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Part three: Troubles at home and abroad Paper 2: Shaping the Nation Section B: British Depth Studies BC Elizabethan England, c1568–1603 2 Instructions for use EDIT IN GOOGLE SLIDES EDIT IN POWERPOINT® Click on File in the top left menu and choose the option that Click on File in the top left menu,choose the option that says says “Make a copy…”. "Download as" and then choose “Microsoft PowerPoint (.pptx)”. You will get a .pptx file that you can You will get a copy of this document on your Google Drive edit in PowerPoint. and will be able to edit, add or delete slides. You have to be signed into your Google account. Learning Objectives At the end of the lesson, students should have good understanding of: ❏ Religious matters: English Catholicism and Protestantism; the Northern Rebellion; Elizabeth's excommunication; the missionaries; Catholic plots and the threat to the Elizabethan settlement; Puritans; Responses and policies towards religious matters. ❏ Mary Queen of Scots; Elizabeth and Parliament’s treatment of Mary; the challenge posed by Mary; plots; execution and its impact. ❏ Conflict with Spain: reasons; events; naval warfare, including tactics and technology; the defeat of the Spanish Armada. Important Keywords Transubstantiation Uniformity Recusant Excommunicate Papal bull Protestant Puritan Armada The Queen’s Highness is the only Supreme Governor of this realm and no foreign person or state has or ought to have any authority within this realm. - Excerpt from the Act of Supremacy, 1559 Elizabeth, the pretend queen of England and the servant of crime has monstrously usurped the place of the Supreme Head of the Church in all England, reducing the said kingdom into a miserable and ruinous condition. We declare the aforesaid Elizabeth as being a heretic and to have incurred the sentence of excommunication. We do command and charge all people not to obey her. 4 - Excerpt from the the Papal Bull excommunicating Elizabeth, 1570 Understanding Queen Elizabeth’s troubles at home and abroad 5 This module examines the challenges experienced at home and abroad as a consequence of the split from Rome. It specifically covers the following issues: ● Transitioning from Catholicism to Protestantism and the resistance that it met, including rebellions and assassination plots; ● How the government and Elizabeth sought to resolve the religious shift through legislation; ● Elizabeth’s excommunication, Mary, Queen of Scots’ execution, and the anger and threat of Catholic Spain; ● The rise in power and influence of Puritans. Portrait of Elizabeth I (c. 1585-90) 6 Contextual overview: Much of Elizabeth’s troubles at home and abroad hinged on the issue of religion. Her position as queen was vulnerable because she was deemed illegitimate by some, a heretic by others, and a usurper by others still. As a Protestant, she gained powerful Catholic adversaries, being Spain and Mary, Queen of Scots. SPAIN Newly unified, SCOTLAND Ruled over NETHERLANDS Ruled FRANCE Though the Spain had grown very by the Stuarts, who over by Catholic Spain, traditional enemy of wealthy thanks to gold were closely related to the Low Countries were England, Catholic and silver shipped the Tudors. Mary, important trading France was too from the New World. Queen of Scots, was partners with England. embroiled in internal King Philip II was Elizabeth’s cousin. The Protestant religious conflict to pose Elizabeth’s brother-in- Scotland was a Reformation was a threat to England. law and proposed traditional enemy of shaping religious England lost the last of marriage. Spain had England and the two thought and identity for its territories in France close ties with Rome countries were at war the Dutch, and Elizabeth (Calais) during Mary’s and ruled over the Low often. Scotland’s main offered assistance to reign. Countries, parts of ally was France, and them when they rebelled against Spain. Italy and Portugal. both countries were strongly Catholic. 7 Religious matters: the question of religion, English Catholicism and Protestantism By the time of Elizabeth’s THE ‘MIDDLE WAY’ accession, nationalism in England was growing and the country was undergoing a religious transformation. The shifts between Catholicism and Protestantism were neither smooth nor peaceful. In Edward VI Henry VIII Catholic fact, it was the hundreds of Protestant Protestants killed at the hands of Mary that earned her the nickname, Bloody Mary. Seeing the religious conflict in France too, Elizabeth sought a ‘Middle Painting depicting Way’ to usher in Protestantism Elizabeth I praying, 1569 while appeasing Catholics. Elizabeth I Mary I Catholic Protestant 8 Religious matters: the question of religion, English Catholicism and Protestantism WHY THE CATHOLIC CHURCH REFUSED TO ACCEPT ELIZABETH ● Catholic Church refused to recognise Henry VIII’s annulment from Catherine of Aragon making Elizabeth illegitimate. ● Henry VIII declared Elizabeth illegitimate on Anne Boleyn’s execution. ● The Catholic Church regarded Catholic Mary, Queen of Scots, as the rightful heir and regarded Elizabeth I as a usurper. WHY ELIZABETH REFUSED TO ACCEPT CATHOLICISM ● Elizabeth