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History Paper 2 ‐ EEE SectionB – 4. Describe two features of… 4 5 minutes Early marks Elizabethan 5. Explain why… 12 15 marks minutes

6. “jkhgkjfhjg kfklglk kghkj” 16 25 How far do you agree? marks minutes Explain your answer Paper 2 –Early Elizabethan England ‐ Starter = Know the dates –5 minutes drilling time... The classes and hierarchy in Elizabethan society...

Elizabethans had a very clear idea of where everyone belonged in society. The monarchy Parliament‐ This was made up of the (which included ) and the was at the top of the social scale as the most important member of the , followed House of Commons. Parliament could only be called and dismissed by the . by the rest of the nobility and . Your place in this hierarchy was generally Elections were held before each new parliament, but very few people could vote. determined by how much land you had whether this land was owned or rented. About called parliament ten times during her . Their job was to offer advice to 90% of England’s population lived and worked in the countryside. Yeomen were men who the monarch, pass laws (Acts of Parliament) and to grant extraordinary taxation (this is held a small amount of land or an estate‐ they were essentially lower gentry. Tenant taxation that is on top of ordinary taxes that is needed on occasion e.g to fund wars). farmers farmed rented land, which was usually owned by yeomen or gentry. In the , the hierarchy was based on wealth and occupation. Wealthy merchants were at the top, followed by professionals, such as lawyers and doctors. Next came skilled craftsmen, such as silversmiths, glovers, carpenters and tailors, who could be quite wealthy business owners. They organised themselves into guilds, which were trade associations to monitor working conditions and those who were allowed to practice the trade. Craftsmen were skilled employers while unskilled labourers and the unemployed came at the bottom of society. Wherever you were in Elizabethan society, you owed respect and obedience to those above you and had a duty of care to those below you e.g landlords were expected to take care of tenants in times of bad harvests. Household were run along the same lines. The husband and father was head of the household‐ his wife and children should always be obedient Features of Elizabethan Privy Council government...

The Privy Council‐This was made up of leading courtiers and advisers as well as nobles and The Court‐The court was a body of people who lived in, or near the same palace or house very senior government officials like Sir William Cecil. There were approximately 19 as the monarch. The court was mostly made up of members of the nobility. They were the members of the Privy council chosen by the monarch. They met at least three times a monarch’s key servants, advisers and friends. Attending court required the monarch’s week. Meetings were often over seen by the monarch. Their job was to debate current permission. The job of the court was to entertain and serve the monarch. It was a public issues and advise on policy. They over saw law and order and monitored parliament. They display of the wealth and power of the monarch. Courtiers had influence with the made sure the monarch’s final decisions were carried out. monarch rather than actual power.

Justices of the Peace (JPs)‐ JP’s were large landowners who kept law and order in their Lords Lieutenant local area. They were unpaid and they reported to the Privy Council. Being a JP was a Each had a Lord Lieutenant chosen by the monarch. They were members of the position of status and so was a very popular job. Their role was to make sure that all social nobility and were often also on the Privy Council. They were essential to maintaining the and economic policies were carried out. They heard county court cases every three monarch’s power and England’s defences. They were in charge of rising and training local months for more serious crimes. They were part of the local government. militia (military force of ordinary people) and overseeing the country’s defences. They were also part of the local government and oversaw enforcement. , Gender & Marriage Finances England’s finances were particularly poor in 1558. Although England’s monarch’s Elizabeth was not accepted as a legitimate queen by all. Her mother Anne was beheaded for ruled by ‘Divine Right’, they needed money and the support of the people to be and she was declared illegitimate by Henry VIII in 1536. It was only when Henry VIII married successful. Monarchs could raise money from rents on their land, customs (trade his sixth wife that Elizabeth was welcomed back to court in 1543 and was once again taxes), extraordinary taxes (parliament), fines and loan repayments. Elizabeth’s in the line of succession. Many people were suspicious of having another queen after the disastrous reign of Elizabeth’s half government did not have a lot of money. England had been involved in costly sister Mary (1553‐58). This reign had been a disaster; she had lost a war against France, bad harvests wars and the had sold of land to fund them. When she took the throne had led to disease and starvation and she had burned 300 people for their religious beliefs. Mary (like Elizabeth was £300,000 in debt and the annual income of the crown was most of the population) was a and had tried to remove Protestant influences. This had been £286,667. Most of the crowns wealth came from land ownership. The 16th unpopular. People expected that Elizabeth would marry quickly and have children to provide the next Tudor century saw a rapid rise in prices and yet most rents remained fixed. This meant Monarch. Many in the country questioned the ability of a women to rule and people were also the crown was spending more but could not increase its revenue. Elizabeth had suspicious of Elizabeth’s own legitimacy as the rightful heir. Choosing the Privy Council was a crucial to try and continue the reforms of Mary I and reform the Exchequer. She cut task to gain the support of the most powerful men in England. She appointed William Cecil as back on government spending and strictly monitored the cost of her household. and then 20 councillors (reduced from Mary’s 50). She thanked all the past councillors for their work and Elizabeth was careful not to offend any of the country’s powerful men. Exchequer officials were told to call in all debts and balance the books. Crown She had selected loyal (and mainly Protestant) men and achieved a council that caused little upset. lands were sold off across twenty years bringing in £600,000 to the crown. By Working with the Privy Council would become one of the strengths of her reign. 1585, Elizabeth had paid of Mary I debt and built up a reserve of £300,000. However, after 1585 she needed the support of parliament to raise taxes to fund the war with .

