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Saddam's War: an Iraqi Military Perspective of the Iran-Iraq

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Saddam's War: an Iraqi Military Perspective of the Iran-Iraq K E V I N M . W O O D S , WOODS, MURRAY, MURRAY, WOODS, WILLIAMSON MURRAY, a n d T H O M A S H O L A D A Y with MOUNIR ELKHAMRI and H O L aday About the Authors NATIONAL DEFENSE UNIVERSITY President: LtGen Frances C. Wilson, USMC Kevin M. Woods is a member of the research staff at the Institute for Vice President: Ambassador Richard A. Roth Defense Analyses (IDA) and since 2003 has been the task leader of the Iraqi Perspectives Project. Recent publications include The Iraqi Perspectives Report: Saddam’s Senior Leadership on Operation Iraqi INSTITUTE FOR NATIONAL STRATEGIC STUDIES Freedom, and The Mother of all Battles: Saddam Hussein’s Strategic Director: Dr. Patrick M. Cronin Plan for the Persian Gulf War. Research Director: Dr. James A. Schear Williamson Murray is professor emeritus at The Ohio State University and senior fellow at IDA. He is the author of numerous books and arti- NATIONAL DEFENSE UNIVERSITY PRESS cles. His recent works include The Iraq War: A Military History, The Past Director and Editor, JFQ: Col David H. Gurney, USMC (Ret.) is Prologue (ed.), and A War To Be Won: Fighting the Second World War. Executive Editor: Dr. Jeffrey D. Smotherman Thomas Holaday has a degree in Philosophy and a minor in Arabic from Managing Editor, NDU Press: LTC Robert E. Henstrand, USA Georgetown University. Since joining IDA, he has researched the military- strategic history of Iraq while working on the Iraqi Perspectives Project. Mounir Elkhamri is a Middle East military analyst and linguist for the U.S. Army Foreign Military Studies Office. His articles include “Dealing with the Iraqi populace: an Arab-American soldier’s perspec- tive” (Military Review ) and “Iran’s Contribution to the Civil War in Iraq” (Jamestown Foundation). Laila Sabara is senior linguist for both the Terrorism Perspectives Project and the Iraqi Perspectives Project at IDA. Previously, she worked as an Arab linguist supporting the U.S. Senate and the Departments of Defense, Homeland Security, and Justice. ■ ■ ■ ■ NDU Press Publications For general information on print and electronic publications and other pro- The National Defense University (NDU) educates military and civilian grams of NDU Press, visit the press Web site at: <ndupress.ndu.edu> leaders through teaching, research, and outreach in national security strategy, national military strategy, and national resource strategy; joint and multinational Depending on availability, a single, complimentary copy of any title may be operations; information strategies, operations, and resource management; requested from NDU Press for research, educational, or review purposes. acquisition; and regional defense and security studies. Contact NDU Press at (202) 685-4378 or [email protected]. For The Institute for National Strategic Studies (INSS) is a policy research information on Joint Force Quarterly, contact the editors at (202) 685-4220 and strategic gaming organization within NDU serving the Department of Defense, or [email protected]. its components, and interagency partners. Established in 1984, the institute provides senior decisionmakers with timely, objective analysis and gaming events Many NDU Press publications are sold by the U.S. Government Printing and supports NDU educational programs in the areas of international security affairs and defense strategy and policy. Through an active outreach program, Office (GPO). Call the GPO order line at (202) 512-1800 or order on-line at: including conferences and publications, INSS seeks to promote understanding http://www.bookstore.gpo.gov. Bookstores and other commercial concerns, of emerging strategic challenges and policy options. as well as purchasers of multiple copies, should deal directly with GPO. The National Defense University Press publishes books, monographs, National Defense University Press reports, and occasional papers on national and international security affairs, defense policy, and military strategy, primarily the output of university research 260 Fifth Avenue (Building 64, Lincoln Hall) and academic programs. In addition, it produces Joint Force Quarterly, a Fort Lesley J. McNair professional military and security studies journal published for the Chairman Washington, DC 20319-5066 of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Cover: A view from Wasit Province, Iraq, across the border into Iran (U.S. Army photo by Spc. Tiffany Dusterhoft) Kevin M. Woods, Williamson Murray, and Thomas Holaday with Mounir Elkhamri INSTITUTE FOR NATIONAL STRATEGIC STUDIES NATIONAL DEFENSE UNIVERSITY WASHINGTON, D.C. 2009 The opinions, conclusions, and recommendations expressed or implied within are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the