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Partizan Sayi 87 BÜROLAR Kartal: Yukarı Mh. İstasyon Cd. Niğebollu Ap. Kat: 3 Daire: 7 Tel: 0216 652 21 41 Ankara: Mithatpaşa Cd. 31/31 Kızılay Tel: (0312) 433 10 23 İzmir: Konak Mh. 865. Sk. No: 19 13/403 Konak Tel: (0232) 484 72 83 Erzincan: Ordu Cd. Ordu İşhanı Kat: 3 Tel: (0446) 223 45 82 Bursa: Atatürk Cd. C. Koruyucu İşhanı Kat: 5 No: 262 Osmangazi Tel: (0224) 225 15 05 Mersin: Bahçe Mh. 4604 Sk. No: 2/2 Akdeniz Tel: (0324) 232 10 60 Dersim: Moğultay Mh. Sanat Sk. Hüseyin Güngör İşhanı Kat: 1/2 Avrupa Büro: Weseler Str 93 47169 Duisburg / Almanya Tel: 0049 203 40 85 01 Fax: 0049 203 40 69 16 İçindekiler Sunu Sayfa 3 Suriye: Kördüğüm mü çözüm mü? Sayfa 8 Savaşın içinde örülen yeni bir yaşam: Rojava Sayfa 40 Ortadoğu ve Kuzey Afrika’da halk ayaklanmalarının koşulları, nedenleri ve kitlelerin iktidar arayışı Sayfa 59 Tarihsel ve güncel olarak Ortadoğu’nun ekonomi-politiği Sayfa 83 Ortadoğu’da kadın ve özne olma mücadelesi Sayfa 181 Ortadoğu’da dini hareketler, gelişim ve kültürü Sayfa 199 Ortaçağ Ortadoğu’sunda özgürlük kıvılcımı: Zenci İsyanı Sayfa 221 Yaygın süreli ISSN: 2149-1216 Nisan Yayımcılık ve Basım Sn. Ltd. Şti. Yönetim yeri: İskenderpaşa Mh. Kıztaşı Cd. Yeşiltekke Kuyulu Sk. No: 19/4 Fatih/İstanbul Tel: 0212 531 83 06 e-posta: [email protected] Sahibi ve Yazıişleri Müdürü: Murat ÇOKAN Baskı: Yön Matbaacılık Davutpaşa Cd. Güven San. Sit. B Blok, No: 366 Topkapı/İstanbul Tel: (0212) 544 66 34 SUNU Bugün yerkürenin hangi kıtasında olursa olsun Ortadoğu’da yaşananların sar- sıntısından öyle ya da böyle etkilenmeyen yoktur. Bu itibarla da şu anda insan- lığın politik, ahlaki, vicdani, kültürel gündemini oluşturmaktadır. Sıcak savaşların yaşandığı ülke halklarının dışında sanıyoruz ki bu gelişmelerden en çok etkilenen ülke Türkiye’dir. Dolayısıyla bu yakıcı soru- na dair, özellikle dev- rimci çevrelerin siyaset üretmedeki sorumlulukları ile kavram ve buna uygun tutum karmaşasına karşı doğru bakış açısıyla halkların bilgi-bilincinin oluştu- rulması sürecinin işletilmesi zarureti vardır. Fakat ne hazindir ki, halklarımızı ve devrimci siyasetimizi böylesine doğrudan etkileyen soruna dair önemli bir kesimin ve kimi devrimci –ki on- lar pragmatist, reformist, popülist karakterlerine uygun davranmaktadırlar- çevrelerin siyaset üretememe ve kavram kargaşasında boğulup işin özünü yakalayamama tutumları gerici cephenin güçlenmesine, bizim cephemizde de aksinin oluşmasına neden olmaktadır. Komünistler için ise bu vaziyet, sırtlanılan yükün ağırlığına ölçüdür. Bu- güne kadar söylediğimiz söz ve ortaya koyduğumuz ilkeler dışında yine ve yine defalarca kez gerçeğin bilgisini anlatma sorumluluğu taşıyoruz; hem halklarımız hem dev- rimci safları paylaştıklarımız için. Ortadoğu dosyasının hazırlanmasının gerek ve aciliyeti bu nedenlidir. Belki burada bir de özeleştiri vermeliyiz. Çünkü böyle bir sürecin başlangı- cında gösterdiğimiz komünist refleks, devam eden sürece uygun siyaset ve bunla- rın çeşitli basın, yayın ve platformlarda kitleler ve devrimci dost- larla paylaşılmasına rağmen kapsamlı bir dosyanın kitlelere sunumunun gecikmesi bir eksikliktir. Adeta insanlık tarihinin bir özeti olan Ortadoğu hem bu yakıştırmayı hem de bugün