OY'"l-c::J MS. 350 '6' 'l'HE HALIBUT 1!' IS. u Y IN ..E ] l 1 J Y A~ _·. :'1. B ' 1. J . V}ooykov CCNTENTS
Pag e :
Introduct ion
Name
Descr Ipt Ion of halibut
Economic importance
Method~ of capture
The horizontal distribution
T h e size of halibut in the Fundy 'A r ea
Ha l ibut food
Hal ibut g r o u nd s
Fluefuatlon of halibut fishery!
A.Yearly fluctuation
B. Monthly fluctuation u t i l l z e t l o n
Conclusions
Recommendat Ions ' 1
THE ~t lBUT FISHERY IN THE FUNDY AREA
by V. D. Vladykov.
lNTRODUCTICN
The present pdper Is based on the same sources ot intormat lon .as were
, , Indicated In the case ot pollock (see Vladykov, 193'21 and has the object ,
, / ' o I present Ing an economic e sp e c t ot the hal l bu f t l s he r v I'n the Fundy Area,
This tlshery plays a very Important role on the Paclt1~ coast where~ exists an"lnternatlonal t.Jsherles .',Commlsslon!l tor the o r e s e r v e t t o r oft h e h a I I but tis her y 0 f the No r t h Pdel I l c 0 c e an, Inc Iud I n g the Be r I n g
Sea. The results ot the SCientlt"lc Investigations made bV ;hlS Commission under the direction ot Dr. William f. Thompson, are pub l s he d In the seve r alpape r s I I 93 0 - I 93 d. ~e1l"S • the ha I I but tis heryon the No rt h Ame rica n I " coast ot the Atlant Ic has r e c e l v e d I I n su t t t c l e n t attention.'
Amo n g the aut h 0 r s d e a 1 I n g w t t h the ha II but que s t Ion rnth e
I fundy Area and the Gulf ot Maine may be mentioned Perley(185?1, Gooderl8- I 881, Huntsman 119'2'21, and Bigelow and WelshI19'2'SI. However, any additlon al l n f o r me f Lo n concerning the halibut f Ls ba r v on the East Eanadlan coast may be cons~dered desirable.
The author wishes to express his thanks to al I persons, who assisted In this work e s pee I a I , y to f Ish e r y 0 ttl c e r s and tis h er men f 0 rJi a supplying valuble Information. Acknowledgements are made to Dr. A.~.Hun- tsman tor numerous suggestions throughout the progress of this Investlga t Ion ..
The draw.lngs were made by Mr. Oscar 8. Schretter to whom the author ' Is very gratetul. NAN\ES.
The name of this species is quite u n l f o r me , The t:.ngllsh names are "Hal l b u t " o r ItHoi I but II wh I c h con sis t 0 f t .. 0 par t s - "h e I I rr 0 r It h a I I If and r' but ". The
last part simply means IIflatflsh", whereas the probable mednlng of the first part I s II hoi ell. I nth I s con n e et Ion Go 0 del I 8 8 4 } s tat e s : II The t rue d e r i vat ion of the word Is best understood by a study of its Scandinavian names, from which it appears that the prefix has reference simply to the holes or deep places at sea In which the fish is found, and that the name "a deep-sea
fish", or "a deep-sea flounder"~p. 1911~ According to the same author the
New ~ngland fishermen employ the fani'-ful name of ItHaul-a-boat rt , reftering
to the size and strength of this fish.
Halibut in the Fundy Area are named according to the size, but th e, name for any size varies In the dlffersnt localities. Therefore it will be
necessary to consider each local ity separatly.
NEW ~Rl.NSW1CK:. White Head Is.: Ch Lc k e n h. 15-t9Ib.l, medium h. 120-IOOlb.);
Grand Manan : chicken h. (5-:il9Ib.l, white or white belly h. 140-99Ib),
and grayh. (over lOOlb)j Malloch's Beach (campobellol: chicken h. I
12-100Ib), gray h. (over IOOlb.l. Either of which may be called "Cher t? 5 lb. 0 r mo r e) ry belly lth.,,,,/ffthe- ~·,nsll has reddish spots on the tfbelly'! Beaver Harbour:
flo u n d e r h. IIt-3 I b I, chi c ken h. I 4 - 7 4 I kJ • ), whit e h. I 0 v e r 7Sib. ), no
gray h. here. let Ite; are caught only chicken h. IS-SOlb.l.
NOV~ SCOTIA: ; Mi na s Basin and ~.!.ngs Co s t only small sizes, chicken h.
(?-50Ib.l, are caught h e r e i ; i" , 'Tiverton: chicken h. /4-9Ib.l, medium h.
(10-79Ib.l, large h. (SO-120Ib.i, gray h. (over 120Ib.l; Freeport: chicken ' h. (6-9Ib.j, medium h. or medium wh l r e ~. (10-79Ib.l, l e r p e white h. or
medium gray h. /SO-12SIb.l, a nd whale h. (over 125 l b i j ; Westport: chicken
h. (5-15 l b v l , medium white h. (16-39Ib.l, large white h. (40- 79Ib.l, gray h. (SO- t20Ib.l, and whale h. lover 120Ib.l; Ye r mou t h j snapper h. (I
S lb. 1, chi c ken h. lo- 13 lb. I, med i um wh l f e h. (t 4-691 b. 1, 1a r ge whit e h.
(70-]401b.I, and whale h. lover t201b.l; Pubnico:chlcken h. (3-14Ib.), mediu m whit e t l 5 - 69 lb. i, I a r g e whit e h. (70- I 40 I b s • }, and wha I e h. (0 v e r
140 lb. 1.