Department of Defense or any other agency of the Federal Government. This pub- lication is cleared for public release; distribution unlimited. Except for the maps on pages 47, 51, 52, and 68, portions of this work may be quoted or reprinted without permission, provided that a standard source credit line is included. NDU Press would appreciate a courtesy copy of reprints or reviews. This work was conducted under contract DASW01-04-C-003, Task ET-8-2579 for the National Intelligence Council. The publication of this IDA document does not in- dicate endorsement by the Department of Defense, nor should the contents be construed as reflecting the official position of the Agency. © 2007, 2008 Institute for Defense Analyses, 4850 Mark Center Drive, Alexandria, Virginia 22311-1882 • (703) 845-2000. This material may be reproduced by or for the U.S. Government pursuant to the copyright license under the clause at DFARS 252.227-7013 (Nov 95). First printing, March 2009 ISSN 1071–7552 NDU Press publications are sold by the U.S. Government Printing Office. For ordering information, call (202) 512-1800 or write to the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402. For the U.S. Government On-line Bookstore, go to: <http://www.access.gpo.gov/su_docs/sale.html>. For current publications of the Institute for National Strategic Studies, go to the NDU Press Web site at: <ndupress.ndu.edu>. Contents Foreword . ix Preface. xi Introduction . xiii Summary and Analysis . 1 General Comments . 1 The Arab-Israeli Wars and the Rise of the Ba’ath Party . 2 Between the 1973 War and the Iran-Iraq War (1980–1988) . 3 The Iran-Iraq War (1980–1988) . 5 Thoughts on the Iran-Iraq “Cold-War” in the 1990s . 17 Comments on Saddam Hussein as Political and Military Leader . 17 iii The Interviews. 19 Discussion One . 19 Arab-Israeli Wars of 1967 and 1973 • Military Transition under Ba’athist Rule Discussion Two . 26 Iraqi Military and Political Transition through the 1970s • Prologue to Iran- Iraq War • Transition of Iranian Leadership and Military • Decision to Invade • Saddam’s Aspirations • Earliest Phase of the War • Political and Professional Soldiers • Disorganized Command and Control of Iranian Operations Discussion Three . 34 Early Use of Air Power • SIGINT [Signals Intelligence] • Winter 1980–1981 Iraqi Command Changes • Saddam’s Response to Failure and Executions • 1980–1982 Losses and Army Expansions • Developments of Iranian and Iraqi Forces Discussion Four . 40 Saddam’s Psychology and Personality Development • January 1981 Armor Battle • Iranian Human Wave Tactics and Iraqi Minefields • Khomeini’s Spiri- tual Influence • Battles of Abadan and Khorramshahr • Loss of Special Forces • End of Initial Iraqi Offensives in May 1981 Discussion Five . 49 1981–1982 Turbulence in Tehran • Iranian Infiltration Tactics • 1982 Attacks around Basra • 1984–1988 Marsh Infiltrations and Iraqi Engineering Efforts • International Support to Iran • Chemical Weapons Usage • Iranian Re- sponse to Weapons of Mass Destruction • Postwar Preparations with WMD • 1982–1983 Reorganization and Recruiting for Republican Guard • Psycho- logical Support of Saddam to Troops • Postwar Republican Guard Reorgani- zation Discussion Six . 62 Summer 1983 Iranian Offensive into Haj Umran • Northern Mountain Opera- tions and Kurdish Support • A 1,000-kilometer Front • Threats to the Dams and Baghdad • Unpredictable Iranian Strategy and Tactics • February 1984 Iraqi 6th Armored Division Losses • Iranian Marsh Operations • Intelligence Development and Satellite Support in March 1985 iv Discussion Seven . 70 1986 Al-Fao Campaign and Baghdad’s Misinterpretation of Iranian Strategy • Traitors in the Iraqi Leadership • Prisoners of War • Operation Dawn • Iraqi Casualty Competition and the “Bedouin Mentality” Discussion Eight. 77 Republican Guard Expansion and the Response to Al-Fao • Hussein Kamel • General Hamdani’s Command Obstacles • 1987 Iranian Attack on Basra and Casualty Inflation • Shalamjah: The Somme of the Iran-Iraq War • Hamdani’s Venture through the Front and the Battlefield Conditions Discussion Nine . 83 July 1987 Republican Guard Command Changes • Battlefield Missiles • Hal- abjah • Factors of Post-1987 Shift in “Correlation of Forces” toward Iraq— Planning Effort for Al-Fao Offensive • Use of Helicopters • Front of 1988 • July 1988 Iraqi Incursion through to Ahvaz and the Mujahideen-e-Khalq Discussion Ten . 90 Foundations of the Iraqi Military and Saddam’s Detrimental Influence • Ham- dani’s Effort to Improve Iraqi Military Culture • Questioning Military Orders and Planning • Lessons Learned from the Iran-Iraq War • Fight to Follow the War and Saddam’s Perception of Victory and Warfare Discussion Eleven . 95 Stories of War Heroes, 1973 to Operation Iraqi Freedom • Saddam’s Misunder- standing of Warfare • Hamdani’s Recognition of U.S.
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