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IPCS Special Report 11 February 2006

JAMA’ATUL (JMB) A PROFILE

Supriya Singh Research Assistant Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies

Background on bail and the investigation was stalled Credited for carrying out the first as the case documents went missing in a , in a country viewed as a ‘mysterious’ fire at the Parbatipur police moderate , Jama’atul station in 2003.3 Mujahideen Bangladesh (JMB) has started a new chapter in the history of The JMB is said to be the youth front of extremism in Bangladesh . Relatively Al Mujahideen, the parent organization newly formed, JMB is not a pan Islamic that began working in the mid 1990s terrorist organization like the al-Qaeda which remains obscure even today. and atleast for the time being, its Other organizations, such as Jama'atul activities are limited to Bangladesh. , JMB, Ahle Andolan Bangladesh (AHAB), Ahle Hadith Jubo JMB was formed in 1998 in Palampur in Shangha, Jagrata Muslim Janata division of Bangladesh. Though Bangladesh (JMJB), Harkat-ul-Jihadi- the exact date of its formation is not Islami (HUJI), Hizbut , Tawhidi known, it became prominent on 20 May Janata, Islami Jubo Shangha, Islami 20021 when eight of its members were Shangha, Al Falah A'am Unnayan arrested in Parbatipur in Dinajpur Shanstha and Shahadat-e al Hiqma are district along with 25 petrol bombs and believed to be part of the Al Mujahideen documents detailing the activities of the network.4 organization.2 They were later released Under mounting pressure from and the secularists in 1 Though Bangladesh witnessed several incidents Bangladesh, JMB was proscribed by the of bomb attacks during 1998-2002, they cannot government on 23 February 2005.5 The be attributed to JMB due to lack of concrete catalyst for this crackdown was a donor evidence. For example, a bomb explosion at a cultural program of Udichi in Jessore on 6 March 1999 killed 10 and injured about 100. The http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/banglad Awami League which was in power at the time esh/terroristorganizations/JMB.htm did not pay heed to this warning. There was 3Anwar Ali, “Jama’atul Tentacles Spread in Five another bomb attack on and Half Years. Law enforcers' laid-back celebration on 14 2001 at Ramna Batomul approach made it possible,” The Daily Star, 19 that killed 10 people. For a detailed discussion, August 2005. see “: A Tragic Tale of Continued 4 Ibid. Denials ,” New Age, 27 September 2005. 5 “On the Edge of the Knife,” The Economist , 8 2 “Jama’atul Mujahideen Bangladesh (JMB),” December 2005, p. 34

INSTITUTE OF PEACE AND CONFLICT STUDES B-7/3, Safdarjung Enclave, New Delhi 91-11-5100 1900 (Tel); 91-11-5165 2560 (Fax) JMB: A PROFILE

meeting in Washington attended by were found at various bombing sites of representatives from the , 17 August 2005: United Nations, and We are the soldiers of Allah. We World Bank. They had expressed have taken up arms for the concerns over increasing extremist implementation of Allah's law the activities in Bangladesh and indicated at way the Prophet, Sahabis and heroic Mujahideen have implemented for the possibility of suspending funds to centuries. If the government does the aid dependent nation if it failed to not establish Islamic law in the cap the spiralling violence.6 country after this [third] warning and, rather, it goes to arrest any JMB has been linked to various Muslim on charge of seeking Allah's extremist groups in Bangladesh, the laws or it resorts to repression on most prominent being the Jagrata Alem-Ulema, the Jamaatul Muslim Janata Bangladesh (JMJB) or Mujahideen [JMB] will go for ‘Awakened Muslim Masses’. It is counteraction, Insha Allah.9 believed that JMJB was formed as JMB Thus JMB propagates a reductionist but publicly started calling itself as the view of the religion. JMJB after a gunfight between its cadres and the police at a secret training camp JMB is also opposed to any form of in Khetlal village of Joypurhat district entertainment and cultural functions. on 15 August 2003.7 Most Several bomb attacks have taken place managed to escape leaving behind during cultural and theatrical events documents specifying their subversive which are believed to have been carried plans. Eighteen militants were arrested out by the JMB or the JMJB. On 12 but a few days later they were released January 2005, bomb blasts at two due to inconclusive evidence. Instead, separate cultural events in Sherpur and the government transferred several Jamalpur districts injured 25 and 10 police officials involved in the Khetlal respectively.10 Bomb blasts on 15 operations. January 2005 at performances at Bogra and Natore killed two and injured Ideology and Objectives over 70 people.11 Newspaper reports The JMB aims at propagating , suggest that taxes have been levied on thus establishing Islamic rule in villagers by the JMJB and women have Bangladesh. It is opposed to democracy been ordered to wear hijabs. Those who as a form of governance.8 The group defy are subjected to physical abuse or declared the following in its leaflets their property is damaged. JMB and written in Bengali and which JMJB have already terrorised people in western and southwestern Bangladesh.