The French populat Ion 01 Nova Scotia ~ometlmes use the name nFl /ton" tor large size halibut and "Pou l e t " tor chicken halibut, however,
the tngl ish names o f r he l ibut commonly used even a mo n g f r e nc h fishermen. DESCRIPTION OF HAL IBUT I Hlppoglossus hlppoglossus L.l . Ha lib u +/\ I s verye as I I y ete s tin gO' s Ii e d from the 0 the r f I a t - f ish e s by I a r ge s i z e , YI Ide mou t h , ric h i n 9 tot he eye s , wIt h s ha r p cur v e d fee t h , s I I 9 h t I y forked tail, dnd the lateral I I n ear c hed jus t b e h I nd the 9 I I I - 0 P e 'n I n 9 and ( /' f abovet he p ec tor a I f ~ ' n." h e I eft, b I I nd sid e 0 f ha I I but I Inc0 r r ec t I y des i ' gnated as "b e l Lv "] Is pure white In small fish, but large ,ones are otten more or less blotched or clouded with gray [known by fishermen as rrgrays") , I
The right side, possessing both the eyes, is everywhere graysh d e r k e-b r o w-e ir nish. 9nly the Greenland hal ibut (Relnhdrdtlus hippoglossoldesl Is quite similar to the ordinary halibut, however, the first me~ntloned form p o s s e sse s a nearly , . straight I d t era I I I n e i not arc he d I , and is of e smaller {t.J size. The outline of the long fins In{\(Jreenland halibut is oval, similar ~ H to ,flounder, while that of ordinary halibut is triangular. f\
Fu rt her mo ref he g r e en I and ha libu t doe s not 0 c cur i nth e Fun dy Are a (Hu n t
sman,19221. ECONoMIC IMPORTANCE
@d The halIbut fishry In the fundy Area Is of secondary Importance. Among
nine valuable specles,-cod, haddock, hs k e Ht§ld cu s k j , halibut, herring
Iwlth s e r d l n e l , lobster, po l t o c k , salmon, and s c e l l op s j » the quantity of
halibut caught and landed in the Fundy :Area occupies the elgth place,
and 1nth e rna r k e t val u e the s eventh If 0 r d eta I Isseel' 0 I I 0 c kinv est i gat ion ".
In 1928,21.5% of Canadian Atlantic catch of hal ibut was repor
ted frm f h e fundy "'rea, whereas the e v e r e q e halibut catch In this area
during ten year -pertod,1920-1930, was 816.700Ib. representing 32% of cat c h the Canadian Atlantlc/Vor the same period, or 2.5% of the total Ganadian
catch. It may be of Interest to present some data concern~ng the ~ ld '
world's halibut catch: Pounds Eu r 0 pea n f r she r t e s I 1928 I 36,307,000
Atlantic Goasts of United ,states and Canada 119281 6,095,779
Pacific Coasts of dntted ~tated and Ganada (1929) 57,692,595
) J• p e n IHo k k • I do; 1928 I 871,488
Tot a I 100,966,86'2
I I, , "; t V .~! i 1) e r.; t. r he METHODS OF CAPTURE
Hal ibut is caught principally by means of trawl-I i n e s commonly k now n
1n the fundy Area as "f r e w l !", This gear Is 'c o mpo s e d ot several parts:
Ilthe ground or back 1 jne which lies on the bottom, 2) the snoods or ganglngT,mal;le from short '._ p l e c e of line, er e attached to the ground line; j L at the other ends of the snoods ho o k s are .t-+-e-e- ; 3} two anchors, one at each end of the ground line; 4) buoy, marking the position of .e e c h end of groung line, Is connected with the anchor by means of so-called buoy-
I In e •
1. GROUND tiNE or BACK tiNE
For ground line . 1.:b u . e " .--; "d tar red cot ton I n e,J wei g h I n g from
24 to 32 lb. per dozen are commonly used. However, In some localities
(Digby Co , ] lighter lines 118-22 l b i ) are also employed.
A section ot fishing line, 25 fathoms in length, is called a line. Fishing lines are usually arranged In a package contained twelve or fhelr e qu l va Le n t e-s l x double l Ln e s t s ho t j , each of which Is 50 fathoms
long. This package is called d dozen I l ne s , the standard of size being determined by the wetght. r"----..---- ~ I n some cases for ground line 6- or 9-thread tarred mdnlla (or
hemp) rnes are employed.
The ground line Is made up of several short lines t s ho t s l e e c h
befng equal to 50 fathoms. A we l l vk ho ! is tied o-f these lines, so that
they will not u n l e v , and an eye-splice Is taken In the other end. The
knotted ends are then bent into the looped ends of the other lines. By bending a greater or less number of these sections together the trawl cdn bema d e 0 fan v des Iredie n 9 t h , but the r u I e I s g e n era II y toll rig II the
trawl Is sections, each of which Is composed of 4 to 7 double lines ( s ho t s Each end of ground Ine is fixed to an anchor, either to its r I 1'1 g 0 r flu e. ,I f the g r 0 un din e i sat t a c h edt 0 the r i 1'1 g 0 fan c h 0 r s , they penetrate more deeply into the bottom and considerable ditteculty is expe
r I e n c e d in hauling up the t r e w l i Opp o s J t e results are obtained when trawl
Is fastened to flues. 'As a rule, in the warmer seasons and during day c at- c h e s the ground I ine is attached to the flues, whereas in winter months and, during night catches t h r o u i the year, both ends of ground line are fixed to the rings or one "end to a flue and the other to a ring. However, excep t Ions somet l me s occur depending i o n individual preferences of the fishermen
2. SNOODS or GANGINGS Snoods are made from tdrred cotton lines which weighs .. vary from (8) 12 to 16 lb. per dozen. In general the length of I ine cut for each snood is 6teet.
As a rule the distance between the points of attachement of the snoods to the g r ou 1'1 d 'I 1'1 e 1 s t w Ice the len g tho f cD 1'1 e snood, e. I. abouti 2 fee t , Ho wever, this distance varies depending on the kind of ground I ioe. If a cot~ 1 ton ground I i n e Is employed, the snoods are attached only II feet apart, wher e it s f 1'1 the c e s e 0 themp I I 1'1 e , the dIs t i.l 1'1 C e i s I 3 fee t. Cot too lin e ~ '7. stretch out considerably when placed In water, while the hemp I ine shrinks.
ihe snoods are fastened to the ground I ine either direct l v or by means of a becket. In the first case one end of the snood Is wound around
the ground line three times and t h e n r s e c u r e l v tied by means of a knot as Is shown In fig. E. " T he b e c k e t, mad e fromas h 0 r t pie c e ( ,I f II J 0 f mar I d 0 serves to connect one end of the snood with the g r o u nd I ine. A loop is made
"at one end of the becket to which a the snood is f astened by means of a knot (see F:ig.~ DI. The other end of the becket is securely fixed to the ground I l n e by u n r e v e l I ing the latter l no r d e r to provide an opening t h r 0 ugh whie h the bee k e t me v be w0 un d t w ice be for e the k not i s tied • I see Fig • ., DJ.
3. HOOKS
Hooks are tied on the lower end of the snood. At present K~rby !Hal ibut CA,}) (JJ) ho b k s of Arthur Jdmes , and MustadA'~re In common use. There are two sizes 1\ ' most generally employed which correspond to numb ers 6283 ( Le r q e r j and
6284(smaller). In some places. however. the long shank flat-eyed hooks of A. J. and M. nornb e r s I' -13 e r e a I so used. Oc e s s l o n a l l v in the Fundy
Ared older types of hooks possessing eyes (rings) stili r eme l n In use. a There are two kinds of these hooks. ~~~ely strlght-eyed and cross-eyed. IF-' g. 3 C)J The ring of the straight-eyed typetfrs-,n d plane In line with that of the shank and point of the hook. whereas the ring ot the cross-eyed hook iFlg • .3 Bl is at right angle to this plane.
