license offences OU . Incest UAH J . . . . Driving while disqualified OV . Unnatural sexual practices UAH L . . . . Driving without insurance OW . . Buggery, Sodomy UAK . . . Vehicle testing offences OX . . Bestiality UB . . Other offences PB . Homosexuality * Add to SBW UB letters J/V following PC . . Male, pederasty SBQ D, with the adjustments indicated. PD . . Female, lesbianism UBL L . . . Traffic signals offences PF . Fraudulent marriage, bigamy UBN K . . . Speeding offences PG . Adultery UBN P . . . Parking & stopping offences PK . UBQ UF . . . Motorway offences PL . . Pornography UBV SV . . . Motorbike offences PN . Other sexual offences . . Special categories * Arrange A/Z. * Add to each letters A/D following SBW U. QA Addiction offences, drug & alcohol offences UC . . . Causing death by driving QC . Drunkenness, Alcohol abuse, Intoxication UDD . . . Dangerous driving * For drunken driving, see SBW UDG. UDD C . . . . Causing death QG . Drug abuse UDG . . Drunken driving QH . . Prohibited drugs . . . Testing QJ . . . Possession of drugs UDG 9UK . . . . Breathalyzer test QK . . . Trafficking in drugs, Supplying drugs UDK . . Hit & run offences R Offences against public order UG . Vagrancy RS . Breach of the peace, Disorderly conduct UH . Begging * For assault, see SBW MA. UI . Blasphemy RT . Riot UIS . Sacrilege RU . Violent disorder, Unlawful assembly UJ Other offences against public order RV . Civil disobedience RW . Threatening behaviour * For Affray, see SBW MM. RX . Suspicious behaviour SB . Lynching SC . Feuds, Vendettas SE . Offensive weapons possession SF . . Firearms possession, Explosives possession T . Terrorism

83 SBWUL SBWX9SD Criminal offences

Substantive law S9V B Substantive law S9V B Criminal law SBW Criminal law SBW Criminal offences SBW C Criminal offences SBW C Offences against the person SBW I Forms of offences SBW EH Trespass to person SBW K . . . . Offences against property SBW UL Other offences against public order SBW UJ . . . . . Computer crime SBW WM

SBW UL Offences against property SBW WN . . . . . Postal offences, Mail delivery offences UM . Theft, Stealing WO . . . . Offences against public morality UN . . , housebreaking, breaking & entering, * For obscenity, see SBW PK. unlawful entry, criminal trespass WQ . . . . . Discrimination UQ . . . Housebreaking tools possession, equipment for WR ...... Sexual discrimination stealing WS ...... Racial discrimination UR . . . Aggravated burglary WT ...... Religious discrimination US . . , armed robbery WV . . . . Offences against animals UT . . . Bandits, outlaws WX . . . . . Cruelty to animals UV . . . Mugging, footpads WY Other offences A/Z UW . . By special types of persons * From 1968, treated as theft in English law. X . Juvenile criminal law, juvenile justice system, UX . . Misappropriation age of criminal responsibility VB . . Larcency X5A . . Jurisprudence VC . . . Theft by finding X5U F . . . Juvenile justice standards VD . . Handling stolen goods, receiving stolen goods, . . Courts & procedure possession of stolen goods X6E . . Juvenile courts & procedure, youth courts & . . By thing stolen procedure, Children’s courts & VE . . . Poaching procedure VF . . . Vehicle theft, Car theft X6G N . . . Intake (juvenile courts) VG . . . Hijacking X8 . . . Actions VH . . . Shoplifting X8J . . . . Conduct of prosecution VJ . . . Trade secrets, Industrial espionage X8J T . . . . . Diversion (juvenile courts) VK . . Other forms of theft X8J TW . . . . . Waiver (juvenile courts) * Arrange A/Z. * Juvenile transfer to criminal court. VM . Malicious damage, X8N . . . . Preliminary examination VN . . X8N N . . . . . Juvenile adjudication VO . . Sabotage * Determination by judge of involvement VP . Financial crimes or non-involvement in juvenile crime. VQ . . Debt default X8Q D . . . . Indictment VR . . Criminal usury, loan sharks . . . . . Pre-trial release VS . . Crimes against public finance X8R D ...... Supervised release (juvenile crime) VT . . . Counterfeiting X8S . . . . Trial VU . . . , customs offences X8S E . . . . . Defence VV . . . Excise offences X8S H ...... Incapacity VW . . . Tax offences X8S HJ ...... Infancy (juvenile crime) VX . . . Social security offences X9P L . . . . . Sentencing WA . Fraud, Swindles X9Q K ...... Juvenile detention * For fraud as a tort, see SBG TH; for embezzlement, * Temporary confinement pending see SBW UW. court’s decision. WB . . Confidence tricks X9Q KX ...... Home detention (juveniles) WC . . Other forms of fraud A/Z X9R B . . . . . Penalties WD . Deception * For execution of sentence, see class QTF. WE . . False pretences, Imposture ...... Non-custodial treatment WF . . False accounting X9R D ...... Non-secure detention, Juvenile WG . . Forgery shelter care (Am.) WH . * Temporary residential facility as WI . . alternative to detention. WJ . . Protection rackets X9R Y . . . . Special types of proceedings WK . Corruption X9S D . . . . . Summary proceedings WM . Computer crime

84 SBWXD Constitutional law SC5PS

Law S Law S Substantive law S9V B Substantive law S9V B Criminal law SBW Public law SBY ...... Special types of proceedings SBW X9R Y Constitutional law SC ...... Summary proceedings SBW X9S D * For elements of constitutional law (particularly ...... Offences & offenders government agencies) relating to a special subject in SBW XD ...... Juvenile offenders, juvenile substantive law, see S9T & the note there. delinquents, juvenile status SC2 . Primary materials offenders (general) * For collections of constitutions of several countries, ...... By particular characteristics see SC5 L2. Primary materials of a given country go XDJ M ...... Female juvenile delinquents with the jurisdiction. XDJ N ...... Male juvenile delinquents XDM ...... Emotionally disturbed juvenile . Secondary materials, works about delinquents SC5 A . . Jurisprudence ...... Offences C . . . Sources XEJ ...... Juvenile status offences CD . . . . Analysis, interpretation * Violations of law specific to L . . . . Constitutions, written constitutions juveniles & not considered L2 . . . . . Primary materials crimes if committed by adults. L27 ...... Collections of constitutions ...... Arrestable offences . . . . . Operations XER ...... Juvenile designated felonies * The making and revision of a constituion is a (Am.) fundamental political operation and the XN ...... Sexual offences preferred location for this is in Class R XNS ...... Juvenile prostitution, Child Politics. prostitution * So the following classes constitute an alternative (not recommended) for libraries wishing to keep works on the making of a SBY Public law constitution with constitutional law. If this * That part of law which applies to the State and its option is taken, proceed as follows: relations with ordinary individuals, as distinct from * Add to SC5 L letters F/X following REX in Private law (S9W), which deals with the relations REXF/REXX. A selection of major concepts between individuals. It is more developed in civil law is given here for convenience. systems than in common law systems. LF . . . . . Development of constitutions * Most definitions of public law include within it LG ...... Making constitutions constitutional, administrative and local government LH ...... Constitutional conventions law, revenue law, ecclesiastical & military law. Some * For constitutional conventions in the add to these parts of social welfare law, especially sense of practices of government which that of social security. Criminal law is sometimes are not legally enforceable but are regarded as a part of public law and sometimes as an commonly followed, see Conventional independent branch bridging private and public law. law S5T N. BC2 follows the last view. LHV ...... Ratification of constitutions LJ ...... Revision of constitutions SC . Constitutional law LK ...... Interpretation of constitutions * Although a general principle in BC2 is that the law LL ...... Amendment of constitutions of a special subject goes with the subject, the LM ...... Bill of rights preferred arrangement is to locate constitutional law here, in Class S Law. For reasons, see LN ...... Judicial review Introduction (Section 12). LP ...... Reform of constitutions * An alternative (not recommended) is to locate it in LQ . . . . . Control & regulation of constitutions Class R Politics, at RF. In deciding which LR . . . . . Constitutional authority alternative to use, it may be noted that locating the LS . . . . . Constitutional structure class here brings all aspects of constitutional law . . . . . Types of constitutions together (i.e. those relating to the legislature, the * For written constitutions, use SC5 L. executive, electoral law, etc.). In the alternative LX ...... Unwritten constitutions, uncodified arrangement these special aspects would be constitutions distributed according to the branch of government concerned in RG/RL. . . . . Sources other than written constitution * * For the constitutional law of a specific country, see Add to SC5 letters M/T following S5 in the country’s jurisdiction (in SI/SV). S5M/S5T. M . . . . . Statutes PS . . . . . Charters

85 SC6 SCDOWL Constitutional law

Law S Public law SBY Substantive law S9V B Constitutional law SC Public law SBY Political processes, properties & agents SCA Constitutional law SC . Rights & duties SCC T Jurisprudence SC5 A . . . Performance of human rights SCC WM . . . Charters SC5 PS . . . . . Suspension of human rights SCC XT

SC6 Practice & procedure SCD B . . . Civil liberties, civil rights E . Courts & procedure * See also Habeus corpus (prerogative writs) . Actions S9K L SC8 . . Constitutional actions C . . . . Freedom of expression * Of speech, writing, etc. DDP . . . . Privacy SC9 VB Substantive law E . . . Equal rights, equal opportunity * Most of the classes in SC are derived from Class . Particular groups of persons R Politics and compounding of political concepts * Add to SC letters DL/DU following R in within class SC follows the rules for retroactive RDL/RDU with the adjustments indicated. synthesis in class R. To avoid clashes and ambiguities in classmarks, retroactive NG . . Slaves qualification by legal concepts must follow ON . . Nationals, citizens special intercalators, as in class SBN. The ONN . . . Nationality, citizenship relevant rules for SBN are repeated here for ONN E . . . . Allegiance convenience. . . . Special processes & elements * Any class in SC, unless otherwise instructed, may ONN J . . . . Acquisition of citizenship be qualified retroactively by other legal concepts ONN L . . . . Patriality, rights of abode as follows ( where the hyphen represents the ONN N . . . . Naturalization classmark added to): * Add to - numbers 2/9T following S. ONN P . . . . Denaturalization * Add to -9V letters W/Y following S9. ONN Q . . . . Loss of citizenship * Add to -9X letters A/V in Auxiliary Schedule S1. ONN S . . . . Passports XA . Traditional branches of substantive law . . . Types of citizen status * These are unlikely to be required here; some ONT . . . . Naturalized citizens take a special form in public law and these are ONV . . . . Dual citizenship provided below in those subjects special to ONV NNE . . . . . Allegiance constitutional law (e.g. SCD ON Nationality & OO . . . . Indigeneous persons, aboriginals citizenship). OOY . . . . Stateless persons SCA . Political processes, properties & agents OPF TW . . . . Married women * Most of these imply a central government context. See note at SCL Central government. OPQ . . . . Dependent territories citizenship * Add to SC letters A/DK following R in . . . . Special to a jurisdiction RA/RDK with the adjustments indicated. A OPT . . Aliens selection of the more prominent concepts is OQ . . Minorities given below for convenience and to show ORB . . Migrant groups scope. ORG . . . Emigrants SCC T . . Rights & duties, immunities in general ORR . . . Refugees W . . . Human rights, natural rights OS . . . Immigrants & immigration W7 . . . . Courts OSE . . . . Administration of immigration, control of * See also regional courts (supranational immigration law) - e.g. European Court of Human OSG . . . . . Restriction of immigration Rights SFY HXC W7R OTC ...... Quotas . . . . Agencies OTD ...... Deportation WAW CU . . . . . United Nations Commission on Human OTL . . . . . Assistance to immigrants Rights OU . . . . Types of immigrants by place of origin WAW DTH . . . . . European Commission on Human OVL . . . . Types of immigrants by general Rights characteristics WM . . . . Performance of human rights OWL . . . . . Guest workers WMN . . . . . Constitutional guarantees Processes of government X . . . . . Abuse of human rights, violation of * See SCE. human rights XT ...... Suspension of human rights

86 SCE Constitutional law SCKERJ

Law S Law S Substantive law S9V B Substantive law S9V B Public law SBY Public law SBY Constitutional law SC Constitutional law SC Substantive law SC9 VB Legislative systems SCI Processes of government . Legislative committees SCI L

SCE Government SCI NB . Legislative procedure * This covers both government in general & central * For procedures relative to financial affairs, see government. See note at SCL. SCL MGO. * Add to SC letters E/LQ following R in RE/RLQ with the OB . Legislative action, enactment of laws adjustments indicated (especially SCK). S . Lower house CD . Communication V . Upper house * Use SCE D. SCJ Executive government, administration of government D . Communication & information control GE . Powers DEH . . Openness in government GJ . . Prerogative powers SCG C . Accountability of government K . Chief executives DJ . Regulation of abuse of government (general) KN . . Heads of state * Most of the literature relates to administrative law KR . . . Hereditary heads of state, monarchs (SCK F). * See also Monarchies SCY MC * See also Tribunals of enquiry SCK F9T H; KV . . . Presidents Ombudsman SCK F9T U L . . Heads of government E . Powers of government M . . . Executive presidents F . . Sovereignty of government * For sovereignty in international law as a subject of MT . . . Prime ministers, premiers constitutional law, see SCY DF. O . . . Cabinets, councils of ministers FQ . . Limitation of powers of government SB . Executive action G . . Separation of powers V . Interim government GL . . . Delegation of powers . . Types of power SCK Public administration law (general) HR . . . Emergency powers of government * Organization & structure of public administration & I . . . Immunity administrative law together; for the latter alone, see J . . . Prerogative powers of government SCK F. K . . Authority of government A . Political processes KV . . . Civil authority * Add to SCK letters A/EC following R in RA/REC with the adjustments indicated below. M . . Powers special to an office CW . . Human rights MT . . . Treaty-making powers E . . Government . Stages in the life of government ECD . . . Communications N . . Establishment of government * Use SCK ED. NP . . Maintenance of government ED . . . Communication & information control O . . Dissolution of authority EDE H . . . . Openness in public administration PU . . Succession in government . . . Other properties & processes of government * For accountability, powers & authority Branches of government (RGC/RGL), see SCK GC. R . Interbranch government relations * Add to SCK E letters M/T following RG in V . Representation & elections RGM/RGT so far as applicable. SCH . . Electoral systems ER . . . . Relations with other branches of government H . . . Election procedure ERI . . . . . Legislature’s relations with public L . . . Political parties administration O . . . Electorate & suffrage, votes ERJ . . . . . Executive’s relations with public S . . . Voting systems administration TU . . . Types of election systems VD . . Referendum, plebiscite SCI . Legislative systems, , congresses GE . . Powers H . . Electoral system HJ . . . Constituencies, legislative districts L . . Legislative committees

87 SCKF SCKIVF Administrative law

Substantive law S9V B Constitutional law SC Public law SBY Public administration law SCK Constitutional law SC Administrative law SCK F Public administration law SCK . Practice & procedure Political processes SCK A . . . . . Enquiries SCK F9T F . . . . Executive’s relations with public administration ...... Tribunals of enquiry SCK F9T H SCK ERJ SCK F9T U . . . . . Ombudsman SCK F Administrative law F9T V ...... Local ombudsman * Law regulating the exercise by public authorities of F9V B the powers of rule-making & adjudication conferred . Substantive law on them by law. . . Special subjects of administrative law * See also Regulation of economic activities & . . . Actions for which redress sought businesses, SBN 9UC. * Add to SCK G letters C/L following RG. F2 . Primary materials GC . . . . Acountability * For statutory instruments & other delegated GCN . . . . Discretion legislation, see primary materials in general under GD . . . . Abuse of administrative authority a given jurisdiction. GDP . . . . . Ultra vires F5C . Sources GDR . . . . . Non-compliance with formal rules F5P . . Delegated legislation GDT . . . . . Action in bad faith F5P R . . . Administrative acts, legislative functions of GDV . . . . . Maladministration, faulty discretion administrative agencies GE . . . . Powers of administrative agencies F5P S . . . . Revocation of administrative acts GHR . . . . . Emergency powers of administrative . Practice & procedure authorities F69 . . Access to law GI . . . . . Immunity * To forms of redress versus administrative action. GJ . . . . . Prerogative powers F6E . . Courts & court procedure . . . Functions of agencies within which action taken F7V . . . Administrative courts, Conseils d’Etat * For specific function, see latter - e.g. Licensing, * See also Special agencies of redress Taxation. Those below are too general to be SCK F9T B subordinated to a single class. F7W . . . Administrative tribunals * For specific agencies, see SCL J/O. * If distinguished from the above. HI . . . . Legislative function of administration F8 . . . Actions * Making rules with the force of law. F8A . . . . Parties HK . . . . Directives of administration F8N . . . . . Right to prior hearing * As to the actions of individuals. F8P . . . . . Right to appeal HN . . . . Investigative functions of administration . . . Remedies, forms of redress * Requesting information, etc. * See also Special agencies of redress HQ . . . . Quasi-judicial functions of administration SCK F9T B * Adjudicating in disputes. F9G . . . . Administrative remedies, statutory remedies I Organization of public administration F9H . . . . . Appeal * Add to SCK letter I/Q following RK so far as F9I V . . . . . Quashing of orders applicable. Note that most of the literature refers to a F9I W . . . . . Statutory default powers particular level of administration (central, local, etc.) - see SCL/SCV. F9J . . . . Judicial review IQ . Management of public administration F9K . . . . Prerogative writs & orders . . Personnel F9K K . . . . . Non-statutory remedies IU . . . Public service employees F9K M ...... Certiorari * For civil service, see SCL IU. F9K N ...... Mandamus IV . . Resources management F9K P ...... Prohibition IVF . . . Government purchasing, government F9K T . . . . Declaratory judgements procurement F9L . . . . Civil remedies * Damages, injunctions, etc. F9R YC . . . . Special types of proceedings * Add to SCK F9S letters S/U following S9; e.g. Summary proceedings SCK F9S SD F9T B . . . . Special agencies of redress F9T D . . . . . Parliamentary select committees F9T F . . . . . Enquiries F9T H ...... Tribunals of enquiry

88 SCKJ Constitutional law SCLKC

Substantive law S9V B Law S Public law SBY Substantive law S9V B Constitutional law SC Public law SBY Public administration law SCK Constitutional law SC Organization of public administration SCK I Branches of government . . . Government purchasing SCK IVF . . . . Grants-in-aid by administrative agencies SCK KU SCK J Administrative departments, executive agencies Jurisdictions by level of organization * Including sub-departments, sections, etc. * Nearly all the literature refers to those at a particular level (central government, local government, etc.) SCL . Central government administration * Any given department, section, etc. may be qualified as * Most of the concepts in SCA/SCK and nearly all the follows (where the hyphen repreents the classmark of the literature on them usually imply central government. It department): would be unhelpful to maintain 2 separate sequences * Add to - numbers & letters 2/K following SCK (SCA/SCK for truly general works & SCLA/SCLK for * Add to - letters L/Y for special functions central government). So the arrangement recommended JV . Advisory services to departments is as follows: * * Often required by statute (e.g. the public accounts Treat central government narrowly (i.e. excluding committee to a treasury). administration) as implicit in SCAY/SCK; * General operations For general works on central government alone (i.e. distinguishing it from devolved government) & on * Functions defined by the main activities of an agency central administration alone (i.e. distinguishing it from (public finance, trade & industry, foreign affairs, etc.) are legislative & executive government narrowly), use SCL. given under those functions under central administration * Works on devolved government & administration (SCL), with which most of the literature is concerned. should go at SCQ/SCW. The operations below may be directed at the activities * Add to SCL letters A/GR following SC and I/K within any department (e.g. public health). following SCK. * The division of RKK is amended here so that the operations conform to those for regulating economic GR . . Interdepartmental government relations activities (at SBN 9U). I . . Organization of central administration * Add to SCK K letters C/S following SBN 9U. IQ . . . Management KC . Regulation or control by administrative agencies * Add to SCL letters I/Q following RK so far as . . Particular regulatory agencies applicable (see note at SCK I). KE . . . Persons . . . . Personnel KF . . . Organizations IU . . . . . Civil service . . Operations IV . . . . Resources management KH . . . Licensing, concessions, certification by J . . Central government departments, ministries * The preferred arrangement is to subordinate specific administrative agencies, registration by departments to the subject (education, health, etc.) administrative agencies except in the case of certain departments of central KI . . . Identification importance, such as the Treasury. An alternative is KJ . . . Inspection by administrative agencies provided at SCL N/P for keeping all departments in KK . . . Testing by administrative agencies this class. KL . . . Enforcement by administrative agencies * Any given department may be qualified as instructed KM . . . . Specific measures at SCK J. KR . Self-regulation . . General operations * Usually responsible ultimately to government. KC . . . Planning & control KT . Economic assistance by administrative agencies KU . . Grants-in-aid by administrative agencies

89 SCLMF SCLMJWP National accounts

Substantive law S9V B Public law SBY Public law SBY Constitutional law SC Constitutional law SC Central government administration SCL Central government administration SCL Public finance administration SCL MG General operations Intervention, control & regulation SCL MHA B . Planning & control SCL KC . Review SCL MHA HE Special spheres of government activity SCL MHC National accounts, public accounting . Agents . Accounting procedures SCL MF . . Public finance department, treasury MHD F . . Audit of national accounts MFL . . . Special functions MHE . Budget * See SCL MG/MQ. MHQ . Money MHQ AA . . Monetary policy MG . Public finance administration MHQ AC . . Interest rates * Add to SCL M letters H/S following TN National MHR . . Money supply economics, with the adjustments indicated. MI . National debt, public debt * Retroactive synthesis within SCL MH/SCL MS MIU . Receipts & expenditure follows that in TNH/TNS. * For retroactive synthesis using classmarks from S2/SCK, proceed as follows (where the hyphen MIW . Public revenue represents the classmark added to): * Add to - numbers 2/9X following SC MJ . . Tax law, taxation * Add to -9Y letters A/K following SC. * Alternative (not recommended) is to collocate MGN . . Economic & financial policy with Public finance at TNJ P. MGO . . Parliamentary procedures in financial * Add to SCL M letters J/P following TN, with administration, control of public the adjustments indicated (e.g. at SCL MKX). expenditure MJ6 E . . . Courts & procedure MGP . . . Financial & accounting principles MJ7 V . . . . Tax courts * For example, sums granted are maxima, sums MJ9 G . . . . Remedies granted for one purpose may not be used for * For tax appeals, see SCL MJR T. another, surpluses may not be carried MJA . . . Conflict of laws forward. MJA JM . . . . Recognition of particular foreign laws MGQ . . . Departmental estimates MJQ . . . Tax demands, levying of taxes MGR . . . . Supply estimates MJR . . . Assessment of taxes MGS . . . . Expenditure committee(s) MJR T . . . . Appeal * For example, Select Committee on MJR V . . . . Treasury liens Expenditure in UK. * Money retained by tax authority until MGT . . . . Public accounts committee(s) overdue taxes are paid. * For Financial reporting, see MJT W . . . . Tax year, period of assessment SCL MHD OB. MJU B . . . . Tax returns MGU . . . Appropriations MJU D . . . . Self-assessment MGV . . . . Interim appropriations MJU F . . . . Forward averaging * For example, Consolidated Fund Bill in UK. MJV . . . Allowances, exemptions, relief MGW . . . Supplementary estimates MJV L . . . . Personal allowances * For example, for married persons. MGX . . . Forward planning MJV N . . . . Savings MHA A . . Fiscal policy MJV P . . . . Expenses MHA B . . Intervention, control & regulation * For example, mortgage allowance. MHA HE . . . Review MJV R . . . . Donations to charities MJV S . . . . Covenants MJV U . . . . Loss relief MJV W . . . . Special categories MJW . . . Tax avoidance, tax advantage, tax planning MJW L . . . . Splitting incomes MJW N . . . . Transfer of securities MJW P . . . . . Special forms * Arrange A/Z. * For example, bond washing.

90 SCLMJWR Direct taxation SCLMNMSY

National accounts SCL MHC Public finance administration SCL MG Public revenue SCL MIW National accounts SCL MHC Tax law SCL MJ Public revenue SCL MIW Tax avoidance SCL MJW Tax law SCL MJ . Transfer of securities SCL MJW N Tax systems SCL MLB . . Special forms SCL MJW P Emergency taxes SCL MLG

SCL MJW R . Transfer of assets abroad SCL MLH Direct taxation MJW S . . Tax havens MLH 4 . History MJW T . . Offshore funds MLH 4FB . . Tallages, tailles MJX Determination of tax due * Originally feudal tax on tenancies, etc. MK Collection of taxes MLM . Wealth tax * For PAYE, see SCL MMS E. MLN . . Capital gains tax MKL . Payment at source, withholding tax * For capital transfer tax, see SCL MNK T. MKN . Distraint MLP . Property tax MKO . Overdue taxes * For rating, see Local government MKP . Overpayment of taxes, refunds SCU LML P. MKR . Tax credits MLR . Land tax, site value tax, real estate tax MKT Evasion of taxes, tax dodging MLV . Personal property tax Properties of taxation MLX . . Intellectual property tax MKW . Incidence of taxes MM . Income tax MKW R . . Double taxation MMJ R . . Assessment MKW T . Tax structure MMJ V . . Allowances * Add to SCL MKW letters WU/Y following TNK; MMJ W . . Deductions e.g. SCL MKW X Progressive taxation. MMR S . . Gross income MKX By person &/or activity taxed MMR T . . Taxable income * See also Corporation tax SCL MNM MMS B . . Earned income tax, wages & salaries . By activity MMS C . . . Standard rate of tax MKX C . . Crossborder transactions MMS E . . . . PAYE, pay as you earn . By person MMS U . . Surtax * Add to SCL MKX letters WM/Y following SA; MMT . . Negative income tax e.g. SCL MKX XW Taxation of women. MMU C . . Unearned income tax * Add to SCL MKY letters N/Y following SBB MMU E . . Capital income tax * Add to SCL MLA letters A/X following SBC; e.g. MMU G . . . Annuities tax Taxation on termination of marriage SCL MLA M. MMU H . . . Fixed assets tax MLA Y . . Paticular industries MMU K . . . Floating assets tax * Arrange A/Z. MMU M . . . . Income from securities MMU Q . . . . . Dividends tax MMV T . . . . Excess profits tax Types of taxation MMW . . Foreign income MMW X . . Other sources of income MLB . Tax systems * Arrange A/Z. MLC . . Tax base . . By type of persons MLE . . . Evaluation of tax base, tax value MMX G . . . Pensioners MLF B . . . Residence MNI . Transfer taxes MLF D . . . . Foreign nationals MNJ . . Estate duties, death duties MLG . . Emergency taxes MNK . . . Inheritance tax MNK T . . Capital transfer tax MNL . . Gift tax MNM . Corporation tax, business tax, company tax MNM SV . . Profits tax MNM SVT . . . Excess profits tax MNM SVV . . . . Confiscation of illicit profits MNM SW . . . War profits tax MNM SX . . Payroll tax, employees tax MNM SY . . Other corporation taxes * Arrange A/Z.