Elizabeth’s problems when she Foreign policy & threats became Queen in 1558 Religion

Religion was extremely important. Everyone believed in God and attended church. The country had ‐was ruled by Elizabeth’s cousin Mary Queen of Scots Yet Mary was been Catholic for over 1000 years. In 1533 Henry had replaced the as the Head of the Church living in France as she was married to the French heir. This strong link between and set up the Protestant . Mary I returned the country to Catholicism but France and Scotland and the fact that both were Catholic countries was a real Elizabeth was a Protestant like her father and mother. Elizabeth had to decide whether to carry on as threat to England‐they were surrounded by enemies in the North and South. a Catholic country or return to . Some Catholics thought she should not be allowed to rule. France‐Had been in a war with England until January 1559. Despite peace the French crown continued to belief that Mary Queen of Scots was a more Elizabeth I was a Protestant. However, when she became Queen in 1558, most of the country was legitimate heir. Catholic. Elizabeth’s brother Edward had enforced Protestantism when he was King (1547‐53). But Spain‐ was the richest and most powerful country in Europe. Spain was devoutly this was short lived and Mary I returned the country to Catholicism, There was a great deal of religious conflict spreading across Europe as Catholics and Protestants fought to establish their faith Catholic and committed to preventing the spread of Protestantism. However, as the ‘true religion.’ Elizabeth feared that this conflict would spread to England. Catholics had not Spain and England had been friendly for most of the as the King of accepted Henry VIII’s divorce and many refused to belief that Elizabeth was the rightful heir. Many Spain had been married to Mary I. Once Elizabeth announced the country would Catholics wanted Elizabeth’s cousin Mary Queen of scots to take the throne as she was a committed be Protestant again the support of Spain would disappear. Catholic. In 1558, most of England’s Bishops were Catholic. Changing the countries religion required an . The House of Commons would probably support Elizabeth but there were lots Elizabeth spent over £100,000 at the start of her reign on military arms. Re‐ of Catholic Bishops in the House of Lords who would oppose her. Elizabeth needed to find a religious stocking the realms required taking out massive loans, but is perhaps the clearest compromise. evidence that Elizabeth saw invasion as the greatest threat. The Pope as leader of the could pose a problem as he believed she was a heretic. Catholics vs Protestants in England 1559 What was the Religious Settlement of 1559 or Middle Way? All members of the Church had to take the under the Act of Supremacy if they were to keep their posts. 8,000 priests and less important clergy did so. There were 10,000 parishes The English (challenge to the teachings of the Catholic Church) in England at this time so this shows that the religious settlement was largely successful. When it began in 1532, when Henry VIII created the Catholic Church. By 1558, The came to the bishops, however, only one agreed to take the oath. The others all had to step down and Reformation was tearing Europe apart. The reformation questioned the power Elizabeth appointed 27 new bishops. This gave her the opportunity to put Protestants in place. She and teachings of a Church that had existed for centuries. This caused great could not afford to lose the support of these new bishops, as there was a shortage of qualified Protestant clergy in England. tension between those loyal to the Catholic Church and the Protestants (Church of England) who wanted change. Protestants believed that the Bible should be translated from into different languages and that people should be able to interpret the Bible themselves. A few of the Catholic Church’s traditions or decoration were not mentioned in the Bible and therefore Protestants believed they should be stopped. Under such threat the Catholic Church focused on strengthening the faith. Non‐believers were executed and put in prison. Religious wars were fought across Europe to try and re‐establish Catholicism.