Kirby hooks and flat-eyed hooks are fixed to the snoods by win ding many times with Seizing twine (hemp). '20 11 in length. finishing the attachment by Hatching In a longitudinal direct Ion between shank of hook dnd the snood. and also three extra turns of the twine over al I lFlg. f her e i s a k not d t the end 0 f the snood top rev en t s lippin g. r h e s e I z I n g twine p r e v l o u s to attachment Is dipped in t e r t I n I o r me t t o n received trom 15tP l o n g ) Capt. Ansel Snow}. The straight-eyed hook Is fixed directly to a loop of the snood by the customary method shown in fig. B. The cross-eyed hook is t Le d by an ordinary k no t i t Fl q , 3, (;;1.
The number of hools per shot (double line) varies trom 22 to
25. and for a whole trawl trom 525 to 875.
4. ' ANCHO R
The weIght of the anchor used with hal ibut trawl varies from (1'2) 16 to '20t25J ' I b ~ Th~ anchor consists of the tollowlng parts: ring. s h s n k , and two t I u e s ( s e e Fig. ~ l , The to I low i n gar e d I me n s ion 0 t Cl n c h 0 r wei g h+
Ing 201b. used at Brier Is. Helghth ot shank without ring -30"; length o t st o c k - 40"; len g tho tea c h t I u e - I 3 II •
5. BUOY
Two main types o f buoy are employed with the halibut t r e w l ; Ihe most com mon type consists o f a +or t barrel called keg; the remaining one named cedar is c v l l n d r Ical In shape and is made trom cedar wood, whence it de rives Its name (Fig.3 1. fo make the ·buoy more e e s e l v seen on the surtace ot water a tlag-statt, ot variable length, Is f e s te n e d to the keg or c e d e r;
To the top ot the tlag-statt, there is attached either a circular black tlag called Cl black bailor a triangular shaped tlag (high tl l e r j , The black ball swinges on a swivel made ot cord (FI9.2;'A and D). The lower end ot the tlag-statt i s either fixed directly to the keg (cedar) wit h
2-3 pi ec e s ot leather straps or connected by means ot cord (see Fi9.4t'Cl.
On halibut vessels, each trawl possesses a certain number cor responding to t hCl t ot the dory trom which it i s used. r his numb e r i S pldC.- ': ed on both surtaces ot black b e I I e s wei I as t 'he two heads (ends) ot t he buoy. At certain places' around Digby Neck (Centrevll Ie, East Ferry, Tiver~ ton, Freeport) the tlag-statt ot the buoy is replaced by a wood arch trom whie h d bel I Ishu n g. Flo we v e r, t his k t ndot b u 0 y I s pro h t bit edt rom 0 n e v l qe t J o n standpoint.
For e a c h t r d wit woo ron e b u 0 y s are used. I nth e I a .s t men t Ion ed cose, the end ot the trawl without d buoy, Is connected with boat by means o taboe t I I n e •
Q. BUOY L I.t'\lE
The liuoy line s e r v s for conneel i He bUO]Wilh, the : chor./1"t1 iength varies / - ~ - { , -/ d ep e n d l n q 0 .J'l the water depth and strengf'-h/ot curren ' . As a rlJe th length 6. BUOY LINE
The buoy line servs to connect the buoy with the anchor. ~Ix- or 9-thread man I I a 0 r hemp r 0 p e i s g e n era ,I v use d for b u 0 v lin e • Its l e n g t h ve r i e s
depending on the water depth and strength of currenf. As a rule this i length Is twice that of ,the depth of the water. Whe r e the water Is re~a-
t l v e l v shallow, and the tides high, fishermen attach , :t o the buoy, line
by means o f a short cord one or two glass b~{glass bobber) held 1nsl- '
de 0 f a ~t b ~. The s e b a I Iss e r vet 0 md i n t a I nth e b u 0 v I I n e ina mor e
or less upright position, r he r e b v lessening the possibility of Its b e c oru-
Ing e nt r e n q l e r with the groun line. For a similar purpose :', the buoy line
1-5 o t t e c h ed to buoy by means of a swivel (Flg.J(J.ln deep water lover 150
fathoms) swivel and glass balls are not used.
The buoy line is t e s t e n ed to the dnchor ring directly or by me
ans of s ho r t t d feet) anchor sfrap.(Oigby). At Freeport local fishermen
use a longer hemp anchor strap (8 feetJ commonly known as becket. On this
b ec k e i are at each end /l loop to which buoy line and the ground line
dre t e s r e n e d by customary methods (see Fig. j BI. Gn the same figure Is
shown the preparation of the loop on the becket (~I and ground line (el.
7. BA I T
For halibut trawl, mixed b e l t Is preferable. Rerrlng (fresh e nd frozen), mackerql ffrozen) gasperau ffrozen),tand shac' bait such as hake, hdddoc~, cod, and occa
sionally pollock, are commonly used. tn the offshore fishery, c u s k , and - cut-fish which are caught with the hal ibut trawl are also emaoyed. fish~s r-- . . , I.j If\' 5" ~ h ·\" il .l.. C"'f t' 't 6 ) 1. 6l" .b s t t . ~ a f ~ ~c ,) t ') ~ ~ 1 piec e s f>. A.c.~t-o--§ ~ e.a ~ {I 8-9r7 ),;fJlj I f o-t- -M ~ i A-++-s-h
, ~ " m £~cr- a--J5~ e..r~A).~n ~ D t 1...... ~ s e=-- ....-."'0 'lI , 8. SKATE (TUB I
14-5, e x e ep t l o n e l l v 8] A f u I I len g t h trawl is cons 1st ed of s e v e r e I/\s e c t Ion So whIch are cal led tubs of trawl or skates!;f trawl. These synonymous terms are derived from J the r e c ep i e cl e s in whIch the ground line is coiled. Sometimes, the halibut trawl as In case of e n ordinary trawl, is placed in tubs t he l f b e r r e l j ,
However, more often it Is placed in a skate which consIsts of a piece of canavas about 15 or 18 Inches square, with two ropes crossed at right an , gles on the canvas and fastened at each corner and In the center. The trawl Is coiled on this, and Is tIed up with the ropes.
Ea c h s kat e I tub) I s c omp 0 sed, a s a r u J e , 0 f 6- 7 s hot sId 0 ubi e
I I n e s ) , 300- 350 fat hom sin len g t h , The e n t ire t raw I Isma d e u p 0 f 4 - 5 (8) skates t , e. about ISOO) 1,'200 -t,750 fathoms.