91 SCLMNN SCLX National accounts

Central government administration SCL Public law SBY Public revenue SCL MIW Constitutional law SC . Tax law SCL MJ Central government administration SCL . . . . Direct taxation SCL MLH Special spheres of government activity . . . . . Corporation tax SCL MNM . . . . Types of public expenditure ...... Other corporation taxes SCL MNM SY . . . . . Supply services SCL MQJ S

SCL MNN ...... By type of corporate body SCL MQK . . . . . Government assistance, state aid * Add to SCL MNN letters G/Y MQM ...... Subsidies, government grants following SBO. . . . . Objects of public expenditure MNN I ...... Public service industries MQN . . . . . Capital expenditure MNN NX ...... Foreign firms MQP . . . . . Salaries MNN P ...... Partnerships MQP S . . . . . Pensions MNN Q ...... Public limited companies MQQ . . . . . Transfer payments, social welfare MNN T ...... Conglomerates expenditures MNN UM ...... Consortia MQR ...... Public sector borrowing requirement MNN V ...... Multinationals MQS . . . . . Public works expenditures MNN W ...... Cooperative societies MQX . . . . . Compensatory payments, claims on public MNO ...... Other corporate bodies expenditure * Arrange A/Z. N Other central government departments MNO C ...... Charities * For law relating to specific areas of public service, see MNP . . . . . Persons tax, poll tax the apecific service. In particular, see SBS/SBV - e.g. MNS . . . . Indirect taxation, expenditure taxation health & medical services SBT B. MNT . . . . . Consumption tax, sales tax * Qualification of a specific subject in substantive law MNX . . . . . Custom & excise duty by its public administration is effected by using the ...... Evasion intercalator at S9T (see note there). MNX KT ...... Smuggling * An alternative (not recommended) is to collect all MO ...... Customs duties, external tariffs departments here, at SCL N/P. The following ‘Add’ instruction includes this alternative. MOT ...... Specific duties * Add to SCL letters N/Q following RL in RLN/RLQ * Arrange A/Z. (except RLO PY National security) so far as MOT D ...... Dumping duties, antidumping applicable - e.g. Overseas territories SCL OQQ. duties Other administrative agencies & functions MOT F ...... Duty-free imports, free of duty QB . Quasi-government agencies goods QC . . Public service corporations MOX ...... Internal tariffs, excise duties, tolls QE . . . Nationalized industries MPE ...... Sales tax QG . . . Public utilities MPF ...... Purchase tax QJ . Quasi-autonomous non-governmental MPG ...... Turnover tax organizations, quangos MPH ...... VAT, value added tax QP . Privatized public administrative services, MPI . . . . Administrative revenues contracting out MPI V . . . . . Stamp duties, registration taxes . . . . By expenditure on which levied MPJ B . . . . . Sumptuary taxes V National security, national defence MPJ E ...... Alcohol tax, drinks tax VS . Official secrets MPJ F ...... Tobacco tax, smoking tax W . Defence department, war office MPJ H ...... Gambling tax, betting tax X . Civil defence MPK . . . . Other goods & services taxed * Add to SCL MP letters K/O following TNP in TNP K/TNP O; e.g. Taxation of finance houses SCL MPK GIN; Taxation of law practices SCL MPO S6B. MPO N . Non-tax revenue MQ Public expenditure MQA HE . Review, scrutiny MQA HF . . Public Expenditure Survey Committee . Types of public expenditure MQJ S . . Supply services * Annually authorized expenditures.

92 SCM Military law SCMR8RC

Substantive law S9V B National security SCL V Public law SBY Military law SCM Constitutional law SC Practice & procedure SCM 6 Central government administration SCL . . . Personnel SCM IU National security SCL V . . . . . Civilians in armed services SCM LWC Civil defence SCL X ...... Standing civilian courts SCM LWC 7V

SCM Military law, armed services, services law SCM M . . . . . Serving personnel, soldiers, services * Regulating the conduct of members of the armed personnel forces. * Usually assumed. * The armed forces are treated here as a special form MCW ...... Civil & political rights of public service. MN ...... Conscripts * For military personnel appearing before non- MP ...... Career soldiers, regular soldiers military courts, see general courts. * Add to SCM letters G/I following RK (public MR ...... Commissioned ranks administration), with the modifications shown. MT ...... Non-commissioned ranks 6 . Practice & procedure MX . . . . . Ex-services personnel law, veterans law * Most of the literature refers to military criminal N . . . Resources management law - see SCM R. * Normal retroactive synthesis from RKI is 6E . . Courts & court procedure resumed here after its interruption at 7V . . . Courts of chivalry, courts of honour SCM IUS B. * Add to SCM N letters A/Y following RKI V in GCJ . . Accountability RKI VA/RKI VY. GD . . Abuse of government NF . . . . Procurement GE . . Powers NGS . . . . Surplus property disposal * Within the country itself. NGX . . . . Requisitioning . . Relations with other branches of government OW . . . Marketing, public relations HI . . . With legislature * Add to SCM O letters W/X following RKI in HJ . . . With executive RKI W/RKI X. HLY . . . With judiciary Subjects special to military law I . . Organization & administration PC . Military privileges & immunities IQ . . . Management PE . Military ceremonies & honour IU . . . . Personnel PF . Decorations IUE . . . . . Industrial relations law PG . Military discipline IUP . . . . . Conditions & pay PJ . . Articles of war IUQ R ...... Bounties PL . . Military necessity IUS B . . . . . Recruitment & selection PN . . Due force * Use SCM J. Normal synthesis from . Branches etc. RKI U is interrupted here; it is resumed at SCM N. PR . . Military districts J . . . . . Recruitment & enlistment PRS . . . Commanding officer K ...... Conscription, compulsory military PS . . Auxiliary services, volunteers, militia, service, the Draft territorials, national Guard KL ...... Deferment & exemption PU . . Intelligence services ...... Special groups PV . . Army, landforces KP ...... Conscientious objectors PW . . Navy KT ...... Mobilization PX . . Airforce . . . . . Other properties & processes PYM . . Military police LTB ...... Discharge from armed services R . Military criminal law LTU ...... Leave, furlough R6 . . Practice & procedure LU ...... Health & safety R6E . . . Courts & court procedure LV . . . . . Types of personnel by general R6K B . . . . Law officers characteristics R6V . . . . . Judge-Advocates * Add to SCM L letters V/W following * Advise courts-martial. RKI U. R7W B . . . . Courts-martial, military courts LWC ...... Civilians in armed services R7W D . . . . . General court martial * Including families of serving R7W F . . . . . District court martial personnel. R7W H . . . . . Field general court martial LWC 6E ...... Courts & court procedure R8Q . . . . Defence LWC 7V ...... Standing civilian courts R8R C . . . . . Superior orders

93 SCMR9RC SCOQ Police law

Central government administration SCL Central government administration SCL National security SCL V Law enforcement agencies SCM Y . Military law SCM Police law SCN A . . . . Practice & procedure SCM R6 . Operations ...... Defence SCM R8Q . . Criminal investigation SCN E ...... Superior orders SCM R8R C . . . Informers SCN EJ

SCM R9R C ...... Penalties SCN EY . . . Methods of criminal investigation, evidence R9S H ...... Imprisonment gathering R9T V ...... Individual trials G . . . . Interrogation by police, questioning by * Arrange A/Z. police R9V B . . . . Substantive law GK . . . . . Intimidation by police, violence by police SC . . . . . Civil offences in armed forces H . . Legal procedure in police work * In principle, works on military personnel * Alternative (not recommended) to locating with appearing before non-military courts go Practice & procedure at SBW 8LN. under the latter. Should the need arise to HDX . . . Custody of accused locate such material under military law, HDX DD . . . . Death in custody proceed as follows: * Add to SCM S letters E/W following . Types of police forces SBW. JD . . International police TC . . . . . Military criminal offences JE . . National police, centralized police forces TE ...... Insubordination JJ . . Local police forces TG ...... Malingering L . . Paramilitary police forces TJ ...... Desertion LR . . Auxiliary police forces, special constabulary TL ...... Absence without leave M . . Private security forces TN ...... Mutiny MP . . . Particular private forces TP ...... Military atrocities * Arrange A/Z. TR ...... Pillage, plundering, looting N . . . Private detectives TV ...... Foreign enlistment NP . . . Voluntary police, vigilantes U . Martial law O . . . Industrial police, security guards Y Law enforcement agencies, public security agencies . Functions U . . Law & order maintenance, public safety UXB . . . Crowd control, riot control SCN A . Police law, police forces UXF . . . Demonstrations * The general class for police is QP; this class takes UXG . . . Industrial disputes, strikes only works dealing with the status of such forces in constitutional law. SCO Penal law * * Add to SCN letters B/R following QP in QPB/QPR, The general class for penology is QQ; this class with the amendments indicated below. takes only works dealing with the status of penal actions in constitutional law. AGE . . Powers of the police * Add to SCO letters E/Y following QQ in B . . Personnel, police officers QQE/QQY. BD . . . Discipline EN . Non-custodial treatment DB . . Relations of police with the public FO . . Loss of rights . . Methods & Agents FR . Physical punishment, corporal punishment DG . . . Physical force FW . . Capital punishment, death penalty DH . . . Protective gear G . Prisons, custodial punishment DI . . . Weapons, arms (police) GF . . Security in prisons DN . . . Motor vehicles GJ . . . Discipline in prisons DNT . . . Mounted police GK . . Offences in prison . . Operations HR . . Rights & privileges of prisoners DU . . . Pursuit & arrest HRR . . . Requests by prisoners DX . . . Custody of accused HRT . . . Complaints by prisoners DXD D . . . . Death in custody M . . Parole E . . . Criminal investigation N . . Release from prison, discharge from prison * For police law in the narrow sense of police NPV . . . Remission, reduction of prison sentences acting as elements in a prosecution, see SBW 8LN. P . . Conditions in prisons, welfare of prisoners EJ . . . . Informers Q . . Prison sentences

94 SCOS Devolved government & administration SCX

Substantive law S9V B Substantive law S9V B Public law SBY Public law SBY Constitutional law SC Constitutional law SC Central government administration SCL Jurisdictions by level of organization . Law enforcement agencies SCM Y . . State government & administration SCS . . . . Prison sentences SCO Q . . . Individual states SCT

SCO S . . . . Types of prisons SCU . . Local government, local authorities * Add to SCOS letters K/V following QQS; e.g. * See notes at RLU Local government (general) on remand centres SCO SL. its differences from central government structure. * Add to SCO SW letters T/Y following QQ; e.g. Division of SCU is parallel with that in RLU & Rehabilitation centres SCO SWX. details from the latter may be added if required. TA . . . . Offenders, criminals * Add to SCU letters A/Q following SCQ. * Add to SCOT letters B/E following QR. GC . . . Accountability . . . . Types of offenders GE . . . Powers TF . . . . . Discharged prisoners, ex-prisoners . . . Legislature TG ...... After-care of ex-prisoners I . . . . Local councils U . . . . . Other IJ . . . . . Councillors * Add to SCOU letters G/Y following QR in IND . . . . . Meetings of local authorities QRR/QRY. J . . . Executive * Add to SCOV letters A/Y following QS in JKU . . . . Mayors QSA/ASY. * Add to SCOW letters E/Y following QT in K . . . Local administration QTE/QTY. KIU . . . . Personnel . Other administrative agencies & functions KIU X . . . . . Chief executives YC . . Coastguards MJ . . . . Taxation YE . . Emergency services (general), rescue services MLP . . . . . Rating law (general) . . . (Types of authorities) Add to SCU letters S/T following RLU in RLUS/RLUT. SG . . . . Single tier local authorities SCQ Devolved government & administration, decentralized * With comprehensive authority over most government & administration services. * Add to SCQ letters A/K following SC. SI . . . . Multi-tier local authorities K . Public administration * With limited authority over a number of KF . . Administrative law services. KI . . Organization of public administration SU . . . . Urban council, municipal councils KIQ . . . Management TJ . . . . County councils KJ . . Departments, agencies TR . . . . Rural councils KK . . . General operations TV . . . . Joint authorities M . . . Specific departments SCV . . . Individual local authorities * Add to SCQ letters M/Q following SCL so far as * Notes under SCR Y apply here also. applicable. SCW . . Overseas territories, colonies, dependencies SCR . Regional government, regional administration * This class takes general works on the * In non-federal states. constitutional law of empires, colonial systems & * Add to SCR letters A/Q following SCQ. other forms of dependencies which a country . . Types of regions by function might possess. R . . . Ad hoc regional agencies * For the constitutional law of a particular territory, * Arrange A/Z. see the territory (in SL/SV); e.g. SVR EC Hong * E.g. Regional Planning Areas. Kong (at present, 1996, a British possession). Y . . . By geographical region * Add to SCW letters A/U following SC. * Use only under specific jurisdictions. SCX Judiciary * Add to SCP Y letters A/Z following classmark of * Constitutional status, powers, etc. For particular country concerned in Auxiliary Schedule 2. offices & personnel, see function; e.g. Law officers SCS . State government & administration S6K B. * In states with federal structure. * Add to SCX letters A/S following RLY so far as * Add to SCS letters A/Q following SCQ. applicable; e.g. SCX J Executive process & the SCT . . Individual states judiciary in constituional law. * Notes under SCR Y apply here also.

95 SCYB SCYR Constitutional law

Law S Law S Substantive law S9V B Substantive law S9V B Public law SBY Public law SBY Constitutional law SC Constitutional law SC Substantive law SC9 VB Supranational associations & constitutional law SCY E . Judiciary SCX . By present location of jurisdiction SCY J

SCY B . Ecclesiastical law (in national law), secular SCY M Constitutional law of nation states ecclesiastical law, church & state * Add to SCY letters M/N following R in RM/RN, except * For ecclesiastical law, see SWE. for RMF/RMH. B2 . . Primary materials . States by governmental structure * These apply only to the ecclesiastical law of a * General works only. Do not compound with particular state. individual states (in SL/SV). . . . Treaties MC . . Monarchies B2M S . . . . MD . . . Constitutional monarchies B9V B . . Substantive law ME . . Republics . . Subjects special to ecclesiastical law MK . . Absolutist states BE . . . State & church jurisdiction ML . . Dictatorships BES . . . . Separation of church & state MO . . Oligarchies BF . . . . Autonomy of church MOT . . . Military governments BG . . . . Secular courts jurisdiction over church MQ . . Constitutional democracies BJ . . . Disestablishment of church NK . . Theocratic states BK . . . Religious corporations, religious congregations NV . Pluralist states, multiracial states BL . . . Relations of state to particular religions P . . Unitary states, centralized states * For jurisdiction of a specific religion, see latter Q . . Federal states in SX. R . . . Confederations BM . . . . Established church . By individual state BP . . . . Particular non-established religions * See Sl/SV; the subdivision X under each state * Arrange A/Z. signifies its constitutional law (see Auxiliary Schedule S1). D . Foreign relations, International relations * For international relations in international law, see SDM B. This class is concerned mainly with the implications of international relations for the constitutional law of individual jurisdictions. * Add to SCY D numbers & letters 3/9, A/Y following SD so far as applicable. D3 . . International law & constitutional law D5G T . . Diplomacy & constitutional law D5H . . Treaties & constitutional law D5L S . . International organizations & constitutional law D5N . . . United Nations & constitutional law D5S C . . Comitas & constitutional law D5X D . . International disputes & constitutional law * See also National security SCL V * For war, see SCY DR. DF . . Sovereignty in international relations DK . . National territory DR . . War & constitutional law E Supranational associations & constitutional law * Add to SCY letters E/H following S in SE/SH so far as applicable. F . Preferred supranational association * This is used only under a specific country & will take the appropriate notation from SF/SH; e.g. for members or the European Union it will be SCY F. J . By present location of jurisdiction * For use when an ethnic jurisdiction is applied within separate national jurisdictions. See SI (note 4) for example.

96 SCYX Jurisdictions SD28

Law S Law S Substantive law S9V B Jurisdictions SCY X ...... By individual state Relations between systems, comparisons SCY X59

SCY X Jurisdictions, legal systems By political authority * This general class should not be qualified by the preceding facets S2/SCW; the concept of a containing SD . International law, law of nations, public international legal system is implicit in all of them. Exceptions may occasionally be called for in the case of common law subdivisions; e.g. see History SCY X4 below. * The body of customary law and treaty rules accepted as legally binding by nation states in their relations with X4 . History each other. * History of law in general is S4. Locate here only those * The relations between international law and politics are works which consider the different types of very close. For those libraries preferring to locate jurisdictions (national, religious, etc.) rather than the international law in politics, an alternative (not processes, subjects of law and jurisdictions together. If recommended) is provided at ROF. in doubt, prefer S4. . . Common subdivisions X59 . Relations between systems, comparisons * See works about international law (SD3).

SD2 . . Primary materials * Works of law (texts of treaties, etc.) as distinct from works about the law. * The categories of primary materials for national and supranational jurisdictions (given in Auxiliary Schedules S2 & S3) are not appropriate for international law. But the following schedule is consistent with them so far as possible & further details may be drawn from them, as indicated at several points. * For classes divided by date, follow the instructions in Auxiliary Schedule S2 (note 8/9); e.g. Treaty of Versailles (1919) SD2 DNU V. * For primary materials of a given country relating to its foreign relations, see the constitutional law of that country; e.g. USA - Foreign relations - Legislative documents - Senate SPY D2D. 2 . . . By language * If necessary, qualify by language as follows: * Add to -2 (where the hyphen represents the subject to to be qualified) letters C/Y in Auxiliary Schedule 3; e.g. Versailles treaty (in French) SD2 DNU V2F. 3 . . . Common subdivisions 3R . . . . Guides to the documentation 4 . . . Special subsidiary forms * The notes under 24 in Auxiliary Schedule S2 apply here also. These special forms are used primarily to qualify materials in SD2B/SD2Y; indexes, collections, etc. of a particular kind of material go with the latter; e.g., index to cases of the International Court of Justice SD2 O44. * Add to SD2 numbers 4/9 following 2 in Auxiliary Schedule S2. A brief selection of some prominent classes is given below for convenience. 44 . . . . Indexes 5 . . . . Official texts 6 . . . . Non-official texts 7 . . . . Collections (serial) 7B . . . . Collections (monographic) 8 . . . . Digests

97 SD2B SD2R Cases in international law

Law S Law S Jurisdictions SCY X Jurisdictions SCY X International law SD International law SD Primary materials SD2 Primary materials SD2 Special subsidiary forms SD2 4 Legislation SD2 K . Digests SD2 8 . . Codes SD2 MH

SD2 B Treaties, conventions, agreements SD2 N Cases in international law (texts), law reports, reports * Texts only. For treaties, etc. as a subject (their of decisions significance, drafting, etc.) see SD5 H. * Completely general collections, etc. only, covering * For treaties on a specific subject (e.g. air transport) decisions of international courts, regional courts and see subject. But peace treaties are excepted, because national courts. Most collections are of the first; see of the generality of their subject coverage (see SD2 NC. SD2 D). * For caselaw as a subject, see S5Q. B7 . Collections (general) * For cases, claims, etc. relating to specific areas of law, B75 . . Official series see latter; e.g., for Alabama case, see B75 LE . . . League of Nations treaty series War - Maritime - Neutrality - Cases (1871) B75 UN . . . United Nations treaty series SDW MSC 2N9 LM. * E.g. Organization of American states series. N7 . General collections B76 . . Non-official series N87 . Digests of cases (serial) B76 HU . . . Hudson’s international legislation N87 B . Digests (monographic) BB . Regional organizations international treaties N9 . Individual cases (by date) * For treaties between members of one organization, * Add to the classmark obtained the name of the case. see the organization. . By court * Add to SD2 BB letters F/H following S; e.g. EU * Each type of court, or individual court, may be treaties with external parties SD2 BBG. qualified by classes 9/P as indicated at 2PB in BE . By country Auxiliary Schedule S2; e.g SD2 OB International * Add to SD2 B letters E/Z in Auxiliary Schedule 2. Court of Justice - Court records. C . Single multilateral treaties NC . . International court cases D . . Peace treaties (texts) * Reports and allied official documents only; for * Arrange by date, then name; e.g. international courts as a subject, see SD7. * For courts concerned with specific topics, see topic DNU V . . . Versailles treaty (1919) (e.g. war crimes). E . Single bilateral treaties (texts) * See also supranational courts; e.g. Court of Justice * Arrange by date, then first named country (using of the European Union SG7 R. Auxiliary Schedule 2). NE . . . Permanent Court of International Justice F International conferences, international congresses NE7 5 . . . . Official series, by letter & number (international law), international meetings NE7 6 . . . . Non-official series * The central role of international conferences is acting * Arrange A/Z by name. as forums for discussion, etc., out of which may develop formal treaties, agreements, etc. The NE7 B . . . . Collections (monographic) preferred place for them is at SD5 LC. O . . . International Court of Justice, Permanent Court * This location is an alternative (not recommended) for of the Hague, World Court at the Hague libraries wishing to treat the texts of their * Set up by UN in succession to the Permanent proceedings, resolutions, etc. as primary materials. If Court of International Justice. this option is taken, proceed as follows: O75 . . . . Official series * Add to SD2 F letters D/Q following SD5 L. * Arrange by letter and number. K Legislation O76 . . . . Non-official series * The classes 2L/2N in Auxiliary Schedule S3 (for P . . . Other international courts Supranational law) generally have no equivalent as * Arrange A/Z. yet in International law. Letters K/M are reserved Q . . . By country brought to court here for the eventuality. * Add to SD2 Q letters E/Z in Auxiliary Schedule * For the League of Nations & United Nations, (which 2. give the nearest approach to an equivalent) see * The letter(s) for the country bringing the action SD5 M/N. may be added to that of the defendant country; L . Official acts & regulations see instruction at S48 (note 4). M . Other forms of legislation R . . Regional (interstate) courts cases (texts) * Add to SD2M letters B/Y following 2N in * When involving states outside the region. For Auxiliary Schedule S3; e.g. SD2 MB Directives. cases of disputes within the region, see the latter. MH . . Codes (international law primary materials) * Add to SD2 R letters G/H following S in SG/SH; e.g. Court of Justice of the European Union SD2 RG.

98 SD2S International law SD5A89

Law S Law S Jurisdictions SCY X Jurisdictions SCY X International law SD International law SD Primary materials SD2 International law SD3 . . By court Relations between systems SD5 9 . . . Regional (interstate) courts cases SD2 R . Municipal law & international law SD5 9HY

SD2 S . . . National courts cases SD5 A Jurisprudence * Decisions & opinions, etc. involving questions A67 . Jurisprudence as theory of law of international law decided by national courts. SE . . . . By country A6A . Historical jurisprudence * Add to SD2 S letters E/Z in Auxiliary * The usual treatment of history (division by place Schedule 2. then period) is changed here to meet the particular T . . By subject requirements of international law. * Alternative (not recommended) to locating with . . By broad period, then country subject. If this option is taken, proceed as follows: * Add to SD5 A numbers 7/8 following S5A in * Add to SD2 T letters A/Y in Auxiliary Schedule S5A7/S5A8 with the modifications as to special S1. topics and writers indicated below; e.g. 18th U . . Arbitration cases, arbitral awards century - Individual writers - Switzerland - U75 . . . Official series Vattel SD5 A8F JBV. U75 U . . . . United Nations Reports of International A7C . . . International law in the Ancient world Arbitral Awards A7G . . . . Ancient East international law U9 . . . Individual (single) cases by date A7L . . . . Ancient Greece in international law V . . . Permanent Court of Arbitration, The Hague . . . . . Special topics (cases) A7M B ...... Rhodian laws V75 . . . . Official reports & series A7M C ...... Other V76 . . . . Unofficial collections & series * Arrange A/Z. VG . . . Other permanent/semipermanent arbitral bodies A7P . . . . Ancient Rome in international law * Arrange A/Z...... Special topics VM . . . Mixed arbitral tribunals & commissions (cases) A7Q B ...... Jus feciale * Arrange A/Z. A7Q C ...... Jus gentium A7Q D ...... Jus sacrum Secondary materials, works about international law A7Q E ...... Other * Arrange A/Z. A7S . . . . Other places in the Ancient World SD3 . International law (works about), law of nations, * Arrange A/Z. public international law A7T . . . Medieval international law * Most of the literature calling itself International law * To c. 1500. deals almost entirely with public international law. Use this class also for works which deal with public . . . . Special topics and private international law together. A7V B . . . . . Consulate of the sea * For private international law (conflict of laws) see A7V C . . . . . Laws of Oleron SA (which has an alternative at SDA). A7V D . . . . . Laws of Trani . . Common subdivisions A7V E . . . . . Other, A/Z 3G . . . Journals * Arrange A/Z. * For journals serving as primary materials, see A7V G . . . . Writers & publicists S28 E. * Arrange A/Z. 4 . . . Legal profession A8 . . . Modern international law 7WD . . . . Advisory services * Historical and jurisprudential treatments only. D . . . Organizations A87 . . . . By place DC . . . . International Commission of Jurists * For general works only on a country in the DL . . . . International Law Commission (UN) modern period. For that country in a particular period, see the period. SD4 . . . History & theory of international law * Add to SD5 A87 letters E/Z in Auxiliary * This deals with both theory and practice of Schedule 2. international law in the periods and places concerned. For historical jurisprudence alone, A89 . . . . By period see SD5 A6A. * The instructions following S5A 8D apply * See also Jurisprudence in international law here also. SD5 A * Each writer within a period may be divided as follows: SD5 9 . . Relations between systems 9HY . . . Municipal law & international law

99 SD5A89 SD5H3LR International law

Law S Law S Jurisdictions SCY X Jurisdictions SCY X International law SD International law SD International law SD3 Secondary materials Historical jurisprudence SD5 A6A International law SD3 . . . By period SD5 A89 Justiciability SD5 BW

* Add to - (where the hyphen represents their SD5 C Sources of international law classmark): CH . Codification * - 3 Collections * See also International Law Commission * - 37 Selections SD3 DL * - 62 Individual works CH2 E . . Conferences * Use 62/64 for major titles * - 6A Other individual works, A/Z CH2 GXP T . . . Hague Codification Conference 1930 * - 89 Biography & criticism D . Custom * - 8M Commentaries & criticism GD . Formal sources * - A/Y Subject of author’s work * Alternative (not recommended) for GP . Processes of international law, regulatory libraries with a special collection on the writer agencies, law making agencies * * - the A/Y representing letters following S in Providing codes of practice (which are very SA/SY. often, if not always, observed) for the self- regulation of international relations and SD5 A8A . . . . 1500-1700 providing mechanisms for the settling of A8B . . . . . Special topics disputes. * Arrange A/Z. * For practice and procedure in international law, . . . . . Writers & publicists see SD6. * Arrange A/Z. GT . . Diplomacy, diplomatic missions A8C G ...... Grotius * The main class for this is in political science ...... Individual works (ROT).Class here only those works which A8C G62 ...... De jure belli ac pacis consider the role of diplomacy as a source of A8C G6A ...... Other, A/Z international law. A8C P ...... Pufendorf * See also Foreign services & diplomacy A8D . . . . 18th century SDM T A8E . . . . . Special topics, A/Z H . . Treaties, international agreements (as A8F . . . . . By place & individual writer subject) * These are called by many different names A8G . . . . 19th century (agreements, treaties, conventions, pacts, A8H . . . . . Special topics, A/Z compacts, protocols, charters, statutes, acts, A8J . . . . . By place & individual writer covenants, declarations, regulations, A8K . . . . 20th century engagements, arrangements, accords, A8L . . . . . Special topics provisions); but many of these terms have A8M . . . . . By place & individual writer other meanings also. A8N . . . . 21st century * The only distinctions made below (apart A8O . . . . . Special topics from general discussions of certain variants) are those between treaties and alliances A8P . . . . . By place & individual writer (associated usually with military agreements) AN Social-political theory and between treaties, etc. and conferences. BA . Political theory & international law * This is the main class for international BAN S . . Nationalism & international law agreements as a subject. For works BAS T . . Marxism & international law concerned with agreements as part of the BP Comparative law political process of international relations, BW Justiciability see politics ROA WO. * Treaty law relating to specific subjects goes with the subject in international law (e.g. boundaries, taxation). * For the texts of treaties, see Primary materials SD2B. * Normal retroactive synthesis by S5H/T is interrupted here in order to incorporate details of treaties as a subject and of other processes of international law. It is resumed at SD5 T. H3L R . . . Treaties & conventions