Religion was truly a matter of life and death in Tudor times.

Religion in England & the Why did most people support The Middle religious settlement of 1559 What were the challenges to the Religious Way? Settlement?

The majority of ordinary people accepted Elizabeth’s Religious Settlement and attended the Church of England services, even though many of them held on to Catholic beliefs. The wording of the new Prayer Book helped this because it could be understood to mean different things by Catholics and Protestants according to their beliefs. Parishes in places like Lancashire, where Catholics were in the majority, were slow to change to the new services, however. Nevertheless, Elizabeth made it clear that she did not want the settlement enforced too strongly, even if people were recusants*. In most of the country the change of religion was smooth. However, in some places Protestants welcomed the new Elizabethan Religious Settlement with sometimes violent enthusiasm. In London, for example, there was a great deal of destruction of church ornaments and statues of saints

People had also been fed up with by Edward and Mary before. Many people of both religions were ready to accept compromise over continued conflict so they could just get on with their lives. Elizabeth I’s religious settlement was designed to be accepted by as many of her subjects as possible, be they Catholic or Protestant. The religious settlement was established in 1559 and came in three parts: • The Act of Supremacy made Elizabeth supreme governor of the Church of England ‐ all clergy and royal officials had to swear an oath of allegiance to her as the head of the Church. • The Act of Uniformity established the appearance of churches and the form of services they held. • The Royal Injunctions was a set of instructions, issued by Sir William Cecil on behalf of the queen to the clergy, on a wide range of issues to reinforce the and Uniformity. It included instructions on how people should worship God and the structure of services. Under the Act of Supremacy, an ecclesiastical* high commission was established with the job of maintaining discipline within the church and enforcing the queen’s religious settlement. Members of the clergy whose loyalty was in doubt could be punished. The Act of Uniformity introduced a set form of church service in the to be used in all churches. The clergy had to use the wording of the Prayer Book when conducting services. Anyone who refused to use it was punished. The wording of the service was deliberately unclear so that, for example, Catholics could take it as meaning the bread and wine became the body and blood of Christ, while Protestants could take it as simply an act of remembrance. It also made it clear that priests were to wear special clothing.

1.All members of the Church had to take the oath of supremacy under the Act of Supremacy if they were to keep their posts. 8,000 priests and less important clergy did so. There were 10,000 parishes in England at this time so this shows that the religious settlement was largely successful. When it came to the bishops, however, only one agreed to take the oath. The others all had to step down and Elizabeth appointed 27 new bishops. This gave her the opportunity to put Protestants in place. She could not afford to lose the support of these new bishops, as there was a shortage of qualified Protestant clergy in England.

2.The majority of ordinary people accepted Elizabeth’s Religious Settlement and attended the Church of England services, even though many of them held on to Catholic beliefs. The wording of the new Prayer Book helped this because it could be understood to mean different things by Catholics and Protestants according to their beliefs. Parishes in places like Lancashire, where Catholics were in the majority, were slow to change to the new services, however. Nevertheless, Elizabeth made it clear that she did not want the settlement enforced too strongly, even if people were recusants*. In most of the country the change of religion was smooth. However, in some places Protestants welcomed the new Elizabethan Religious Settlement with sometimes violent enthusiasm. In London, for example, there was a great deal of destruction of church ornaments and statues of saints

