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Home , 1550s, Auld Alliance, Duke of Somerset, Oath of Supremacy, Treaty of Joinville, Treaty of Nonsuch

Themes: How did relations with foreign Form foreign policy took- and his aims: powers change? Sought to continue war with , in hope of a marriage between Edward and Mary, Queen of Scots. Charles V up to 1551: The campaign against the Scots had been conducted by Somerset from 1544. Charles V unchallenged position in The ‘auld alliance’ between Franc and Scotland remained, and English fears would continue to be west since death of Francis I in dominated by the prospect of facing war on two fronts. 1547. Somerset defeated Scots at in 1547. Too expensive to garrison 25 border Charles won victory against forts (£200,000 a year) and failed to prevent French from relieving Edinburgh with 10,000 troops. Protestant princes of Germany at In 1548, the French took Mary to and married her to French heir. Battle of Muhlberg, 1547. 1549- threatened with a French invasion. France declares war on England. - French Ottomans turned attention to attacked Boulogne. attacking Persia. 1549- ratified the Anglo-Imperial alliance with Charles V, which was a show of friendship. Charles V from 1551-1555: 1549- Somerset fell from power. In the west, Henry II captured Imperial towns of , Toul and and attacked Charles in the Form foreign policy-Northumberland and his aims: . 1550- negotiated a settlement with French. Treaty of In Central Europe, German princes Somerset and Boulogne. Ended war, Boulogne returned in exchange for had allied with Henry II and drove Northumberland 400,000 crowns. England pulled troops out of Scotland. Charles out of Germany. 1547-1553 Defensive alliance with France. Edward VI engaged to Ottoman Turks in East had resumed Elizabeth, daughter of Henry II in 1551 by Treaty of Angers. their advance into Eastern Europe. Scotland- borders in 1552 as were before Henry VIII’s In 1555, Charles V abdicated. campaigns. Trade with Netherlands- broke down because of English . 1551- trade embargo on sale of cloth to Henry II of France- determined to make an impact. He had been held prisoner as a Netherlands- improved by 1552. child by Charles V and sought revenge. Followed a policy of neutrality with Charles V, refusing to be 1552- treaty with German princes made him major figure in Europe. dragged into Hapsburg-Valois wars.

Conclusions- how far did relations with foreign powers change? Form foreign policy took- October 1555- Themes: How did France: 1555- Gravelines, Mary acted as mediator what were Mary I’s aims: Charles V’s brother relations with foreign between France and Charles V. The truce that was Desire to restore papal Ferdinand became powers change? brokered (treaty of Vaucelles, 1556) ended when supremacy and to advance HRE, with control Philip attacked Paul IV, who was allied to the Philip II’s cause as her choice only of Germany. French. Charles V up to 1551: of husband- achieved 1554. Charles’ son Philip At war with England June 1557 and indirectly with Charles V unchallenged position in Seen as a ‘pawn’ of the became ruler of the papacy, as Pope Paul IV was anti-Spanish. west since death of Francis I in Habsburgs. Mary sought Spain, Spanish French launched a surprise attack of 27,000 troops 1547. peace. America, against in 1558. Charles won victory against Netherlands and English raised an army of 7,000 and a fleet of 140 Protestant princes of Germany at Naples Battle of Muhlberg, 1547. ships to attack Brest but only captured Le Conquet. Ottomans turned attention to Peace negotiations- Treaty of Cateau Cambresis, attacking Persia. October 1558. Completed in 1559. Calais was Charles V from 1551-1555: lost. A ‘cripplingly blow’ to England. Mary I 1553-1558 Habsburg-Valois wars came to an end. In the west, Henry II captured th Imperial towns of Metz, Toul and 17 1558: Mary I died. Verdun and attacked Charles in the Netherlands. Spain: Marriage to Philip II in 1554. In Central Europe, German princes September 1555- Philip left England. had allied with Henry II and drove Naval and militia reforms: Demanded English support against France. Charles out of Germany. Armed forces strengthened. The navy England sent 6,000 troops to Netherlands. Ottoman Turks in East had resumed was reorganised and