The number of skates (length of trawl) depends on the condltl o n s 0 f the wa t e r • I n p I ace s po sse s sing s t ron g cur r e n t I Mou tho f fun dy ,
Areal the number Is s me l l e r {4-51 , whereas on the western Banks (la Have
Bank; where the current less pronounced,6 skate trawls are used.
9. HAL IBUT BOATS
For ha I Ibut f Ish i n gin Ins h0 r e wa t e r s 0 r din a r y '2 - men mo tor boa t s ( 3 4 t 0
45 feet long, 6-9 feet wide, and with 8-45 horsepower motor] s r e emplo yed. On the other hand, for offshore fishing, vessels are used with from every dory 3 to '0 dories each,belng operated by two men.
Usually a vessel carrying 3-4 dories Is coiled halibut bo/d,
whereas one with over 4 dories Is known as fishing schooner. 10. SETTING , a n d HAUL ING TRAWLS
~ j
As a rule each boat sets a trawl two times dally, however, in s u mm e r mo nth I sometimes an additional setting is made. the flMt setting Is early In th,
morning at low water; th e second In the a,Hernoon,and sometimes the ~' ''1 \.... third In the evening; thWlast s e l a l s left whole night and Is hauled
next morning. As a rule the trawl Is set In the same direct Ion as tide.
The manipulation of setting occupies about one hour or a ~llttle
less. The length of time which a trawl I~ ,d ,l,owed to remain out b e.f o r e
being hauled varies from 2 to 4 hours, In fine weather, and longer during
night catch. In rough weather severed days may elapse before a fitting
opportunity offers to perform this operation. If the chances are equally
favorable It is customary to begin hauling at the end of the trawl, alth
ough the direction of the wind or current Influences the fishermen in rne k «
Ing their choice. The hauling of trawl occupies about 2-3 hours. The trawl
Ish e I don the s tar bo a r d sid e 0 f the boa t • I nth I s con n e c t Ion go 0 del I 88 7 )
s tat e s : "He I I but that are caught in shallow water are exceedingly e c f l v e ,
and t r e qu e n f Iy ms k e a hard fight. When a fish of 100 to 200 pounds weight
I s r a I sed from the b 0 tt 0 m 0 n a tr a wi, hew 1 II u sua I I y s tart 0 ff a t g r(dt$t
speed, making the dory spin around in his effort to escape. Of course he
cannot run far In one direction, for the weight of the gear is too much
tor him to drag over the b o t i orru Af i e r awhile he l s sufficiently tired out
to be hauled alongside of the dory, and If the f Ls h e r me n is expert enough
to hit his fish two ot three smart raps over the nose with a "k t l l e r "; the
halibut succumbs a n d Is pulled l n t o the boat. It is often the case, bow e v e i
that considerable difficulty Is experienced In effecting the capture of
d large fish, and It is by no medns an unusual circumstance for one to
escape ••••••. fishermen who have watched halibut near the land, being able I ~ " / !.) .
to see them perfectly well in the clear, shallow 'water, s r e t e that these fish e x h l b l t me r k e d pecullarltes in biting at baited hooks on a trawl.
The halibut will advance to the bait, apparently smell of It, e nd then reo treat 4 or 5 feet from it, always lying o n t he vb o t t em , head toward the b a it, a s i f wa t chi n g It. 11: tt err e pea tin g t h 'S P'ert 0 r ma .n c e s eve r a I time s - generally three or tour- the fish seems to make up its mind to eat the ba l j , and, suddenly darting toward It, swallows it down with a gulp.'f[P.17J
In innshore waters the trawl i s i s e t s Irnp l v in one direction '
(with t f d e l , In offshore fishing, however, according to Goode (18871 the trawls are set in several ways as Indicated In fig. t'J . T~e l'prlnclpal met hod s Cd;:-~' u s ('; d: q 1 the t raw Isof s eve r did 0 r i e s d res e tin for mot a <:> ~ star, the vessel being in the center {AI; '2) the trawls are set In the form of a fan, in direct ion from shoal water to deep water (vessel being
In side of shoal w e t e r ) (BJ; 3, the trawls are set for the "spot", In pa r a I I e I i ne s I ass how n b y Fig. C, l from 0 n e sid e 0 f" v e sse I •
It may be metioned here that certain quantities of halibut are
a Iso f a ken wit han 0 r din a r y ·t raw I (f 0 r ha k e , had doc k , and cod J 0 r YI I t h
hand-I ine methods. For description of the latter rne t ho d s , see our report
on the Pollock fishery. THE HORIZONTAL DISTRIBUTION
The he I Lb u t Is a cold-water fish foun-d in the North pdclflc, the Arctic,
and In f he Atlantic Oceans. Along North t--\merlcdn coast the halibut o r e ca
ught regularly from the gulf of St. l e w r e n c e and the N e w f o u nd l a n d Banks to
the region of Nantucket Sc hoe Ls , and o c c c s I o n e l l v a s far south e s New York.
Concerning the Fundy Area we may state that c h l e c k e n he I Ibut are \ distributed everywhere, however, large specimen during recent years do not
occur farther In the Bay th~n point Lepreau on New Brunswlch side, and
the boundary l n e between Kings and Annopolls counties on Nova Scotian side
Half century ago large halibut occur even at the head of the Bay, thus per-
ley 1185'2) reprted that In West Bay (Minas Channell "the fishermen me n t I o ne
e d the taking of he l I bu t of such extraordinary size as to be almost Incre
d j b l e Tl p , 1551. I
Now, the small c h l e c k e n halibut 11-20Ibs) quite often found prac \ ticaly in any bay and inlet of the Passamaquoddy Region, Sr. Croix River,
LeT an g, est u a r y 0 f st. J0 h n ~ i v e r , a Ion g No vaScot I an coas t, inc Iud i n g
the Minas and Annapolis Basins, and st. Mary's Bay. The large s p e c l rne n s as
I roule stay in deeper wa t e r , and are re~ularly caught on the whole grounds
indicated a b o vel Fig . 101 , except those of the Mt n a s Basin d n d ~ i n g s Co.
0. For mer I y , I ndid, the ha I I but we r e rno rep len t 1 f u lin the 0 u r r e
gion, as it Is evident from following remark from Perley 1185'21 :"On some
p e r t s or the c o e s t of Nova Scotia, this fish Is found In such abundance,
' a n d of so large size, that the localities are avoided by those engaged . . In cod-fishing, as a bo~t, or small vessel, becomes soon heavy laden"IP.2Iij
In iurther d e s c r Lp t l o n , we shall concentrate on the distribution
of halibut of commercial size during the last ten years. The accompanying
figures INo. b""' } indicate the local It les where commercial catches are
made. These figures presente a picture nof only of the distribution but sake oi also of the localltes where h e l Ib u t are landed. For the clarity we s he l l
." consider each district separafely. , A. NEW BRUNSW1CK.