100 SD5H3LRM Treaties SD5LD

Jurisdictions SCY X International law SD International law SD International law SD3 International law SD3 Processes of international law SD5 GP Processes of international law SD5 GP Treaties SD5 H Treaties SD5 H . . State agreement forms SD5 KE Treaties & conventions SD5 H3L R . . . Law-making treaties SD5 KJ

SD5 H3L RM . Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (1969) SD5 KK . . . Contract treaties, guaranty treaties HCD Interpretation of treaties KM . . . Multilateral treaties Special operations KO . . . Bilateral treaties HK . Formation of treaties, treaty-making, KP . . . Executive state agreements treaty-conclusion . . By subject HL . . Proposals, drafts * Works on treaties concerned with specific subject of HM . . Negotiation of treaties international law go with that subject (e.g.boundaries, HN . . Adoption of treaties arbitration, peace). Those below are too diffuse in subject definition to justify separation. HP . . Consent to be bound (treaties) * For agreements centred on military cooperation, see HQ . . Reservations in treaties Alliances SDN YG. HR . . Ratification of treaties, approval of treaties KS . . . Cultural agreements HRN . . Registration of treaties KT . . . Friendship agreements HS . . Acceptance of treaties KV . . . Special to a subject HT . . Entry into force of treaties * For use under a specific topic - e.g. Non-agression HV . Implementing of treaties pacts SDR 5KV. JB . Enforcement of treaties KY . . By country * For enforcement of judgements by courts, see * Add to SD5 LY letters E/Z in Auxiliary Schedule 2. International courts SD9 GI. LC International conferences, international congresses, JC . . Compulsory enforcement of treaties international conventions JD . . Adherence to treaties * Establishing rules expressly recognized by the contesting JE . . Violation of treaties states and which are the prime source of the law applied JF . . Amendment of treaties, Revision of treaties by the International Court of Justice. The resulting JG . . Renewal of treaties agreements are generally contained in treaties (see SD5 H JH . . Termination of treaties, voidance of treaties, for treaties as a subject and SD2 F for their texts as breach of treaties primary materials). * This class takes all the literature produced by and relating JJ . . . Suspension of treaties to conferences. An alternative (not recommended) is JK . . . Renunciation of treaties provided at SD2 F for the texts of acts, proceedings, etc. JL . . . . Rebus sic stantibus when regarded as primary materials (see notes at SD2 F). Properties * Conferences on specific subjects go with the subject (e.g. JP . Application of treaties copyright). But peace conferences are included here since * Territorial scope, etc. their role is usually wider in scope than the question of a JQ . . Duration of treaties peace settlement. JR . Validity of treaties . Individual conferences, etc. JS . Binding force of treaties * Each conference may be divided as follows (where the hyphen represents the classmark of the conference): % JT . Obligation in treaties -2 Special forms of publications % * Add to -2 numbers JU . Reciprocity in treaties 2/8 following 2 % in Auxiliary Schedule S2 so far as % * For favoured nation clause, see Commercial law applicable; e.g. Indexes 244. % -4 History % -C SBN ONT. Proceedings, discussions % -E Acts, resolutions, JW . Pacta sunt servanda recommendations, etc. % * Arrange by date. % -G Elements Treaties, agreements, etc. resulting % * Alternative (not KB . Third parties in treaties recommended) to % locating at SD2 B. % * Arrange Types of agreements by date. % -J Related treaties, agreements, etc. % * . By property Protocols, amendments, etc. % * Arrange by date. % -L * For Invalid treaties, see Validity SD5 JR. Other materials % * Preliminary correspondence, % . By form announcements, etc. % -Q Participating countries % * Add to Q letters E/Z in Auxiliary % Schedule 2. % * KE . State agreement forms Under each country, add numbers & % letters 2/L KF . . Ententes following the hyphen above; % e.g. Participants - KG . . Declarations (treaties) Great Britain - % Proceedings -QEC. % -R KH . . . Unilateral declarations Subsequent conferences % * Use for series of KI . . . Mutual support declarations conferences; e.g. % -R First conference, -S Second... KJ . . Law-making treaties LD . . Pre-1899 (by date)

101 SD5LDHQ SD5NVF International organizations

Jurisdictions SCY X Law S International law SD Jurisdictions SCY X International law SD3 International law SD Processes of international law SD5 GP International law SD3 International conferences SD5 LC Processes of international law SD5 GP . . Pre-1899 SD5 LD International organizations SD5 LS

SD5 LDH Q . . . Congress of Vienna 1815 * Each organization may be divided as follows (where the LI . . Other international congresses, 1899-1919 (by hyphen represents the classmark of the organization or date) its significant part): * Add to -2 number 2/8 following 2 in Auxiliary Schedule LJ . . Paris Peace Conference 1919 S2 so far as applicable. -4 History -B Organization & * For texts of the treaty, see Treaty of Versailles management of organization -F Constitution -G Charter SD2 DNU V. -H Membership (general) LL . . Other international congresses, 1919-1943 (by * For individual participants, see -X -I Governing body date) -K Proceedings, debates -M Acts, resolutions, etc. -P * For United Nations preliminary conferences, see Special commissions, conferences United Nations SD5 N7. * For those on special subjects, see subject. -Q Branches * For conferences on specific subjects, see subject; -R Local -T National -V Functional -X Participatory e.g. Universal Copyright Convention (1952) nations SDB LK5 LNQ N. * Add to -X letters E/Z in Auxiliary Schedule 2. LN . . Post-1945 SD5 LT . Individual organizations . . Quasi-conferences * SD5 LT/SD5 LW may be used for these under a LQ . . . International meetings & visits, International specific subject. talks M . League of Nations * Add to SD5 LQ letters A/K following * The general class for the League is in Politics, at RPF. ROA VW (Political meetings, etc.). Locate in Class S only strictly legal material. LQC . . . . Particular meetings (by date) * Add to SD5 M numbers & letters 5/W following RPF * When membership is too general to justify so far as applicable; e.g. classing below. ML . . Assembly of League of Nations LQE . . . . Summits (international meetings) MM . . Council of League of Nations * Of heads of governments or other senior MN . . Secretariat members of governments. MRM . . Agencies, commissions of the League LQF . . . . . Particular summits (by date) N . United Nations LQG . . . . Heads of State meetings * The general class for UN is in Politics, at RPG. LQH . . . . . Particular heads of state meetings (by date) Locate in Class S only strictuly legal material. LQJ . . . . Foreign ministers meetings * Add to SD5 N numbers & letters 5/W following LQK . . . . . Particular foreign ministers meetings RPG; e.g. N7 . . History N7R . . . Dumbarton Oaks Conference (1944) LS International organizations N7S . . . San Francisco Conference (1945) * Bodies set up (by multilateral agreements between states, by resolutions of the United Nations, etc.) for NL . . General Assembly (UN) cooperative purposes - peace-keeping, public health, NM . . Security Council (UN) communications, etc. Following from their general NN . . Secretariat (UN) function, these organizations are also significant as NQ . . Judicial institutions of UN sources of international law - by sponsoring * For International Court of Justice, see SD7 N. multilateral treaties, elucidating and developing NRM . . Agencies, commissions of UN customary international law by declarations, NS . . . Economic & Social Committee of UN resolutions and practice, etc. NT . Specialized agencies of international administration * The preferred arrangement is to locate general works * Most of these are affiliated to the UN (which was on these organizations in Class R Politics (RPF/RPH). instrumental in setting many of them up). Locate here only those works which consider their role * Agencies with clearly defined and limited application in international law narrowly. (e.g. IMF, ILO) are subordinated to the subject in in * This class takes organizations which are truly international law; e.g. Trusteeship Council international in scope. For supranational organizations SDL T5N T. Those with less well defined fields of restricted to particular regions of the world, see action are located here. supranational law SE. * An alternative (not recommended) is to locate them at * For international courts, see SD7. SD5 P below. * Organizations concerned with a specific problem go NU . . Unesco with the subject; e.g. World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) SDB LJ5 LT. NVC . . Children’s Emergency Fund NVF . . Food & Agricultural Organization, FAO

102 SD5NVR International law SD8DE

International law SD Law S Sources of international law SD5 C Jurisdictions SCY X . Processes of international law SD5 GP International law SD . . International organizations SD5 LS International law SD3 . . . Specialized agencies of international administration Jurisprudence SD5 A SD5 NT . Emergencies SD5 WQG N . . . . Food & Agricultural Organization SD5 NVF SD5 XD . Disputes in international law (general) SD5 NVR . . . . Relief & Works Agency (UN) XF . . Settlement of disputes O . . . By subject XP . . . Peaceful settlement of disputes (general) * General works only on quasi-international * For judicial settlement, see SDP 6; for non-judicial organizations set up by multilateral agreements methods of dispute settlement see SDQ/SDR. to regulate specific areas of interest; e.g. OPEC Practice & procedure in international law for the oil industry. * An alternative (not recommended) is to locate specific subjects here also. If this option is SD6 A . Judicial settlement, adjudication & arbitration taken, proceed as follows: * The distinction between adjudication and arbitration is * Add to SD5 P letters A/U following SB in much less significant in international law than in SBA/SBU; e.g. Universal Postal Union municipal law and they are usually considered together. SD5 PQM. * Use this class also for works on adjudication alone. For Q . . . Regional organizations arbitration treated alone see SD9 R. * For organizations specified by a region which E . . Courts & court procedure is not in itself a supranational jurisdiction. * For court decisions, see Primary materials SD2 N. * Add to SD5 Q letters G/H following S; e.g. H . . . Jurisdiction of court African Postal Union SDB QM5 QHO C. HQ . . . . Status of forces agreed R . . . Non-governmental organizations in * For example, of friendly armed forces stationed international law in a foreign country. * Alternative (not recommended) to locating in KB . . . Law officers the subject; if this option is taken, proceed as . . . . Judges follows: N . . . . . International judges * Add to SD5 R letters A/U following SB in SBA/SBU. . . . Types of courts * For courts concerned with specific subjects, see . . Other processes in international law subject (e.g. arbitration, human rights). SC . . . Comitas, International courtesy SD7 . . . . International courts * See also Cooperation in international law SDN K M . . . . . Permanent Court of International Justice, SD . . . . Precedence in international relations World court * 1921-1945. TK . Other sources * Normal retroactive synthesis by S5H/S5T is N . . . . . International Court of Justice * resumed here after its interruption at SD5 H. 1945- * Add to SD5 T letters K/T following S5 so far as W . . . . National courts in international law applicable (i.e., excluding those concepts at S5H/J SD8 . . . Actions in international law already provided for above). A . . . . Parties TMT . . Retrospective legislation AF . . . . . Attitude of parties to adjudication TN . . Codes AG . . . . . Reservations by parties (international courts) TPW . . Precedents AH ...... Reservations as to time TQ . . . Case law AI ...... Reciprocity in international law * For texts of law reports, see primary materials AJ ...... Optimal clauses (reciprocity) SD2 N. C . . . . . Plaintiff TTF . . Documentary sources, publicists CD ...... By supranational jurisdiction * For individual publicists, see Historical * Add to SD8 CD letters G/H following S in jurisprudence S5A 6A. SG/SH. UB International law & society CE ...... By national jurisdiction UN . Natural law * Add to SD8 C letters E/Z in Auxiliary UT . Rule of law Schedule 2. VK . Rights & duties D . . . . . Defendant * For particular rights, see Persons in international DD ...... By supranational jurisdiction law, SDA P. * Add to SD8 DD letters G/H following S in . Special fields of social action SG/SH. WQG N Emergencies DE ...... By national jurisdiction * For aid & relief measures in the event of disasters, see * Add to SD8 D letters E/Z in Auxiliary QGN. Schedule 2.

103 SD8MV SDBMWP International law

International law SD3 Law S Judicial settlement SD6 A Jurisdictions SCY X Actions in international law SD8 International law SD . Parties SD8 A International law SD3 . . Defendant SD8 D Practice & procedure in international law . . . By national jurisdiction SD8 DE . . . Non-peaceful settlements SD9 UX

SD8 MV . . Non-appearance in court SD9 VB Subjects of international law, substantive SD9 F . Judgement international law FG . . Judicial unpredictability * Add to SD numbers & letters 9VB/B following S. G . Remedies in international law * As a subject; for the judgements themselves, see W . Private law Primary materials SD2 N Court decisions. SDA . . International private law, conflict of laws GHE . . Exhaustion of remedies * Alternative (not recommended) to locating GI . . Enforcement of judgements under private law at SA (see the note there). GV . . Local remedies If this option is taken, proceed as follows: H . . Appeals * Add to SDA letters A/O following SA in H7 . . . Appeal courts in international law SAA/SAO. . Other results of litigation . . Persons in international law Q . . Compromise P . . . International persons QR . . Negotiation Q . . . . Personality in international law QRT . . . Good offices in international disputes QT . . . . . Legal rights QRV . . . Inquiries (settlement of disputes) * For international law of human rights QS . . . Conciliation see SDB YCW. * Combines inquiry & mediation. V . . . . Individual persons in international law QT . . . Mediation . . . . . Special categories of persons R . . Arbitration * For state as person, see SDE M. * See also note at SD6 A SDB BN ...... By citizenship status . . . Courts * For those categories defined by R7 . . . . Arbitration courts citizenship status broadly (SBB N/SBB W), see SDD ON R7J . . . . . Permanent Court of Arbitration (The Nationals, etc. Hague), Hague Tribunal BNG ...... Slaves * 1899- BNJ ...... White slave traffic R7K . . . . . Others * Arrange A/Z. BQ ...... Minorities R7L . . . . By various characteristics BWR ...... Refugees, displaced persons * It is unlikely the international arbitration CTB . . . . Corporate persons courts will need to be specified by these, but H . . International property law the provision is made here for the eventuality. LJ . . . Intellectual & industrial property * Add to SD9 R7L letters H/M following S7. . . . . International organizations R7U B . . . . International administrative tribunals LJ5 LT . . . . . World Intellectual Property * Hearing disputes between international Organization, WIPO organizations and their staff. * Formerly BIRPI (International Bureau R7U F . . . . Claims commissions for Protection of Intellectual Property) R7U G . . . . . Individual courts LK . . . . Copyright (+international law+), R7U H . . . . Mixed arbitral tribunals protection of intellectual property R7U J . . . . . Individual tribunals, A/Z LK5 LC . . . . . International congresses & conferences R7U L . . . Papal arbitration LK5 LPQ N ...... Universal Copyright Convention UX Non-peaceful settlements (1952) * See International relations (subjects of law) LK5 LS . . . . . International organizations SDPE/SDR. LK5 LT ...... Berne Convention, Bern Union, International Union for Protection of Literary & Artistic Work LX . . . . Industrial property M . . . . . Patents MT . . . . . Trade marks MV . . . . . Designs MWP . . . . . Confidential information

104 SDBN International law SDBQM5QHOC

Jurisdictions SCY X International law SD3 International law SD Subjects of international law, substantive international law SD9 VB International law SD3 Transport SDB P Subjects of international law, substantive international law . International maritime law SDB QA SD9 VB . . Personnel International property law SDB H . . . Seamen SDB QAK A . . . Confidential information SDB MWP SDB QAL E . . Sea traffic control SDB N International economics law, international QAL F . . . Rules of the road at sea commercial law QAM . . International navigation law * See also general law of international economic QAP relations SBN O . . Accidents QAP R NAC . International economic planning . . . Collisions at sea QAQ A NF . Finance . . . Salvage of ships QAQ BW NFG . . Banking . . . . Wrecks QAQ H NG . . Credit & debt . . Searches of ships QAS J NGL . . Investment . . Nationality of ships QAS JP NH . . Insurance . . . Flags of convenience NHQ . . . Marine insurance QAU . . Carriage of goods by sea * For Hague rules & York-Antwerp rules, QAU FF . . . Affreightment see SBN HQF E. QAU FF5 TN . . . . Codes NL . International labour law, international QAU FF5 TNP C . . . . . Hague rules (affreightment) industrial law (1921) NL5 LS . . International organizations QAU FF5 TNR T . . . . . Hamburg rules (1978) NL5 NT . . . International Labour Office QAV . . . Ships’ passengers NOI . International trade law QBH . International waterways NOI 5LS . . International organizations QBJ . . Fisheries NOI 5LT . . . General Agreement on Tariffs & Trade, . . Other sea resources GATT QBS . . . Seabed exploitation NOI 5NT . . . United Nations Conference on Trade & QC . Land transport law Development, UNCTAD QD . . Roads NON . . Tariffs QE . . Railways NOP . International development & aid QF . International air law OG . Business enterprises * See also Air boundaries SDK S OS . . Cartels . . Jurisprudence OY . Transport & communication QF5 BY . . . International airspace, freedom of the P . . Transport air PY . . . International waters QF5 LS . . International organizations * For International waterways, see Inland QF5 LT . . . International Civil Aviation waters SDB QBH. Organization QA . . . International maritime law, shipping, law QFK . . Personnel of the sea QFK W . . . Aircrew * See also Water boundaries SDK NQ . . Operations QA5 A7T . . . . Medieval jurisprudence QFL E . . . Air traffic regulation QA5 A7U . . . . . Rhodian law QFL NR . . . Right to enter (air law) * Mediterranean, c. 7th/9th centuries. QFL NS . . . . Overfly QA5 A7V . . . . . Oleron rules QFL NT . . . Non-scheduled flights * Atlantic coast of Europe, c.11th QFL NU . . . . Charter flights century. QFL NV . . . Scheduled flights QA5 A7W . . . . . Trani laws QFR . . Aircraft * Mediterranean, 11th century. QFV . . Air passengers QA5 A7X . . . . . Amalfi laws QG * Mediterranean, 12th century. . Space * For extraterrestrial Space, see SDK T QA5 A7Y . . . . . Consulate of the sea QL * Mediterranean, 15th century. Communications QA5 A8A . . . . Modern jurisprudence QM . Postal services QA5 A8G PM . . . . . Hanseatic law of the sea . . International organizations * Northern Europe, 1591. QM5 LS . . . Postal unions . . . . Personnel QM5 LT . . . . Universal Postal Union, UPU QAK A . . . . . Seamen QM5 QHO C . . . . African Postal Union

105 SDBQM5QHRC SDCW5N5UB International law

International law SD3 Law S Subjects of international law, substantive international law SD9 VB Jurisdictions SCY X Private law SD9 W International law SD . International economics law, international commercial law International law SD3 SDB N Subjects of international law, substantive international law . . . . Postal services SDB QM SD9 VB ...... African Postal Union . Public international law SDB WY SDB QM5 QHO C SDB X . . Constitutional law SDB QM5 QHR C ...... Postal Union of the Americas & * This has no real equivalent in international Spain law. Those topics in (national) constitutional * Previously Pan-American Postal law which do arise in international law are Union. treated as concepts under Political processes; QQ . . . . Telecommunications see SDC/SDD. S . Environment SP . . Dangerous substances (international Subjects special to international law environment law) * These are all taken from class R, with some SR . . Pollution adjustments. Retroactive synthesis within these SW . . Conservation of resources political concepts follows the rules in class R; e.g. TA . Social law SDG F State succession and sovereignty. TB . . International public health law * To avoid clashes and ambiguities in classmarks, TKS . . . Drug control retroactive qualification by legal concepts must follow special intercalators, as at SBN. The U . . International social welfare law relevant rules from SBN are repeated here for * For international industrial law, see convenience. SDB NL. * Any class in SDC/SDX may be qualified W International criminal law retroactively by legal concepts as follows (where * An alternative (not recommended) is to the hyphen represents the classmark added to): collocate with criminal law at SB * Add to - numbers 2/9T following SD. * An alternative (not recommended) is to * Add to -9V letters W/Y following S9. collocate with criminal law at SBW HC * Add to -9X letters A/Y in Auxiliary Schedule S1. W8M T . Extradition SDC A . Political process W8M X . . By country from which extradition is sought * The main class for the political process is . Types of crimes Politics (R). Class here only those works which WFQ . . Organized crime consider political concepts in relation to . . By scene of crime international law. Where a concept has its WFT . . . Extraterritorial crimes special place in international law, recognized by WFT S . . . . Ships (international criminal law) its inclusion in SD (e.g. sovereignty SDF), prefer that place to the location derivable here by WFT V . . . . Aircraft (international criminal law) synthesis from class R Politics. WFT X . . . . Space (international criminal law) * Some major concepts from class R are given WMG . . Hostage-taking here for convenience. WT . . Terrorism * Add to SDC A letters A/B following R in WVG . . Highjacking (international criminal law) RA/RB WVP . . Financial crime AAX P . . Political policies WX . . Juvenile crime ABB . . Demographic factors * Add to SDB WXA letters A/N following ABC Y . . Political behaviour SBW X so far as applicable. ABJ . . . Political offences WXI . . International crimes B . . Political control * For war crimes, see SDT W. * Add to SD letters CB/DK following R in WXJ . . . Crimes against humanity RCD/RDK. WXK . . . . Genocide F . . . Freedom & repression WXP . . . Piracy T . . . . Rights & duties WXR . . . Other W . . . . . Human rights * Arrange A/Z W5L C ...... Conventions etc. WY Public international law * For European Convention on Human * Use SD3, & see note there. Rights (1950), see SFY J5L NQL; for European Commission on Human Rights, see SFY J5L T. W5N 5R ...... United Nations declarations W5N 5UB ...... International Covenant on Civil & Political Rights (1966)

106 SDCW5N5UC International law SDELY

Jurisdictions SCY X Jurisdictions SCY X International law SD International law SD International law SD3 International law SD3 Political process SDC A Collectivities & groups SDD L . . . . . United Nations declarations SDC W5N 5R . Nationals SDD ON ...... International Covenant on Civil & Political . . . Stateless persons SDD OOY Rights SDC W5N 5UB SDD OPT . Aliens SDC W5N 5UC ...... International Covenant on Economic, OPT 7 . . International courts Social and Cultural Rights OPT 8L . . . Preliminary proceedings (1966) OPT 8QT . . . . Preliminary objections W7 . . . . . Courts OPT 9XE . . Contract * For European Court of Human Rights, . . Responsibilities see SFY J7R. OPT CUT . . . State responsibility towards aliens X . . . . . Abuse of human rights OPT CUU . . . . Minimum international standards SDD B . . . . . Civil & political rights OPT CUV . . . . Imputability E . . . . . Equal rights OPT CW . . Human rights F . . . . . Social & economic rights OPT DDX . . . Assylum * Use SDD OPU. L Collectivities & groups * Normal retroactive synthesis by CA/DN * Persons as individuals go at SDA P/SDB; class following SD is interrupted here to secure a here classes of persons regarded only from the shorter classmark for assylum. It is resumed viewpoint of their political or constitutional status. at SDD OPV. If in doubt, prefer here. OPU . . . Assylum * Add to SD letters DL/DU following R in OPU 2N . . . . Cases RDL/RDU. . . . . Reasons NG . Slaves OPU F . . . . . Political offences ON . Nationals, citizens OPU G . . . . . Other . . Special processes & elements . . . . Places of assylum ONN . . . Nationality OPU J . . . . . Legations & assylum rights ONN E . . . . Allegiance OPU K . . . . . Ships & assylum rights ONN J . . . Acquisition of nationality OPU L . . . . . Other . . . . Conditions OPV . . . Other rights ONN JM . . . . . Marriage & nationality acquisition * Normal retroactive synthesis under Aliens is ONN JP . . . . . Domicile & nationality acquisition resumed here after its interruption at ONN N . . . Naturalization SDD OPT DDX. ONN P . . . Denaturalization, deprivation of * Add to SDD OPV letters E/M following naturalization RD. ONN Q . . . Loss of citizenship OPV F . . . . Social & economic rights ONN R . . . Expatriation OPV FT . . . . Right to personal property . . . Citizens abroad . . Special operations ONN S . . . . Passports OPV Q . . . Extradition ONN SV . . . . Visas OPV R . . . Provisional arrest ONN T . . . . Protection of citizens abroad OPV S . . . Arrest & imprisonment ONN V . . . . Travellers in foreign countries OPV T . . . Expulsion of aliens, deportation . . Types of nationals, citizenship OQ . Minorities ONU . . . Multiple nationality OS . Immigrants ONV . . . . Dual nationality SDE Government * Add to SDE letters E/L following R in RE/RL so OO . . . Indigenous population, aboriginals far as applicable. OOY . . . Stateless persons E . World government, international government I . . Legislative process J . . Executive process JL . . . Head of government LY . . Judiciary

107 SDEM SDKHM States as persons

Law S Jurisdictions SCY X Jurisdictions SCY X International law SD International law SD International law SD3 International law SD3 States as persons SDE M Government SDE Jurisdiction of sovereign states SDF W . . Judiciary SDE LY . . Conventional jurisdiction SDF XQ

SDE M States as persons SDF XR . . Advisory jurisdiction * See also Sovereign states SDL NW, and the note there. XS . . Compulsory jurisdiction XV . . Voluntary jurisdiction . Attributes of states XW Changes in sovereignty SDF . . Sovereignty, independence SDG State succession * See also Acquisition of territory SDL L * Effects of succession on specific subjects (e.g. private . . . Operations property) goes with the subject. PC . . . . Recognition of sovereignty 5LC . Conventions PE . . . . Protection of independence, self-preservation & 5LP RT . . Vienna Convention on State Succession (1978) sovereignty EE . Government PG . . . . Transfer of sovereignty EEQ . . Governments in exile * See State succession SDG FPG EES . . Change of head of state . . . Attributes F . Sovereignty PJ . . . . State rights FPG . . Transfer of sovereignty, change of sovereignty PL . . . . National honour G . Contractual rights (state succession) PN . . . . Vital interests SDH Dissolution of state, termination of sovereignty . . . Processes H . Dismemberment of state PR . . . . Origins of sovereignty * For civil war, see SDX V. Q . . . . . Self determination & sovereignty J . New states R ...... Plebiscites JF . . Sovereignty . . . Special conditions JFP C . . . Recognition T . . . . Permanent sovereignty K . . Mergers of states * Over natural resources. Applies primarily to L Limitations on sovereignty transnational economic relations and M . Servitudes cooperation. * When territory belonging to one state is used to V . . State responsibility, state liability, state duties serve in some way the interests of another state. * E.g., not to pollute other territories. * See also Armed forces stationed in an ally’s * For state rights, see Sovereignty SDF PJ. territory SDN YW. W . . Jurisdiction of sovereign states, competence N . . Sources of servitudes (sovereign states) P . . . Custom as source of servitudes * For extraterritoriality, see Servitudes SDH R. Q . . . Treaties as source of servitudes * For jurisdiction in particular subjects of international R . . Extraterritoriality law, see subject (e.g. shipping); for general relations S . . Concessions, capitulations between Municipal law & international law, see T . . Free zones (servitudes) SD5 9HY. V . . Demilitarized zones (servitudes), neutral zones * Most of the concepts below refer mainly to criminal (servitudes) law; when they do, class in international criminal law SDB W. SDJ Y State as physical entity, state right of domain & XE . . . Act of State doctrine property XF . . . Territorial principle SDK . National territory, territorial claims XG . . . Nationality principle 48 . . By place * Add to SDK 48 letters E/Z in Auxiliary Schedule XH . . . Protective principle 2. XJ . . . Universality principle * See note at S48 for instructions on how to qualify XK . . . Immunity from jurisdiction the first cited country by a second country, XL . . . . Sovereign immunity should this be called for. XM . . . . Qualified immunity HM . . Servitudes . . . . Of particular persons, etc. * See Limitations on sovereignty SDH M * See the person, etc.; e.g. consulates, diplomatic missions. . . . Types of jurisdiction * For extraterritorial jurisdiction, see Servitudes SDH R. XQ . . . . Conventional jurisdiction