improved. Stafford (Protestant exile, supported by the French) invasion of Scarborough their advance into Eastern Europe. Naval treasurer appointed. Number of led to England declaring war on France- 1557 June. In 1555, Charles V abdicated. ships made available for active duty Scottish launched raids against English, 1557. increased from 3 (in 1555) -21 in 7,000 soldiers sent to aid Spanish and Imperial forces fighting the French. At 1557. the Battle of St. Quentin, Philip defeated Henry. Army recruitment- replaced with a militia, under which Lords Lieutenants and JPS in each county given responsibility for raising troops. Conclusions- how far did relations with foreign powers change? Relations with Spain- up to 1570: Netherlands/Spain up to 1585: Started cordially as Philip proposed marriage but by late relations ¾ of all England’s overseas trade passed through (based Themes: How did deteriorated. on woollen cloth). Concern by Spain that English traders were relations with foreign e.g. John Hawkins’ trading activity threatened Spanish trading monopoly trying to spread Protestantism in Netherlands. powers change? in the Caribbean. 1563- Philip’s chief minister in Netherlands, Granvelle banned 1568- English seized Spanish vessels and confiscated bullion they carried- import of all English cloth. Elizabeth retaliated and banned all which was intended to pay the Spanish army in the Netherlands. Led to imports from Netherlands. Trade restored in 1564. Foreign policy aims 1558- 1564: End trade embargo with Netherlands. Outbreak of Calvinist riots led to Philip sending a vast Spanish army war with France. Consolidate Philip supported Northern rebellion-1569. under of Alva to crush in 1567. position. Protect cloth trade and Trade embargo- 1568. Scotland up to 1560: English supported the Protestants Between 1568-1572- Elizabeth and Philip looked for ways to cause borders. (Cecil strongly supported intervention) rebels drive out each other trouble. France up to 1564: the French, confirmed by . Scotland 1571- Philip backed the Ridolfi plot. Elizabeth didn’t stop English 1559- Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis, ended the French war. ruled by protestants, Mary, Queen of Scots had to accept seamen attacking Spanish ships. France would retain Calais for 8 years and thereafter pay this. 1572- Philip and Elizabeth settle differences- Trade restored and England 500,000 crowns or return it. Convention of Nymegen in 1573, Elizabeth withdrew her support 1562- conflict between Catholics and Protestants- known for English pirates in Caribbean as a result of Treaty of Bristol. as broke out. England aids French protestants. 1572- Elizabeth expelled sea beggars- these were Dutch Protestants In 1564, Treaty of Troyes England permanently lost Calais. privateers who had been sheltering in English ports. When they France after 1564: Deterioration of Anglo-Spanish relations 1585- returned to Netherlands the revolt of the Netherlands began. Elizabeth looked to improve relations with France- 1584- with in France. / Relations continued to deteriorate as privateers marriage negotiations began between Elizabeth and As a result, Elizabeth made with captured huge qualities of Spanish bullion on its way to Europe Duke of Anjou in 1570, Treaty of Blois was signed in 1572. Dutch rebels. Troops sent to Netherlands under from the New World. But Massacre of St. Bartholomew in 1572 strained command of Earl of Leicester. War with Spain- 1585. relations with death of 500 Protestants by Catholics. 1587- English attacked Spanish ships at Cadiz, delaying and the claim of Don Antonio: the launch of . Philip gained control of Portugal- uniting two wealthy oceanic 1588-Leicester returned to England. Philip’s set sail with empires. Attitudes of councillors/divisions in privy council: Divided Armada- which failed. Don Antonio- member of Portuguese royal family and claim to over support for support to Dutch rebels. Leicester and throne. Walsingham urging support and Cecil against it. Philip crowned King in 1580. Conclusions: How did relations with foreign powers War at sea: Off Western Europe and Caribbean. Was at great expense. 