, \ Gr a nd Manan • Along the east side ot this island are situated several gro..
• unds, the best ot which are Soundflb9" and Murre ledge (see FIg./ONo.§ and
: 7 ) . The average yearly halibut catch ot this dlstrlet,during the period un
der consideration, represents slightly more than 8,OOOlbs., or 1% ot to
tal fundy Area catch (tor details see FI~. 9 ).
I I but tis her y , cat c h t hIs t i 's h chi e t I y :.0 ~ - the 9r ou n d s (T h r eel s ., Ken t S h 0
1'1) lying ott the east side o t Grand Mana"., and also near Point lepreau.
How e v e r , c h l c k e n halibut are regularly caught with ordinary t r ow l s t Fo r ha'!'"
ke and haddock) In the Passamaquoddy Region. The yearly average tor this n district Is about 3,OOOlbs or 0,5% ot total FUt 9Y Area catch.
~ast Charlotte. Eot this district 150lbs of halibut was reported
as yearly average. This amount was probably caught by Beaver Harbour tl
shermen on the "Own Stick" ground. Among principal halibut landing ports ot
Charlotte Go. may be mentioned st. Andrews.
( \ st. John Co. During last ten years no statistical data consernlng
the halibut catch were given for this district, however, few chichen hali
but are caught nere, between Point tepreou and st. John Harbour.
Albert Co. During the period under consideration, there was only
one year, namely July 1921, when halibut catch(\I,OOOlbs) was reported f r om
this dlstrlct.Unfortunately, we do not know the locality where this catch
- wa s he k e n , We bellve, however, that chicken halIbut my occur also along
the coast of t'ls county.
Cumberland Co. Regu·lar, but small catches ot chicken halibut t e k ...
en betw~en Advocat Harbour and tconomy are reported from this district.
Tr~ average yearly catch was equale 6501bs. I
Colchester Co. Only 500lbs in " June 1926, and 200lbs in May 1927 were
reported from this county. It Is evident that chicken hal ibut are only
ocasslonally caught here.
Kings Co. Rather smal I catches of h~l)but are reported from this
county, however, chIcken hal ibut are regularlY founf here. The avearage
ye arly halibut catch was 2,666Ibs, taken principally off Blomldon and
Harbourv I II e.
'An no p o l l s Co. Halibut of various sizes 15 to 300lbsJ regularly
occur off the shore of this county. The average yearly catch was 10,2001bs
or 1.3% ot - f o t e l fundy Area catch. county Digby Co. The average quantity of halibut reported from thls (t
1 sapprox i mat ely e qua Ito 60,000 I b s ,or 8% 0 f tot a I Fun d y ;A rea cat c h •
2,000lb. of above amount were caught at the mouth of st. Maryts Bay.
I n g e n era I, Bigb y ~o. ran k ssecon din 0 r d e r 0 f mag nIt u d e 0 f ha I I but f 1
s h e r v , It is n e c e s s e r v to note that the halibut catch reported from this (
county was taken mainly on the inshore grounds, however, ter.taln quantltie:
are taken In the offshore waters and landed at Bigby (see flg. B).
Yarmouth Go. The "snapper"hallbut are regularly found around mainly the shore of this county, whereas the fish of commercial sizes are~caught on the off-shore grounds. The average yearly hal ibut catch for .t h l s county during the period under considerat ion, was 700,OOOlb. or about 90% of the
total Fundy Area catch. Yarmouth and Pubnico are phln~l~al ~ landing ports
for be Ll bu t , /
THE SIZE OF HAL I BUT IN THE FUNDY AREA
I Ha libuta repres e n tin t his area I n va riou s s i z e s , The IS III a I I est f Ish 0 f I+lnches in length was seined In the Passamaquoddy Region July 7,19,20
(Huntsman, 192"2). Concerning the largest halibut, Perley (1852) noted ~ , ~ r from Storer a specimen weighed upwards of 6001b. which was taken on ~bank, I s I x t y mI I e sSE 0 f Po r t I and,Me. Go 0 d e ( I 88 4) ref € r: red t 0 adozen ha lib u t 0 f
'13 50 to 4001b. caught ott the New England coast. Bigelow and Welshl1925J
.s tat edt hat n a ha I I but he a v I e r t han 300 pou nd sis, and a p par e nt I y a I way s
!wa s , a rarity anywhere in the North Atlantic •.• Fvll-grown females avera i !g e about 100 to ISO pounds. Males run smaller, and most of the "large" fish
.l e nd e d In New England ports weigh from SO to 200 poundsHlp.474l.
\ 1n the rundy Ar e a during 1931 several hal ibut were ca ugh t
:O n e of 4891b. was taken by Mr. Percy Thurber of Freeport, N. S. , on the
1st of May, \931, three miles NW. of Gape st. Mary at d depth of 2 5 fathoms
on hard bottom with Kyak(alewife) bait. This specimen was caught during
night setting with a I ight tr awl the gongings of which were only of 81b.
line. It took many hours to remove this f ish from the water. In Its stom
ach were found the remains of several sculplns.
Ano t h e r specimen of 2951b. (about 71 long and 4' wide) was caught
in the middle of Ap r il , 1931, on"Own :s:ifck It ground {see flg.lo, No.3} ~ I by Mr. @rovenor Wr i g h t , a fishermen from Beaver Harbou S with ordinary hake
\ trawl (hook No. 171. This tlsh was caught by the tail and afterwards entan
t g 1ed in the groun line of trawl.
Ac c o r d i n g to information drom Capt. He n r v Rogerson from yarmouth . . dur Ing the s urnm e r mODths· o r i931 t he I argest halibut was around 300Ib.,
whereas in 1930 about a half a dozen fish weighing around 4001b. were caught r during these months. The largest fish everseen by Cdpt. Rogerson was r one weighing around 8001b. IAc c o r d i n g to Gapt. Ansel Snow (Digby) four I or five ye~rs ago he caught on Seal Island ground a halibut of 5081b. . , '
The largest fish seen during the season ~f 1931 by the ~~thor
was one we l q h l n q about 2201b. (200Ib. guttedl caught by Capt. Andrew d t Ee n e pp r o x Ime t e l v Aug. 15/31 fish : ( f r o m Pub n l c o l on Browns Bank/ \(see flg./Ol. This l twas ·about 81" In ,Len~th
and 33 tt . t n ;-'iii' I (J t h . I f I I) S DO tincI u d e d I.