3.There were ways around the Elizabethan Religious Settlement for committed Catholics. For example, many attended church but then had private Catholic services in their homes. Sometimes the husband and father would go to Church of England services, but his wife and children would stay at home to say their prayers and practise Catholic beliefs. This meant they avoided fines. 4.Although Church courts mainly focused on Church matters, they did act in a range of minor disputes on moral issues. Examples of moral issues dealt with by the Church included marriage (ensuring both bride and groom were marrying of their own free will, or at a suitable age), sexual offences (such as bigamy –being married to more than one person at the same time), and slander (false insults). Church courts also dealt with wills and inheritance. For example, all wills had to be proved valid before anyone could inherit. Lawyers greatly resented the powers that the Church courts had. All other offences, such as civil cases (one person suing another), disputes over land, robbery, fraud, rape and murder were dealt with in the ordinary court system. 5.The Church was responsible for helping to enforce the religious settlement. Visitations were inspections of churches and clergy by bishops to ensure that everyone took the oath of supremacy and were following the terms of the religious settlement. The first visitations were in 1559 and resulted in up to 400 clergy being dismissed. In some places those carrying out the visitations caused a great deal of destruction of decorations and statues in churches, which was more action than Elizabeth wanted. In addition, she made it clear that she did not want people’s religious beliefs investigated too closely. After 1559, visitations took place every three to four years. They were very wide‐ranging and did not just cover the Church. For example, not only did clergy have to present their preaching licences, but teachers, midwives, surgeons and physicians had to provide the licences that allowed them to practice their jobs. In this way, the Church was able to monitor other professions for the government. The problem of Mary Queen of Scots... Relations between Elizabeth & Mary 1568‐69 Mary, Queen of Scots, was a Catholic with a strong claim to the English throne. She was Henry VII’s great granddaughter, Elizabeth I’s second cousin, and there were no issues about her legitimacy. Mary married her second husband, Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, in 1565. She gave birth to their son, Born on 8 December 1542, she became queen of Scotland at six days old after her father, King James James, in 1566. In 1567, Darnley was murdered, probably by V, died. Her mother, , was from a very powerful Catholic, and French, noble family. the Earl of Bothwell and Mary was suspected of being involved. In fact, she married Bothwell soon after Darnley’s death, which for many was admission of her guilt. The scandal led to the Protestant Mary’s arrival in England 1558... Scottish lords rebelling again. They forced Mary to abdicate* in favour In 1560, Elizabeth helped Scotland’s Protestant lords defeat Mary of Guise, who had been ruling of her baby son, James. She was imprisoned in a castle on an island in the middle of a loch (lake), but Scotland for her daughter, Mary, Queen of Scots, whilst she was in France with her husband, King escaped and in 1568 raised an army in an attempt to win back her throne. Mary’s forces were Francis II. The Scottish Protestant lords rebelled because they did not like the French, Catholic defeated at Langside, near Glasgow, and she fled to England, seeking Elizabeth I’s help against the influence brought to Scotland by Mary of Guise. Although Elizabeth was cautious to send help to a rebels. rebellion which could see the deposing of an anointed monarch, she was also under constant threat: with French help, Mary, Queen of Scots, could take her throne. With the encouragement of her Elizabeth I faced many series threats between 1569‐1588, both from within England and from abroad. advisers, Elizabeth secretly sent money to help the rebels, and eventually sent troops, too. In Elizabeth faced threats from members of the nobility who were increasingly sympathetic to Mary Queen of Scots and her Catholic cause. The rebellion ended with the in 1560. The treaty said that Mary, Queen of Scots, would give up her claim to the English throne. After the unexpected death of her husband, King Francis II of France, in December 1560, Mary returned to Scotland from France. Although she was queen, the Protestant lords controlled the Scottish government. Mary herself never approved the treaty, and maintained that she had a claim to the English throne. She wanted to be named as Elizabeth’s heir. Elizabeth had no intention of naming any heir, however, and choosing Mary would divide England: she would be popular with Catholics, but not Protestants. Divisions would damage the kingdom and weaken Elizabeth’s position. The problem of Mary Queen of Scots Why didn’t Elizabeth want to execute Mary? So, why did Elizabeth execute Mary in Feb 1587? • She was an anointed Queen. • Execution could stir up rebellion. After 19 years of imprisonment, Mary Queen of Scots is beheaded at Castle in England for • Execution could cause a costly war. her complicity in a plot to murder Queen Elizabeth I. • She personally did not want to kill her. In 1568, Mary escaped from captivity and raised a substantial army but was defeated and fled to The Queen of Scots fled south to England. She never saw Scotland or her son again. Mary hoped England. Queen Elizabeth initially welcomed Mary but was soon forced to put her friend under house Queen Elizabeth I would help her. This was another mistake. Elizabeth did not want Mary, and did arrest after Mary became the focus of various English Catholic and Spanish plots to overthrow not know what to do with her. It might not be safe to send Mary back to Scotland, or to France, or to Elizabeth. Nineteen years later, in 1586, a major plot to murder Elizabeth was reported, and Mary was any other country. brought to trial. She was convicted for complicity and sentenced to death. On , 1587, Mary Why did Mary seem dangerous? Queen of Scots was beheaded for treason. Her