9 “Leaflets Ridicule Democracy, ask for Islamic 6 Saleem Samad & Alex Perry, “Reining in the Rule,” The Daily Star, 18 August 2005. Also see Radicals,” Time , 28 February 2005 “String of Bomb Blasts Rock Bangladesh,” The 7 Hiranmay Karlekar, Bangladesh: The Next Bangladesh Observer, 18 August 2005 ? (New Delhi: Sage Publications, 10 “35 Hurt in Jamalpur and Sherpur Blasts,” 2005) p. 181. Also see “Patrons Still Defend New Age, 13 January 2005. Also see “2 Killed, Jama’atul,” The Daily Star, 18 August 2005. 60 Hurt in Bomb Attacks on Jatra Shows,” The 8 Anand Giridharadas, “Bangladesh Tipping Daily Star, 16 January 2005 Point is Feared,” International Herald Tribune, 11 “2 Killed in Bomb Attacks on Folk Opera,” 19 August 2005. New Age, 16 January 2005

2 IPCS Special Report 11 February 2006

Both organizations identify anti-social organizations.15 For example, one of elements as per their own definition and their hand written leaflets recovered mete out vigilante justice. In most cases, from a bombing site says, they kill their victims in gruesome ways and often mutilate their bodies. ‘We don't want Taguti [non-Islamic] law, let Qur’anic law be introduced. Law framed by The main targets of JMB have been the humans cannot continue and only the laws 16 following (in no particular order): of Allah will prevail.’

a) Members of the judiciary: Leadership and Strength judges, lawyers. JMB intends to cripple the judiciary to stall the The top leadership of JMB comprises of development and Maulana Abdur Rahman, Siddiqul alias ‘’ and Dr. implementation of secular Mohammad Asadullah al-Galib. They laws.12 form the nucleus of JMJB which further b) Public figures: Intellectuals, poets and activists. proves the link between the JMB and JMJB. The activists, supporters and c) Leftist rebels or the Sarbaharas.13 infrastructure of these two d) Minority groups: and organizations completely overlap each the Ahmadiyya community. e) Symbols of public life: other.

Courthouses, cinema theatres, Maulana Abdur Rahman was born in NGO offices, government Charshi village in Sadar upazila (sub- buildings and press clubs. district) of Jamalpur district and is

projected as the spiritual leader of JMB. JMB’s communiqués reveal a Salafist14 He was sent to Madina Islami doctrine that is common across University in in the 1980s international radical Islamist for higher studies and the expenses were borne by Jamaat-e-Islami.17 Perhaps it was then that he came under the influence of . He worked 12 For a detailed discussion see “Bangladesh: at the Saudi Embassy in Dhaka from Judges under the Attacks of the Jihadis,” Report prepared by Asian Centre for Human Rights 1985-1990. He was also a member of (New Delhi: November 23, 2005). Islami Chhatra Shibir (ICS) and later http://www.achrweb.org/reports/bangla/BD- joined Jamaat-e-Islami.18 He is believed 0205.pdf 13 ‘Sarbahara’ in Bengali means proletariat. It is 15 Maneeza Hossain & Jonathan L Snow, used to describe members of Purba Banglar “Backgrounder: The Rise of Radical Islam in or Communist Party of East Bangladesh.”http://www.defenddemocracy.org/p . ublications/publications_show.htm?doc_id=3283 14 The word is Arabic for "ancient one" 22 and refers to the companions of Prophet 16 “JMB Suicide Bomber Kills 2 Judges,” The Mohammed. Arguing that the faith has become Daily Star, 15 November 2005 decadent over the centuries, Salafists call for the 17 Zayadul Ahsan, “Inside Groups 7- restoration of authentic Islam and adherence to Abdur Rahman Spawned All,” The Daily Star, its original teachings and texts. The term Salafist 28 August 2005 derives from the Arabic as-salaf as-salih (pious 18 A. H. Jaffor Ullah, “No End to Litany of Lies forebears) and refers to the exemplary lives led by Khaleda Zia Administration on Bangla Bhai by the community that existed during and Issue.” immediately after, the time of the Prophet. http://www.muktomona.com/Articles/jaffor/niza