108 SDKL National territory SDLNYD

International law SD States as persons SDE M International law SD3 Attributes of states States as persons SDE M . . National territory SDK State as physical entity SDJ Y . . . . Natural boundaries SDK NF National territory SDK . . . . . Water boundaries SDK NQ Servitudes SDK HM ...... Coastal waters SDK OL ...... Other limits SDK PR SDK L Acquisition of territory LFV . State responsibility SDK PS ...... Continental shelf . Processes QB ...... Gulfs LM . . Recognition of territory aacquisition QC ...... Individual gulfs, A/Z LN . . Acquiescence in territory acquisition QF ...... Straits LP . . Estoppel by conduct, estoppel in pais QG ...... Individual straits, A/Z * One party, by its explicit or implicit conduct, QJ ...... Islands leads another to believe it will act in a certain QL ...... High seas, open seas way. R ...... Sea-bed LQ . . Intertemporal law S . . . . . Air boundaries LQ2 N . . . Cases * See also International airspace LQ2 N9P A . . . . Island of Palmas case SDB QF5 BY. . Methods of acquisition SS ...... Territorial airspace, national airspaces LS . . Discovery (territory acquisition) T ...... Extraterrestrial space LT . . Occupation of terra nullius * For International space law in general, see M . . Prescription (territory acquisition) SDB QG * Occupation of territory belonging to another TT ...... Solar system state. TU ...... Moon MP . . . Conquest, subjugation TV ...... Artificial satellites * See also Law of war SDR UA . . . . Artificial boundaries (air) MS . . . Settlement of territory UD . . Adjoining territory, neighbouring territory MV . . . Accretion of territory, operations of nature UE . . . Nuisances (adjoining territory) MX . . . Cession of territory, annexation SDL M Types of states NB Boundaries, frontiers * General studies only; for individual states, regardless of ND . Disputed boundaries (general) status, see SI/SV. * For territorial claims by a particular country, * Add to SDL M letters B/Y following RM in RMB/RMY use SDK 48. so far as applicable. NE . Open boundaries * Add to SDL N letters B/Y following RN in RNB/RNY so far as applicable. NF . Natural boundaries MG . Federal states NH . . Land boundaries NK . Theocratic states NJ . . . Mountains NR . Collectivist states, communist states NK . . . . Individual mountains, A/Z NV . Multiracial states, pluralist states NL . . . Subsoil & boundaries NW . Sovereign states, nation states, independent states NM . . . Earth’s interior & boundaries * Usually assumed; use this class only if the nature of NQ . . Water boundaries the independent sovereign state per se is the subject. * For international waters, see SDB PY. * For sovereignty, see SDF. * See also International maritime law NWP . . Federations of sovereign states, unions of sovereign SDB QA states NS . . . Inland waters, national waters NWS . . Suzerain states, paramount states NT . . . Rivers NX . Semi-sovereign states, dependent states, non- NU . . . . Individual national rivers, A/Z self-governing states NV . . . . International rivers * For specific forms developed under imperialist and NW . . . . . Individual international rivers, A/Z colonial systems, see SDL O. OC . . . Canals NXP . . Puppet states, vassal states OE . . . . International canals, interoceanic canals NXR . . Leased territories OF . . . . . Individual international canals, A/Z NXT . Non-state nations OH . . . Lakes, enclosed waters NXU . . Partitioned states OI . . . . Individual lakes, A/Z * Once-sovereign states which have been partitioned OL . . . Coastal waters by political or military action. P . . . . Territorial waters, maritime belt NXV . . . Reunification of partitioned states PQ . . . . . Three-mile limit NYB . Internationalized territories PR . . . . . Other limits NYD . . Free cities

109 SDLNYF SDNYW International relations

Jurisdictions SCY X Jurisdictions SCY X International law SD International law SD International law SD3 International law SD3 States as persons SDE M International relations SDM B . . Internationalized territories SDL NYB Formalized relations . . . Free cities SDL NYD . . . Forms of diplomacy SDN AL SDL NYF . . . Neutralized states Other forms of international relations O . . Extended sovereign states, extranational political * Add to SDN letters J/Y following RP in RPJ/RPY so systems far as applicable. . . . Forms of extended political sovereignty SDN K . International cooperation, intergovernmental * Add to SDL O letters MR/O following RQ in cooperation RQMR/RQ so far as applicable; e.g. Multipolar * See also International organizations SD5 LS international systems SDL OMS. M . International aid, international assistance * Add to SDL letters P/V following RQ in P . Peacemaking & international law, world peace & RQP/RQV. international law OO . . . . Regional political systems P5L C . . International conferences P . . . . Imperialist systems, empires P5L H . . . Hague Conferences (1899-) PV . . . . . Annexation P5L I . . . . Hague Peace Conference (first, 1899) Q . . . . . Colonies, colonial dependencies * For Hague Tribunal, see SD0 R7J. QL ...... Colonized peoples P5L J . . . . Hague Peace Conference (second, 1907) ...... Types of colonies Q . . Peace movement in international law SK ...... Colonies of exploitation * Most of the literature on the peace movement goes T ...... International trustee territories, trust under politics rather than law; see RPQ. territories QV . . . Other organizations TR ...... Mandate territories * For Carnegie Endowment for International TT ...... Protectorates Peace see RPQ VOC...... Types of imperialiosm V . International security UJ ...... Neo-imperialism, neo-colonialism W . . Arms control V . . . . National liberation movements, * See also Forms of warfare by weapon SDW R post-colonialism WQ . . . Surveillance (arms control) * See also National liberation wars SDX N. WS . . . . Inspection of armaments WT . . . Testing of weapons (arms control) WU . . . . Test bans SDM B International relations (narrowly), international politics WV . . . Limitation of armaments & international law WX . . . Reduction in armaments, disarmament * The following classes follow the order in RO/RQ, with some modifications to meet the special needs of XJ . . . Elements controlled * international law. Alternative (not recommended) to locating * For treaties & agreements and international under the element. If this option is taken, organizations, etc., see SD5 H. proceed as follows: * Add to SDN XJ letters B/DJ following RQ; e.g. C . Foreign policies & international law nuclear arms control SDN XJC; arms trade * Add to SDM C letters P/X following ROA X so far as control SDN XJB CD. applicable. YC . . Collective security . Formalized relations * See also Neutrality SDS C T . . Foreign services & diplomacy in international law * Add to SDN Y letters C/W following RPY in * Add to SDM letters T/Y following RO in RPYC/RPYW. ROT/ROY. YG . . . Alliances * Add to SDN A letters A/V following RPA in RPA A/RPA V so far as applicable. YQ . . . . Protective alliances U . . . Diplomacy in international law YR . . . . . Military assistance (alliances) * For diplomacy regarded as a source of YS ...... Military missions, military advisers international law, see SD5 GT. YT ...... Arms production agreement alliances V . . . Consular services in international law YU ...... Loan of military equipment, sale of X . . . Foreign services operations military equipment Y . . . . Diplomatic relations (narrowly) YUV ...... Leasing of military equipment SDN AL . . . . Forms of diplomacy YV ...... Military bases YW ...... Peaceful occupation, friendly occupation * Including stationing of armed forces in friendly territory.

110 SDNYY Threats to peace SDQY

International law SD Jurisdictions SCY X International law SD3 International law SD International relations SDM B International law SD3 International security SDN V International relations SDM B Collective security SDN YC Other forms of international relations . . . . Peaceful occupation SDN YW . . . . International strike forces SDO SQ

SDN YY Security forces SDP Threats to peace * This class modifies the provisions in RQE P (International conflict management) to make them SDO A . National security forces, national defence consistent with the classes at S9. * Add to SDO letters B/P following RQ; The more 6 prominent concepts are given below for convenience. . Judicial procedures AY . . Defence systems 9Q . . Peaceful settlement of international disputes B . . . Expenditure on arms, arms budgets 9QR . . . Negotiation C . . . Production of arms, manufacture of arms, arms 9QT . . . Conciliation industry 9QU . . . Mediation CT . . . . Arms trade 9R . . . Arbitration E . . . Armed forces, military forces F . . . . Size of armed forces . Other procedures in conflict management . . . . Types of forces * Add to SDQ letters F/Y following RQG with the GF . . . . . Conscripted armed forces additions indicated. GH . . . . . Mercenary armed forces SDQ D . . Delinquencies (general) H . . . . . Irregular armed forces, guerilla forces F . . Unfriendly measures, measures short of war I . . . . . Intelligence services, secret service N . . . Intervention (sanctions) J . . . . . Land forces, armies P . . . . Political intervention K ...... Civil defence systems Q . . . . Subversion abroad, destabilization abroad L . . . . . Sea power, navies R . . . . Military intervention * See also Maritime war SDV M S . . . Sanctions P . . . . . Air forces SR . . . . Enforcement measures Q . . . Weapons systems, armaments SS . . . . Self-help sanctions * Add to SDO Q letters R/T following RQB with * Other than war. the modifications indicated at SDO QU. ST . . . . . Retaliation . . . . Types of weapons SV ...... Retorsion QR . . . . . Conventional weapons * Lawful act but designed to injure QT . . . . . Prohibited weapons, banned weapons wrongdoer. QUC . . . . . Chemical weapons SX ...... Reprisals, letters of marque QUE . . . . . Biological weapons * Normally illegal acts made legal by prior illegal act of wrongdoer. QUP . . . . . Other, A/Z * Other than nuclear weapons. TC . . . . Cooperative sanctions R . . . . . Nuclear weapons, atomic weapons TE . . . . Economic sanctions * Add to SDO R letters P/R following RQC in TF . . . . . Financial sanctions RQC P/RQC R so far as applicable. U . . . . . Embargo, boycott RS ...... Types, A/Z V . . . . . Pacific blockade, economic blockade . . . Defence systems by area of deployment * For blockades enforced by military means, * Add to SDO S letters E/Q following RQD in see SDU TB RQD E/RQD M. VT . . . . . Other economic measure, A/Z SG . . . . Outer space defence systems VV . . . Other measures short of war SH . . . . Seabed defence systems VX . . . . Suspension of diplomatic relations SJ . . . . Special regions W . . . Hostilities short of war, undeclared war SK . . . . . Antarctica (defence systems) Y . . . Ultimatum SN . International security forces SP . . International peacekeeping forces SQ . . International strike forces * Authorized by UN to use all necessary force.

111 SDR SDRXY Persons in war

International law SD International law SD International law SD3 International law SD3 International relations SDM B International relations SDM B Threats to peace SDP Threats to peace SDP Unfriendly measures SDQ F War SDR . Ultimatum SDQ Y Participants in war SDR RP

SDR War, law of war SDR RX Persons in war 5H . Agreements, treaties TB . Treatment of persons in war 5KV . . Non-aggression pacts TD . . Safe conduct 5LS . International organizations TF . . Repatriation of persons in war 5N . United Nations in war TH . . War relief * For international peace-keeping forces, see . . . Organizations SDO SP. TH5 LU . . . . International Red Cross 9VB . International substantive law in wartime TJ . . Protection of persons in war * The instructions preceding SDC A are waived TL . . . Camps for refugees, housing of refugees here: TN . . . Hospitals in war * Add to SDR letters A/B following SD. * For hospital ships, see Maritime war AP . . Persons SDV NT. * For treatment of persons as combatants, etc., see . Persons by physical state SDR RP/X. UC . . Sick & wounded, casualties BH . . Property UCT B . . . Treatment . . . Types of property UD . . War dead BIV . . . . Public property UF . . Missing persons BIW . . . . Alien property V . Combatants BIW X . . . . . Enemy property * For treatment of enemy property as VTB . . Treatment element in the conduct of war, see . . By rank SDT G. VU . . . Officers BJ . . . . Real property VUW . . . . Commanding officers BKL G . . . . . Government regulation VV . . . Other ranks BKM H ...... Requisition of property in wartime . . By other characteristics BKM I ...... Compensation VX . . . Deserters BL . . . . Personal property W . . . Prisoners of war * For treatment of enemy property, see WTB . . . . Treatment SDT G. WTE . . . . . Repatriation BN . . Economic & commercial law in war WTF ...... Exchange of prisoners of war * For Maritime law in war, see SDW M. WTJ . . . . . Camps for prisoners of war BTA . . Social & cultural law in war WTP . . . . . Taking of prisoners of war BW . . Criminal law WTQ . . . . . Killing of prisoners of war * For war crimes, see SDT W. WV . . . Hostages . Elements in law of war WW . . . Collaborators * Add to SDR letters R/Y following RQH in RQH WX . . . Spies, informers R/RQH Y RQH R/RQH Y, with the modifications indicated. WY . . . Other types of combatant * For retroactive synthesis within classes X . Non-combatants SDR RP/SDR X the first 3 letters may be XTB . . Treatment dropped; e.g. Prisoners of war SDR W; Treatment * Note at SDR UCT B applies here also. of prisoners of war SDR WTB. XV . . Enemy aliens RP . . Participants in war XW . . Other types * For belligerent states, see SDT C. * Arrange A/Z; e.g. journalists SDR XWJ. XX . . Victims of war XY . . . Refugees * For war refugees, see SDB BWR

112 SDSB War SDUFL

International relations SDM B International relations SDM B Threats to peace SDP Threats to peace SDP War SDR War SDR Elements in law of war Process of war SDT B . Participants in war SDR RP . Agents . . . . . Refugees SDR XY . . Enemy states SDT CX

SDS B . Non-participants in war SDT D . Declaration of war C . . Neutrality * For Hostilities prior to declaration of war, see . . . States SDQ W. CLM . . . . Neutral states DV . . Notification of hostilities . . . Operations & processes E . Invasion, aggression D . . . . Assylum (neutral states) F . Conduct of war DT . . . . . Internment (neutrality) * See also Casualties SDR UC * For effects of a state of war on substantive law E . . . . Infraction of neutrality, prohibited acts generally, see SDR 9VB. (neutrality) G . . Enemy property * See also Maritime war SDW M H . . . Damage to enemy property F . . . . . Harbouring of warcraft * For war vessels in neutral ports, see I . . . Requisitioning enemy property SDW MSD Y. L . . . Cultural property GE . . . . . Servicing of warcraft . . . Property of special value GG ...... Refuelling of warcraft (neutrality) LV . . . . Artefacts (enemy property) GJ . . . . . Passage of troops, passage of war M . . . . . Specific types materials * Arrange A/Z; e.g. art treasures. GL . . . . . Trade with belligerents (neutrality) W . . War crimes * See also specific operations subject to abuse; e.g. GN . . . . . Export of munitions (neutrality) Taking of prisoners SDR WTP. GP . . . . . Foreign enlistment by neutrals W8S . . . War crimes trials GR . . . . . Hostile military expeditions, filibustering WB . . . . Specific trials (neutrality in war) WC . . . . . Nuremberg trials H . . . . . Other actions, A/Z WH . . . . . Others, by date . . . Types of neutrality * Other than of named individuals. J . . . . Partial neutrality WK . . . . . Of named individuals, A/Z K . . . . Perpetual neutrality . . . Types of war crimes L . . . . Armed neutrality WN . . . . Genocide (war crimes) M . . . . Friendly neutrality WR . . . . Reprisals N . . . . Voluntary neutrality, imposed neutrality * Retaliation by one belligerent against another SDT B Process of war, belligerency, state of war, warfare by otherwise illegitimate acts of warfare, to proper compel the latter to comply with the rules of * Add to SDT letters B/Y following RQI in legitimate war. In practice, they are frequently RQIB/RQIY with the modifications indicated. an excuse for illegal acts of war. B5A . Jurisprudence WX . . . . Other . . Special concepts * Arrange A/Z. B5B YC . . . Legality of war . . Conduct special to war B5B YE . . . Justification of war * Add to SDU letters B/T following RQJ, with the B5B YG . . . . Self-defence additions indicated below. B5B YH . . . . . Anticipatory self-defence SDU B . . . Acquisition of territory in war B5B YJ . . . Doctrine of necessity C . . . . Occupation, occupied territory B5B YL . . . Extraterritorial defence DB . . . Sieges, blockades B5B YP . . . Permissible force DD . . . Hot pursuit . Agents DF . . . Capture in war * See also Neutral states SDS CLM * For prisoners of war, see SDR W. C . . Belligerent states E Cessation of hostilities, termination of war CV . . Aggressor states FB . Truce (warfare) CW . . Allied states (state of war) FD . . Flag of truce CX . . Enemy states FF . Ceasefire FH . Armistice FJ . . Violation of armistice FL . . Special arrangements in armistice

113 SDUG SE9VB War

International relations SDM B Law S Threats to peace SDP Jurisdictions SCY X War SDR International law SD Cessation of hostilities SDU E ...... By defence system involved . Armistice SDU FH ...... Sea warfare SDW L . . Special arrangements in armistice SDU FL ...... Hospital ships SDW NT

SDU G . Capitulation, surrender SDW P ...... Air warfare GV . . Peace terms ...... By weaponry * For peace settlement, see SDU L. * See also Regulation of weapon GW . . Conditional surrender systems SDO Q GX . . Unconditional surrender R ...... Conventional warfare, restricted L Peace settlements, Peace treaties (subject) warfare * For specific peace treaties, see SD2 D. RT ...... Total war, unrestricted warfare M . War claims, post-war measures T ...... Prohibited forms of warfare N . . War reparations, compensation, V ...... Chemical warfare, poison gas indemnities warfare PV . . Restitution W ...... Biological warfare PW . . Prizes X ...... Nuclear war, atomic war * See also Sea warfare, SDW NH ...... By tactics Q . . Occupation of territory SDX B ...... Guerilla warfare R . . . Military government of occupied ...... By objectives territory D ...... Defensive war S . . . Civil government of occupied territoy F ...... Ideological war T . . Partition of states N ...... National liberation wars SDW D Forms of warfare * For national liberation * Add to SDW letters D/Y following RQK so movements in general, see far as applicable. SDL V. * Add to SDX letters B/V following RQL so far V ...... Civil war, non-international armed as applicable. conflict . By degree of involvement E . . Proxy wars . By geographic scale SE Supranational law, extranational law, supranational G . . Local wars, limited wars communities & organizations * Bodies of customary and treaty rules accepted as legally H . . World wars binding between members of a group of nation states or . By defence system involved on organizations set up by a group of nations. J . . Land warfare * Bodies restricted to clearly defined subject fields are L . . Sea warfare subordinated to those subjects in substantive law; e.g. M . . . Maritime war European Central Inland Transport Organization. MSC . . . . Neutrality * See also supranational groupings in political science, MSC 2N . . . . . Cases RQW B. MSC 2N9 LM ...... Alabama case (1871) * Add to this general class SE numbers & letters 2/9, A/Y following SG so far as applicable. MSD Y . . . . . War vessels in neutral ports SE2 . Primary materials MUD B . . . . Blockade (maritime war) * Add to SE2 numbers & letters 2/X in Auxiliary MUD C . . . . . Right of visit & search Schedule S3. MUD H . . . . . Contraband (blockades) * This class applies only to particular supranational NB . . . . Innocent passage communities, etc. For a demonstration of its ND . . . . Continuous voyage doctrine application, see SG European Union law. NF . . . . Capture of vessels SE5 A . Jurisprudence NH . . . . Prize law C . . Sources NH6 E . . . . . Prize courts * The schedule at SE5 C/SE5 T is amended to NJ . . . . Mines conform to that in International law at . . . . Types of vessels SD5 C/SD5 T. For a demonstration of this, see SG5 C/SG5 T. NM . . . . . Privateers * Add to SE5 letters C/T following SD. NN . . . . . Armed merchant ships SE6 . Practice & procedure NP . . . . . Converted merchant ships SE9 VB . Substantive law NR . . . . . Submarines NT . . . . . Hospital ships

114 SF European supranational law SG

Law S Law S Jurisdictions SCY X Jurisdictions SCY X Supranational law SE Supranational law SE Substantive law SE9 VB European supranational law SFY H Human rights SFY J Supranational organizations by region . . European Court of Human Rights SFY J7R * Individual organizations are subordinated to the SFY K Other constitutional subjects broad region within which they operate. They are * Normal synthesis by Auxiliary Schedule S1 is specified by the year of origin, obtained from resumed here after its interruption at SFY HXC W. Auxiliary Schedule 4C (see instruction in note 9 * Add to SFY K letters D/YF following SC. under Primary materials in Auxiliary Schedule S2). * Each region (except Europe SFY H) is assigned a Particular regional organizations, by date 3-letter classmark (e.g. Africa SHO); the letter C is * Add to SFY letters representing date of origin taken added to this to take general works covering several from Auxiliary Schedule 4C, except for EU (see or all of the individual organizations. The letters SG). D/Y are then used for the latter (with the exception * Each organization below may be qualified in the of the European Union, at SG). same way as the EU (at SG), with any modifications * Classes representing a region in general (e.g. Europe which may be necessary. Usually, this will entail SFY H, South America SHW) do not represent only a relatively small selection of the classes jurisdictions in the strict sense and it would be provided for the EU. Proceed as follows: unhelpful to divide them like particular * Add to - (where the hyphen represents the classmark organizations (e.g. the EU) which do constitute of the organization) numbers & letters 2/9, A/Y jurisdictions. So although they may be qualified by following SG in SG2/SGY so far as applicable. preceding facets (by adding 2/9, A/B following S) QJ . Organization for European Economic this will not usually be necessary. In particular, Cooperation, OEEC treaties, conventions, etc., which are sources of * 1948; replaced in 1961 by OECD (SFY RC). international law, are preferred in the latter; e.g. QK . Council of Europe (1949) African Postal Union is SDB QM5 QHO, not . . International agreements SHO BQM 5LT. QK2 JT . . . European conventions (general) SF . Preferred community * Specific conventions go with the subject (e.g. * This location is reserved for the particular body of human rights). supranational law of particular relevance to the QKX I . . Consultative Assembly jurisdiction within which the library finds itself. QKX IU . . Committee of Ministers * Add to SF numbers & letters 2/Y following SG so * For Council of Ministers of the EU, see far as applicable. European Council SG5 LQF. QKX JM . . Other Committees, etc. A/Z SFY H . European supranational law (general), European QL . European Payments Union (1950) regional organizations (general) * Succeeded by European Fund (OECD). H5L C . . International conventions QQ . European Fund (1955) * For Conference on Security & Cooperation in * Succeeded EPU. Europe (CSCE), see RRO XAW CCS. RC . Organization for Economic Cooperation & HXC W . . Human rights Development (1961), OECD * Use SFY J; normal synthesis by Auxiliary * Up to 1961 called Organization for European Schedule S1 is interrupted here and is resumed Economic Cooperation. at SFY K. J . . Human rights (European supranational law) SG European Union law * Add to SFY J letters A/M folowing SCC W * European Union (formerly European Community, or and X/Y following SCC. EC) is a collective term for what was originally three J5L C . . . Conventions bodies: EEC (European Economic Community) J5L N . . . . Post-1945 ECSC (European Coal & Steel Community) and J5L NQL . . . . . European Convention on Human Rights Euratom (European Atomic Energy Commission). * 1950. These bodies share four basic institutions: the J5L NQO . . . . . European Convention for the Protection Council of Ministers, the European Parliamentary of Human Rights Assembly, the European Commission and the * 1953. European Court of Justice. A number of other . . . Individual organizations institutions, closely connected with the EU, have J5L T . . . . European Commission on Human Rights also developed and contribute to its overall system within specific fields (e.g. cultural cooperation, J6E . . . Courts human rights). J7R . . . . European Court of Human Rights

115 SG SG2NY European Union law

Law S Jurisdictions SCY X Jurisdictions SCY X Supranational law SE Supranational law SE European supranational law SFY H European supranational law SFY H European Union law SG European Union law SG Treaties of formation SG2 F . . ECSC treaty of formation SG2 GQM * European Union law is a legal system quite distinct from the municipal law of its member states. But it SG2 GQS . . EEC treaty of formation (1957), Treaty of Rome binds not only those states but also their individual (EEC) citizens immediately and directly. GQS T . . Euratom treaty of formation (1957), Treaty of * This class takes only the law of the EU; for its role as a Rome (Euratom) political entity, see RRP; for its role as a trade bloc, see GRG . . EC Merger treaty of EC (1965) TOV. * Instituting single Council & Commission of SG2 . Primary materials European Communities. * For institutions or publications on a specific subject, GRL . . Treaty of Luxembourg (1970) see subject; e.g. European Investment Bank * First budgetary treaty of EC. SGN GL9 TQ. GRQ . . Amending treaty of EC (1975) * Add to SG2 numbers & letters 2/9, A/X in Auxiliary * Second budgetary treaty of EC. Schedule S3. GSH . . Single European Act (1986), SEA 2 . . By language * For qualification of specific categories of primary H Treaties of accession materials. . Individual treaties 3 . . Common subdivisions HRN . . EC Association treaty (1972), Treaty of Brussels * When applicable to primary materials; e.g SG2 3R (1972) Guides to the documentation of EU. * On accession of Denmark, Ireland, Norway & UK. 3XJ . . . Computerized data banks HRU . . Greece accession treaty (1979) * Arrange A/Z. HSG . . Spain & Portugal accession treaty (1985) 3XJ C . . . . CELEX JT International treaties 4 . . Special subsidiary forms * Alternative (not recommended) to locating in * For example, Indexes to the official acts SG2 L44. International law SD2 BBG. A . . Official documents, Publications of the EU L Legislation of EU, Acts of the European Union * For works about the institutions of the EU, see L44 . Indexes & tables SGX Organization law of EU. L7 . Collections B . . . European , European Assembly L8E 5 . Official journal of EU (texts) BD . . . . Debates, proceedings L8F C . . C Section BH . . . . Working papers * Proposed legislation. BJ . . . . Resolutions, opinions L8F L . . L Section BM . . . . Committees, A/Z * Adopted secondary legislation. C . . . Council of Ministers of the EU L8H . . Other series CMP . . . . Committee of Permanent Representatives (EU) M . Official acts & regulations (texts) NB . Directives * Administrative organ of the Council. ND . Decisions D . . . European Commission NJ . Secondary legislation of EU * For publications on a specific subject, see NK . . Recommendations subject. NM . . Opinions D76 C . . . . COM documents NP . . Other measures, A/Z D76 S . . . . SEC documents * Declarations, Action programmes, etc. ED . . . Economic & Social Committee of EU NX . National legislation applying EU (texts) EDJ . . . . Opinions * Collections only; for legislation of individual EF . . . Court of Auditors of EU member states, see state. EH . . . Other institutions of the EU (A/Z) NY . . By country F . . Treaties of formation * Alternative (not recommended) to locating with * For treaties of EU with external parties, see the country. If this option is taken proceed as International law SD2 BBG (or its alternative at follows: SG2 JT). * Add to SG2 O letters E/Z in Auxiliary Schedule * See also Constitution of the EU, SGX 2. G . . . Individual treaties GQM . . . . ECSC treaty of formation (1951), Treaty of Paris (1951)

116 SG2P European Union law SG9GI

Supranational law SE Supranational law SE European supranational law SFY H European supranational law SFY H European Union law SG European Union law SG Primary materials SG2 Jurisprudence SG5 A . Legislation of EU SG2 L . Sources SG5 C . . . By country SG2 NY . . Processes SG5 GP