son, King James VI of Scotland, calmly accepted his The English government saw Mary as a threat to their Queen. Elizabeth had many enemies. England's mother’s execution, and upon Queen Elizabeth’s death in 1603 he became king of England, Scotland, biggest enemy, Spain, might try to remove Elizabeth and make Mary Queen of England. and Ireland. Remember, the two Queens were distant cousins. Elizabeth was the daughter of Henry VIII. Mary was the granddaughter of Henry's sister . If Elizabeth died without children to succeed In 1586 English spies uncovered a new plot, to kill Elizabeth and make Mary queen, with help from her, Mary (and her son James) were next in line for the throne. Spain. The plotters were rounded up, tortured and executed. Letters from Mary seemed to link her to Plots against Elizabeth the plot. Mary was tried at . In Scotland, her son James (now 20) did little to help Elizabeth kept Mary a prisoner in England for 19 years. The two Queens never met. Mary wrote to her. Mary was found guilty of treason. The sentence was death. Elizabeth asking to be set free. She also spent many hours doing needlework. Queen Elizabeth was reluctant to sign the death‐order, but finally did so (though she later said she In 1570 the Pope in Rome said Elizabeth was no longer the rightful queen of England (Papal Bull). hadn't). On 8 February 1587, at Fotheringhay Castle, Mary Queen of Scots was executed. Her head was Many Catholics now believed Mary was England's lawful queen. English Catholics were blamed for cut off with an axe. plots to get rid of Elizabeth. There were spies and plotters everywhere. The Revolt of the Northern Earls –was it a serious threat? The – 1571... In 1571 a plot was discovered involving Felipe II of Spain, Pope Pious Vand the , as well England: In November 1569, the earls of and Westmorland led a rebellion in the as Mary, Queen of Scot’s advisor, Leslie, of Ross, and Mary herself. The conspirators were led north of England against Elizabeth known as the Revolt of the Northern Earls (see chapter 2). One by Roberto Ridolfi, a Florentine banker based in London, who, posing as an international banker, was able to of the key events of the rebellion was the taking of Durham Cathedral and the celebration of a full travel between Brussels, Rome and without attracting too much suspicion. Ridolfi had been Catholic mass. Even though the earls’ reasons for rebelling stemmed from a lack of political power questioned by English authorities after the Northern Rising two years before. He had discussed his plans with and influence under Elizabeth I, the Catholic religion brought many other northerners to their the Duke of Alba in the and travelled to Rome and Madrid to raise support for an invasion of cause. Rallied by this support, the rebels marched south. By 22 November they controlled the land eastern England and an uprising of Catholics, which would be followed by the marriage of Thomas Howard, east of the Pennines as far south as Braham Moor, north of Leeds. The earls of Northumberland 4th Duke of Norfolk to Mary, Queen of Scots, who would seize the English throne. Ridolfi called for Spain to and Westmorland appealed to the Catholic nobility, especially in Lancashire and Cheshire, but intervene with troops to support the marriage and put Mary on the throne. The Spanish were at first doubtful they did not join them. The vast majority of England’s nobles stayed loyal to Elizabeth, with the as to the value of the plan; there were obstacles; King Felipe disliked the idea of assassinating Queen exception of the Duke of Norfolk, England’s most senior noble and her distant cousin. On 24 Elizabeth; a stable England was needed as a counterweight to France; there was no guarantee that the November 1569, the rebels were forced to retreat. The rebellion was successfully put down by English population or its nobility were as Catholic in sentiment as the success of the plot demanded. royal troops under the leadership of the Earl of . Nevertheless, Elizabeth’s reaction to it However, the activities of Sir John Hawkins and the detention in England of Spanish ships carrying large sums shows how dangerous she believed it was. Hundreds of rebels were executed in towns and of money destined for their armies in the Netherlands caused a worsening of relations between England and across the north. These public displays of Crown power mark a change in Elizabeth’s relationship Spain, and the Spanish, encouraged by petitions from English Catholics for deliverance, went ahead. with her Catholic subjects, which was to become even more difficult in the . When Charles Baillie, a Scot favourable to Mary's party, was arrested at Dover, incriminating letters from Ridolfi to Bishop Leslie were seized. Baillie revealed the existence of the plot under torture. Leslie, The established Northern Families had their power eroded. The "" currently under the threat of torture, lay all the blame on Mary and Norfolk. Norfolk was arrested, tried for high under the control of the queen's cousin Lord Hudson replaced them. The Northern Earls schemed treason, found guilty and executed on Tower Hill on 2 Jun 1572. Ridolfi was abroad when the plot was to overthrow William Cecil who they considered as too influential at court. They held him uncovered and escaped this fate. Mary admitted giving Ridolfi a financial commission but strongly denied any responsible for the uncertain succession and poor policy decisions such as the Religious other part in the scheme. Elizabeth was reluctant to authorise the execution of a fellow queen, but Mary was Settlement. The plan involved Norfolk marrying Mary Queen of Scots who was at the time under kept under ever‐tighter surveillance. Although unsuccessful, the plot concentrated the minds of the English house arrest in England. The catholic earls of Northumberland [Percy] and Westmoreland [Neville] government on assassination attempts on Elizabeth, and, more importantly, exacerbated the Puritan demand were pushed into rebellion by their tenants and by Sussex [previous President of the council of the that Mary be executed in order to safeguard the English church and state. North] calling them to answer for their actions. The Plots, threats and Revolts at home... The ...