1589- Sir Francis Vere was made commander of English change? forces in Netherlands. He worked with Dutch Protestants and expelled from North in 1594. Country divided into independent Foreign policy broadly successful. Protestant North and Catholic South, under Spanish authority. Very expensive. Attacks on Spanish shipping mounted both by professional seamen such as Hawkins, Drake and Frobisher and courtiers such as Dynastic considerations as well as desire for glory. . Conflict with Spain long-running, expensive and bought limitedPhilip ordered invasion of England in 1596 but defeated by storms. gain. War ended in 1604 at deaths of both Philip and Elizabeth. Themes: How far did Religious changes under Somerset:- what were they? 42 Articles- Cranmer: 1553. Official intellectual and religious ideas Somerset was a moderate reformer, although Edward VI Protestant statement of doctrine- never change and develop and with had been brought up to favour more radical religious implemented because of Edward’s death. what effects? change. Impact on society- evidence from wills: Churches: Hierarchy of the church remained largely 1547- Treason Act, allowing religious issues to be discussed Services became plainer and traditional intact. There was little attempt to alter the interior ad removed censorship. religious practices declined. of churches. Services remained largely traditional in 1545- Act passed to dissolve Chantries, had not been People became less inclined to leave form enforced but in 1547 was enacted. money to their Parish church. 1539-Act of 6 Articles: 1549 Cranmer introduced the Protestant Book of Common Public unco-operative to reform. Erasmianism/ Early Reasserted Catholic doctrine Prayer to be used for all church services. This was enforced Changes did affect people e.g. loss of Protestantism: Six and transubstantiation. There by Act of Uniformity- ambiguous in relation to Eucharist. charitable functions of monasteries and Articles weakened cause were severe punishments for chantries, including care of sick and Iconoclasm: In , of religious reform. those who went against the Act. elderly. there was widespread Doctrine had been destruction. The influenced by Act for the Somerset and European reformers- 40 Injunctions of 1538 Protestantism. Advancement of True Northumberland reformers from Europe came to against pilgrimages and Religion, 1543: 1547-1553 England on Cranmer’s invitation. This restricted access to other traditional They provided ideas and Henry’s last years the English bible to Catholic practices were preached. Bucer- Professor at

1539-1547 upper class reissued in 1547. Cambridge. - Professor at men/noblewomen only. Religious changes under Northumberland:- what . Ochino- prebend at Canterbury. King’s book, 1543: Revised the Renaissance ideas: In were they? Northumberland made increasingly Book, largely conservative- defended intellectual life and culture radical reforms. Edward VI influenced policy, Influence of humanism- Stephen Transubstantiation, Six Articles. It took hold. Humanism especially destroy idolatry. These were: Gardiner influenced by Erasmus encouraged preaching and attacked the use spread through schools Removal of altars and reforms to Church services- as was Cranmer. William Cecil of images.. It was written by Henry himself. and universities. combining Calvinist and Lutheran influences. encouraged humanist scholars at 1552 and Act of Conclusions on how far did Cambridge. Henry’s last years: dominated by faction Uniformity- much more Protestant. intellectual and religious between reformists(e.g. Parr), Seymour) and Banned traditional vestments. Influence of Hooper: leader of Evangelical Protestants- ideas change and develop conservatives (e.g. Gardiner, Norfolk). Restricted church music. spearheaded push towards radical Protestantism. Made and with what effects?: Reformists. of Gloucester, 1550. Ridley- Bishop of London. Key religious reform- Acts passed through Themes: How far did Catholic : 1553, Mary repealed earlier Parliament: intellectual and religious ideas religious legislation and reinstated Catholic faith. Protestant clergy- including 7 bishops, were change and develop and with It was Mary’s desire as queen to restore the Catholic deprived of their living. what effects? faith an church in England. In most areas, local people Foreign protestants ordered to leave the country. began restoring Catholic practices even before Mary’s 80 MPS voted against religious changes. government