3 JMB: A PROFILE

to have travelled to Afghanistan where Shibir activist25 and taught Bengali he received training in jihadi activities.19 language at a private college.26 He is According to Maulana Rahman, JMB believed to have taken arms training in does not aspire for political power but in Afghanistan. He was first will ably manage the state if given arrested by the police in 2002 when he popular mandate.20 His father, late led a killing squad in southern Bagerhat Maulana Abdullah Ibne Fazal was a but later released on bail due to member of Jamaitul Ahle Hadith and inconclusive evidence. suspected of collaborating with the Pakistani army in 1971.21 The police are Galib was a teacher of Arabic at seeking Abdur Rahman for University27 and published Al- masterminding the 17 August 2005 Tahreek magazine as the chief of Ahle blasts in Bangladesh. Hadith Andolan Bangladesh (AHAB) for eight years.28 In Daoat O Jihad Bangla Bhai has several aliases - (Invitation and Crusade) a book Siddiqul Islam, Azizur Rahman, authored by Galib, he advocates armed Siddiqur Rahman, Azizur Islam and struggle to bring about an Islamic Omar Ali Litu but is popularly known revolution in the country. Daoat O Jihad as ‘Bangla Bhai’ or ‘Brother of Bengal’.22 is transcription of a speech delivered by His existence has been repeatedly Galib at an AHAB conference in 1991. denied by the political establishment in He concluded the speech by saying that, Bangladesh . Minister of Industry, ‘At every village, there will be a team of who is also the mujahids committed to reconstructing emir of Jamaat-e-Islami, had said that the society and reforming their personal, Bangla Bhai was a media creation as the family and social lives according to the government had found no existence of dictums of the Holy Qur'an and his.23 Bangla Bhai hails from Karnipara Hadith.’29 Founded in 1978, AHAB now village under Gabtoli police station of has three wings for youth, women and northern Bogra district but has been children. It has branches at the village living for several years in Bagmara in and sub-district levels of 42 districts30 Rajshahi district adjoining and has been used as a mass platform in .24 Though there is no for JMB activities. Galib was arrested on information available on where he 23 February 2005.31 received his education, he is a former

25 “State of Denial,” The Economist, 16 June 2005.http://www.economist.com/displaystory.cf mi_khaleda_bangla.htm. Also see Julifikar A m?story_id=4085719 Manik, “JMJB Mentor Rahman Evades Probing 26 Julfikar A Manik, “Bangla Bhai active for 6 Eyes,” The Daily Star, 25 February 2005 yrs,” The Daily Star, 13 May 2005. 19 Ahsan, “Inside Militant Groups-7.” 27 “Ghalib, 3 Other Ahle Hadith Leaders Held,” 20 Haroon Habib, “A Threat from Militant New Age, 24 February 2005 Islam,” Frontline, 2 July 2004, Vol.21, Issue 13. 28 “AHAB Men on the Run, JMJB Flouts Ban,” http://www.flonnet.com/fl2113/stories/20040702 The Daily Star, 26 February 2005 000506000.htm 29 Ibid. 21 Karlekar, p.290 30 Anwar Ali , “RU Teacher with Militant Links 22 Habib, “A Threat from Militant Islam.” operates in 42 Districts,” The Daily Star, 17 23 “Bangla Bhai Media’s Creation: Nizami February 2005 Reiterates,” The Daily Star, 23 July 2004 31 “Patrons Still Defend Jama’atul,” The Daily 24 Habib, “A Threat from Militant Islam.” Star, 18 August 2005