The Catholic son of the disgraced Chief Justice Sir John Throckmorton, Francis For reasons of security Mary, Queen of Scots was regularly moved from one residence to another. She still Throckmorton spends the early on the Continent. He then returns to act as a go‐between had her entourage and spent her days sewing, reading or hunting, but in reality Mary was a prisoner. She did for and , the Spanish Ambassador in London. not, however, realise the level of scrutiny she was under. Walsingham loathed Mary and everything she Throckmorton was arrested in Nov 1583 by Sir ’s (Secretary of State 1573) stood for, and vowed to bring her down. It was to take him almost 20 years. But when he discovered in 1586 agents, and a list of Catholic conspirators and details of ports to be used in a possible invasion that she was corresponding with a group of Catholics led by the young , he seized his were found. His brother Thomas Throckmorton, along with his brothers‐in‐law Sir William chance. Catesby and Sir Thomas Tresham, were amongst the leading rebels. Under torture he revealed a For the first stage of his plan, Walsingham used a spy named Gifford to act as a double agent. Gifford plot to invade England with the help of foreign troops and place Mary on the throne, naming persuaded the local brewer to encourage Mary to use him as a secret means of communicating with the several allies in his confession. Throckmorton was executed and Mendoza was sent back to outside world. By establishing a system whereby Mary's personal letters were carried in and out of Chartley Spain threatening to return with an army. Panicky Londoners knelt in the streets to give thanks (her current residence) hidden in a beer barrel, Walsingham was able to intercept and decode her for the Queen’s delivery, and the Privy Council, her executive body, convinced Parliament to pass correspondence. The relatively simple code used by Mary was quickly deciphered, and translations were the Bond of Association in 1584, calling on all Englishmen to take an oath to seek out and kill provided for Elizabeth. These letters were then resealed and sent on to their destination or delivered to anyone plotting to murder the Queen within the realm and without. Mary in prison. And so the plot progressed. Mary Stuart was also shown a copy of the document so that she could be left in no doubt that Walsingham, meanwhile, was biding his time. Luckily for him, Babington and his friends were enthusiastic she would be engulfed in the wave of vengeance that would sweep England if any harm came but inexperienced plotters and were happy to discuss their plans in public. It was therefore not difficult for to Elizabeth. With grim satisfaction, Walsingham instructed her custodian to have "some good the authorities to keep track of their movements. Having outlined his plans to Mary, Babington now tried to regard. . . both to her countenance and speech after the perusing thereof", but if he had hoped secure her participation in the plot. This was the moment Walsingham had been waiting for. When the vital that Mary would be abashed to see what primitive passions had been aroused in the name of letter from Mary asking for details was intercepted, a postscript was forged in her hand asking for the the Queen's safety, he was in for a disappointment. Far from being discomfited, with typical identities of the plotters. The names were duly supplied, and their fate was sealed. Mary's involvement in aplomb Mary appended her own name to the document. Again, Parliament and Council believed the plot had been proven, and a gallows was drawn on the page by the decoding expert. Walsingham could the Queen of Scots should be executed. Again, Elizabeth refused to admit that Mary had been now move in for the kill. By now Babington and the others, realising something was wrong, had gone into plotting against her. hiding. But Walsingham was one step ahead and they were quickly captured and tried. Elizabeth, keen to signal a warning against further plots, ordered that their executions be public and brutal. The men were hung, drawn and quartered. Was the Rebellion of The Northern Earls a really serious threat to Elizabeth?