ordered religious changes. First Parliament, October 1553: Edwardian Religious thought was centred on catholic reform at a Influence of humanism: religious legislation repealed. Legal status of church parish level. Edward Bonner, Bishop of London, Reintroduction of Catholicism upheld published A Profitable and Necessary Doctrine, weakened the influence of Humanism. Church restored to state 1547 explained the faith in a straightforward manner. A Pope Paul IV regarded Erasmus as a Married clergy deprived of living new Book of Homilies also published 1555, heretic and banned Catholics from 1554: - Pope Julius agreed to not claim back church

reading his books. land that had been sold Cardinal Pole sent back to England as legate and as

Mary I 1553-1558 . Pope’s attitude: Pope Julius III demanded that Third Parliament Nov 1554-Jan 1555: - Act of the Church submit to Rome before Repeal restored the heresy laws. Punishable by dispensations to landowners of ex-Church death to deny papal supremacy. property could be granted. Act of supremacy made Pope head of church. Act of Repeal produced a lot of anger towards Pole’s legatine synod Pole tried to introduce the Pope. reforms into the church and increase the number Burning of heretics: Under heresy laws, Mary persecuted Paul IV, Pope from 1555, dismissed Pole as of priests. He appointed new bishops who were to Protestants, including the Oxford - Cranmer, Ridley Papal legate in April 1557. When Mary entered preach and to oversee the religious life of their and Latimer. war against the French she was indirectly parishes. He proposed that each cathedral should Around 280 Protestants were burnt, mostly in the south-east against the fiercely anti-Spanish Pope. have a seminary for training priests. and East Anglia Protestantism: 800 forced into exile. Foxe’s book of Martyrs, 1563: exiled Protestants used 1552 prayer book but Protestant. Attacked Mary for her still operated within existing structures. persecutions and for being a woman. Conclusions on how far did intellectual and religious ideas change and Others such as wanted to develop and with what effects?: continue to move into a more radical Simon Renard: Imperial ambassador for direction. Charles V and trusted adviser to Mary. Themes: How far did EI’s personal beliefs: conservative tendencies with religion. She disapproved of clergy marrying, she distrusted intellectual and religious preaching and enjoyed the musical culture of cathedrals and university colleges. Elizabeth viewed the settlement as an ideas change and develop act of state, defining the relationship between Crown and church but not making ‘windows into men’s souls.’ Others and with what effects? including Cecil and Dudley believed the settlement was a starting point for the development of a Puritan church. 39 Articles of religion: 1563- This replaced the 42 Matthew Parker: In , 1559 all but 1 Marian bishop refused to Articles of 1552- it was drawn up the church and consecrate Parker as the new Archbishop of Canterbury. Parker was a Elizabeth I confirmed by Parliament in 1571, sought to define the Cambridge Don of moderate views. The bishops were replaced by 1558-1603 doctrine of the church. Protestants exiled under Mary, such as Grindal, who became Bishop of It was based on Cranmer’s earlier articles, it broadly London in 1560. supported reformed doctrine. E.g. they denied teachings concerning transubstantiation and affirmed Religious Settlement: Elizabeth sought to re-establish royal supremacy over church in England. The the scripture was final authority on salvation. They Elizabethan church settlement of 1559 provided the framework for this, creating a ‘via media’ stated that both bread and wine should be served to all between Catholicism and Protestantism. This settlement enacted in the first Parliament, Jan-April the communion service and ministers could marry. 