SG2 P . Court decisions of (EU), cases, law reports * Normal synthesis by S5 is interrupted here; it * For reports of courts on specific subjects, see subject; is resumed at SG5 T. e.g. Human rights SGX CW. * Add to SG5 letters GP/S following SD5. P8 . . Digests SG5 H . . . Agreements, treaties P85 . . . Official JB . . . . Enforcement P86 . . . Non-official LC . . . International conventions, congresses R . . Court of Justice of the EU, European Court of LQ . . . International meetings, talks, etc. Justice LQE . . . . Summits R7 . . . General collections LQF . . . . . European Council . . . . Official series * See also Council of Europe SGX IU R75 . . . . . European Court reports LS . . . International organizations . . . . Non-official series N . . . . United Nations (sources of EU law) R76 . . . . . Common Market law reports T . . Other sources R8 . . . . Digests * Normal synthesis by S5 is resumed here after its interruption at SG5 GP. R85 . . . . . Official * Add to SG5 T letters K/T following S5. R86 . . . . . Non-official TPW . . . Precedents in EU law S . . Court of First Instance (EU) TR . . . International law as source of EU law V . . Decisions of national courts in EU TTA . . . National law as souce of EU law * Collections only; for decisions of courts in the * For conflict of laws, see SGA. individual states, see the state. TTA 5BR F . . . . Reform of members’ law UB . EU law & the Community Secondary materials . . Special principles of EU law * Works about EU. VS . . . Supremacy of EU law * As Auxiliary Schedule S1, with amendments under VST . . . . Direct applicability principle some subjects to meet special requirements of EU law. VSV . . . . Direct effect principle SG3 . Common subdivisions * Provisions giving rise to rights or M . . Communication obligations which individuals may rely N . . . Language in EU on before their national courts. XD . . . European Documentation Centres (EU) VSX . . . Vertical & horizontal direct effects XE . . . European Information Centres (EU) * Obligations fall on member states only or XH . . . Automated information systems on individuals. XJ . . . . Databases VU . . . Subsidiarity * For works about these; databases consisting of * Decisions should be taken at the most official texts are classed under primary suitable level. materials; see SG2 33X J. * See also Separation of powers SGX GG * Arrange A/Z. VV . . . Proportionality SG5 A . Jurisprudence * Constraints on public authorities to ensure . . Special theories that they do not impose obligations beyond AMD . . . Duality doctrine what is needed to achieve the aim sought. AMM . . . Monist doctrine (EU) * See also Administrative law SGX KF C . . Sources SG6 Practice & procedure . . . Unification E . Courts & court proceedings * For courts relating to special subjects, see CU . . . . Approximation of laws (EU) subject; e.g. European Court of Human Rights . . . . . Properties SGX CW7 Q. CV . . . . . Effectivess of integration (EU laws) . . Relations with national courts GP . . . Processes SG7 R . . Court of Justice of EU (works about) * See note at SD5 GP (International law). S . . Court of First Instance * A number of concepts from International law are applicable here also, arising from the status of SG8 LS . Service of process extranational jurisdictions (between International SG9 F . Judgement and Municipal law). GI . . Enforcement

117 SG9T SGNH European Union law

Jurisdictions SCY X Supranational law SE Supranational law SE European supranational law SFY H European supranational law SFY H European Union law SG European Union law SG Economics law of EU SGN Practice & procedure SG6 Intervention SGN AB . . Enforcement SG9 GI . . Other aid media SGN AGU

SG9 T Constitutional law relating to specific subjects SGN DQ Economic exchange * Use this position only when qualifying a specific subject DR . Price mechanism filing before SGX (the normal class for constitutional DT . . Price controls (+EU law+), regulation of prices law of EU). See note at S9T. EK . Market system * Add to SG9 T letters A/O following SGX. EMN . . Entry conditions to market TQ . Special committees, etc. concerned with the subject EMO . . . Barriers to entry to market * E.g. Committee of Governors of Central Banks * For example, patents, etc. SGN FK9 TQ. EMQ . . . Concentration of market (EU) EMS . . . Market power (EU) VB Substantive law of the EU EMT . . . . Dominance (market power in EU) * See also substantive law under each of the member EMV . . . Relevant product market (EU) states. EMW . . . Relevant geographical market (EU) * Add to SG number 9 & letters A/XO in Auxiliary Schedule S1. From SGX P onwards (for constitutional EN . . Competition law) the application of Auxiliary Schedule S1 is * See also EU and international trade, SGN OI modified somewhat. ENU . . . Free market (EU), Free competition (EU) W . Private law (general) ENV . . . Agreements affecting competititon (EU) X . Civil law (general) ENW . . . . Concerted practice (EU competition) SGA . Conflict of laws * Restricting competition, but falling short of illegality by EU standards. P . Persons ENW R . . . . . Rule of reason (EC competition), Cassis SGD . Obligations, Contracts, Torts principle (EU) SGE . . Contract ENX . . . . . Exemptions (EU competition) Q . . . Conditions ENX R ...... Block exemptions (EU competition) RT . . . . Exception clauses, exclusion clauses EO . . . Imperfect competition RU . . . . . Derogation EOQ . . . . Unfair competition SGH . Property law EP . . . Restrictive practices SGL J . . Intellectual & industrial property EPR . . . . Price agreements EQ . . . . Cartels SGN . Economics law of EU EV . . . . Combination in restraint of trade, * Add to SG letters N/P following SB in SBN/SBP. monopolies * The instructions for retroactive synthesis within the EW . . . . . State monopolies (EU) class SBN/SBO given at SBN apply here also. The * When these operate commercially. main ones are repeated here for convenience: * Add to - (where the hyphen represents the classmark EX . . Barter added to) as follows: F . Financial exchange * Add to -9X letters A/Y in Auxiliary Schedule S1 so FG . . Banking far as applicable. FK . . . Central banking * Add to -9Y letters U/W following SBN 9Y. FK9 TQ . . . . Committee of governors of central banks * Add to - letters A/P following SBN (taken from FQ . . Money (+EU law+), currency (EU law) TA/TP). * See also European Monetary System SGN OF 9UC . . Regulation of economic & business activities FQ9 TQ . . . Monetary Committee (EU) AB . . Intervention FQ9 TR . . . European monetary cooperation fund AC . . . National planning FR . . . European currency unit AD . . . Economic planning G . . Credit AGH . . . . Objectives GHS . . . Credit institutions AGO . . . . Aid, assistance GJS . . . Negotiable instruments * For aid to non-member countries, see SGO P. GK . . . Consumer credit AGQ . . . . Incentives GL . . . Investment AGR . . . . Grants, subsidies . . . . Investment institutions AGS . . . . Compensation GL9 TQ . . . . . European Investment Bank AGT . . . . Loans H . . Insurance, etc. AGU . . . . Other aid media, A/Z * For example, Ortoli facility.

118 SGNHYY European Union law SGQBJ

Supranational law SE Economics law of EU SGN European supranational law SFY H International economic relations SGN O European Union law SG . International trade & commerce SGN OI Economics law of EU SGN . . Import trade SGN OM Economic exchange SGN DQ . . . . Non-tariff controls SGN OMR . . Insurance, etc. SGN H . . . . . Import quotas SGN OMU

SGN HYY Economic production & distribution SGN OMY . . . . . Charges having an equivalent effect (EU), I . Commerce & trade, intracommunity trade disguised charges (EU tariffs) * See also International commerce & trade ON . . . . Tariffs SGP OI . . . . . Preferential IM . . Wholesale trade ONR ...... Generalized system of preferences (EU) IN . . Retail trade ONX . . . . . Common customs tariff (EU), CCT, J Production & industry (general) Common external tariff (EU), L Employment & labour law CET LC . Industrial relations OO . . Export trade LD . . Trade unions OOE NY . . . Dumping LM . Labour supply, workforce OOV . . . Subsidies for exports LMO . . Free movement of workers (EU) OP . International aid by EU, development aid by EU LMP . . Right of entry & residence (EU) OPQ . . European Development Fund LMQ . . . Work permits (EU) Q Business law LNF . . Mobility of labour T . Accounting LO . Employment TF . . Auditing LOR . . Equal job opportunities * See also Court of Auditors, SGX PH LOS . . . Job discrimination V . Production management LP . Unemployment VMS . . Standards in production (EU) . Types of employment VT . . Quality control in production (EU) LRO . . Temporary employment W . Marketing LRQ . . . Seasonal employment WL . . Advertising LRT . . Part-time employment XG . . Sale of goods LS . Remuneration, wages XM . . . Types of markets LUA . Working conditions XQ . . . . Consumer market, consumer law LVE . Types of workers Enterprises by size LVJ F . . Itinerant worker YJ . Small businesses (EU) LWG . . By nationality Enterprises by structure & ownership LWO . . Young workers SGO G . Business enterprises, The Merchant, undertakings LXC . . Professional workers (EU) O International economic relations G9U C . . Regulation of businesses (EU) OF . European Monetary System G9Y HT . . Right to establish businesses (EU), right to * See also European Currency Unit SGN FR provide services (EU) OFT L . . European Exchange Rate Mechanism, ERM HD . . . Government reorganization of businesses OI . International trade & commerce (EU) OI5 LC . . Internationl conventions HH . . . . Enforced closure of businesses (EU) OI5 LNR Q . . . Lome conventions (1975) I . . Public sector enterprises OJ . . Balance of payments N . . Private sector enterprises OK . . . Capital transfer, free movement of capital Q . . . Corporation law (EU law) QK . . . . Formation & reorganization of companies OLC . . Protection & free trade QL . . . . . Combination OLF . . . Free movement of goods (EU) QLE ...... Mergers OLL . . . . Protection V . . . . Multinational companies OLP . . . . . Customs duties W . . . Cooperative societies OLQ ...... Customs Union Y Industries & undertakings by product OM . . Import trade SGP . Transport law OML L . . . Protection SGQ A . . Maritime law, Sea transport law OMR . . . . Non-tariff controls BJ . Fisheries OMS . . . . . Import licenses OMU . . . . . Import quotas

119 SGQT SGXGPV European Union law

Jurisdictions SCY X Law S Supranational law SE Jurisdictions SCY X European supranational law SFY H Supranational law SE European Union law SG European supranational law SFY H Economics law of EU SGN European Union law SG . . Fisheries SGQ BJ Criminal law SGW

SGQ T . . Agriculture SGW Y Public law T9T Q . . . Agricultural Advisory Committee of EU . . . Economic policy . Constitutional law TNA . . . . Common Market agricultural policy, CAP TNA B . . . Intervention TNA GR . . . . Grants SGX . . Organization law (EU) * Constitutional law of the EU itself. TNA GS . . . . Compensation * For treaties of formation, see SG2 GQM; for TNF . . . Financial policy sources of EU law, see SG5 C. . . . Currency * Some modifications have been made to the TNF Q . . . . Green currency (EU) general class for constitutional law (mainly to TRE . . . By product SCP/SCY), reflecting the differences in TW . . Service industries (general) structure between the EU and any sovereign SGS Environmental law state, unitary or federal. SGT A Social law * Add to SGX numbers 6/9 and letters A/O * For legislations, etc. on a specific field, see latter - following SC in SC6/SCO. e.g. SGN L Labour & employment law. CT . . . Rights & duties A2N J . Secondary legislation CW . . . . Human rights A2N P . . Declarations * For the European Convention & Commission & Court of Human Rights, see A2N PSK . . . Social charter (EU 1989) SFY HXC W. B . Health & medicine CW2 . . . . . Primary materials Y . Education CW2 S ...... Cases on human rights SGU . Welfare & social security CW5 C . . . . . Sources AG . . Social administration (EU) CW5 LC ...... Conventions . . . General principles CW6 . . . . . Courts AGG . . . . Applicability of welfare law * For European Court of Human Rights, AGH . . . . . Lex laboris (EU) see SFY J7R. * When the law of the state of E . . . Government employment applies. ECD . . . . Communication & information control AGJ . . . . . Single state principle GE . . . . Powers AGL . . . . Social advantage, social assistance GF . . . . . Sovereignty AGR . . . . Selectivity & universalism GG . . . . . Separation of powers AGS . . . . Non-discrimination by nationality (EU) GGL ...... Delegation of powers AGT . . . . Payment regardless of residence * For Subsidiarity, see SG5 VU. AGU . . . . Aggregation of employments (EU) GI . . . . . Immunity AGV . . . . Subrogation GMT . . . . . Treaty-making powers DD . . Users of social welfare (EU) GMU ...... Express powers (EU treaty-making) DDE LM . . . Take-up rate GMV ...... Implied powers (EU treaty-making) FBF K . . Social security benefits GPV . . . Accession of new member states (EU), FBF L . . . Overlapping benefits adhesion (EU) SGV 2 Cultural law * For treaties of accession, see SG2 H; for SGW Criminal law individual states, see SGX U.

120 SGXGQ Organization law SGYHW

Jurisdictions SCY X Supranational law SE Supranational law SE European supranational law SFY H European supranational law SFY H European Union law SG European Union law SG Organization law SGX Organization law SGX Institutions of EU SGX GQ Accession of new member states SGX GPV . . . Special administrative agencies SGX LN

SGX GQ Institutions of EU Other institutions of the EU * These are only approximately equivalent to the * For institutions serving specific functions for its recognized branches of government in sovereign members, see the subject. To qualify a specific subject states. by EU institutions, use intercalator 9T; e.g. European GR . Relations between branches of EU government Investment Bank SGN GL9 TQ. H . Electoral system * For EEC, use the general class (SG); for the courts of . Legislature the EU, see SG7. I . . European parliament SGX PE . Economic & Social Committee of EU IGE . . . Powers PEI L . . Consultative Committee of the ESC II . . . Membership PF . European Research & Development Committee IL . . . Committees PG . . Statistical Office of the EU, Eurostat ILW . . . . Council of Europe joint meetings with EU PH . Court of Auditors of the EU INB . . . Legislative procedures PN . European Coal & Steel Commission IU . . Council of the EU, Council of Ministers (EU) PP . European Atomic Energy Commission, Euratom * For the European Council, see Summit meetings Q Devolved government in EU SG5 LQF. * For general works on the relations of EU with the * Add to SGX IU letters K/S following SCJ various devolved levels of government in its member (Executive government) so far as applicable. states. For the relations of EU with specific regions & IUK V . . . President localities within these states, see under SGX V Individual countries; for other regions, see SGX W. IUO . . . Committee of Permanent Representatives * See also Subsidiarity SG5 VU IUQ L . . . Committees other than COROPER (CPR) * Application of Auxiliary Schedule S1 is modified in . Executive SGX R/SGX YJ. J . . Commission of the EU R . Regional government JGE . . . Powers T . Local government JM . . Committees of the EU U Relations with member states K . . Administration V . By country KF . . . Administrative law * Alternative (not recommended) to locating relations KJ . . . Executive agencies with an individual state under the state. If this option . . . . General functions is taken: KKC . . . . . Regulation & control * Add to SGX V letters E/N in Auxiliary Schedule 2. KKH ...... Licensing WA . By region within EU KKJ ...... Inspection * Add to SGXW letters B/V following RRQ. KKK ...... Testing WP . . Balkans KL ...... Enforcement SGY D International relations of EU * Add to SGY D numbers & letters 2/9, A/Y following L . . . Central administration of EU SD so far as applicable. LIU . . . . Personnel D2B . Treaties, etc. LMF . . . . Financial administration of EU D2B B . . Regional treaties, etc. LMI W . . . . . Revenue * For Lome convention, see SGN OI5 LNR Q. LMJ ...... Taxation D5L T . International organizations LMN X ...... Custom & exercise duty D5N . . United Nations & EU LMP R ...... Members’ contribution (EU finances) E . Relations with other supranational organizations LMQ . . . . . Expenditure F . . By organization LN . . . Special administrative agencies * Add to SGY F letters A/Y following SH; e.g * In Class SC, the constitutional law provides at SGY FRM K Relations with Organization of this point for armed services, police, etc. As American States. yet, such agencies do not exist in the EU; but G . Relations with groupings of states provision is made here for the eventuality. * Add to SGY G letters W/Y following RQ. * Add to SGX letters LV/O following SC in * Add to SGY H letters A/W following RR; e.g. SCL V/SCO. HAV . . Relations with Islamic countries HK . . Relations with Third World * For Lome Conventions, see SGN OI5 LNR Q. HW . . Relations with Non-state nations

121 SGYJ SHWCR Supranational law

Law S Law S Jurisdictions SCY X Jurisdictions SCY X Supranational law SE Supranational law SE European supranational law SFY H South-east Asia supranational organizations SHL C ...... Relations with groupings of states SGY G . Association of South East Asian Nations SHL RI ...... Relations with Non-state nations SGY HW SHM C Pacific supranational organizations, Oceanian SGY J ...... Relations with non-member sovereign supranational organizations states SHN C Australasian supranational organizations * Add to SGY K letters E/N in Auxiliary SHO C African supranational organizations Schedule 2. RE . Organization of African Unity (1963) SHP C . North Africa & Sub-Sahara supranational Y Other European supranational organizations organizations * For European supranational organizations covering SHQ C . Central Africa supranational organizations several or all regions (e.g. Council of Europe), see E . . Organisation Commune Africaine et SFY H; for European Union (EU), see SG. * Each region is assigned a 3-letter classmark (e.g. Western Malgache de Cooperation Europe SHB); for the method of its division, see notes Economique (1965), OCAM under Supranational organizations by region, following (1965) SE9 VB. SHR C American supranational organizations * Each organization may be subdivided like the EU, as MK . Organisation of American States, OAS follows: * 1889- * Add to the organization’s classmark numbers & letters MK2 F . . Treaties of formation 2/Y following SG so far as applicable. MK2 GMK . . . Inter-American Conferences SHA C . Northern European supranational organizations * 1889- QN . . Nordic Council (1952) MK2 GQJ . . . Charter (1948) SHB C . Western European supranational organizations MK5 CU . . Unification of laws QJ . . Western European Union (1948) MK5 CU9 TQ . . . Inter-American Council of Jurists QT . . Benelux Economic Union (1958) MK5 LQA . . Meetings of ministers R . . European Free Trade Association (1960), EFTA MKX IU . . Council (1960) MKX J . . Pan-American Union SHC C . Central European supranational organizations * Became Secretariat for OAS in 1948. QJ . . Danube Commission (1948) MKX PE . . . Inter-American Economic & Social SHD C . Eastern Europe supranational organizations Council QK . . Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (1949), MKX PF . . Inter-American Development Bank Comecon MKX PQ . . . Inter-American Cultural Council SHE C . . Balkans supranational organizations MKX Q . . Committees (OAS) SHF C . Southern Europe supranational organizations SHS C . North American supranational organizations Other supranational organizations SHT C . Latin American supranational organizations * The instructions in the second and subsequent notes RB . . Latin American Free Trade Association under SGY Y above apply to all the regions given (1960) below. SHU C . Central Amrican supranational organizations SHG C . Mediterranean supranational organizations QM . . Organization of Central American states SHH C . Afro-Asia supranational organizations (1951) SHI C . Middle East supranational organizations, Arabic SHV C . Caribbean supranational organizations supranational organizations RJ . . Caribbean Free Trade Area (1968), CQG . . Arab League (1945) Caribbean Community (1968) CQU . . Central Treaty Organization, Cento, Baghdad Pact SHW C . South American supranational organizations (1959) CR . . Southern Core common market, Mercosur SHJ C . Asian supranational organizations (1995) SHK C . Far East supranational organizations * Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay. SHL C . South-east Asia supranational organizations, South Asia supranational organizations QL . . Colombo Plan (1950) QP . . South-Eastern Asian Treaty Organization, SEATO (1954) RI . . Association of South East Asian Nations (1967), ASEAN

122 SHX National law SJCA

Law S Law S Jurisdictions SCY X Jurisdictions SCY X Supranational law SE National law SHY . Supranational organizations by region Ethnolaw SI . . . . . Southern Core common market SHW CR * An alternative (not recommended) is to locate here all SHX . Non-governmental supranational organizations works on these jurisdictions, including those which * For specific organizations, see subject; e.g. operate entirely within a particular nation state. In this Inter-Parliamentary Union RIA VOI; International case, the class -YJ is added to the classes in Auxiliary Civil Aviation Organization (1944) SDB QF5 LT. Schedule S1 and used to qualify the ethnic jurisdiction by its present country location(s); e.g. Fulani law - in Nigeria SIH KHY JVV H. SHY National law, state law, municipal law * See also KSH O (Ethnolaw as a social norm). * General works only; do not qualify SHY by S3/SC unless * Add to SI letters B/Y from Auxiliary Schedule 3A (Ethnic subject is municipal law, per se, in general. groups) so far as applicable. A number of prominent * Each jurisdiction may be qualified by all classes S2/SC, as exanples is given below to demonstrate scope and instructed in Auxiliary Schedule S1. arrangement. * An alternative (not recommended) for libraries concerned SIG . American aboriginal law primarily with comparative law is to cite national jurisdictions AFTER substantive law, practice and EJ . . Choctaw law procedure and jurisprudence. If this option is taken: G . . Iroquoian law * Use Auxiliary Schedule S1 as the basic notation for the GP . . Cherokee law whole collection. Locate general works on a specific KY . . Zuni law jurisdiction at S4 (e.g. S4E English law). Use 4 to qualify LN . . Mayan law specific classes in S5/SY by jurisdiction; e.g. Criminal MW . . Aztec law law - English SW4 E, Criminal law - French SW4 F; MX . . Nahuat law Family law - Courts - USA SCF 74Y. V . . Inca law * A further alternative (not recommended) for small libraries is to follow the above procedure but treating all SIH . African native law works as though they relate solely or primarily to the KH . . Fulani law home country (the jurisdiction under which the library operates). So 4 would not be added for the home country; SJA Ancient & medieval law e.g. SE would be used both for a general study on contract * Systems originating in these periods and which are not law and for the home country’s law of contract. National clearly or solely identified with any single modern nation place classmarks would be added only for countries other state. than the preferred (home) country; e.g. in an English * The normal arrangement whereby place is cited before library French contract law would be SE4 F whereas period is modified here. Division is first by broad period English law of contract would be simply SE. (giving Ancient, Medieval and Modern) and only within 4 . History of national legal systems these is place cited before (specific) period. * The history of law in general goes at S4. Locate here * Each system may be qualified by all preceding facets only those works which deal with the history of national (S2/SC) as instructed in Auxiliary Schedule S1. legal systems per se. If in doubt, prefer S4. SI . Ethnolaw, ethnological jurisdictions, non-literate societies law, tribal law, pre-literate societies SJB . Ancient law law, primitive law SJC A . . Ancient Oriental law (general) * This class takes the literature on ethnological * For this law in specific place, see those places under jurisdictions as they operated (and perhaps still operate) modern jurisdictions and the period subclass under independently of the context of a modern national the place as indicated in S47. jurisdiction (under which virtually all such ethnological groups now live). * Class here also works on the law of an ethnological group which is distributed over several different modern national jurisdictions. * Works on the present operation of these ethnological jurisdictions within a particular modern nation state should go with the latter. The class -XQ (under the constitutional law of the state concerned) should be used to locate them (see Auxiliary Schedule S1)

123 SJCB SJY5GH Roman law

Law S Ancient & medieval law SJA Jurisdictions SCY X Ancient Near East & Africa & Europe SJC B National law SHY Classical antiquity law SJQ Y Ancient & medieval law SJA Roman law SJX Ancient law SJB Primary materials SJX 2 Ancient Oriental law SJC A . . Codex Theodosianus SJX 2HP

SJC B Ancient Near East & Africa & Europe SJX 3 Secondary materials * Before c. 54O B.C. 3N . Language * Add to SJ letters C/LL and M/W following C in 3NK . . Addicere (the word) Auxiliary Schedule 2. A selection of the more prominent 56 . Influences societies is given below for convenience & to show * For reception, see SKG 5TB. scope. 5C . Sources H . Sumerian law 5D . . Jus non-scriptum I . . Cuneiform inscribed law 5GD . . Formal sources W . Semitic law (general) 5GE . . . Jus scriptum SJD A . Babylonian-Assyrian law 5GF . . . Senatus consultiam C . . Babylonian law . . . Concilium plebis D . . . Code of Hammurabi * See Ancient Rome SJY R . . Assyrian law 5N . . Codes SJE D . Medean law * For texts of the codes themselves, see Primary E . Persian law materials SJX 2H. K . Hittite law 5NQ . . . Jus gentium SJG . Phoenecian law 5NS . . . Jus civile SJN . Ancient Egyptian law 5NV . . . Later Western texts SJQ X . Pre-Hellenic law * A/Z by author. 5TH . . Commentaries Y . Classical antiquity law 5TJ . . . Glosses, glossators SJR . . Hellenistic law, Ancient Greek law 5TK . . . Commentators, post-glossators * Eastern Mediterranean, c. 450/150 BC. . Law & society L . . Rhodian law 5UN . . Jus naturale (general) * See also International maritime law SDB QA5 A7U 5UQ . . Jus civile SJX . . Roman law, Civil law (Roman law) * When it is treated as distinct from jus naturale. * See also Byzantine law SKA; Civil law systems SR; 6 . Practice & procedure Roman-Dutch law SSB 6E . . Courts 2 . . . Primary materials 7N . . . Forum (Roman law) 2H . . . . Codes * Use of any place as a court. 2HB . . . . . Ius Papirianum, Leges regiae . Subjects of law 2HC . . . . . Twelve tables (Roman law) E . . Contract law * c. 450 BC. . . . Damages 2HE . . . . . Lex Aebutia EV9 M . . . . Universitas * c. 150 BC. G . . Tort 2HG . . . . . Gaius (codes of law) G5M . . . Lex Aquila * c. 115-180 AD. * Liability for damages to persons or property. 2HJ . . . . . Constitutio Antoninianus H . . Property law * 212 AD. . . . Conveyance 2HK . . . . . Constitutiones principum HS . . . . Fiducia * Includes edicta, scripta & leges. I . . . Inheritance & succession 2HL . . . . . Codex Gregorianus IO . . . . Wills * 291 AD. IPG . . . . . Fidei commissum 2HN . . . . . Codex Hermogenianus . Jurisdictions * c. 295 AD. SJY . . Ancient Rome (Roman law narrowly) 2HP . . . . . Codex Theodosianus (c. 439 AD) * See SKA 2QD 5C . . . Sources 5GE . . . . Lawmaking bodies 5GF . . . . . Imperium * Supreme military and judicial power. 5GH . . . . . Concilium plebis, Tribunus plebis

124 SJY6E Medieval Western law SKDR

Ancient & medieval law SJA Law S Ancient Near East & Africa & Europe SJC B Jurisdictions SCY X Classical antiquity law SJQ Y National law SHY Roman law SJX Ancient & medieval law SJA . . . . Sources SJY 5C Ancient law SJB ...... Concilium plebis SJY 5GH . . . Post Justinian period law SKA YP

SJY 6E . . . . Courts & procedure SKB Medieval Western law 6KB . . . . . Law officers, court officials * c. 400-1500 6NW ...... Legates 5C . Sources 6NX ...... Procurators (Ancient Rome) 5TB . . Roman law in the Middle Ages 6PB ...... Praetor * See also Reception SKG 5TB 6PC ...... Praetor urbanus, praefectus urbi 5TC . . Arabic law & medieval law 6PD ...... Praetor peregrinus . Systems of medieval law 6PE ...... Aediles Y . . Early medieval law 6PF ...... Lictors * To c. 1000. 6PG ...... Praefectus praetorio SKC . . . Germanic law * Law of the German peoples from their first 7 . . . . . Courts contact with Roman law until the development 7N ...... Quaestiones, jury courts (Ancient Rome) of their own territorial law. SKA Byzantine law, Graeco-Roman law 2 . . . . Primary materials * Roman law as developed in Eastern Europe, c. 600/1453 * The main sources are collections of written AD. laws rather than legislation or * See also law - Eastern Churches - Collections - comprehensive codes. But these sources are Nomocanones SXC 27 treated here as primary materials. 2 . Primary materials . . . . . Codes 2HD . . Codex Theodosianus (AD 439) 2H ...... Leges Barbarorum * Superseded by Justinian code. 2HF D ...... Leges Romanae Barbarorum 2HF . . Codex Constitutionum (AD 529), Justinian code SKD A . . . . Gothic law 2HH . . . Quinquaginta deisiones B . . . . . Ostrogothic law 2HJ . . . Corpus juris civilis C . . . . . Visigothic law 2HK . . . . Digesta (Corpus juris civilis), Pandectsa (AD D . . . . . Burgundian law 533) F . . . . Frankish law, Frankonian law 2HN . . . . Institutiones (Justinian), Institutes of Justinian G . . . . . Salic law, Lex Salica 2HP . . . . Codex repetitae praefectionis H ...... Lex Thuringorum 2HR . . . . Novellae constitutiones post codicim I ...... Lex Francorum Chamavorum 2HS . . Ecloga (AD 726) J ...... Lex Ribuaria (741-747), Ripuarian law 2HV . . Basilica (c.AD 900) K . . . . Bavarian law (c.750) 2HW . . Hexabiblos L . . . . Lombard law, Leges Langobardicae 9VB . Substantive law L2H FD . . . . . Liber edictus, Edictus Langobardorum QA . . Sea law L2H FJ . . . . . Liber Papiensis * For Rhodian sea law see Maritime law SDB QA5 A7U. L2H FL . . . . . Walcausina (1019-37) YP Post Justinian period law M . . . . Saxon law * See also Magdeburg law SKF M NB . . . . . Lex Saxorum NF . . . . . Lex Frisionum, Friesian law NK . . . . . Angli & Warni law P . . . . Swabian law P2H FG . . . . . Alamannia code (c.725), Lex Alamannorum (c.725) P6 . . . . . Practice & procedure P9G ...... Remedies P9G U ...... Wergild P9G V ...... Bot Q . . . . Scandinavian law, North Germanic law * See also modern Scandinavian law SVM R . . . . Norman law