TABLE
Len gt h Width We ,l :g h t Inch Inch pound
78 27 159
73t 26 143 62.. 19 77 48 15 41
33 10 13
30 9t 9
T h e d l rn e n t ion s 0 f h a I I but c aug hton Brow n s Ban k , Au g. 2 I and 22/3 'I ,
by crew of Poole Co. Yarmouth. ~
( T h e tot a lIen g t h s are g I v e n ( t a I 1 Inc Iud e d l wher e a s the wid t h s
are me~sured without fins; the weights are taken of gutted fish.
It Is of Interst to note the reduction in weight of fish as
a result of dressing (gutting and heading). /Ac o r r d l n g to l o c e l e e t bo r t t t e .
he l Ibu t loose 14 ~ of we l q t h in gutting and ~n e dd l t I o n e l weight of \5 ~
when heads are removed. On bases of our ob s e r v e t Ions t he following rela
t l o n s h l p s between the weight of gutted halibut and the head were found:
Gutted tI s h He~d lb. lb. 200 26
39 5
\3+ It If ....,
ear-bones ,or
Je s per sen (I 9 I 7) 0 n bas e s 0 f the stu dy I 0 f t hel\ 0 t 0 I I t h s I 0 f 0 v e r 2,000 halibut of s e r Lou s sizes caught around Iceland presented very Interstlng conclusions concernIng the rei at ionsh Ip between age and size of t his species:
ge ' . ':' Average Extremes Age Average length of I en gt h I en gt h Extremes Inches Inches Inches af length
v ee r 3.9 3.1-5.9 6 yesr:s 25.6 20.9-34.3
years 9. I 7.1-12.6 7 yea r s 27.6 21.7-40.9
yea r s 13.0 8.3-18.9 8 years 29. I 22.8-40.6
4 years 18.5 11.8-24.4 9 yec!lI:S 33.9 26.8-42.1
5 yea r s 22.4 16.1-28.0 10 y e6 r s 37.4 29.5-55.5
Females averaged somewhat longer dnd heavier than m~les of the same age, and the fact that the oldest was a fish of 20 years, 68t Inches long, suggests that the hal ibut ot 400 pounds and more ) may be half a century
(!, • old. Acprrdlng to Bigelow and Welshl19251 the rate of growth for the l ' I
u 1 f 0 f Ma I n e ha libuti s p r e c ticd I 1y the same 6 s was I nd I cJ ted for Ice
land specimens. Probably the halibut does not reach sexual maturity un t I I 9 0 rIO yea r sol d. A<0.. r d I fI g toT h0 mpson (19 15 I Pac i f I c h a I Ibut grow at approxlm~tely the same rate for the first few years, more sl~wly after about the eighth year, but wIth wide differences In the rate of growth on dIfferent banks, probably reflectIng differences In the food supply and also 0 1n some others factors. HAL I BUT FOOD
The hal ibut Is very voracious, f eeding chiefly on fishes living near bot
tom, as well a s shells and crustacea. In summer it is found in r z l e ] i v e l v
shal low water, a nd often quite near the shoie and e~~n near the s u r f a c e ,
whereas In winter it retires to deep water.
A c c o r d i ng to information from fundy Area fishermen a nd fishery
Ins p e c tor s, the f 0'" low I n g s p e c j e s are f 0 u ndin the s toma c h s 0 f he I I but
of every size: cod, h e d do c k , hake, c u s k , herring, sculplns, flounders, ska
t e s , dogfish, crabs, and small lobster. Fishery Inspectors P. L Filleul
and J. l-1. T h I b a u I t rep 0 r ted a Iso the pre sen c 8 0 f rr Ban k. c I a mII I Cy r t 0 d a,ria )
and Insp. J. G. d r En t r erno n t t he I'rnu s s e l " in halibut stomachs, however, the
pr actical fishermen do not consider the shells as c u s t orne r v food for this
fish. furthemore Cap. Ansel Snow found squid in hal (but s r ome s h s , once Insp. A. S. Kenney wrote to us that he had t e k e from hal ibut stomash . \
tl "{ h e back s k l n of ,a n e l b o c o r e weighing from 6 1 1b s . to 71Ibs. • r Bigelow and We l s b ', ( 19 2 5 ) listed a very large number of fishes
I report e d from halibut s t orne s h s j r o s e I l s h , grenadiers, silver he k e , lounce, I i c a p e l i n , wolttlsh ( c e t f I's h j , and rne c k e re l , which are In addition to those
\ f~und by Fundy A r e a fishermen Isee above). r J A c c o r d i n g to Goode (1 8 84), Capt. Collin-s has observed that hali
b u t Fo f t e n kill their prey by blows of, the taJf~1 J u r } , he r mo ' r ~ , f l~ h e r m e (l . , of , :..! h l
Fundy 'Area h'av'iZ 'observed many times hal ibut , swimming at the s u r t e c e ,
S umme r months. Moreover, Capt. E.. McDormand says that In 1916 \ during the ~ I o r I9 I 7 h ega f fed t h r e e h a I I but (I I0 l b , , I09 l b , , and 97 l b s ) c has i n gpo I
locI: at the surface,at midday, near the his boat on Lurcher Shoal. HA L I BUT GROUNDS.
This description pertains only to those grounds of the Fundy Area where re~
g u I a r ha I I but cat c h e s a. ret a ken. The I n for me t ion con c ern I ng:som e 0 f the s e
grounds in our region as well as those lying ou I s l d e the Fundy ,Ar e a is par
t l e l l v present In the publicatIon of Rich (19291.
In general, halIbut prefer a hard bottom, locally known as "spl in
ter bottom" , as gravel, sand, "mussel", and rock bottom; only ocasslonaly
It Is found on soft bottom. As a roule, large cod, cu s k , and sometImes had
dock, are al so caught on hal ibut grounds. The average depth of water on the...J
se grounds varies from 25 to 60 fathoms.
r.bou r fishermen In spring (from March to the middle of May)on the small gro
und, located n e e r Long point, e nd l o c e l v known as "Own stick"; It Is %mlle
I o n g a nd tmi1e wide, with sandy and mudy bottom. The depth of wafer here is !e b ou t 25 fathoms. rNo. 3).
I nAn nap0 I I s Co., ace 0 r dIn g t 0 Ins p , E. Mo r g an, h a I I but 0 t
dIfferent s l f e s are caught along s bo r e , 7 to 9 mIles off,rabout 50miles
' "i n length), on hard bottom and a depth of 40 to 50 fathoms. ( T h e fishermen of Bigby Eo. catch halibut either on the grounds lying not
I very far from shore, or also on offshore grounds. According to Mr.Je,orge \ 1 King, halibut f l s hern e n from Digby town c e c h halibut on If Hair ground':",
sltu~ed about 5 miles north of Digby Gut. The bottom of thIs ground Is
covered wIth "grass" l s l qe e l , Other more prolific grounds are the f o l l ow l ng
"Nine Mile Rldge"INo.4) ere several grounds run from abreast of centrevillE
to above Digby @ut. NIne miles from shore, 20mlles long and one mile wide,
depth of water 25 fathoms • ."Hes d and Horse" ground (No.5) has hard bottom ' I 1/ of splintery stone, and only about ten acres In extent. 15 miles no f h of
Tiverton; about five knots current and depth of water 60 fathoms.