üzerinde topladığı ilgiyi hak etmektedir. İlk insanların uğrak yeri ol- masından ilk yerleşim yerine, ilk medeniyetlerden ilk tek tanrılı din- lere, Antik Yunanların, Helenlerin, Hıristiyanların ve Müslümanların ve tüm yayılmacı güçlerin gözaltındaki bölgedir burası. Ama burası Zenci İsyanı’nın, Karmati İsyanının, Hassan Sabbahların, Babailerin ve modern zaman komünist ve dev- rimci ayaklanmalarının da bölgesidir. Konum itibariyle dünyanın coğrafi merkezi olma liyakatine sahip bir stra- tejik öneme sahipken öte yandan burası dünya fosil yakıtları yataklarının en önemli merkezlerindendir. Alışageldiğimiz yaşamın sürmesinde fosil yakıtların hayati önemdeki yerini düşününce sözlerimizin anlamı daha bir belirginleşiyor. Gerici egemenlerin ekonomi defterlerinde en önemli başlık olan kaçakçılıkta da Orta- doğu vazgeçilmez bir geçiş noktasıdır. Uyuşturucudan silaha, gıdadan elektroniğe, tekstilden insana kadar her şeyin alınıp satıldığı bu trafiğin yarattığı ekonomik hacim trilyonlarca dolarla değerlendirilmektedir. Parasız yaşanamayan bir dünya sisteminde böylesi bir manzara, insanlık düşmanı tüm iktidarların ilgisine mazhar olur elbet. Ve bunların içinde Tür- kiye de vardır, ki yerel ya da Avrupa, ABD, BM vs. tüm resmi araştırmalarda Türkiye (Irak, İran, Suriye de öyledir) kaçakçılık tra- fiğinin göbeğinde bulunmaktadır. Ve en nihayetinde sömürünün her türünü içinde barındıran ve pazar soru- nu ola- rak karşımıza çıkan egemenlik savaşları... Bugün mezhep-dinsel savaşlar, aşiret- ler arası ya da bölgfe devletleri arasındaki savaşlar gibi gösterilmeye çalışılan tam da yukarıda bahsettiğimizin toplamı olan pazar sorunudur. Devrimci, komünist cephenin zayıflığı, politik alan boşluklarının gericiler tarafından doldurulmasına sebebiyet vermiş, ne yazık ki yaratılan yanıltmacalardan pek çok devrimci cephe de etkilenmiştir. Bu yanıltmacalardan en önemlilerinden üç tanesi; yaşanan sa- vaşların mez- hepsel oluşu; bir diğeri, emperyalistler arasında tercih yapmak; sonuncusu ise DAİŞ’in nasıl tanımlanacağıdır. Birbirine bağlı bu üç konunun açık edilmesi için tarihsel deneyimlerden fay- dalanmak, bunun için de bir zamanların Avrupa’sına bakmak gerek. Ortaçağ Av- rupa’sındna “din savaşları” adı altında yaşananlar gibi bugünün Ortadoğu’sunda yaşananlar da “din savaşları” olarak gösterilmektedir. Oysa Engels o dönem yaşa- nanların devrimci muhalefet nedeniyle olduğunu ama kendisini bundan farklı bi- çimde gösterdiğini söyler. Neticede her şeyin, koşulların doğru gözlemlenmesiyle açığa çıkıp anlaşılır olduğunu da... Böylesi bir aydınlık pencereden bakınca Orta- doğu’daki savaşların dinsel- mezhepsel olmadığı anlaşılmaktadır. Din-mezhep fak- törünün insan zihni- nin biçimlenmesinde önemli bir unsur oluşu, onu, toplumsal yönlendirici- likte de kullanıma açık hale getiriyor. Dini görünümlerin öne çıkarıl- ması insanın gerçeklik algısını değiştirip gerçeklikten uzaklaşmasına neden olu- yor. Böylece gerçeklik ile yanılsama yer değiştiriyor. Gönümüz dünyasında egemenlerin elindeki teknolojik üstünlük, kukla devlet, örgüt, çeteler vb. ile top- lumsal muhalefetin yönlendirilmesi ve böylelikle pazar sorununun gizlenip ve de pek tabii ki sınıfsal özün “yıpratılması” mümkün olmaktadır. Bunun en belirgin örneğini