1559 established royal supremacy but set out the way the church was to be organised and the content Church was protestant, along Calvinist lines. While the and conduct of services. It was a compromise. It left Elizabeth under pressure from the Puritans and settlement reformed doctrine, it did not go far enough Catholic bishops and conservative peers in the , who strongly opposed the uniformity to please leading Protestants in its reforms of the bill, believing the settlement too protestant. church’s structures, disciplinary procedures and clerical Act of Supremacy, 1559: Repealed the papal supremacy and Marian heresy laws. Reinstated the dress. In effect, the was becoming religious legislation of Henry VIII’s reign and revived the powers of royal visitation of the church. Made Calvinist in doctrine but only ‘half-reformed’ in its the queen ‘supreme governor’ rather than supreme head of church. Demanded an structures. from all clergymen and church officials. Act of Uniformity 1559: It demanded everyone go to church once a week or pay a 12p fine. It established the use of the new Common Book of Prayer (a compromise between the Edwardian Prayer Foxe’s book of Martyrs, books of 1549-1552). The established book was a version of 1552- it was more acceptable to 1563, Protestant writer. traditionally minded worshippers, e.g. carefully worded to allow variations in Eucharist belief. Royal Injunctions 1559: It nominated visitors to inspect the church and gave specific instructions e.g. removal of ‘things superstitious’ from churches; purchase of an English bible and a copy of Erasmus’s Paraphrases by every Parish church; celebration of Eucharist at a simple communion table (not altar); Conclusions on how far did intellectual and religious ideas suppression of catholic practices i.e. pilgrimages and use of candles; requirement that any prospective change and develop and with what effects?: wife of clergymen had to produce a certificate, signed by two JPs, to indicate her fitness for the role. Themes: How far did John Whitgift: Replaced Vestments controversy: 1566. This intellectual and religious Grindal and in 1583 was over the wearing of ideas change and Harsh laws and defeat of published his Three Articles. vestments. Archbishop Parker develop and with what the Spanish Armada These demanded issued his advertisements making effects? reduced the perceived acceptance from the clergy vestments compulsory. 37 threat of Catholicism. It of the royal supremacy, puritans were deprived of their Religious Settlement: Broad acceptance of the ‘via became more of a prayer book and the 39 livings. Showed queen’s media’. Most worshippers accepted the changes in ‘country-house’ religion articles. determination to enforce the their parishes. Churches lost some of their statuary and than the popular faith it religious settlement. plate, with communion tables replacing altars. had been in 1560s. There were some who had strong religious convictions Act of Seditious Sectaries, 1593: this brought and actively worked against the settlement. the arrest of separatists, those who had separated from the church of England. The Recusants action: Catholics who paid fines instead of Excommunication and Papal leaders of the London movement were tried attend Anglican church services. Bull: 1570. By 1571, it was Elizabeth I and excommunicated for circulating ‘seditious Harsh penalties against Catholics-1571 and 1581. treason to publish or own a 1558-1603 books’ In 1581: Act to retain the Queen’s majesty’s subjects in copy of the bull. their due obedience made- non-allegiance to the queen or church treasonable. Saying Mass punishable by a Seminary priests action: Trained at Douai- heavy fine and imprisonment. Fine for non-attendance from 1568. In 1574 at church £20 per month. onwards, Catholic priests came to England to uphold and spread Catholicism, They operated Puritans believed Jesuits action: From 1580, Jesuits arrived led by Robert in the Parsons and Edmund Campion with the mission to reconvert in secret from the country house at catholic gentry and aristocracy. eradication of England. Jesuits were harshly treated by the authorities. popish Missions had limited success. 15 Catholic priests executed After the excommunication of Elizabeth, the church superstition. 1581-82. became more protestant. As a result the catholic 1585: Act made it treasonable for Catholic priests to enter faction became more active: England. It linked up with movements on the continent for counter-reformation in 1570s and 1580s Conclusions on how far did intellectual and religious ideas It supported the activities of English priests trained change and develop and with what effects?: abroad. Themes: How far did Puritanism: intellectual and religious This arose from 1563 Convocation of Canterbury failed to get ideas change and Elizabeth I reforms in the church. develop and with what 1558-1603 1566: Vestments controversy effects? 