4 IPCS Special Report 11 February 2006

JMB draws it cadres from universities, JMJB’s highest decision making body is and people in ordinary jobs. called Majlish-e-Shura (central Media reports suggest that there are consultative committee) of which approximately ten thousand full time Bangla Bhai is a member and activists and approximately US $1250 is commander of the anti-Sarbahara spent on each cadre every month. There venture. JMJB has a three tier system for are also 1,00,000 part-timers and its cadres:35 1,000,000 trainees.32 However, these Ehsar: Fulltime activists who act claims are highly disputable. A section at the directives of higher of the Rohingya Muslims, refugees from echelons. Such members are Arakan state of in divisional level heads. Bangladesh , is another support base of Gayeri Ehsar: This is the second JMB. They get trained in extremist tier which comprises of part-time activities in camps in southern activists who work at the district Bangladesh, tolerated by subsequent level. Bangladeshi governments. Ukhia, a Third tier: This involves those town south of Cox’s Bazar has training who indirectly cooperate with camps that are equipped with the JMJB. interconnected bunkers, telephones, JMJB is believed to have a fourth tier lecture halls and televisions.33 called the ‘Sathis’ or ‘Sudhis’ comprising of comparatively younger Support Base people. JMJB was proscribed on 23 JMJB February 2005; the same day as JMB. JMJB is JMB’s most important support base. The JMJB is a vigilante group Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh which was formed in 2003. JMJB’s The political support to JMB comes agenda is to neutralize the left wing from Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh which cadres, particularly the cadres of the is a partner in the present coalition Purbo Banglar Communist Party government. The objective of Jamaat is (PBCP).34 The Jamaat and Islami Oikya to achieve the ‘pleasure of Allah and Jote (coalition partner in the salvation in the life hereafter by making government) have encouraged JMJB ceaseless efforts for establishing the since its inception and ignored its Islamic social order in Bangladesh’.36 activities as it has helped the The Jamaat is also inspired by the government counter the leftist Ikhwan ul-Muslimeen or the Muslim insurgents. Brotherhood which was set up by Hasan Al Banna, the assassinated leader 32 Zayadul Ahsan, “Trained in Foreign Lands, of in 1928 who aimed at bringing They Spread Inland,” The Daily Star, 21 August an Islamic revolution and creating an 2005 37 33 Alex Perry, “Deadly Cargo,” Time, 21 October Islamic state. Jamaat is led by Maulana 2002, p. 24 34 ANM Nurul Haque, “Is the Nation Totally in 35 Asraful Huq, “Police on Terror Trail for 7 Top the Grip of Militancy,” New Age, 14 October JMB Leaders,” The Independent, 22 September 2005. The PBCP was formed in 1968 following 2005 a split in the Bangladesh Communist Party 36 Official website of Jamaat-e-Islami (BCP). It has been outlawed since the military Bangladesh. http://www.jamaat-e-islami.org regime of Zia-ur-Rehman. 37 Karlekar, pp. 184-185

5 JMB: A PROFILE

Motiur Rahman Nizami. As mentioned madrasas in Bangladesh- Aliya and elsewhere, top leaders of JMB and JMJB Quomi systems.40 The former like Maulana Abdur Rahman and Bangla is run with government support and Bhai have been activists of either the control, while the latter function ICS or Jamaat or both. Jamaat-e-Islami independently. Bangladesh Economic may not be directly responsible for acts Review statistics show that while of extremism; its very inclusion in government funding for general government has encouraged JMB to feel education increased by 9.74 per cent in protected by the government to some 2001-05, that for madrasas increased by degree. 22.22 per cent in the same period.41