Mısır’da emperyalistlerin kuklası olan Mübarek re- jimine karşı yapılan ayaklanmanın bir sözde “ilerici” hamleyle (darbe) gölgelen- mesinde ya da Ukrayna’daki ayaklanmanın faşistlerce ele geçi- rilmesinde gördük. Esasen Libya’dan Bali’ye, Tunus’tan Irak-Suriye’ye kadar olanlar, biçim olarak farklı olsa da tam da Engels’in yüz elli yıl öncesinden bize seslendiğidir. Toplumsal tarihte hep görülmüştür ve görü- lecektir ki eğer doğru siyaset ilerici bir yapı- lanma mevcut değilse, kitleler muhalefetlerini başka biçimler altında gösterirler. Onların taleplerini her- hangi bir mezheple ifade etmeleri devrimci taleplerini, ile- rici istemlerini zedeler ama değersizleştirmez. Bu durum Ortadoğu bağlamında bir yandan devrimcilerin zayıfladığını göste- rirken emperyalistlere de alan açmaktadır. Yukarıda söyledikleri- mizle bağlantılı olarak bir emperyalist gücün çıkarıyla diğer emperyalist gücün aynı ülke pa- zarında çatışkıya girmesi birini diğerinden ilerici yap- maz. Elbette politik alan pratiğinde emperyalistler arasındaki çelişmeden yararlanmak gibi bir başlık bulu- nur ama bu emperyalistler arasında ilerci emperyalist, gerici emperyalist gibi saçma bir tartışma açmaz-açmamalıdır. Emperyalizm yayılmacılıktır, doğal olarak sömü- rücüdür ve bu niteliği alt edilmedikçe değişmez. Eğer emperyalizm konusunda böyle bir ayrım yapılırsa, bu, sömürücüler arasında tercih yapmak olur. İş buraya gelmişken Mübarek, Bin Ali veya Esad gibi işbirlikçilerin de bu küme içinde de- ğerlendirilmesi gerektiğini söylemeliyiz. Dikkat çekmek istediğimiz son bir yanılgılı alan olarak DAİŞ konusunda da şunlara değinelim: DAİŞ örgütü için kullanılan pek çok niteleme belir- ten kavram, bu örgütün niteliğinin belirsizliğine yönlendiricidir. Haliyle işin özünden uzak- laşma söz konusudur. Bilincimize, kavram pratiğimize yön veren kavramların doğru kullanımı hedefte netleşmemize olanak verir. DAİŞ hakkında bu kadar çok kavramla meseleyi bulandırmanın bir anlamı yoktur. DAİŞ, emperyalistlerin kont- rolünde bir faşist örgüttür. Evet, yerel iktidarlardan, aşiretlerden destek almaktadır. Evet, belli bir kitle desteği de vardır ama çok net biçimde faşist bir örgüttür. Ona tek başına İslamcı- gerici-tecavüzcü-mezhepçi vb. sıfatlar yüklemek bu örgütü açık- lamak için yetmeyeceği gibi meselenin politik özünü de yitirmeye, en azından bu özden uzaklaşmamıza neden olur. İçinde bu nevi özelliklerin tamamını taşısa da onun politik özü faşist oluşudur. Naziler koyu Hıristiyan’dı ama kimse onlara Hris- tiyan örgütlenme demedi. Ya da sadece katliamcı vs. Bizlerin Ortadoğu’daki savaşlara dair söyleyeceklerini haritalandıran şey; Ulus- ların Kendi Kaderini Tayin Hakkı ve yürütülen savaşın haklı savaş mı haksız savaş mı olduğudur. Hem yerel hem de uluslararası gerici kapitalist- emperyalist saldırı- lar karşısında bizlerin tutumu bunlara karşı direnen, savaşan ezilen ulus ya da hal- kın yanında olmaktır. Örneğin Afganistan’ın ABD tarafından işgal edilmesine karşı, iktidardaki Taliban rejiminin tüm gericiliğine rağmen bizim tutumumuz işgal kar- şıtlığıydı. Geçmişte de Rus Sosyal Emperyalizminin yine Afganistan’ı işgal etme- sinde ülkemiz- de tüm devrimci örgütler kah işgali destekler
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