125 SKDS SM Modern law

National law SHY Law S Ancient & medieval law SJA Jurisdictions SCY X Medieval Western law SKB National law SHY Early medieval law SKB Y Ancient & medieval law SJA . Germanic law SKC . . . . Magdeburg law SKF M . . Norman law SKD R SKG Modern law, modern legal systems, modern SKD S . Celtic law jurisdictions * See also Irish law SOC; Welsh law SOA * c. 1500 to date. T . . Brehon laws * General works only, dealing specifically with the modern * Alternative (not recommended) to locating period. under Irish law, SOC 47B. * See also Contemporary period SKV and the note there. V . Slavic law 5C . Sources Y Later medieval law, pre-modern law 5TA . . Ancient law & modern law * c. 1000-1500. 5TB . . . Roman law & modern law, Reception Y47 . Particular periods * Process whereby Roman law (and to a lesser * Add to SKD Y47 letters FH/GY in Auxiliary degree and feudal law) was taken into Schedule 4A. European legal systems (especially of the SKE . Feudal law, droit feodal Germanic countries) c. 1400-1700. 7 . . Courts . Specific periods 7N . . . Manorial courts * Add to SK letters H/U in Auxiliary Schedule 4A. J . . Land law SKH . . 15-16th century JP . . . Feudal tenure SKJ . . 16-17th century JPQ . . . Homage SKL . . 17-18th century * Acknowledgement of bond of tenure. SKN . . 18-19th century JQ . . . Allodium, allodial tenure SKQ . . 19-20th century X . . Constitutional law SKS . . 20-21st century . . . Duties XCU . . . . Scutage, Escuage, Shield money SKV . Present-day legal systems, contemporary systems * Payment in lieu of military service. * General works only, distinguishing contemporary XCU W . . . Immunity (feudal law) systems from earlier modern systems. If in doubt, * Freedom from the power of another. prefer SKG. YDR . . . War SKW . . Civil law & common law systems YDR RP . . . . Truce of God * When treated together, as systems per se. * Prohibition of fighting on certain days by * For common law systems, see SL; for civil law decree of the Church. systems, see SR. YDR RQ . . . . . Landfriede, Landpeace SKF H . Holy Roman Empire law * C. 800-1800. SL . . Common law systems * Legal systems founded mainly on the common law L . Lubeck law, Lubish law of England, as distinct from civil law systems (see * Lubeck was a leading member of the Hanseatic SR). League. * The preferred arrangement is to treat each national * See also Hanseatic law of the sea jurisdiction separately and to locate here only SDB QA5 A8G PM general works on common law. M . Magdeburg law * An alternative (not recommended) is to treat common law as one integral system, in which the individual jurisdictions based on it are treated as subclasses. So, for example, English contract law, U.S.A. contract law, Australian contract law, etc. would all go under Common law system - Contract. If this option is taken, see Auxiliary Schedule S4 for instructions. SM . . . Preferred country (common law systems) * Alternative for any library wishing to locate first the jurisdiction of the country in which it is itself located.

126 SN England & Wales SN2N9

Jurisdictions SCY X Modern law SKG National law SHY Present-day legal systems SKV Modern law SKG Common law systems SL Present-day legal systems SKV England & Wales SN Common law systems SL Legislative acts, legislation SN2 F Preferred country SM . Codes SN2 H

SN England & Wales (jurisdictions), English law SN2 J Subsidiary legislation (texts), subordinate legislations * Including British Isles as a whole, United Kingdom as (texts) a whole, Great Britain as a whole. JM . Statutory instruments * This schedule demonstrates the use of Auxiliary JM4 4 . . Indexes, tables Schedule S1 in qualifying any given non-federal JM7 5 . . Revised editions (by date) jurisdiction (with minor adjustments). * See also Anglo-American law, SOW JM7 58 . . Annual volumes JM7 6 . . Non-official editions * Arrange by editor, A/Z - e.g. Halsbury SN2 . Primary materials SN2 JM7 6H. * As Auxiliary Schedule S2, with some adjustments. JM7 K . . Tables of statutory instrument effects 8B5 . . Official gazettes JP . Other 8E . . Journals * E.g. special procedure orders (provisional orders). * See note at 28E in Auxiliary Schedule S2. For local authority by-laws, etc. see SN2 L. A . . Parliamentary publications JS Prerogative instruments B . . . General JT . Royal proclamations & instructions * For works covering both Houses. JU . Orders in Council C . . . House of Commons (parliamentary * Made by Privy Council without of the publications) monarch. C8E . . . . Journal JV . Letters patent CC . . . . General papers JW . Other . . . . Debates L Local legislation (texts), by-laws (texts) CD . . . . . Hansard (House of Commons) LP . By county CG . . . . Bills * Add to SN2 LP letters following E in Auxiliary CM . . . . Committees Schedule 2. D . . . House of Lords (parliamentary publications) LR . By city, municipality etc * As for SN2 C House of Commons. * Arrange A/Z. DT . . . Command papers (UK law) MC Administrative publications (texts), executive * Alternative (not recommended) to subordinating publications (texts) to subject. * General collections, etc. only. Those on specific * If option taken, arrange as series. subjects go with the subject. F . . Legislative acts, legislation (texts of acts) MH . Attorney-General publications (texts), law officers’ G . . . Statutes (texts) publications (texts) G44 . . . . Indexes, tables, guides to the statutes MJ . Government department publications (texts) . . . . Early series (non-official) * Arrange A/Z by name of department. GE7 6 . . . . . Statutes at large ML . Royal Commissions (texts) * Arrange by editor A/Z (e.g. Barker * Arrange A/Z by title. SN2 GE7 6B). MP . Other GJ . . . . Modern series * Inter-departmental & other ad hoc bodies. GJ7 5 . . . . . Statutes revised N Law reports (English law), cases in English law GJ7 58 . . . . . Sessional volumes N8 . Digests & abridgments (general) GJ7 6 . . . . . Non-official editions * Digests of a given report series go with the latter - * Arrange by editor, A/Z - e.g. Chitty’s e.g. Law reports digest SN2 PB7 6L8. statutes N9 . Individual cases GS . . . . . Private acts, local acts, personal acts * Arrange by date, then name; each case may be * For local legislation, see SN2 L. subdivided as instructed in Auxiliary Schedule S2. For example, Pleadings in the case of Brown v. GU . . . . . War legislation (+statutes+), emergency Jones (1992) SN2 N9 SNB RJD. legislation H . . . Codes * Codes on special subjects (e.g. sale of goods) go with the subject.

127 SN2NE SN2X Cases post-1865

Modern law SKG Present-day legal systems SKV Present-day legal systems SKV Common law systems SL Common law systems SL England & Wales SN England & Wales SN Law reports SN2 N Law reports SN2 N Cases pre-1865 SN2 NE Individual cases SN2 N9 . . Privy Council cases SN2 OR

SN2 NE Cases pre-1865 SN2 PB Cases post-1865 NE7 6 . Non-official series PB7 6 . Non-official series . . Particular series PB7 6B . . Law journal reports (1823-1949) NE7 6E . . English reports PB7 6D . . All England law reports reprint (1843-1935) NE7 6R . . Revised reports PB7 6E . . All England law reports (1936-) NE7 8 . Individual reporters PB7 6G . . Law times reports (1843-1947) * Arrange A/Z. PB7 6H . . Weekly reporter (1853-1906) NE8 . Digests PB7 6L . . The Law reports (1865-) (texts) NE8 76 . . Non-official series PB7 6L4 4 . . . Index to the Law reports & Weekly law * Arrange A/Z by editor - e.g. Bacon’s reports Abridgment. PB7 6L8 . . . Law reports digest NE8 G . Yearbooks PB7 6M . . . Weekly law reports * Arrange by editor or series, A/Z - e.g. Maynard. PB7 6N . . . Appellate series . By court PB7 6P . . . Common law series * Synthesis by S7 is replaced here by enumeration, to meet the special needs of English case law. PB7 6Q . . . Chancery & Equity series NF . . Common law courts (pre-1875) PB7 6R . . . Probate, Divorce & Admiralty series NH . . . Court rolls (general) PB7 6T . . Weekly notes (1866-1952) * Rolls of particular courts go with the court - PB7 6V . . Times law reports (1884-1952) e.g. Regis. PB7 7 . . Other non-official series, A/Z NJ . . . . Specific rolls PB8 . Digests * If not classifiable by court; e.g. Pipe rolls. PD . By court * Arrange A/Z. * Add to SN2 PD letter D/W following SN7 in NK . . . King’s Bench cases, Queen’s Bench cases SN7 D/SN7 W so far as applicable. NK4 4 . . . . Indexes UB . . Administrative decisions NK8 . . . . Digests UB7 6 . . . Non-official series NL . . . . Pre-Yearbooks (c. 1280) UD . . . By Ministry, department, etc. A/Z NM . . . . Yearbooks (1280-1535) WT . State trials (texts) NN . . . . Private reports * Arrange by editor, A/Z; e.g. Howell’s state trials * Arrange by date and name; e.g. X . Modern series by subject SN2 NNG ONC for Coke (1572). * Alternative (not recommended) to subordinating NP . . . . Individual courts, A/Z to subject. If this option is taken, proceed as NPB . . . . . Bail Court (1830-54) follows: * Add to SN2X letters A/Y in Auxiliary Schedule NQ . . . Court of Common Pleas S1; e.g. Cox’s criminal cases (1844-1941) NR . . . Court of Exchequer (common law cases) SN2 XW NS . . . Curia Regis NT . . . Manorial courts (by date) NU . . . Nisi Prius courts, circuit courts NV . . . County courts (pre-1846) OE . . Equity courts (pre-1875) OF . . . Court of Chancery OG . . . . Vice-Chancellor’s court OH . . . Court of Exchequer (equity cases) OJ . . . Master of the Rolls cases OK . . . Court of Request cases OM . . Admiralty & Ecclesiastical precedents * Combined reports. ON . . . Admiralty reports OP . . . Ecclesiastical reports * Alternative (not recommended) to locating with ecclesiastical law, SW. OR . . Privy Council cases (pre-1865)

128 SN3 England & Wales SN7T

Modern law SKG National law SHY Present-day legal systems SKV Modern law SKG Common law systems SL Present-day legal systems SKV England & Wales SN Common law systems SL Primary materials SN2 England & Wales SN . . . Modern series by subject SN2 X Practice of law SN6 A

SN3 Secondary materials, works about English law SN6 E Courts & court proceedings * See Auxiliary Schedule S1 for guide to the qualification KB . Law officers of English law by S3/SC. * See also Law officers of the Crown SN3 7G * Below are given only those classes from S3/SC which . . History generate a terminology peculiar to English law, or whose KB4 7FB . . . Medieval structure calls for some adjustment to the situation in KB4 7FB J . . . . Justiciars English law. A minimal number of general terms has been * 1066-1232. added to show the general structure within which the modifications are to be seen. N . . Judges, justices . Common subdivisions . . . By special function * For coroners in general, see SN7 HDC 6N. 4J . . Lawyers * See also Law officers of the Crown 5 . . . Solicitors SN3 7G 6 . . . Barristers TB . . . . Law lords . . . . Leading counsel * In British House of Lords or (narrowly) 6V . . . . Queen’s Counsel, QCs, King’s Counsel, KCs Lords of Appeal in Ordinary. . . . Minister of Justice . Types of courts 7F . . . . Lord Chancellor . . By historical jurisdiction 7G . . . Law officers of the Crown SN7 H . . . Common law courts * For law lords, see Judges SN6 TB. HDC . . . . Coroner’s court 7H . . . . Lord Chief Justice HDC 6N . . . . . Coroners 7J . . . . Attorney-General . . . Equity courts * Principal legal advisor to the government. I . . . . Chancery courts, Equity courts 7K . . . . Solicitor-General . . By special status * For Director of Public Prosecutions, see Criminal N . . . Courts of record, courts not of record law SNW 37L. . . By structure of courts system 8 . . Organizations in the subject . . . Supreme courts JP . . . Law societies Q . . . . House of Lords (supreme courts) KC . . . . Inns of Court * For appellate function, see SN9 H7Q. KG . . . . . Grays Inn . . . High courts KI . . . . . Inner Temple R . . . . Supreme Court of Judicature (general) KL . . . . . Lincolns Inn * For Court of Appeal (high courts) see KM . . . . . Middle Temple Appeal SN9 H7R. KN . . . . Inns of Chancery RQ . . . . . High Court of Justice, high Court SN5 A . Jurisprudence RR ...... Assize courts * Only if it concerns specifically English law. * Abolished 1972; civil cases C . . Sources transferred to High Court, criminal to . . . Supranational jurrisdictions Crown Court. S . . . . EU law in English law RS ...... Divisional courts SN6 . Practice & procedure RT ...... Queen’s Bench Division A . . Practice of law * Mostly common law cases. RU ...... Chancery Division * Mostly trusts & wills. RV ...... Quarter sessions * Abolished 1971; cases transferred to crown courts. RW ...... Crown courts * Mostly criminal cases. S . . . Lower courts SQ . . . . County courts T . . . . Magistrates’ courts * Mostly criminal cases.

129 SN7UF SNW9H7R England & Wales

Present-day legal systems SKV Modern law SKG Common law systems SL Present-day legal systems SKV England & Wales SN Common law systems SL Types of courts England & Wales SN . . Lower courts SN7 S Practice & procedure SN6 . . . Magistrates’ courts SN7 T . . . . . Small claims court SN9 R7V

SN7 UF . . Courts of special jurisdiction SN9 VB Substantive law, subjects of law * The preferred arrangement is to subordinate to . By historical development subject - e.g. family courts SNC F7. . . Strictum jus * An alternative (not recommended) is to keep them VP . . . Common law subjects in English law together here. If this option is taken, proceed as . . Equity (general) follows: VQ . . . Equity subjects in English law * Add to SN7 V letters A/Y in Auxiliary Schedule S3. * See also special subjects in which the equitable SN8 Actions, lawsuits, cause (lawsuits) principle applies; e.g. Trusts & trustees L . Preliminary proceedings, pre-trial proceedings SNH U; Remedies SN9 G. * See also proceedings special to criminal law. * Alternative (not recommended) for libraries S . Trial proceedings, hearings wishing to keep together works on equity. If SN9 G . . Remedies this option is taken, proceed as follows: GY . . . Administrative remedies * Add to SN9 VQ numbers & letters 2/9,A/Y in H . . . . Appeals, appellate proceedings Auxiliary Schedule S1; e.g. Equitable remedies H7 . . . . . Courts of appeal SN9 VQ9 G; Trusts & trustees SN9 VQH U. * For Judicial Committee of the Privy Council W . Private law see SOP 9H7 P. . . Conflict of laws ...... History SNA . . . English conflict of laws H74 ...... Court of Appeal in Chancery 2 . . . . Primary materials * 1851-1875. 2MS . . . . . Treaties & international agreements H7D ...... Court from which appeal made 5Y . . . . By jurisdiction with which in conflict * Use -7D only to qualify a particular appeal P . . Law of persons court. See note at S7D. SNC F . . . Family law ...... Supreme court SNE . . Contract H7Q ...... House of Lords (court of appeal) SNG . . Tort ...... High courts SNH . . Property H7R ...... Court of Appeal (English law) P . . . Transfer of property rights * Includes Civil Division as well as general U . . . . Trusts & trustees works. SNJ . . . Real property * See also Criminal Division, SNW 9H7 R. SNL . . . Personal property K . . . . Prerogative orders & writs SNN . . Economics & commercial law KL . . . . . Habeas corpus Q . . . Business law Other results of litigation SNP . . . Transport law Q . Compromise, settlement out of court SNT A . . Social law & legislations R . Arbitration SNV 2 . . Cultural law R7 . . Courts SNW . . Criminal law R7V . . . Small claims court 37G . . . Law officers 37L . . . . Director of Public Prosecutions 6E . . . Courts & procedure 7RT . . . . Divisional Court of Queen’s Bench 7RW . . . . Crown courts 7T . . . . Magistrates’ courts 7TS . . . . . Stipendiary magistrates’ courts 8JP . . . . Crown Prosecution Service 9D . . . Judicial decision 9H . . . . Appeals 9H7 . . . . . Appeal courts 9H7 Q ...... House of Lords (criminal appeals) 9H7 R ...... Court of Appeal (Criminal Division)

130 SNWY Common law systems SOM

Modern law SKG Present-day legal systems SKV Present-day legal systems SKV Common law systems SL Common law systems SL Scotland SOB England & Wales SN . Practice & procedure SOB 6 . . . Private law SN9 W . . Courts SOB 7 ...... Court of Appeal SNW 9H7 R . . . Special courts SOB 7UF

SNW Y . . . Public law SOB 9H . . Appeal SNX . . . . Constitutional law 9H7 . . . Courts CW . . . . . Human rights . . . . Supreme court E . . . . . Government 9H7 Q . . . . . House of Lords (Scottish law) GV ...... Representation & elections 9H7 R . . . . Superior courts I ...... Legislature, Parliament 9H7 RQ . . . . . Court of Session (appeal) J ...... Executive, The Crown 9H7 RR ...... Inner House (appeal) JKR ...... Monarch 9H7 S . . . . Inferior courts JMT ...... Prime minister 9H7 SQ . . . . . Sheriff Principal JO ...... Cabinet 9VB . Substantive law JOR ...... Privy Council . . Contract K ...... Public administration E . . . Transactions (Scots law) KF ...... Administrative law * Any agreement tending to the settlement of L ...... Central government & administration doubtful claims. M ...... National security, military law L . . Personal property MY ...... Law enforcement & police LHQ . . . Bailment Q ...... Devolved government . . . . Liens U ...... Local government & administration LHR FQX . . . . . Retention (Scots law) W ...... Overseas territories W . . Criminal law X ...... Judiciary W7R . . . Superior courts * Constitutional status, etc. For W7R W . . . . High Court of Justiciary administration of justice, see SN6. W7R X . . . . Lords Commissioners SNY B . . . . . Ecclesiastical law, Church & state W7S . . . Inferior courts * Today, ecclesiastical law in England is W7S Q . . . . Sheriff Principal concerned only with the constitution and W7T . . . . Magistrate court, district court property of the established church (the W9H . . . Appeal ). W9H 7 . . . . Courts * For canon law (Church of England), see SXM. W9H 7R . . . . . Court of Criminal Appeal BM ...... Church of England (ecclesiastical law) W9H 7RY . . . . . High Court of Justiciary D . . . . . International relations SOC Ireland * General works only, for Ireland as a whole. D5H ...... Treaties & constitutional law 47 . History F . . . . . European Union & English law * For EU law as a source of English law, see . . Medieval period SN5 S. 47B . . . Brehon laws, Feinechus SOA Wales * Applied in Ireland prior to the Norman invasion and outside the Pale until 17th SOB Scotland, Scots law century. 6 . Practice & procedure * Alternative (not recommended) is to 7 . . Courts subordinate to Celtic law at SKD T. 7R . . . Superior courts 47B 5C . . . . Sources 7RQ . . . . Court of Session 47B 5TE . . . . . Senchus Mor 7RR . . . . . Inner House 47B 5TF . . . . . Book of Aieill * Mainly for appeals; see also SOB 9H7 RR. SOE . 7RS ...... First Division SOF . Republic of Ireland, Eire, Irish law 7RT ...... Second division SOG Isle of Man 7RV . . . . . Outer House SOH Channel Islands 7S . . . Inferior courts SOJ . Jersey 7SQ . . . . Sheriff court SOK . Guernsey 7T . . . . Magistrate court SOL . Alderney 7UF . . . Special courts SOM . Sark * See subject - e.g. Scottish Land court SOB JS.

131 SOP SP2PB8 United States of America law

National law SHY Common law systems SL Modern law SKG North America SOW Present-day legal systems SKV United States of America law SP Common law systems SL Congressional publications SP2 B Channel Islands SOH . . Debates SP2 DD . Sark SOM . . . . History of the Bills SP2 DD7 644

SOP Commonwealth (general), British Commonwealth SP2 DG . . Bills 6 . Practice & procedure E Constitution & amendments 9H . . Appeal E75 . Official editions (by date) 9H7 . . . Courts E76 . Non-official editions 9H7 Q . . . . Judicial Committee of the Privy Council * By editor or title. SOR Australasia F Legislative Acts (+USA+), legislation SOS . Australia FE . Early legislative materials * For individual Dependencies, see under specific * Pre-1776. territory in SV. G . Statutes SOT . New Zealand GJ . . Modern period * For individual Dependencies, see under specific GJ7 5 . . . Official compilations & revisions territory in SV. * By date. GJ7 58 . . . Sessional volumes SOV America GJ7 6 . . . Non-official compilations & revisions * A/Z by editor or title. GJ7 H . . . Citations SOW . North America, Anglo-American law * Arrange by editor A/Z. For example, Shepard SOX . . Canada SP2 GJ7 HS. XS . . . Provinces law J Secondary legislation JM . Administrative rules & regulations SP . . United States of America law, USA law, JM7 K . . Federal Register American law (USA) JMH . . Code of Federal Regulations * This schedule demonstrates the use of Auxiliary JMP . . Proclamations & executive orders Schedule S1 in qualifying a state with a federal * By date. structure (with minor adjustments). L . Local legislation * This relative position is not used here; it is only used under individual States in SPX T (see notes there). SP2 . . . Primary materials MC Administrative & Executive publications * From Auxiliary Schedule S2, with adjustments. MG . Department of Justice B . . . . Congressional publications MJ . Other government departments * Class SP2 B takes material on both Houses. * Arrange A/Z...... Debates ML . Special commissions, committees, etc. * ...... Non-official series Alternative (not recommended) to locating under subject. BD7 6 ...... Congressional record N Law reports, cases BG . . . . . Bills of both Houses * Until the mid-19th century reports were known by the BM . . . . . Committees of both Houses reporters name; since then they have been known C . . . . . House of Representatives primarily by jurisdiction. CD ...... Debates N8 . Digests etc. CD7 6 ...... Journal of the House * General only; digests of a particular series of reports * See also Congressional record SP2 go with the reports. BD7 6 NE . Early reports (pre-1776) CG ...... Bills NE8 . . Digests D . . . . . Senate PB . Modern reports D8J ...... Calendars PB8 . . Digests D8J D ...... Executive calendar * For example, American jurisprudence SP2 PB8 A; D8J E ...... Calendar of business Corpus Juris SP2 PB8 C DD ...... Debates DD7 6 ...... Journal of the Senate * See also Congressional record SP2 BD7 6 DD7 644 ...... History of the Bills * Index to the Journal.

132 SP2PC United States of America law SPXT

Common law systems SL Common law systems SL North America SOW United States of America law SP United States of America law SP Primary materials SP2 Law reports SP2 N . . . . Reports of Federal Courts SP2 PP Modern reports SP2 PB . . . . . Intermediate courts . Digests SP2 PB8 ...... Particular courts SP2 ST

By court SP2 SV . . . . . Other Federal Courts SP2 PC . Federal & State Courts reports together UB . . . . Administrative decisions PC7 6 . . Non-official series UD . . . . . Special, by Department PC7 6E . . . National Reporter System * Arrange A/Z. * For Federal cases, see SP2 PP 76H; for SP3 Secondary materials Supreme Court Reporter, see SP2 Q78. SP6 . Practice & procedure PC7 6G . . . . Atlantic Reporter SP7 . . Courts PC7 6J . . . . California Reporter * Civil & criminal jurisdiction is commonly vested PC7 6L . . . . New York Supplement in the same court. PC7 6N . . . . Northeastern Reporter P . . . Federal courts (general) PC7 6P . . . . Northwestern Reporter * For State courts, see SPX S7. PC7 6R . . . . Pacific Reporter Q . . . . Supreme court PC7 6T . . . . Southeastern Reporter Q52 . . . . . Biography PC7 6V . . . . Southwestern Reporter * Lives of Supreme Court justices. PC7 7 . . . Other general series (A/Z) QE . . . . . Original jurisdiction PC7 7A . . . . American Law Reports * For appellate jurisdiction, see SP9 H7Q. PC7 7L . . . . Law Reports Annotated R . . . . Superior courts PC7 8 . . . Specialized series (A/Z) RQ . . . . . District & circuit courts PD . . By court UF . . . . Courts of special jurisdiction * * Should this be required; only works covering both See subject - e.g. Customs court. federal and state court systems should go here. X . . . Federal & state courts compared PP . . Reports of Federal Courts SP9 H . . Appeal * Reports restricted to one Court go with the Court. H7 . . . Courts PP7 6 . . . Non-official series H7Q . . . . Supreme court (appellate) PP7 6G . . . . National Reporter System (Federal Courts) . . . . Higher courts PP7 6H . . . . . Federal Cases H7R . . . . . Circuit courts of appeal, intermediate PP7 6J . . . . . Federal Reporter appellate courts PP7 6K . . . . . Federal Supplement H7R T . . . . . District courts (appellate) PP7 6L . . . . . Federal Rules Decisions VB . Substantive law PP7 7 . . . . Other series A/Z SPW . . Criminal law PP7 H . . . Citations SPX . . Constitutional law PP8 . . . Digests Q . . . Ethnological law PP9 . . . Individual cases S . . . States law Q . . . Supreme Court * Works on a specific state go under the state * For appellate function, see SP9 H7Q. (SPX T). Q75 . . . . Official edition S2 . . . . Primary materials Q76 . . . . Non-official editions (A/Z) S3 . . . . Secondary materials Q77 . . . . . Lawyers’ edition S7 . . . . . Courts Q78 . . . . Supreme Court Reporter S7Q ...... Supreme court Q7H . . . . Citations S7R Q ...... District & circuit courts Q8 . . . . Digests S7S ...... County courts Q9 . . . . Individual cases (by date then name) S7T ...... Town courts, township courts, justice of . . . Higher courts the peace courts * For Court of Appeals and Circuit Court of T . . . . Individual states Appeals, see Appeal SP9 H7R. * Add to SPX T letters AK/Y following Y in R . . . . Circuit courts Auxiliary Schedule 2. Use XY for Hawai. RT . . . . . Particular courts * Each state may be divided as for USA in * Arrange A/Z. general. . . . Intermediate courts S . . . . District courts ST . . . . . Particular courts * Arrange A/Z.