1. The Earls had political grievances against Elizabeth, as 2. The rebels wanted to re‐establish Catholicism as the 3. Elizabeth had taken lands from these nobles, so their she had weakened their power in the North. The Earl of country’s religion. At the start of the revolt, the Earl’s grievances were personal. Northumberland had lost copper Northumberland had lost an important positions Warden stormed into Durham cathedral and held a Catholic mines, costing him money. Many northern rebels were of Middle March, defending the boarder against Scotland. service. The rebels also wore Catholic badges and facing financial hardship. Elizabeth had extended central power from London, by emblems. putting her cousin Lord Hunsdon, in charge of Berwick. She has also appointed the Earl of Sussex as President of the Council of the North. 4. The rebels wanted to get rid of the ‘evil councillors’ such 5. The Earls were angry about the apparent 6. The Earls had already taken part in a plot to marry Mary as Cecil, who they blamed for religious changes and their imprisonment of a legitimate queen. They supported the to the Duke of Norfolk (the most powerful noble in loss of power. They were angry that the government of the Catholic Mary Queen of Scots and wanted her freed and England). They had hoped that this would help Mary North of England was now carried out by the Council of the named as Elizabeth's successor. become Elizabeth’s successor. However, nobles loyal to North rather than by the traditional northern nobility. Elizabeth (such as the Early of ) had also been part of this plan, because they had hoped it would force the childless Elizabeth to name a successor (whether it was Mary or not). 7. After Elizabeth’s loyal nobles told her about the Norfolk 8. The Catholic rulers of France and Spain both appeared 9. After the failure of the Norfolk marriage plan, the more marriage plan she summoned the disloyal nobles to court. willing to support a revolt by providing supplies and hot‐headed nobles and those with the greatest dislike of They may have already feared execution and thought the financial support. A new Catholic queen would benefit Elizabeth wanted to push forward with a rebellion. Lady revolt was the only alternative. these countries and their control over England. Westmoreland encouraged her husband not to back down and to support the earls who took action.