1583 Whitgift's 3 articles 1585 Lambeth Articles. This reaffirmed the Calvinist beliefs of Martin Marprelate the church of England and proved acceptable to both Puritans Presbyterianism: tracts: A set of satirical and their opponents. These were those who derived their ideas from attacks written by Calvinism and wanted to remove the bishops. Presbyterians in late It developed after the vestments controversy. 1580s about some of It had important supporters such as Earl of the Bishops. Leicester and Earl of Huntingdon. It was a small movement in London, south-east Separatists: and parts of the Midlands. They were dissatisfied with the pace of Cartwright, Professor at Cambridge was the Puritans emerged in the Protestantism reform and wanted it to go leader. 1560s. From 1570, a further. 1572: John Field and John Wilcox wrote the puritan faction grew and Led by Henry Barrow and John Admonition to Parliament. They demanded contained Presbyterians Greenwood. removal of catholic practices and more focus on and Separatists. They were extremists who wanted to scriptures and church ministers and elders instead separate from the church of England. They of bishops. Both men were imprisoned. wanted to create independent church 1584-87: Peter Turner and Anthony Cope organisations without the queen as introduced bills in Parliament. They wanted to supreme governor. replace the Book of Common Prayer with a new They emerged in 1580s but only had small prayer book stripped of ‘popish’ elements. Bills Puritans began to reconcile themselves to Elizabethan followings in Norwich and London. were rejected. settlement, especially with the threat of Catholicism The act of seditious sectaries arrested Late 1580s: Presbyterianism declined. diminishing. Also the deaths of Leicester, Mildmay and separatists and executed leaders. Walshingham in late 1580s who were its political supporters at court. By the time of Elizabeth’s death in 1603, religion was no longer a serious issue and the Conclusions on how far did intellectual and religious ‘godly’ puritans were accepted within the church. ideas change and develop and with what effects?:

How did Henry secure the succession?: Regency Council: established by The Device: Written by Edward on advice Children and Marriage alliances- Arthur Henry VIII to govern during of Northumberland to alter the (then Henry) to Catherine of Aragon. Edward’s minority. 16 members, succession. June 1553, Mary and Elizabeth Themes: How was the Oldest daughter Margaret to James IV of supported by 12 members. Made were declared illegitimate, in favour of succession secured? Scotland. up of religious conservatives e.g. the Protestant . However, Youngest daughter marriage (in 1514) to Wriothesley, Paulet, Tunstall and Parliament did not ratify this and without King of France. reformers: Seymour, Cranmer it the device (Devyse) had no status. and Denny. Also administrators th Succession Act 1534: Death of Arthur 1502 and Elizabeth (wife) Edward died 6 July. Northumberland still and lawyers. Within days the Henry’s marriage to Catherine was invalid in 1503. Henry heir but child! proclaimed Lady Jane Grey as queen on council had delegated powers to th and replaced with marriage to Anne. Succession insecure- Yorkists claim (Earl of 9 July 1553. Seymour who awarded himself Crown now passed to henry and Anne’s Suffolk, although imprisoned in 1506). Mary’s accession- reaction: Privy and became children. Oath had to be taken to uphold Council initially agreed to Device . their marriage. Treasonable offence to 1547-1553 but changed allegiance. Jane was attack/deny marriage. Henry VII Edward VI committed to Tower and executed 1554. There was popular support for Mary. Succession Act 1536: Repeals the 1534 1558 Mary became queen on 20th July. Henry VIII Act, declares Elizabeth illegitimate and Death of Mary Mary’s accession restored lays down that Henry can determine the and Elizabeth’s henry’s will as established under succession by will in the absence of an accession succession act, 1544. . Henry’s will 1546: Elizabeth’s inheritance/ reaction: Succeeded Death of Mary and reaction: Mary formally named Confirms the terms of Succession Act 1544: Repeals as a Protestant at age of 25. Councillors Elizabeth as her successor on 6th November 1558, she 1544 Succession Act the 1536 Act, reinstates Mary accepted her accession. Elizabeth proceeded died on 17th November. 