133 SQB SV Civil law systems

National law SHY Modern law SKG Modern law SKG Present-day legal systems SKV Present-day legal systems SKV Civil law systems SR Common law systems SL Roman-Dutch law SSB . . North America SOW . Primary materials SSB 2 ...... Individual states SPX T . . . Others SSB 2HV

SQB . . Caribbean & Central America SSB 3 . Secondary materials SQC E . . . British Honduras E . . Contract law F . . . Bermudas W . . Criminal law H . . . British West Indies SSD Socialist law K . . . . Federation of the West Indies * General term for the law of Soviet Russia (1917-c. 1991), * 1958-1962. of the people’s republics of Eastern Europe and of similar P . . . . Bahamas regimes in other parts of the world. Based on SQD . . . . Jamaica Romano-Germanic principles modified by Marxist-Leninist ideology. The latter modifies SQE . . . . Leeward Islands significantly a number of concepts - e.g. contract, * Add to SQ letters F/O following ZH in property, trade union, liberty. Auxiliary Schedule 2. * For law of specific socialist countries, see country, e.g. SQF . . . . . British Virgin Islands SVN (USSR). SQL . . . . . St.Kitts, St.Christophers, Nevis ST Favoured country SQM . . . . . Antigua & Barbuda * Alternative for country in which library is located. SQN . . . . . Montserrat SU Second favoured country or collection of countries SQO . . . . . Dominica * For country, or collection of countries, having a SQR A . . . . Windward Islands particularly close connection juridically with the favoured L . . . . . St.Lucia jurisdiction. N . . . . . St.Vincent SV Other countries P . . . . . Barbados * Add to SV letters F/Z in Auxiliary Schedule 2 so far as T . . . . . Grenada applicable (i.e. those not already given in SM/SU). A selection of jurisdictions is given to reflect a wide range of SQT . . . . . Trinidad & Tobago jurisdictional systems. SQU . . Guyana * The classmark for an individual jurisdiction must allow * Formerly British Guiana. direct qualification by A/Y as indicated in Auxiliary Schedule S4. In some cases, the notation in Auxiliary SR Civil law systems Schedule 2 must be adjusted in order to allow this. For * Legal systems, mainly in Western Europe originally, example, using K for Germany as a whole would not in which principles and concepts from Roman law allow such qualification, since some of the notational and the French codification of the 19th century have subclasses of K represent other distinct jurisdictions (e.g. had great influence. KB East Germany, KS Czechoslovakia). SSB . Roman-Dutch law * In such cases, another letter (usually ’A’) should be added, * System produced by fusion of medieval Dutch law so that direct qualification of A/Z from Auxiliary (mainly of Germanic origin) and of the Roman law Schedule S4 does not conflict with the classmarks for accepted in the Reception. Applied to Holland in other national jurisdictions; so Germany as a whole, for the 16th/18th centuries and carried to various Dutch example, should be KA. The number of cases where such colonies in that period. adjustment is necessary has increased a little with the * See also jurisdictions of Netherlands (SVJ U); fragmentation of nation states which has occurred since Ceylon (SVQ W); Surinam (SVZ N); Guiana 1990. So the selection below includes a number of (SVZ O); South Africa (SVV Q) examples of such adjustment. * For civil law systems in general, see SR. * Note that it is only the occurrence of other nation states as notational ’subclasses’ of a nation’s classmark which calls 2 . . Primary materials for this adjustment. Local divisions of a country (states, 2H . . . Codes cities, etc.) may be ignored, since these are introduced by 2HG . . . . Grotius (Roman-Dutch law) -XT and -XV in Auxiliary Schedule S4. For example, the 2HL . . . . Van Leeuwen new state of Khazakstan will be SVN W; although it has 2HN . . . . Voet notational sudivisions D/W (i.e. NWD/NWW in Auxiliary . . . . . Individual texts Schedule 2) all these are likely to be local divisions of the 2HN 9C ...... Commentarius ad Pandectus independent state and would be accommodated at SVN 2HN 9E ...... Institutes (Voet) WXT (individual states or regions of Khazakstan). 2HP . . . . Bynkershoeka, Bijnkershoek 2HV . . . . Others * Arrange A/Z.

134 SVF Civil law systems SVKA7S

Jurisdictions SCY X Present-day legal systems SKV National law SHY Civil law systems SR Modern law SKG France SVF Present-day legal systems SKV . . Criminal law SVF W Civil law systems SR . . . . Higher courts SVF W7R Other countries SV . . . . . Correctional courts SVF W7R U

SVF France SVF W7S . . . . Lower courts 6 . Practice & procedure W7S T . . . . . Tribunaux de Police 7 . . Courts X . . Constitutional law 7N . . . Historical courts XI . . . Legislature 7NE . . . . Justices seigneuriales, Manorial courts XIO K . . . . Conseil d’Etat 7NP . . . . Parlement de Paris, Sovereign court of * Advises government on drafting of bills, Paris etc. 7NR . . . . Tribunaux Revolutionaires XKF . . . Administrative law . . . Supreme courts XKF 7Q . . . . Supreme court * For Conseil d’Etat, see Administrative courts XKF 7QR . . . . . Conseil d’Etat (administrative courts) SVF XKF 7QR. SVG B Spain 7Q . . . . Cour de Cassation P Portugal 7Q6 B . . . . . Law officers SVI Italy 7Q6 TM ...... Ministere Public a la Cour de Cassation SVJ P Belgium 7Q6 TP ...... Procureur-General a la Cour de U Netherlands Cassation SVK A Germany 7QR . . . . . Chambre des Requetes A2 . Primary materials * Division of preliminary examination. A2N . . Court decisions, cases 7QT . . . . . Chambres Civiles . . . By court . . . Higher courts A2U R . . . . Regional courts 7R . . . . Tribunaux de Grande Instance A2U RN . . . . . Allied Occupation courts 7R6 B . . . . . Law officers A2U RP ...... Vereinigtes Wirtschaftsgebier 7R6 TP ...... Procureur de la Republique * Bizonal courts. 7RT . . . . Tribunaux Civiles A2U RQ ...... British zone courts . . . Lower courts A2U RR ...... French zone courts 7S . . . . Tribunaux d’Instance A2U RS ...... Russian zone courts 7ST . . . . . Tribunaux de paix, Cantonal courts A2U RT ...... American zone courts * Justice of the Peace courts. A47 . History of German civil law 7UF . . . Courts of special jurisdiction A47 RNU . . 1945/1990 * For jurisdiction in specific fields, see subject; * For the legal system of Eastern Germany e.g. Tribunaux de Commerce. during this period, see German Democratic 7UH . . . . Tribunaux des Conflits, Competence Republic SVK Q. Conflict courts A6 . Practice & procedure * See also Administrative law SVF XKF. . . Courts 9H . . Appeal A7 . . . Gerichtsverfassung . . . Supreme courts * For criminal courts, see SVK AW7; for 9H7 Q . . . . Cour de Cassation (appeal) States courts, see SVK AXS 7. . . . Higher courts A7N X . . . . Ordentliche Gerichte, Regular courts 9H7 R . . . . Cours d’Appel A7Q . . . . . Supreme courts 9VB . Substantive law A7Q R ...... Reichsoberhandelsgericht (1869-79) 9W . . Private law A7Q S ...... Reichsgericht, Imperial Court 9X . . . Civil law (1879-1945) * For Labour law, See SVF NL. A7Q T ...... Bundesgerichtshof, Federal Court 9X2 H . . . . Codes A7Q U ...... Gemeinsamer Senat der Obersten 9X2 HHF . . . . . Code Napoleon (1804) Gerichtshofe des Bundes N . . . Commercial law * Joint senate of the federal supreme W . . Criminal law courts. W6 . . . Practice & procedure A7S . . . . . Lower courts W7R . . . . Higher courts * For Amtsgerichte (+magistrate courts+) see SVK AXS 7T. W7R S . . . . . Courts of Assize W7R U . . . . . Correctional courts

135 SVKA7UF SVVRR Civil law systems

Present-day legal systems SKV Present-day legal systems SKV Civil law systems SR Civil law systems SR Germany SVK A Germany SVK A Practice & procedure SVK A6 . . . . Practice & procedure SVK AXS 6 . . . Ordentliche Gerichte SVK A7N X . . . . . Supreme courts . . . . Lower courts SVK A7S ...... Oberlandesgerichte SVK AXS 7Q

SVK A7U F . . . Courts of special juridiction SVK AXS 7R . . . . . Higher courts * Courts concerned with special branches AXS 7RS ...... Landgerichte (regional courts) of law go under the subject; e.g. Federal * State district courts with general and Labour Court (Bundesarbeitsgericht) first instance jurisdiction. SVK AOL 7P. * For appellate jurisdiction, see SVK A7U H . . . . Military government courts (Germany AXS 9H. 1945-55) AXS 7RT ...... Kammer fur Handelssachen * Including other temporary courts AXS 7S . . . . . Lower courts under the Allied occupation. AXS 7T ...... Amtsgerichte A7U H5A . . . . . Jurisprudence AXT . . . . Individual states A7U H5A MG ...... Self-government principle, * As Auxiliary Schedule 2. Gerichtliche B East Germany (GDR) A7U I . . . . . Individual courts, A/Z * For German Democratic Republic (1945/1990) see A7U K . . . . Competence conflict courts SVK Q A7U M . . . . Courts of honour, Ehrengerichtsbarkeit H West Germany (1945/1990) A9V B Substantive law * Use SVK A. A9X . Civil law Q German Democratic Republic (1945/1990) AN . Commercial law S Czechoslovakia AW . Criminal law TA Czech Republic AW6 . . Practice & procedure * For Bohemia, use SKT B. . . . Supreme courts VA Slovak Republic AW7 Q . . . . Bundesgerichshof (criminal) * For Slovakia, use SKV B. AW7 R . . . Higher courts SVL F Yugoslavia AW7 RS . . . . Schoffengerichte (court of assizes) G Slovenia AW7 RT . . . . Schwurgerichte (with jury) H Croatia AW7 S . . . Lower courts K Bosnia AW7 T . . . . Amtsgerichte N Serbia AX . Constitutional law Y Poland AX5 C . . Sources SVM Scandinavia AX5 L . . . Constitutions SVN A Russia (to 1917) AX5 LY . . . . Individual constitutions, by date B USSR * For example, Weimar constitution C Russia (1991-) (1919), Constitution of the Federal W Khazakstan Republic (1949) SVO H Turkey AX6 . . Practice & procedure O Syria . . . Supreme courts P Israel AX7 Q . . . . Bundesverfassungsgericht S Saudi Arabia . . Substantive law V Iraq AXK F . . . Administrative law SVP A Iran AXK F7Q . . . . Supreme courts SVQ A Pakistan AXK F7Q P . . . . . Bundesverwaltungsgericht E India * Federal administrative court. W Sri Lanka, Ceylon AXR . . Regional law SVR B China * See States law SVK AXS SVS Japan AXS . . States law SVT K Indonesia AXS 6 . . . Practice & procedure SVV A Egypt . . . . Supreme courts AS Sudan AXS 7Q . . . . . Oberlandesgerichte D Algeria GT Ghana H Nigeria Q South Africa RR Zimbabwe

136 SVZB Ecclesiastical law SWEECJ

Law S Law S Jurisdictions SCY X Jurisdictions SCY X By political authority Ecclesiastical law SWE . . . . . Zimbabwe SVV RR Primary materials SWE 2

SVZ B . . . . . Mexico SWE 3 Secondary materials, works about ecclesiastical law L . . . . . Venezuela . History N . . . . . Surinam 47 . . By period O . . . . . Guiana 48 . . By place P . . . . . Brazil * For religious law of a particular religion in a T . . . . . Argentina particular place, see the Place facet under that religion; e.g. Roman Catholic law by country, U . . . . . Chile SXJ 48. * This general location (SWE 48) takes only studies Jurisdictions by religious authority of a given country in which a variety of religious legal systems operates. * An alternative (not recommended) is provided at SWE . Ecclesiastical law, religious law, religious legal W/X at the end of each religion for libraries systems wishing to cite the country first (within the * All the law relating to a church or other religious religion); e.g. SXJ XGB Roman in institution, whether derived from state law, divine law, Spain. natural law or the rules of any given society. * A further alternative (not recommended) is to locate * The literature is concerned almost entirely with the the ecclesiastical law of a country under the ecclesiastical law relating to particular religions; this constitutional law of that country, using -YB in class is for completely general works only. Auxiliary Schedule S1. * For ecclesiastical law as part of the constitutional law of 5A . Jurisprudence a national jurisdiction (especially when it features an 5C . . Sources established church) see SCY B. 5F . . . Sacred works 2 . . Primary materials 6 . Practice & procedure * This concept applies only to particular religions. * Each religion or sect may be qualified by 22/28 in 7 . . Ecclesiastical courts (general) Auxiliary Schedule S2; e.g. Collections of Jewish law 9U . Ecclesiology of particular subjects primary materials SWW 27. * Use this position only to qualify classes which * Under each religious jurisdiction, the divisions 2A/2X precede SWE F (Ecclesiology). in Auxiliary Schedule S2 are replaced by a * Add to SWE 9U letters F/N following SWE; e.g. substantiallly modified version of them, or by a Fasting - Dispensation SWE ECJ 9UI N. completely new set. 9VB . Subjects of law * Each of these divisions 2A/2X may be qualified by * Add to SWE A letters A/Y in Auxiliary Schedule S1. 2/8 following 2 in Auxiliary Schedule S2; e.g. Index ACK . . Marriage to the Talmud SWW 2L44. AH . . Property * Where the divisions 2A/2X represent a completely AW . . Criminal law new set, each of these may be qualified as follows AX . . Constitutional law (where the hyphen represents the classmark to be . Subjects special to ecclesiastical law qualified): * Taken from class PB/PF Religion, with some * Add to -9 letters A/X following 2 in Auxiliary additions & modifications for some religious systems. Schedule S2. Note that the letter A is used above (under SWE 9VB) as an intercalator to introduce substantive law concepts in general, not the classes at PA (which have no applicability to law). * Add to SWE letters B/E following P in PB/PE. B . . Systematic theology * Including worship, devotions, rites, etc. BO . . . Doctrines C . . . Moral theology, ethics D . . Practice of religion * Including worship, devotions, rites, etc. EC . . . Holy days ECJ . . . . Fasting

137 SWEFB SWI2M Ecclesiastical law

Law S Law S Jurisdictions SCY X Jurisdictions SCY X Ecclesiastical law SWE Ecclesiastical law SWE Subjects special to ecclesiastical law Particular religious legal systems SWF . Practice of religion SWE D . . . Fasting SWE ECJ * Usually, the detailed vocabulary of a class which is provided with an alternative is given under the preferred SWE FB . Ecclesiology location. Because class P was published before a detailed * Class PF has been amended here in order to Law schedule had been developed, the detailed accommodate all the institutional features relevant to vocabulary is given here, although it is not the preferred ecclesiastical law. location for the class. * Nearly all the literature relates to particular religions * A further alternative (not recommended) is to subordinate and only the barest outline is given here, to show the the ecclesiastical law of an established religion (one which general structure. Further details may be taken from is recognized as the official religion of the state) to the SWX Christian religion (and particularly from SXJ state jurisdiction concerned. In such a case, the Roman Catholic Church). ecclesiastical law is collocated with the constitutional law FC . . Powers of the church (general) of that state, at -YB following the country’s classmark FH . . Church property & artefacts (see Auxiliary Schedule S1). FR . . Persons in a religion * This location (SWF) may be used for works dealing with FV . . . Attributes the concept of religious legal systems per se. * Holy relics, etc. * For all religions other than Islam (see SYB 9VB) each FW . . . Founder of a religion religion, and any sect within it, may be divided fully as follows: FX . . . Saints, Martyrs * Add to - (where the hyphen represents the classmark of G . . . Priesthood & ecclesiastical offices, ministry, the religion or its sect) numbers and letters 2/9,A/W clergy following SWE, amplified where necessary by the detail I . . Discipline shown under SXJ (Roman Catholic church). IN . . . Dispensation M . . Church organization & government, church SWG . By various characteristics constitution * Add to SW letters G/H following P in PG/PH. MN . . . Unity (church government) F . . Pre-literate society religions, primitive religions MO . . Ecumenical movement, oecumenical movement (legal systems) NF . . . Finances (church government) J . . Ancient religions (legal systems) PE . . External relations PF . . . Church & state PG . . . . Establishment, state churches, national . . Extant religious legal systems churches, state religions SWH B . . . Oriental religions (legal systems), Eastern religions PH . . . . . Disestablishment (legal systems) * For Semitic (Mosaic) religions, see SWU. PI . . . . State legislation relating to church * Add to SWH letters B/Y following PH. A selection * See also Sources SWE 5C of the major ones is given below. PJ . . . Relations with other states * From SWI onwards the order (but not the notation) PU . . . Relations with other churches is the same as that of the religions in PH/PV. Subsystems of the religion R . . . . Tao law R . Religious orders, monastic orders T . . . . Confucian law V . Sects within a religion W . . . . Shinto law W By country SWI . . . . Hindu law, Indian law in general * Alternative (not recommended) for libraries wishing to 2 . . . . . Primary materials cite country first (instead of using -4 within the religion). 27 ...... Collections (general) If this option is taken, proceed as follows: If this option is 2D taken, proceed as follows: ...... Vedas * Add to SWE X letters E/Z in Auxiliary Schedule 2. 2E ...... Vedangas, Smritri 2F ...... Manu code 2G ...... Yajnavalkya code SWF Particular religious legal systems 2H ...... Navada code * The preferred arrangement in BC2 is to locate the law of 2J a religion with that religion in class P. This class is an ...... Others, by author A/Z alternative (not recommended) for libraries wishing to 2M ...... Commentaries & digests keep all legal systems together under law. * By author, A/Z.

138 SWI3 Semitic & Western religions SWWAW

Jurisdictions SCY X Law S Ecclesiastical law SWE Jurisdictions SCY X Oriental religions SWH B Ecclesiastical law SWE Hindu law SWI Extant religious legal systems . Primary materials SWI 2 Oriental religions SWH B . . Commentaries & digests SWI 2M . Parsee law SWJ Y

SWI 3 . Secondary materials SWU Semitic & Western religions (law) 48 . . By country * For Mosaic law narrowly, see Torah SWW 2E. 5A . . Jurisprudence . Sources 5C . . . Sources 5C . . Bible & law 5CH . . . . Codification * For Biblical law, see Jewish law SWW; for 5D . . . . Customary law Canon law, see Christian law SWX. 6 . . Practice & procedure SWW . Jewish law, Hebrew law, Halakha, Biblical law, 9VB . . Subjects of law Judaism (law) AAP . . . Persons 2 . . Primary materials AAW N . . . . Caste (Hindu law) 27 . . . Collections ACF . . . . Family law 2D . . . Commandments, six hundred & thirteen ACG . . . . . Children commandments, mizwahs ACH D . . . . . Adoption 2E . . . Torah, Mosaic law ACJ Q . . . . . Support in domestic relations, extended 2F . . . . Pentateuch family 2G . . . . Prophetic books (Mosaic law) ACJ X . . . . . Sexual union 2H . . . . Hagiographa, Midrash ACK ...... Marriage & divorce 2J . . . . Other early texts AE . . . Contract 2L . . . Talmud AEF G . . . . Third parties 2L2 7K . . . . Commentaries AFF . . . . Benami transactions, Namartham * General only; for specific historical * See also Trusts & trustees SWI AHU; commentaries, see SWW 2N. Fraudulent conveyance SWI AJH 2L2 N . . . . Cases, opinions AH . . . Property 2L2 NC . . . . . Responsa, jus respondendi AHU . . . . Trust & trustees * For individual books, add letters for date to SWW 2L9 NC. AHX Q . . . . . Charities & religious endowments 2ND . . . . Mishna AI . . . . Succession & inheritance * c.200 AD AJ . . . . Real property 2NG . . . . Gemara AJH S . . . . . Conveyance 2NJ . . . . . Palestinian Gemara, Jerusalem Talmud AJH SEY R ...... Fraudulent conveyance 2NL . . . . . Babylonian Gemara AL . . . . Personal property 2NN . . . . . Apocryphal books AXK F . . . Administrative law 2NP . . . . Mishna Torah AXL MJ . . . . Taxation * Of Maimonides, 12th century AD. . . . Special to Hinduism 2NR . . . . Tur B . . . . Dhama (Hindu law), dharmasastra * Of Jacob ben Asher, 14th century. (Hindu law) 2NS . . . . Shulhan Aruk H . . Other subjects of Hindu law * Of Josef Qaro, 16th century. * Add to SWI letters H/V following PI so far as 2NV . . . . Midrash applicable. 2NX . . . . Other books T . Schools & sects in Hinduism * Arrange by date. * Arrange A/Z. 3 . . Secondary materials TD . . Dayabhaga (Bengal Hindu law) 5A . . . Jurisprudence TM . . Mitakshara (Hindu law) 5CD . . . Interpretations & constructions V Jain law 6 . . . Practice & procedure W Sikh law 7 . . . . Rabbinical courts SWJ Buddhist law A . . . Subjects of law U . Burmese Buddhist law AE . . . . Contract V . Tibetan Buddhist law, Lamaism (Buddhist law) AG . . . . Tort Y Parsee law AW . . . . Criminal law

139 SWWD SWXV Christian law

Jurisdictions SCY X Law S Ecclesiastical law SWE Jurisdictions SCY X Semitic & Western religions SWU Ecclesiastical law SWE Jewish law SWW Semitic & Western religions SWU . . Subjects of law SWW A Christian law SWX . . . Criminal law SWW AW By country SWX 48

. . Subjects special to Jewish law SWX A Substantive law in canon law SWW D . . . Devotional Subjects special to canon law ECF . . . . Sabbath (Jewish law) BO . Doctrines ECF R . . . . . Eruv, Erub D . Religious practice, devotional practice . . . Clergy & offices FB . Ecclesiology H . . . . Rabbis FH . . Church property . . . . . Ordination G . . Clergy & ecclesiastical offices IU ...... Semikha M . Church government & organization . . Unity, cooperation within the church SWX Christian law, canon law, church law, public law MO . . . Ecumenical movement * Body of law constituted by ecclesiastical authority for MP . . . Simultaneum, simultaneous churches the organization and government of the Christian * In Europe, use of churches, etc. for exercise of church. religion by different creeds. * Canon law applies preeminently to Roman Catholic MQ . . . . Intercommunion law. The resulted in the removal of the MR . . . . Communicatio in sacris Church in many countries from the jurisdiction of the MS . . . Ecumenical council & synod (Christian canon law of the Catholic Church of Rome. But the church) canon law prior to this remains historically as part of MT . . . . Particular councils, etc., by date the source of ecclesiastical law in these other MTL K . . . . . Vatican Council 1869-70 churches also. * These pre-Reformation sources are enumerated under NF . . Finances of the church the Roman Catholic Church, but are available for use . Parts of church organization under the other churches where applicable. * See also Offices & persons SWX G * Analogously, the detailed vocabulary for the legal NS . . Synods & councils topics (Practice & procedure, etc.) is given under the . . By area of jurisdiction Roman Catholic Church but is available for use under O . . . , bishoprics, sees Canon law in general as well as under other churches O48 . . . . By local place where applicable. * For example, of Canterbury 2 . Primary materials (Church of England) SXM O4E T. . Activities of the church 3 . Secondary materials PE . . External relations of the church * Nearly all the legal literature relates to particular PF . . . Church & state (Christian church) branches of the church (see notes above under PG . . . . Establishment, national churches, state SWX). churches * To avoid an unhelpful fragmentation of the PU . . Relations with other churches vocabulary and the duplication of parts of it the * Cite first the church filing latest; e.g. Anglican arrangement adopted here is to give a full schedule church - Relations with - Roman Catholic (itself a modified extraction from Class P Religion) church SXL PUJ. under one branch (the Roman Catholic church) at * Add to SWX PU letters J/W following SX. SXJ. The detail there is available for the . Subsystems within the system qualification of the Christian church as a whole R . . Monasticism & religious orders (here, at SWX) and to all its other branches. The only divisions enumerated here, or under these V . . Sects other branches, are those peculiar to them, or more * Use SXA. appropriate to them (e.g. Ecumenical movement under Christian church in general), or those needed to make the hierarchy clear. * Add to SWX numbers & letters 3/X following SXJ (Roman Catholic church) so far as applicable. 48 . . By country * For general works on the Christian law of a country, regardless of particular branches or sects. For law of a particular sect in a given country, see the sect.

140 SXA Roman Catholic church SXJ2V

Jurisdictions SCY X Semitic & Western religions SWU Ecclesiastical law SWE Christian law SWX Semitic & Western religions SWU Christian churches & sects SXA Christian law SWX Patriarchates SXB Subjects special to canon law Western churches SXI . . Sects SWX V Roman Catholic church SXJ

SXA Christian churches & sects SXJ 2 Primary materials * Locate here actual texts of codices & other official documents. For works considering these as SXB . Patriarchates subject-matter, see Sources, SXJ 5C. SXC . . Eastern churches, Oriental churches, Eastern canon * See notes at SWE 2 on the use of Auxiliary Schedule S2. law 27 . Collections 2 . . . Primary materials 29Y . Pre- texts . . . . Collections * By date of original text, then by editor. 27 . . . . . Nomocanones 2A . Corpus juris canonici * Contains both ecclesiastical & civil law 2AG . . Gratian’s Decree, relating to ecclesiastical matters. 2AJ . . of Gregoru IX 3 . . . Secondary materials 2AL . . Liber sextus of Boniface VIII R . . . . Monastic & religious orders 2AN . . Constitutions of Clement V SXD . . . Orthodox church, Eastern Orthodox church 2AP . . of John XXII D . . . . Religious practice 2AR . . Extravagantes communes . . . . . Rites 2B . Later corpus juris canonici, pre-Codex juris canonici ER ...... Oriental rites, Greek rites texts R . . . . Monastic & religious orders * By date of original text. . . . . By church 2C . Codex juris canonici Y . . . . . Slavonic churches 2CG . . Book I (general canons) SXE ...... Russian Orthodox church 2CJ . . Book II (Persons) SXF . . . . . Greek Orthodox church 2CM . . Book III (Things) SXG ...... Others 2CP . . Book IV (Procedure) * Arrange A/Z. 2CR . . Book V (Crimes & penalties) SXH B . . . Separated Eastern churches 2D . Papal documents E . . . . Nestorian church 2E . . G . . . . Monophysite churches * Since 1909. K . . . Uniate churches, Eastern Catholic church 2F . . Papal letters, decretals (papal documents) * Preserving Eastern rites, but acknowledging the 2G . . Papal bulls, bullaria ’s supremacy. 2GN . . . In Coena Domini bulls N . . . . Nestorian Uniate church 2GR . . . Crusade bulls P . . . . Monophysite Uniate church 2H . . Papal constitutions, 2J . . Papal briefs, breves (papal briefs) SXI . . Western churches (general) 2K . . 2L . . letters SXJ . . . Roman Catholic church, Catholic church 2M . . Papal * See note under Christian Church (SWX) on the 2N . Papal index special status of the Roman Catholic church. * See SXJ 9PY T Because the detailed vocabulary of Christian . Reports of cases ecclesiastical law is given here as a matter of 2R . . General collections convenience, concepts will occasionally be found 2S . . Papal court cases which apply more particularly to the Christian 2T . . Other courts church as a whole or to other of its branches. 2V . . By country * Add letters E/Z in Auxiliary Schedule 2.