1. The Earls of Northumberland and Westmorland were not 2. It was the first and most serious threat by the English 3. The rebels never seemed sure whether to overthrow brave or decisive leaders. The news that Sussex was Catholics against Elizabeth. It ended the power and Elizabeth and replace her with Mary or just demand that moving towards them with a large royal army threw them influence of the Percy and Neville families in the North. Mary Queen of Scots became heir to the throne. When into panic and they retreated. In reality the threat was Most support for the revolt came from the tenant farmers Elizabeth moved Mary to a new prison the Earls realised easily dealt with. This is why Mary I refused to support it. (employees) of the Earl of Northumberland and that they could not rescue her anyway. Elizabeth’s She knew it would be defeated. Westmoreland, appeals to other Catholic noble families to government had therefore acted wisely. They removed the join the revolt failed. threat and stopped the rebels taking key northern cities such as . Elizabeth raised a huge army to march north and defeat the rebels.

4. Although Elizabeth’s brutal revenge on the executed 5. Neither the French, the Spanish nor the Pope supported 6. It prompted the harsher treatment of Catholics. For rebels indicates how seriously she took the threat to her the revolt (though the Pope did turn against Elizabeth after example, in 1572, Elizabeth sent the (a rule, the majority of Catholics remained loyal in the north. the Catholic executions). Although the Spanish ambassador committed Protestant) to the Council of The North. He However, the revolt encouraged to excommunicate gave the impression that Spain would support a revolt, King set up laws against Catholics. Elizabeth which marked a major turning point for English Philip II of Spain did not want Mary as queen of England Catholics. From this point on they would seriously doubt because of her close connection (marriage) with France. the legitimacy of Elizabeth. France was Spain’s greatest enemy. 1569‐88 – Political & Religious Rivalry 1569‐88 – Commercial Rivalry

Anglo‐Spanish Relations... English involvement in the Netherlands Drake’s raid on Cadiz 1585‐88 Causes of The of 1588 Events of The Spanish Armada Philip's plan was that an armada of 130 ships carrying 17,000 men would sail to the Netherlands, to pick up more of the Spanish army and invade England. In 1588, Philip's Armada set sail. The English fleet left harbour in Plymouth and followed the Armada for eight days. The English navy had slightly more ships than the Spanish fleet which were both faster and had longer‐range guns. The English fleet aimed to destroy the Spanish ships from a distance by firing cannon at them. However, in the eight days of following the Armada, little damage had been done. Philip had instructed his commander to get close enough to the enemy’s ships for the Spanish sailors to board them and then capture them, but this was not possible as the English kept their distance. Despite this, o 6 August, the Spanish ships reached . The first part of their plan had been successful. During the night the English commander, Lord Howard, decided to go on the offensive. He ordered that eight unmanned English ships be filled with inflammable materials such as tar and gunpowder. These ships were then set on fire and the winds carried them towards the Spanish ships in the harbour. The sight of these fire ships caused panic amongst the Spanish sailors who cut their anchors, losing their tight crescent formation. The Armada was blown to the coast of the Netherlands. The result of the fireships being used was that the Armada was scattered and was no longer in a position to link up with Parma’s army in the Netherlands. The loss of their anchors also made it impossible to take shelter in harbours. At daylight on 8 August, Lord Howard gave the order to attack. The battle of lasted for most of the day and was fought in very tough weather conditions, with rough seas and bad visibility. Many of the Spanish ships were lost or damaged. 1,000 Spanish sailors were killed. No English ships were lost and about 50 English sailors lost their lives.

Why did the Spanish Armada fail The Spanish Armada 1588 Consequences –outcomes for Elizabeth (of the Armada) What else do you need to revise for EEE Paper 2…

SFD Explanation Education & Leisure

The problem of the poor – poverty ‐ vagabondage

Exploration, trade and colonisation...

Spies and dealing with rebbellions... “Elizabeth’s rule was very effective” How far do you agree. Explain your answer…

Not effective at all Quite effective Very effective

Religion

Rebellion

Foreign threats

Poverty

Making England wealthy Education Sport, pastimes & the theatre

Education & Leisure Why was there an increase in poverty in Elizabethan England?

The problem of the poor – What were Elizabeths’s policies towards the poverty ‐ vagabondage Were Elizabeth’s policies effective? Poor? Why did exploration happen under Elizabeth? Drake’s circumnavigation...

Exploration, trade and Raleigh & ... colonisation... Reasons for the failure of colonisation... (Roanoke)

Explain how was structured Explain why Elizabeth faced several revolts and rebellions from 1558‐88 Explain why Mary Queen of Scots was executed in 1587 Explain why Mary Queen of Scots was a threat to Elizabeth from 1558‐88 Explain why religion was a problem for Elizabeth from 1558‐88 Explain why Elizabeth introduced the religious settlement of 1559 Explain why Anglo‐Spanish relations declined from 1559 to 1585 Explain why Spain attempted to invade England in 1588 Explain why the Spanish Armada failed in 1588 POVERTY EDUCATION COLONISATION EXPLORATION