West-Northwest Rips ground(No.B) Is about 15 miles ;'est (6f Brier
l s l e n d t about 4mlles long and one mile wide. Hard boHom, I:nown as"splln \ . ' j tern boftom. Depth 60 fathoms and about 6 knots current.
In st. Mary'S Bay are situated two grounds, one (No.IO) lying
from Cape St. Mary to Church Point with rocky and gravelly bottom, and the
other (No s I Ll at the mouth of this Bay between Cape St. Mary (one mile ,
nor tho f t his cap e 1 and Be a r Co v e , wit h ha r d s p I I n t e r bot tom, cur r en tabou t
4 knots, and depth of water 45 fathoms. Among other grounds situated off
Digby Neck may be met loned the following:
/ "Sounding ~round {No. o l e b ou f 2 miles square, and lying 9 rn l l e s
SE from White Hedd Is. ; depth of 45-50 fathoms. Chiefly grand Manan and
Campobello flshrmen fish here, however, the fishermen from Digby Co. also
visIt thts ground. On several n e l q hb e r l n p places (Gravelly, Bulk Head,
\ Three Is., Kent ~hoal, Broken ground, Carlo,.tc.) halibut are often caught.
j Ano t h e r Important groundlNo. 71 situated south of tarond Me n e n is composed
of three principal grounds (Murre Ledge, the Rief, Roaring Bull). This
\ ground Is visited chiefly by Grand Manan fishermen.
1 with gravelly bottom and the depth t~om 50-55 fathoms, Is considered
the best tor halibut fishery.
Cape Ground or Mighland 8round INo. '161 lies s. of Cape Seb l e
with about 2 miles curreat at high tide, dnd gravelly bottom (pea gravel I I .s l z e j , In figure this ground is only partially shown.
erowns BanK (No.17) "lies in a .n o r t h e e s t e r l v direction from Ge
orges and Is separated from it by a gully 15 miles wide, In which the dep... l·
ths range trom 100 to 450 fathoms. Over the bank the depths range from 25
to 75 fathoms. Its area is ab from SEe to NW., Is 63 miles, and the greatest width is 43 miles •••• There Is a smal I, 'r o c ky sh oal on the northern part, on which, It Is said, there Is not more than 9 to 15 fathoms ••••.. The bottom is largely coarse sand, gravel, pebbles, and rocks and is rich in animal I l f e •••.ildes here are quite as strong as on the eastern side of Georges BanK, the ebb having an average strength of I'hmlles an hour and ~ t h e flood Is somewhat stronger. the greatest strenght of the flood tide sets NW., the ebb In nearly an opposite d l r e c t f o n v Tf k l c h , 1929,p.p. 101-102). The north part of this grol'"! \ \ und, p e r f l e l v shown In fig./O, is good halibut ground. fun~y Area fishermen IDigby, Westport, Yarmouth, Pubnlco} catch r e que l e r l v hal ibut also on Banks IScandlnavlan, Roseway, La Have, e f c , ] lying outside the Fundy Area and for this reason are not considered here (tor descri ption of these grounds see Rich, 19 29). \ - ' FlUCTIATIONS IN HAliBUT FISHERY f h e cat c h 0 f ha libuti n t ne Fun d y Area Iss u b j e c t tJ 0 g rea t yea r I y and mo n thly fluctuations, which will be considered separately. A. YEARlY FlUCTUATIONS ,,/ '" A s t u dv'o f the oftlal statistics ot the halibut f l s h e r v yields some Inte- I resting l n f or me t l on , Fig. i,based on the statistical data, clearly shows total v e r y g rea tan d I r reg u I a r v a ria t ion 1nth e h a I Ibut ti she r y 0 t t he/\Fun d y Ar ea as well as In each main division. For detail ot yearly catch see Tab I al New Brunswick side -' , I[ f-rom Flg·IJ It Is evident that the New Brunswick catch c o n s t Lt u t e s only a very small part of the total Fundy Area catch during the p e r I o d , 1872 1930. Only during the years 1878,1879, and 1881 was the New Brunswick catch higher than that of the Nova Scotia side. However, fhe quantities I ..-' l o f hal .lbut caught and landed o~)the New Brunswick side are gIven very ap ( p r o x i ma t e l y as is seen from reports of Mr. W. H. Venning, fishery inspec \ t o r : t h l s district. In 1885 he reported:"lt Is Impossible to get tull re turns trom this tlshery.large quantitles go direct trom the banks to Ame rlcan markets, of which no account can be procured •••. The quantity given In the returns Is probably less by one-third than the total catch by our f t s b e r me n Ip v l e o}!", In 1887 he states that :"praetlcal tlshermen are ot o pin Ion t hd t; the qua n tit y I sat led s ton e - ha I t mo ret han the ret urn s s how n l p • I 43 ) fl. fur ther mo rei n I 8 98 , Ins p e c tor J. rl • Prat t rep 0 r t s : II 1"A considerable decrease In noticed In the catch ot halibut which Is due I t o a less vigorous prosecut ion ot this fishery, and not to any scarcity \ ! ;,o t this large fish. f;A\ number ot vessels that were engaged tormerly in this f Ls h erv fitted out this season for hake, or went weir tlsh4ng.lp.102)". On the basis of the above statements we conclupe that the halibut statistics for the New BrunswIck side are irregular and for this reason I < S' , \ I tis I rnpo s I b I e to draw definite conclusions about the halibut fishery ) In the early days. ror details of yearly halibut hatch in this side see Tab.1 I. Among the districts on the New Brunswick side, only in eharlot-· r e Co. Is a regular hal ibut fishery prosecuted. For detail s ot the halibut catch in this district see Te b c Ll ] ; The catch In this county practically represents the whole catch o f the New Brunswick side. The Grand Manan district Is the most important he Ll bu r center in Eharlotte co for practical purposes we can consider the 8rand Manan catch ds the whole Charlotte co. catch. gurlng the last ten years the total New Brunswick , catch represents less than 2% ot the total Fundy Area catch. bl Nova ~cotla side c \ L From Fig. i tis e v Ide 1'1 t t hat the No vaScot I a cat c h con s tit u t e s p r act I c a I I y the who I e Fun d y Are a cat c h d uri 1'1 g a I mo s t the tot a I per i 0 d u I'l d e r Investigation. The