141 SXJ3 SXJAXLMJ Roman Catholic church

Christian law SWX Christian law SWX Patriarchates SXB Patriarchates SXB Western churches SXI Western churches SXI Roman Catholic church SXJ Roman Catholic church SXJ Primary materials SXJ 2 Practice & procedure SXJ 6 . . By country SXJ 2V . . . . . Index librorum prohibitorum SXJ 9PY T

SXJ 3 Secondary materials SXJ 9VB Subjects of law 3N . Language * Add to SXJ A letter A following S in SA and 3NK . . Particular words letters B/Y following SB in SBB/SBY. * E.g. forum, fori. AA . Conflict of laws 5A . Jurisprudence AAP . Persons 5C . . Sources ABC A . . Dissenters, non-conformists 5CD . . . Analysis & interpretation of canon law ACF . . Family law 6 . Practice & procedure ACK . . . Marriage & divorce . . Analysis & interpretation ACL M . . . . Impediments to marriage 65C D . . . Epikeia ACL P . . . . . Diriment impediments 6E . . Courts & procedure ACL PS . . . . . 6H . . . Jurisdiction of courts AE . Contract law 6KB . . . Law officers, etc. AEQ . . Conditions 6TC . . . . Promoters of justice AEQ X . . . Impediments * Catholic diocesan officials representing & * See also Marriage - Impediments defending canon law in ecclesiastical trials. SXJ ACL M 6TD . . . . Defenders of the marriage bond AH . Property 6TF . . . . Advocatus diaboli * Class here only those works concerned with the 7 . . . Ecclesiastical courts, church courts, court position of church property in the national Christian, ecclesiastical tribunals jurisdiction. All other works go at SXJ FG. In cases of doubt, prefer the latter. 7Q . . . . Papal courts . . Real property 7UF . . . . Other courts AJR W . . . Mortmain (church lands) 8 . . . Actions AJR X . . . Public land (church lands) . . . . Prosecution counsel AW . Criminal law 8CB K . . . . . Public prosecutors (RC church) AW8 SD . . Pleas 8N . . . . Pleas AW8 SDM . . . Benefit of clergy, , privilege * For Privilegium fori, see Criminal law SXJ AW. of clergy 9F . . . Judgements . . Offences . . . . Judicial opinions AWU I . . . Blasphemy 9FP . . . . . Responsa AWU IR . . . Desecration of churches 9G . . . Remedies AWU IS . . . Sacrilege 9H . . . . Appeals AWU J . . . * Buying & selling offices or ranks. 9IT . . . . . Appeal as from an abuse AWU K . . . Apostacy 9PX . . . . Penalties * See also Church discipline SXJ I AX . Constitutional law * See also Church government SXJ M 9PY K . . . . . Punishment AXC T . . Rights & duties of persons 9PY L . . . . . Ecclesiastical AXC UW . . . Ecclesiastical privileges & immunities 9PY M . . . . . Deprivation AXD DG . . . Religious liberty 9PY N . . . . . Interdict AXD DX . . . Rights of assylum, sanctuary 9PY P . . . . . Excommunication, anathema AXK . . Public administration law 9PY Q . . . . . Canonical precept, praeceptium extra . . . Taxation judicium, papal precept AXL MJ . . . . Church tax 9PY R . . . . . Denunciation, denuntiate judicatis, * For taxes levied by State to support evangelical denunciation established church or recognized religious 9PY S . . . . . Prohibiton of books bodies. 9PY T ...... Index librorum prohibitorum, Index expurgatorium

142 SXJB Roman Catholic church SXJFQP

Christian law SWX Christian law SWX Patriarchates SXB Roman Catholic church SXJ Western churches SXI Religious practice SXJ D Roman Catholic church SXJ . . Ritual & liturgy SXJ ER Subjects of law SXJ 9VB . . . Repentance SXJ ERU . . . . Church tax SXJ AXL MJ . . . . Absolution SXJ ERU N

Subjects special to canon law SXJ ERU P . . . . , jubilee indulgences SXJ B . Systematic theology * For indulgences in discipline, see SXJ IL. * Add to SXJ letters B/C following P in PB/PC. ERV . . . Extreme unction BO . . Doctrines ESD . . . Divine service . . . Special doctrines ESP . . . Preaching BVT . . . . Infallibility EWY . . Submissions C . . Moral theology EXL . . . Holy orders, ordination CNK . . . Conscience * See also Incardination SXJ JG CNK P . . . . Manifestation of conscience, ratio EXM . . . . Vows conscientiae EXN . . . . . Profession of faith CNK Q . . . . Casuistry, cases of conscience EXO . . . Obedience * See also Responsa SXJ 9FP EXT . . . Renunciation D . Religious practice, devotional religion * Add to SXJ letter D following P in PD. FB Ecclesiology DEV . . Sacred places * The structure and content of class PF Ecclesiology is * See also Church property SXJ FH maintained in the following schedule, but the notation DEY . . . Cemeteries, graves, burial grounds is substantially changed. DS . . Religious art & literature FC . Powers of the church (general) DT . . . Church music FH . Church property & artefacts * For liturgies, see Ritual SXJ ER. * For church property in the property law of a national DXG . . . Prayer books jurisdiction, see SXJ AH & the note there. DXH . . . Creeds, Articles * Add to SXJ F letters H/M following SB, with the DXJ . . . Catechism, Catachetics modifications indicated. EC . . Holy days FJ . . Church lands, glebes ECF . . . Sabbath FJN V . . . Boundaries of church property . . . . Legislation . . . Processes special to church property ECF 5M . . . . . Sunday legislation FJO C . . . . Maintenance & repair (church property), ECJ . . . Fasts, fasting fabrica ecclesiae ECJ 9UI N . . . . Dispensation FJO D . . . . . Dilapidations EDY . . Formal devotional activities FJO F . . . . . Faculties, canonical faculties * See also Church discipline SXJ I * Authority to alter, etc. church property. EQU . . . Dedication FJO K . . . . Land grants ER . . . Ritual & liturgy, rites of the church FJO M . . . . Taxation (church property) ERN . . . . Annointing, unction . . . Types of real property ERQ . . . . Sacraments (general) * Add to SXJ FJ letters OT/W following SBJ * For ordination, see SXJ JD; for FJX . . . Types special to church property matrimony, see SXJ ACK. * Add to SXJ FJX letters F/Y following PDR; ERR . . . . Baptism e.g. SXJ FJX G Chapels. ERS . . . . Confirmation FK . . . Planning & development law ERT . . . . Eucharist, holy communion, lord’s supper, FKN C . . . . Change of use last supper, sacrament of the FKN D . . . . . Secularization of church property ERU . . . . Repentance, penance FL . . Personal property * See also Fasting SXJ ECJ; Indulgences FLI Y . . . Chattels personal, tangible goods SXJ ERU P * Use SXJ FP. ERU K . . . . . Confession FLJ . . . Intellectual & industrial property * See also Confidential communications FP . . . Tangible property (clergy) SXJ JU * Accessories to worship. ERU L ...... Penitentials, penitential books * Add to SJX FQ letters H/T following PDR D. ERU M ...... Seal of confession FQF . . . . Church furniture ERU N . . . . . Absolution, reserved cases FQH . . . . . Pews & pew rights FQP . . . . Altars * See also Sacred places SXJ DEV

143 SXJFQR SXJLT Clergy & ecclesiastical offices

Christian law SWX Christian law SWX Patriarchates SXB Western churches SXI Western churches SXI Roman Catholic church SXJ Roman Catholic church SXJ Clergy & ecclesiastical offices SXJ G Church property & artefacts SXJ FH Clergy SXJ H . . . Altars SXJ FQP . Irregularities SXJ JD

SXJ FQR . . . Relics & reliquaries . Special properties & processes FQT . . . Bishop’s ring, pastoral ring SXJ JG . . Privileges & immunities (clergy) FQU . . . . Pontifical ring JJ . . Powers (clergy) FQW . . . Other JK . . . Delegation of powers of clergy * For example, vestments. JL . . . Primacy (powers of clergy), supremacy (powers FR Persons in the religion of clergy) G . Clergy & ecclesiastical offices, ministry JM . . . Temporal powers (clergy) * For works concerned with clergy as personnel, see JP . . Confidential communications (clergy) Ecclesiastical offices * See also Confession SXJ ERU K GH . . Ecclesiastical corporations, religious corporations JQ . . Apostolic succession * Corporate bodies the members of which are JR . . Celibacy concerned solely to promote religion & securing the Types of clergy/office rights of the church. * See also Religious orders SXJ R GP . . . Patronage . By special characteristics GQ . . . . , graces, livings JW . . Women in the church * Ecclesiastical offices to which the Church attaches perpetual rights of necessary income. JX . . Other non-ecclesiastical types GR . . . . . , first fruits K . Pope, * First year’s profits of a living. KBO . . Doctrines GS . . . . . Jus primarium precursium KBV T . . . Infallibility of the Pope H . . Clergy, priests . . Practice . . . Buildings KEX T . . . Renunciation HFJ . . . . Residences (clergy) KHH . . Appoinment HGP . . . Patronage KHJ . . . Election of Pope, papal conclaves HH . . . Appointment KHK . . . . Right of exclusion (papal elections), HP . . . . Confirmation of appointment exclusiva, HQ . . . . . Investiture KHL . . . . Veto (papal elections) * Giving legal rights to office holder. KHM . . . Vacancy of the Holy See HR . . . . Deposition (appointment of clergy) KIR . . Powers HS . . . Remuneration KP . Apostolic administrators HT . . . Pensions * Appointed by Pope & given office (e.g. diocese) in HU . . . Tenure special circumstances. I . . . Discipline of clergy KQ . Vicars apostolic, prefects apostolic * See also particular penalties (e.g. interdict) & rites KR . Cardinals (e.g. confession, penance). KS . Archbishops, metropolitans * For Casuistry & cases of conscience, see KT . Bishops, dioceses SXJ CNK Q. KV . Vicars capitular IL . . . . Indulgencies KW . Vicar-General, general vicars IN . . . . Dispensation * Appointed by bishop; not necessarily a cleric. * Allowing conduct which is otherwise LC . Diocesan chancellors prohibited. LE . Notaries * See also Absolution SXJ ERU N; Fasting LG . Rural bishops, chorepiscopoi SXJ ECJ; Marriage SXJ ACK LJ . Chapters, chapters, collegiate chapters IP . . . . Profession of faith * Group of canons, etc. forming staff of a cathedral IT . . . Education & training church. IU . . . Ordination LM . . Deans IV . . . . Vows LP . . Canons JB . . . Excardination LQ . . . Minor canons, choral vicars, priest vicars JC . . . Incardination LR . Ministers, presbyters, priests, pastors, parochial JD . . . Irregularities vicars, priests LT . Deacons

144 SXJM Roman Catholic church SXJW

Christian law SWX Christian law SWX Patriarchates SXB Western churches SXI Western churches SXI Roman Catholic church SXJ Roman Catholic church SXJ Ecclesiology SXJ FB Persons in the religion SXJ FR . . . Relations with other states . . . Deacons SXJ LT ...... Papal legatees SXJ PS

SXJ M Church organization & government, public law SXJ PU . . . Relations with other churches NF . Finances of church * See note at SWX PU regarding compounding NG . . Revenue retroactively. NHE . . . Ecclesiastical fees * See also Ecumenical movement SWX MN NHM . . . Mass stipends PV . . . Relations with community & society NI . . . Endowments (church finance) * See also branches of law SXJ A NJ . . . Taxation by church PX . . . . Pastoral work (RC church) NK . . . . Tithes Q . . . . . Educational work (RC church) * See also Preaching SXJ ESP; Catechism NL . . . Other sources SXJ DXJ NN . . . Expenditure QR ...... Teaching office of the RC church . Parts of church organization QT ...... Theological seminaries * See also Clergy & exxlesiastical offices SXJ G QV ...... Denominational schools (RC church), NS . . Synods & councils diocesan schools (RC church), NT . . . Plenary councils & synods, church assemblies parochial schools (RC church) NV . . . Church councils, church conferences QX . . . . Missions (RC church) . . By area of jurisdiction * For works dealing with organizational aspects Subsystems of the RC church narrowly, rather than with the office holders. R . Monasticism & religious orders, monastic orders NW . . . Provinces (church government), archbishoprics RFH . . Church property & artefacts NWN S . . . . Provincial councils & synods RFJ XJ . . . Cloisters, enclosures (RC church) O . . . Dioceses, bishoprics, sees RG . . Clergy & offices ON . . . . Diocesan councils & synods RLQ . . . Abbots ONN . . . . . Diocesan RLR . . . . Abbots nullius OR . . . (church government) RLS . . . . Postulancy, postulants OT . . Congregations RLT . . . . . Novitiate, novices OV . . . Church attendance RLU ...... Master of novices OX . . Church societies RM . . Organization Activities of the RC church RNF . . . Finances PC . Legitimate ecclesiastical acts, legal ecclesiastical RNI . . . . Dowry (monastic orders) acts, actus legitimi ecclesiastici, authorized RS . . ecclesiastical acts RT . . Monasticism for women, religious orders for PE . External relations of church women PF . . Church & state RV . . Confraternities . . Relations with other states RW . . Secular institutions (RC church) PJ . . . Foreign relations, diplomatic relations * Societies living in common but without vows. PK . . . . Concordats SH . * See also Crimes against church SXJ AW PL . . . . . of Worms 1122 T . Non-conformity PM . . . . . Concordat of Vienna 1448 TV . . Penal laws against non-conformists PN . . . . . Other, by date * See also Dissenters * E.g. Concordat of 1801 (with Napoleon). . Schools & Sects PO . . . . Treaties * See other Christian churches SXK/SXW PP . . . . . By country W . RC Church in specific countries * Add to SXJ PP letters D/Z from Auxiliary * Alternative (not recommended) to SXJ 4. If this Schedule 2 - e.g. RC Church - Treaties - option is taken: with France SXJ PPF. * Add to SXJ X letters D/Z from Auxiliary Schedule PQ . . . . Diplomatic services 2. * See also Papal arbitration (international law) SD9 RUL PR . . . . . Papal nuncio PS . . . . . Papal legatees

145 SXK SYB2 Protestant churches

Ecclesiastical law SWE Ecclesiastical law SWE Semitic & Western religions SWU Semitic & Western religions SWU Christian law SWX Christian law SWX Christian churches & sects SXA . . . . Anglican church SXL Patriarchates SXB ...... Ecclesiology SXM F ...... RC Church in specific countries SXJ W ...... Conventicle acts SXM MCP

SXK Protestant churches SXM MCR ...... Royal supremacy (Church of SXL . Anglican church England) R . . Monasticism & religious orders MCS ...... Acts of supremacy (Church of SXM . . Church of England, Episcopal church (C. of E.) England) 2 . . . Primary materials * 1534 & 1559. 27 . . . . Collections PE ...... External relations 2F . . . . Legislation of the Church of England PF ...... Church & state 2GE . . . . . Pre-1603, by date Y ...... Church of England in specific countries 2GF . . . . . Canons of 1603 SXN C ...... Church of England in Wales 2GG . . . . . Canons of 1640 E ...... Episcopalian Church in Scotland, 2GG T . . . . . Later amendments, by date Anglican Church in Scotland * Add to SXM 2G letters GT/Y in Auxiliary G ...... Church of England in Ireland, Church Schedule 4C. of Ireland, Episcopalian 2J . . . . General Synod measures, General Asssembly Church in Ireland measures I ...... Anglican Church in India * Known as General Assembly measures until N ...... Anglican Church in Canada 1971. P ...... Protestant Episcopal Church in USA, 2J5 5 . . . . . Revised editions, by date Episcopal Church in USA 2J7 58 . . . . . Annual volumes R ...... Church of England in other countries 2JK . . . . . Individual measures, by date * Arrange A/Z. * If on specific subject, subordinate to SXO . . . . Non-conformist churches, free churches subject. SXP . . . . . Lutheran church 2K . . . . Parliamentary legislation affecting the church SXQ . . . . . Presbyterian church 2K7 5 . . . . . Collections, by date BO ...... Doctrines 2KL . . . . . Individual Acts, by date ...... Special doctrines * If on specific subject, subordinate to subject. BVT ...... Confession of faith 2N . . . . Reports of cases SXR ...... Presbyterian Church of England 2N7 5 . . . . . Series, by title A/Z SXS ...... Church of Scotand 2N8 R . . . . . Individual reporters, A/Z SXT . . . . . Congregational church 2N9 . . . . . Individual cases, by date SXU ...... Unitarian church * Arrange as under law reports SXV . . . . . Methodist church 3 . . . Secondary materials, works about SXW . . . . . Baptist church 5C . . . . Sources 5XL . . . . . Common law & canon law SYB Islamic law, Arabic law, Mohammedan law, Shari’a 5XX J . . . . . Roman Catholic law in Church of England * Islamic terms are given when (1) there is not an exact 6 . . . . Practice & procedure equivalent in the general schedule at S5A/SD, and (2) 7 . . . . . Courts the concept seems prominent enough to justify 7P ...... Provincial courts (Church of England) enumeration here. 7Q ...... Court of Arches 2 . Primary materials * Provincial court of the Archbishop of * See also these as subjects, under Sources SY5 C. Canterbury. 7R ...... Court of Faculties 7S ...... Chancery court of York 7V ...... Diocesan courts, consistory courts 7X ...... Court of Ecclesiastical Causes Reserved F . . . . Ecclesiology MC . . . . . Government MCN ...... Oath of allegiance MCP ...... Conventicle acts * 1664 & 1670; suppressing meetings of dissenters.

146 SYB5A Islamic law SYB5UMH

Law S Ecclesiastical law SWE Jurisdictions SCY X Semitic & Western religions SWU Ecclesiastical law SWE Islamic law SYB Semitic & Western religions SWU Sources SYB 5C Islamic law SYB . Customary law Primary materials SYB 2 . . Ijma SYB 5GQ

SYB 5A Jurisprudence SYB 5GR . . Ijtihad 5A6 8 . Fiqh * Exercise of one’s own reason & judgement. * Understanding & ascertaining the pre-ordained 5GS . . . Illa system of God’s commands (Shari’a narrowly). * Effective cause; ascertaining the reason or illa 5BQ . Analytical jurisprudence underlying a legal rule, an essential step in . . Special concepts qiyas. 5BY D . . . Ikhtilaf 5GT . . . Qiyas, Kiyas * Ikhtilaf al-madhabib; disagreement between * Juristic reasoning. Analogical reasoning various chools of law. 5GU . . . . Istihsan 5BY F . . . Furuq * Juristic preference between analogies. * Distinguishing between parallel & similar * See also Hanafi jurisprudence, SYC H5 cases. 5GV . . . . Ra’y 5BY H . . . Hiyal * Reasoned opinion. * Legal devices to achieve a result otherwise 5GW . . . . . Iztihsan contrary to Shari’a. Often regarded with * Preference, choice, approval. disapproval. 5HB . Formal sources 5C . Sources * Normal retroactive synthesis by S5G is resumed * See also codes & legislation of particular countries; here after its interruption at SYB 5GB. e.g. Arabia, Iran, Egypt. * Add to SYB 5H letters B/P following S5G so far as 5CX . . Usul applicable. If necessary, use I (instead of H) for * Sources fundamental to Islamic law; the roots of treaties. Islamic law. 5PW . Precedents . . Customary law 5PW S . . Istishab 5D . . . Urf, Adah * Continuation of old rule or precedent until a 5DM . . . . Amal contrary or replacement is established. * Judicial practice bringing customs within the 5PX . . Fatwa, Fatawa (pl.) orbit of Shari’a. * Formal opinion of mufti or juriconsult on a legal 5F . . . Qu’ran, Koran situation. 5FT . . . . Tafsir (general) . Jurists as sources * Commentaries on Qu’ran. Commentaries on 5TF . . Shurut specific points of law go with the latter. 5TF 7 . . . Tabaqat * For the subject of commentaries in general as * Collections setting out generations of lawyers a source of law, see SYB 5TH. & jurists. 5GB . . . Sunna, Hadith, Traditions (Islamic law) 5TH . . . Commentaries * Normal retroactive synthesis by S5G is 5TI . . . Individual jurists, A/Z interrupted here. It is resumed at SYB 5H. * Jurists associated primarily with a given school 5GJ . . . . Hadith (oral traditions) of law go with the latter; e.g. Hanifate * Use only for works which exclude other school - Abu Yusuf SYD H5T IYU. Sunna. 5UB Law & society 5GK . . . . Athat 5UE . Justice * Traditions relating to the behaviour of the . . Special moral dimensions in Islamic law Companions of the Prophet 5UM B . . . Mubah 5GL . . . . Usul al-fiqh * Actions which are permissible but legally * Works by the founders of the early schools of indifferent. law. Roots of Shari’a. 5UM D . . . . Mandub 5GM . . . . Taqlid * Actions rewarded by God, but omission of * Obedience to juristic authority; ’imitation’. which is not punished. 5GN . . . . Isnad 5UM F . . . Wajib * Chain of authorities reporting a tradition, * Actions which are obligatory & omission of developed in later books of Traditions. which is punished. 5GP . . . . Other bodies of traditions, collections, etc. 5UM H . . . Makruh * Arrange A/Z; e.g. Kufan traditions. * Actions which are reprehensible but not 5GQ . . . Ijma punished. * Consensus of Muslim scholars.

147 SYB5UMK SYBGNV Islamic law

Ecclesiastical law SWE Jurisdictions SCY X Semitic & Western religions SWU Ecclesiastical law SWE Islamic law SYB Semitic & Western religions SWU Jurisprudence SYB 5A Islamic law SYB . . Justice SYB 5UE Persons SYB AP . . . . Makruh SYB 5UM H . . Nikah SYB CK

SYB 5UM K . . . . Haram SYB CKS HV . . Dower, Mahr * Actions which are forbidden & are CMV . . Divorce punished. . . . Compensation 5UM L . . . . Hisbah CMV W . . . . Mut’a (divorce) * In narrow, technical sense refers to the * For Mut’a as a time-defined contract, see duties of the muhtasib (market inspector); SYC PJ. but these in fact extend to general control of CMW B . . . Talaq, repudiation (Islamic law) morals. * Unilateral repudiation of a wife by a husband. . . Public policy CMW C . . . . Taliq at-talaq 5US . . . Istislah * Suspended repudiation, to become effective * Consideration of the public interest. on occurrence of some event. * See also Maliki jurisprudence SYD M5A CMW D . . . . Tafwid at-talaq 6 Practice & procedure * Delegated repudiation. * See also Amal (judicial practice & custom) CMW E . . . . Talaq as-sunna SYB 5DM * Conditionally revocable. 7 . Courts CMW F . . . . Talaq al-bid’a, Talaq al-bain 7P . . Mazalim courts * Immediately irrevocable. * Express directly the supreme judicial & CMW G . . . Khul executive powers of the sovereign & formulate * Divorce by mutual agreement, the wife principles of substantive law additional & providing a consideration for her release. supplementary to those of strict Shari’a doctrine. CMW H . . . Tal 7Q . . Qadi courts CMW L . . . Li’an * The normal instrument for the administration of * Repudiation by oath (imprecation) of the law - ’pivot of the judicial system’. paternity of child born to a wife. 7W . . Nizamiyya courts, secular courts (Islamic law) CMW N . . Idda 8T . Evidence * Period following dissolution of marriage during 9AV . . Witnesses which legal rights of the spouses still hold to 9CE . . . Adl some extent. * Credibility of witnesses. CO . . Types of marriage Substantive law COV . . . Mut’a * Add to SYB numbers & letters 9VB/X in Auxiliary * A marriage contracted for a specified period Schedule S1. of time. 9VB . Mu’amalat * For mut’a in divorce, see SYC MVW. * For transactions, see Contract SYB E. CPJ . . . Polygamy (Islamic law) . . Jurisprudence D Obligations & contracts 9VB 5A . . . Furu al-fiqh * Islamic law has no branch exactly comparable with * Branches or applications of law. that of contract in common or civil law. AP . Persons * Elements of it entered in the reception of European AWN G . . Slaves law (e.g. in the Ottoman Empire in the late 19th BF . . Women century) and were applied in the Nizamiyya courts BFG . . . Dress of women (Islamic law), purdah, viel (see SY7 W). (Islamic law) . Codes BPT . . Aliens D5Q . . Majalla, mejelle * See Constitutional law SYB XDO PT E . Mu’amalat, transactions (Islamic law) CF . . Family . . Formation of contract CFU W . . . Guardian & ward EI . . . Aqd . . Marriage GN Torts versus person CK . . . Nikah (Islamic law) . Defamation GNV . . Qadhf * Unproven imputation of illicit sex relations.

148 SYBH Islamic law SYEV

Jurisdictions SCY X Jurisdictions SCY X Ecclesiastical law SWE Ecclesiastical law SWE Semitic & Western religions SWU Semitic & Western religions SWU Islamic law SYB Islamic law SYB Torts versus person SYB GN Substantive law . . Qadhf SYB GNV . . . Non-Muslims SYB XDO PT SYB H Property Subjects special to ecclesiastical law HP . Transfer of property * Add to SYC letters B/V following SWE. HSV . . Hiba, Gift SYC B . Systematic theology * Gratuitous transfer of the corpus of property. BD . . Five pillars of Islam HSX . . Sadaqa * General studies only; for specific ’pillars’ (e.g. * Pious gift; gratuitous transfer of property Salat) see latter. without consideration as in gift. D . Practice of religion HTQ . . Ariyya . . Worship * Gratuitous loan; transfer of the right to enjoy a DB . . . Ibadat thing without consideration. DEV . . . Sacred places HTY . Settlement & trusts EC . . Holy days . . Types special to Islamic law . . . Fasting HYF . . . Waqf ECJ . . . . Sawm * Settlement under which ownership is EQL . . Confession of the faith ’immobilized’ and its usufruct devoted to ER charitable purposes. . . Ritual observances HYG . . . . Waqif . . . Ritual purity * Person creating waqf - competence, powers, ERP . . . . Tahara etc. . . . Ritual prayer HYH . . . . Objects of waqf ET . . . . Salat * Including purposes for which property may . . Pilgrimage be appropriated. EXX . . . Hajj HYJ . . . . Beneficiaries of waqf . . Legal alms . Inheritance & succession EYB . . . Zakat I . . Ilm al-fam’id FB . Ecclesiology . . . Legal cause FEV . . Apostacy IDF X . . . . Wala, patronage (Islamic succession) FPE . . External relations N Commercial law . . . With the State NG . Credit FPF . . . . Siyasa shar’iyya NGD X . . Riba, usury * Government in accordance with the revealed * Narrowly, interest on a capital loan; but covers law. Sovereign prerogative powers of also many transaction in which a profit is made, supplementary doctrines by administrative especially ones involving an unearned element measures. (i.e. resulting from a significant degree of FTB Schools & sects (Islamic law) chance); e.g. a buyer of grain cannot re-sell until FTG . Fiqh i-Jami he has taken delivery of it. * Consolidated study of all the schools. NXG . Sale of goods FTJ . . Iktilaf al-faqaha NXG W . . Salam, salaf * Dissimilarity of jurists. * With time limit; pay price now for goods SYD E . Sunnite law delivered later. H . . Hanafi law W Criminal law J . . Hanbali law W9R C . Punishments M . . Maliki law, Malaki law . . Retributive S . . Shafi’i law W9R W . . . Hadd, hudud SYE B . Shi’ite law * Specific, fixed penalty prescribed by canon D . . Ismailii law; retributive in intention. F . . . Fatimids W9R Y . . Ta’zir H * Discretionary & variable penalty; deterrent & . . . Khojas (Eastern) corrective in intention. K . . . Khojas WQC . Wine drinking, muskir M . . . Bohoras X Constitutional law P . . Ithna Ashari . Aliens R . . Zaydi XDO PT . . Non-Muslims, dhimmis T . . Wahhabi V . . Abadi

149 SYF SYF Schools & sects

Ecclesiastical law SWE Semitic & Western religions SWU Islamic law SYB Schools & sects SYC FTB Shi’ite law SYE B . Abadi SYE V

SYF Islamic law in specific countries * Alternative (not recommended) to subordinating to the country concerned. If this option is taken: * Add to SYF letters E/Z in Auxiliary Schedule 2.

150