1544 Succession Act and lays down that in and Elizabeth in the succession th quickly to her coronation- 15 confirmed that Elizabeth would succeed Mary. (Mary default of heirs to and reaffirms that Henry could had confined Elizabeth to Tower in 1554 but no proof Edward, Mary and determine the will by Death of that she was involved in the succession) Elizabeth the succession. Elizabeth How was the succession secured? Refused to name a succession should pass Parliament’s role in the succession issue? Natural successor Mary, Queen of Scots. it the heirs of his sister Issues of succession and marriage lay within royal prerogative. Parliament pressed Elizabeth successor. Succeeded in 1603 by James VI of Scotland, Mary. to marry and name a successor in 1563. Suitors were: Dudley, Erik of , Francois, Duke was Protestant. of Anjou(also known as Alencon), Archdukes Ferdinand and Charles, Philip of Spain. Conclusions- how was the succession secured? Themes: How did Wyatt’s rebellion, 1554: Mary’s determination to marry Philip of Spain provoked a rebellion. society and economy Somerset and Anti-Spanish feeling but also Mary’s religion. Hope to unseat Mary and place Elizabeth or Lady change and with what Northumberland Jane Grey on the throne. Mary I effects? 1547-1553 4 risings- only serious one in Kent. 3,000 men. Aim to to London but forced to surrender. 1553-1558 Led to execution of Lady Jane Grey and Elizabeth imprisoned in the .

Western and Kett’s rebellion, June/July1549: Western- and Cornwall: prompted by religious grievances especially the new Book of Common Prayer and the sheep tax. Rebels besieged Exeter but defeated by Lord Russell's troops. Poverty: 1547- Edward VI’s reign. A Kett’s- Norfolk: July- motivated by hatred of local new law ordered that all beggars should be whipped and branded on Officials, resentment of enclosure and local frustration about the maladministration of nobility (Howard family). Somerset sent an army led by the forehead with the letter V. Then Dudley. Rebellion suppressed and Kett was hanged. they would become a slave for 2 Other risings motivated by: years. If they tried to escape they Inflation and high food prices. would be made a slave for life. If Religious grievances. they tried to escape again they Resentment of taxation. Prosperity and depression 1547-1558: Economic situation was poor and continued to would be executed. The law was Rebellions led to Somerset’s fall. worsen throughout the period. repelled in 1550. Unemployment was high. Late and - Compulsory Enclosure commission: Serious problem in Growth in population throughout period. taxes had been imposed in most of Edward’s reign. Duke of Somerset (Lord Protector) Increasing enclosure. the larger towns- London, York and took action against enclosure and tax on sheep. Inflation and social distress. Norwich. These were later adopted This harmed small farmers, who relied on sheep for Fall in demand for English cloth exports. Limited increase in productivity. in Chester, Cambridge and Exeter. subsistence. Series of bad harvests- 1548, 1555 and 1556. Severe shortage of food. High mortality rate. 1550- Parliament passed a law High taxation to pay for war against France. stating that every parish had to build Debasement: Continued by Somerset to finance a workhouse for the poor. war with Scotland. Financial reforms: 1552- Each parish kept a register of Produced inflation. Northumberland’s commission-1553. the poor. A collector oa lams created 1556-8: recoinage plans implemented in Elizabeth’s reign. in each parish. Northumberland (Lord President) ended costly Encouragement given to conversion of pasture land to crop farming especially after the 1555- poor law act extended act of wars with France and Scotland gained £133,3333 as bad harvests. 