Areas of Influence Though an attempt to establish direct JMB is most active in the north and link between madrasas and extremism north-western region, and also in south may not stand the scrutiny of academic and central Bangladesh. Bangladesh has research, the probability of using been divided by JMB/JMJB into nine madrasas for religious indoctrination organizational divisions: Khulna, cannot be ruled out. As Bangladeshi Barisal, Sylhet and have journalist Salahuddin Babar points out, organizational divisional office each, ‘passing out from the madrasas, poorly Dhaka has two JMJB divisional offices equipped to enter mainstream life and and Rajshahi three.38 professions, the students are easily lured by motivated quarters who Main areas of JMB operations: capitalize on religious sentiment to · Rajshahi Division: Bogra, Sirajganj, Dinajpur, Jaipurhat, Gaibandha, Naogaon, Nator, Rajshahi, Rangpur, Tahkurgaon · Khulna Division: Bagerhat, http://www.cris isgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id= Jessore, Khulna, Meherpur, 3407&l=1. Also see, “Jihadi Terror in Satkhira Bangladesh.” http://www.achrweb.org/Review/2005/89- · Dhaka Division: Jamalpur, 05.htm Mymensingh, Netrokona, 40 There is no authoritative figure on the number Tangail of madrasas in Bangladesh. Assessments range · Chittagong Division: from 24,000 to about 75,000. For more on Chandpur, Laxmipur, madrasas, see Mumtaz Ahmad, “Madrassa Education in and Bangladesh.” Chittagong http://www.apcss.org/Publications/Edited%20Vo lumes/ReligiousRadicalism/Pages%20from%20 Madrasas Religious%20Radicalism%20and%20Security% Madrasas have been blamed for 20in%20South%20Asia%20ch5.pdf. Also see, fomenting extremism in Bangladesh and Bertil Lintner, “Religious Extremism and Nationalism in Bangladesh.” are believed to play an important role in http://www.apcss.org/Publications/Edited%20Vo the training and recruitment of lumes/ReligiousRadicalism/Pages%20from%20 militants.39 There are two kinds of Religious%20Radicalism%20and%20Security% 20in%20South%20Asia%20ch17.pdf 41 Haroon Habib, “Warning Blasts,” Frontline, 38 Manik, “Bangla Bhai Active for 6 years.” September 10 – 23,2005, Vol. 22, Issue.19. 39 Testimony of Samina Ahmed to US Senate http://www.flonnet.com/fl2219/stories/20050923 Foreign Relations Committee. 001106200.htm

6 IPCS Special Report 11 February 2006 create fanatics, rather than modem and a in Jamalpur. Non- Muslims.’42 government organization from Saudi Arabia , namely Rabeta-e-Islam and After his arrest, Galib admitted to Islami Oitijjho Sangstha provided him spending the fund received from with the financial assistance to establish Kuwait based RIHS for building those institutions.46 and madrasas, giving military style training to madrasa students and External Linkages other organizational works.43 Pakistani JMB gets financial assistance from national Mohammad Sajid, who was individual donors in Kuwait, UAE, arrested for attacking poet Shamsur Bahrain, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and Rahman on 18 January 1999, told police Libya. Reports have confirmed funding that he received approximately US of JMB by international NGOs like $3,45,000 and gave it to someone called Kuwait based RIHS and Doulatul Bakhtiar. Bakhtiar, when arrested in Kuwait; Saudi Arabia based Al Sirajganj the sa me year, confessed to Haramaine Islamic Institute, Rabita Al police that he distributed the money Alam Al Islami; Qatar Charitable among 421 madrasas for training Society and UAE-based Al Fuzaira and activists of Harkat-ul-Jihad-Islami Khairul Al Khairia.47 The RIHS (HUJI). Both the militants said Laden with assistance from Galib constructed had sponsored them to develop over 1000 mosques, 10 madrasas, four madrasa infrastructure.44 Back in 2001 orphanages-cum-madrasas and a evidence of madrasas being used as kidney dialysis centre across the militant camps was found when the country.48 The mosques and madrasas army chief of the Arakan Rohingya were later proved to be centres of National Organization (ARNO) militant activities of the JMB.49 Some of Salamullah Selim was arrested. In his the RIHS offices were blacklisted in 2002 confessional he admitted to have trained by the US State Department because of local madrasa students in armed links with al-Qaeda. Following the combat. According to him more trainers blasts in August, the Bangladesh from African and Middle Eastern government deported 5 RIHS foreign countries frequently visit Bangladesh to officials.50 Al-Haramaine was banned by train Islamist militants.45 the US in 2004 and its branches in Albania, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Other members of JMB are also reported and the Netherlands were to be involved in the running of added by the UN Security Council to madrasas and mosques. Abdur Rahman the Al-Qaeda and Sanctions runs Al-Madina Islamic Cadet Madrasa 46 Manik, “JMJB Mentor Rahman Evades Probing Eyes.” 42 Ibid. 47 Ahsan, “Foreign funding, Local Business 43 “Evidence, Confessions Point at JMB Keep them Going.” Hallmark,” The Daily Star, 19 August 2005 48 “Terror Financing NGOs remain Unscathed,” 44 Zayadul Ahsan, “Foreign Funding, Local The Daily Star, 26 November 2005 business Keep them Going,” The Daily Star, 22 49 Ibid. August 2005 50 “Government hostile towards us: RIHS,” New 45 Zayadul Ahsan, “Extremists get Trained in Age, 23 September 2005. Also see “Revival of Armed Combat”, The Daily Star, 23 August Islamic Heritage Society Wrapping up,” New 2005 Age, 7 September 2005