was educated and influenced by Protestant tutors. ● Elizabeth rejected the Catholic belief of transubstantiation. She, therefore, forbade traditional mass from being performed. ● Similarly, Catholicism revered saints, relics and religious iconography, which Protestants regarded as superstitious and corrupt. Elizabeth depicted in the pages of ● the Bishops’ Bible, 1569 She was no religious radical, however, and sought a compromise so that Protestantism would grow in popularity and Catholicism would die out. Religious matters: the question of religion, 9 English Catholicism and Protestantism Catholicism Protestantism The Pope Considered the The Pope is human, like substitute of Christ on Services All Services Services, everyone else. Earth. services, prayers hymns and the Bible Is not infallible and sins Believed to have a direct and hymns are in should be in the like everyone else. line to God. Latin, as is the Bible. language of the Spiritual authority comes The Pope speaks on All congregants are people so they can from the Bible, not the behalf of Jesus. required to go to a understand and Pope. Infallible. priest for interpret for explanation and themselves. Mass Clergy isn’t above Mass Catholics believe in interpretation. transubstantiation - bread anyone else. Act of taking and wine in communion bread and wine is purely turns into body and blood Church Literally Church God lives in symbolic of Christ. Only a priest house of God. Gold you and decor can make this miracle and embellishment detracts from how happen. everywhere. you worship. > > > Religious matters: the question of religion, 10 English Catholicism and Protestantism Catholicism Protestantism Sins If you’ve sinned, they Sins The only way to can be absolved by Saints and idols Saints and idols forgiveness and confessing to a priest Pray to Mary, have Protestants believe absolution is to take your who gives punishment figures of Jesus and you can only pray to sins to God through and advice for achieving biblical figures, lots Jesus and God. prayer and only God can forgiveness. of saints to pray to. Anything else is an forgive them. idol and forbidden. Heaven To get there, you need to do good The Bible An important Heaven If you The Bible This is the final work, follow the tool but you can also go believe in God, you authority and absolute seven sacraments. to the Church and Pope can go to heaven word of God. No Wait it out in for advice on how to when you die. deviations allowed. purgatory to pay for interpret something in the your sins before Bible. going to heaven. Religious matters: the question of religion, 11 English Catholicism and Protestantism Elizabeth’s religious problems didn’t end with moving away from Catholicism to Protestantism. Puritans emerged from the ranks of Protestantism and were dissatisfied with Elizabeth’s “Middle Way”, demanding more radical reforms. To make matters more complicated, some powerful people were Puritans. Puritan MPs In 1571, Walter Strickland Peter Wentworth, along with In 1586, Anthony They didn’t introduced a bill into the House other MPs, challenged Cope was challenge of Commons to change the Elizabeth over freedom of imprisoned with Elizabeth’s Prayer Book to be more Puritan. speech so they could discuss Wentworth for legitimacy, like This caused Elizabeth to close religious policy. Elizabeth introducing a bill to Catholics, but they Parliament and banned all bills responded by imprisoning him. amend the Religious were wealthy and to do with religion. Settlement. difficult to deal with. L: Francis ● Elizabeth also faced challenges from Puritans in the Walsingham Privy Council. R: Robert ● Unlike the radical MPs and priests, they were relatively Dudley moderate and hoped to introduce more reforms by taking a softer approach with Elizabeth. Religious matters: the nature and 12 ideas of the Puritans and Puritanism Simplicity Puritans What were Puritans all More reform Protestants wanted simple, about? who fled Mary I returned uncomplicated to England with radical worship and way of ideas. Church of England life. was still too Catholic. No order Puritans felt that Modesty Things such as Belief They believed Catholic church hierarchy (especially dancing, theatre and enjoyment rituals, ceremonies and bishops) wasn’t needed and were sinful and people should teachings went against God’s congregations could dress modestly. Sundays were intentions. organise themselves. for devout religious study. Religious matters: the question of religion, 13 English Catholicism and Protestantism Watch the video explainer, Early Elizabethan England: The difference between Catholics and Protestants, and discuss. Video link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P_S AHTOlNpg&list=PLMM- LSvPFWr8BCgMP9Uv9IiWjWuFzCr0t&in dex=7 Religious matters: responses and policies 14 towards religious matters It can be argued that Elizabeth’s aims with the ‘Middle Way’ were as much political as they were religious. Religious unrest could lead to civil war, which was costly and disruptive. By taking control of the Church, Elizabeth would also gain financially and maximise her power.
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