1552 ordered licensed beggars to a French payment for return of Boulogne. Enforcement of laws against grain hoarders after bad harvests. wear badges. Intention was to He debased coinage. Movement of industries from town to countryside was discouraged in an attempt to encourage fellow parishioners to He increased revenue from the church, including donate more alms for poor relief. reduce urban unemployment. the melting down of church plate. Mary was active in poor relief Reorganisation of administration and finance of the navy. 6 new ships were built and He set up a commission under Mildmay to improve others repaired. : 1557-8 and financial administration. Changes implemented in New Book of Rates 1558- raised customs revenue. outbreak of the Plague. Death toll 1554 e.g. The court of Exchequer took over church Mary’s thoroughness and preparation enabled efficient implementation under Elizabeth. worst of the century. funds. Sound financial record. Themes: How did Population Economic situation in 1558: Poverty, Vagrancy and Poor relief: society and the increases: By Poor state. Inflation- 1561 Act of 1563 economy change and 1600- 4 million. due to debasement of Parishes given the power to raise funds to support the poor. Fines for those with what effects? coinage. (Elizabeth put who refused to contribute to poor relief. Patterns of Trade: Trade grew considerably, although forward plans to replace the The poor were put into 2 Categories: Deserving and Undeserving Poor. internal trade more valuable e.g. coal from Newcastle debased coinage with Act of 1572 to London. soundly minted ones. It was made compulsory that all people pay a local poor tax. Cloth trade with Netherlands. Broadening of overseas Limited effect. Fall in real Beggars to be whipped and bored through the ear. markets e.g. -established in 1555 wages. Concern about If they were caught three times they would be executed. under Mary, Eastland Company to the Baltics, Turkish masterless (unapprenticed) Act of 1576 company and East India Company to Asia men in towns and report of Houses of correction were established to put the poor to work. Provision for Expeditions of Hawkins to Africa to gain slaves to increased vagabondage and employment for the deserving poor. escalating crime. transport to South America in exchange for goods. Growth of London: Largest, 1597 Act for the Relief of the Poor /Colonisation: wealthiest city. Centre of It was made law that every district have an ‘Overseer of the Poor’. 1580-Drake circumnavigated the world. Gilbert and communication. First theatres Act of 1597: Act for the Punishment of Rogues, Vagabonds and Sturdy Hakluyt highlighted potential of North America. Led to and printing presses there. beggars. First time offenders whipped and sent back to the Parish; repeat offenders 1584 expedition to Raonoke Island. Further expeditions Provided a market for internal executed. 1585 and 1587 failed to establish permanent goods. 1601 Poor Law passed. Created a national system for poor relief based on the settlement. parish. E.g. each parish required to raise rates for and administer poor relief Elizabeth I through an overseer of the poor. Impotent poor were to be cared for in a Prosperity and depression: Many signs of growing prosperity. poorhouse. Able-bodied poor given work in a house of industry and idle poor Agricultural production did increase. and vagrants sent to a house of correction or prison. Pauper children were to be apprenticed to a trade. Cloth making in rural areas increased. Some decline in old established areas e.g. . New urban settlements developed e.g. Manchester, Plymouth. Sweating sickness: Plague outbreak in Local initiatives- Statute of Artificers- 1563: Shipbuilding an associate ports grew. 1563 in London. response to vagabonds in towns, increasing South-East flourished, followed by Norfolk, Suffolk, Somerset, Gloucestershire and crime and workers calling for higher wages. Wiltshire. Poorest counties- North and West Midlands. Harvest failures: 1594-97- Statute sought to fix prices, impose minimum Legislation to regulate trade and industry. The taxes and duties that it led to bought serious poverty. wages, restrict workers freedom of wealth to the country as a whole- e.g. there were acts to regulate trade in cloth, leather, 1596-97 subsistence crisis. Far movement and regulate training. Established iron, coal, grain and timber. 2 Navigation acts to promote use of English ships. Statute of North e.g. Newcastle- deaths a 7 year apprenticeship. Difficult to enforce. Artificers. due to starvation.