7 JMB: A PROFILE

Committee on 6 July 2004.51 It was Laxmikola in the Bogra district killed banned by Bangladesh the same month one and injured 40 people. Another at the request of the United States. bomb explosion during Jatra Though all the 14 foreign officials of Al- performance in the Natore district killed Haramaine left Bangladesh after the one and injured 20 people. ban, four of them returned several months later and joined the RIHS 27 January: Former finance minister secretly.52 Shah AMS Kibria and four other Awami League (AL) activists were killed in a Some analysts suspect that JMB is the grenade attack on an AL rally at youth wing of HUJI-BD which is linked Boidder Bazar in Habiganj. The attack to Al Qaeda and not Al Mujahideen. that injured 70 more people was very The mission of HUJI-BD is similar to similar to the 21 August 2004 bomb that of JMB that is to establish Islamic attack on Hasina's rally in Dhaka rule in Bangladesh. Furthermore, HUJI- that had claimed 23 lives and left several BD has linkages with Pakistan based hundred wounded. Jaish-e-Mohammed and La shkar-e- Toiba (LeT) a fact that came out in the 5 February: Bomb explosion in Khulna open with the arrest of Aftab Ansari Press Club injuring 4 people. alias Farhan Malik, prime accused in the American Centre terrorist attack 11 February: Bomb explosion at BRAC of 22 January 2002.53 office in Mohimaganj of the Gaibandha district injuring three people. JMB in 2005 JMB has been active and visible in 2005 14 February: Bomb explosion at the as it carried out bomb attacks during Dhaka University campus injuring 16 various social, cultural and political people including 12 Dhaka University events. Lists of major terrorist activities students. Four bombs exploded in a by JMB are as follows: large Valentine’s Day gathering in front of DU Teachers-Students center. 12 January: Bomb explosion during a drama festival in Chakpara village in 14 May: Two bomb explosions during a Sadar upazila of Sherpur district circus show at Bagerhat stadium injuring 10 people. injuring 8.

15 January: Bomb explosion during Jatra 27 May: Bomb explosion in a Cinema performance (a folktheatre form) in Hall at Sirajganj injuring 7 people.

17 August: Bomb explosions in 63 of the 51 Press Release-SC/8143, “Security Council 64 districts of Bangladesh within 30 Committee Adds Two Individuals, Five Entities to AL-Qaida Section of Consolidated List.” minutes of each other killing two and http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2004/sc814 injuring over 100. In Dhaka , bombs 3.doc.htm exploded at 28 points including the high 52 “Terror-financing NGOs remain unscathed”. security Bangladesh Secretariat, 53 “Bangladesh Assessment 2003.” Supreme Court Complex, Prime http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/banglad Ministers Office, Zia International esh/

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Airport etc. Only Munshiganj was spared.

3 October: Serial bomb explosions in courtrooms in three districts of Chandpur, Laxmipur and Chittagong killing two and injuring 38 others, including a district judge and a policeman.

14 November: Two senior assistant judges killed in a suicide attack while traveling to office in southern district of Jhalakati. Four persons were also injured including the suspected bomber identified as Iftekhar Hasan Al Mamun.

29 November: Two powerful bomb explosions in Ghazipur and Chittagong court premises killing nine and injuring over 70 people.

1 December: Suicide attack Ghazipur killing a government employee and injured 30 people. The suicide bomber who was in the guise of a tea-vendor was later arrested by the police in a severely injured condition.

8 December: Suicide attack in front of Udichi Shilpigosthi, a left-leaning cultural organization in Netrakona killing six people and injuring at least 46. Ten policemen were among the wounded in the bombing where the bomber rammed his bicycle into a crowd and detonated the bomb.

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