highest c e tc h was reported In 1911 with 2,421,700Ib. The 1'1 ext h i g h est cat c h e s we r e ma dell'll 9 12 (1,0 I3 , 400 lb. I, 192 I (1,603,400Ib.1 and 1922( 1,372,SOOlb.l.The smallest catch was repo r t e d In 1878 with 86,525Ib. For details ot yearly halibut catch see Tab.IV. ~enerally speaking, the curve corresponding to the Nova Sco t La side, exhibits very great irregularity, probably partly due to 11'1 c ornp l e t n e s of statistical data as well as to changes In the economic f factors. Among the Nova Scotian counties Yarmouth ranks tirst with 8 9% 0 t the tot a I Fun d y Area cat c h , Digb y sec 0 1'1 d (8%I " and the 0 the reou 1'1 tie s a Itoget her y i e 1·din g I e sst han 2 % ( s e e Fig. &(v ,,- ~ I • The quant I ties ot h e I ibut caught a nd I anded each year In var 1-:2 ous Nova Scotian counties on this area are given In Tab. V-IX. The comparison between the main hal ibut district 's, yarmouth and Digby, Is given In Flg.J?. from this graph it is quite evident that during the early period, 1883 to 1908, the chief catch was made by Oigby fishermen and reported in statistics from this county, whereas trom 1911 until the present yarmouth co. ranks first, with the single exception of 1913. , The largest catches in Digby co. were made In 1884t504,490Ib.l, 1885 (440,800 lb. I, 1892 1579,coo lb. 1, 1898 I 743,868 lb. 1, 1899 I 484,0971 b • I , and 1900t49?,345Ib.l. In Yarmouth co. exceptionally high catches were \ reported In 191! (11,391,700Ib.l, 1921 (1,459,800Ib.l, and t922(1,311,800Ib). According to statistics and local intormation we can state t he t l during the last 20 years Digby co. has given place to Yarmouth as the pri. , ...... ) clpal h~1 l b u'j centreJ>/~Wl / q lia h t l t '( of. ~,a "btbu.,.t/fepor.ted from Digby • ,"1 , . ,,/ / , ' ~ r : ' / ..... / ' / / co./ 'I/Y "u,fl t6/~ _at:-Cfl ",1r~ . _ , e /d'+ y t gb.y/ t o 9", l/s V a s at/YiJ mouth ~ n d Pub , } / / ./ , / - I , . ' __ " 1/ // n I co Is , ~.a'nd!-d' the g'cea t e r q'u.a·f\ U 1 y 0 f . ha I Ibu't c e ught of f s ~~.... . consists The Digby fleet for otfshore halibut flsherY /\now of pr e c t I ce l one large vessel coiled the"Grace and Rl,lby" belonging to capt.Ansel Snow which ,however, st~ys In Yarmouth. The exact causes ot this change is perhaps ' difficult to explain, ~owever,In the whole Fundy area (wlfh the exception of Yarmouth c~l there Is observed at present a tendency to replace the offshore an Inshore fishery, and the heavy halibut gear is being substi t uted b y e I i g her t raw I for he Ke and haddoc k , I n ya r m0 u t h cou n t y a Iso [ during the last ten years h~s been observed a decrease in the number of large schooners engaged In the offshore fIshery. l :¥ may be note that the chief quantity of halibut reported from Digby county Is due to catches landed at Ofgby town, just as af Yarmouth e nd t Pub n Lco c l s u l e nd e d I h e greater quantity of halibut caught offshore. MONTHtY FtUCTUATIONS On basis of the monthly statistics available for the nine-year period, 1920to 1922 and 1925 to 1930, and local information received du r I n q the season 1931, we can draw some conclusions concerning the seasonal flucu I atlons In the halibut fishery In the region under consideration. From Fig~ It Is quite evident that the halibut fishery Is prosecuted throughout the whole year. However, great variations are observed in the Individual months. The principal catch is made during the period from April to July during which time about 66% of the total yearly catch is obtained. The April c e r c h Is the highest (17%). In March, August, and September about 30% was caught. The catch during the late fal I and winter months repre~ sents approximately 10%. Du e tot he vat I a t Ion ex h i bit e din ve rious I 0 c a I I tie s 11\ may be of Interest to present some 'details of the seasonal catch In Indivldu e l districts. A. New Brunswick side 8 ran d Ma nan. The chi e+ month s 0 f the ha I I but cat c h her ear e Ap r i Ito' Ju n e e however, crtaln quantities are taken throughout the whole year. l o c s l fi she r men cat c h ha I I but 0 nnea r l v tis h I n g g r 0 u nd s { Fig. J0 No.6 and 7.1. The I a r ges{ f1sh . 1~5caught during spring months. '\ Camp6l.Pe10. from March to May local fishermen caught hal ibut near Point lepreau\ and Grand Manan Sank laverage size 50 to 60 lb.! whereas during I .I u De and Ju Iyon Ken t 5 c h06 I and T hr eel s , n ear 9 ran d Ma nan (F I g • No .6 ) ; f h e average size was a b o u t a hundred pounds. In September smaller fish is caught on the summer grounds. In g eneral, June and July are considered -, here as the best months. Be a v e r Ha r b 0 u r ; DurI n 9 Mar c h , Ap r 1 I , and May _a sma I I qua n tit y 0 f h a I I but ot mixed size (5 to 300 l b , ] are taken pri~clpa'lly on "QwA stick" ground. B. ~ova Scotia side. Cumberland and Kings countles.Only chicken h$tlbut are caught during May and June .on the Inshore grounds. Annapolis Co. Glurlng April to .Au g u s t (the best months May, June, july) h a I I but 0 t d I t fer en t s I z e s (5 to 300 lb.) are t a ken a Ion g s h0 r e • Digby town. The season tor the Inshore hal ibut f l s b e r v is from April to May when mixed sizes of tlsh are taken. Freeport. The fishing season e xt e n d s from April to August. May Is the be sr the grounds mo nth. The ha I I but are c aug h t chi e fly 0 nJ\ N. W. 81 d l u r c her I Fig. ID No. 12 , : and NW. 0 f Cap eSt. Mar y INo. 1 I } • Brier Is. The season Is trom Ap r i l to Ju~:y. when halibut ot v e r I ou s sizes -either on Inshore ground~ are t e ken fJf'J (We s t -~o rt hwe s t Rip s , -:-, ~ o '. 8 " an d . 0 tt oS hd rei 0 c a I I tie s • Yarmouth.Accordlng to Capt. Me n r y Rodgerson, during the spring months (Ma r c h toMa y) the b est g r 0 u nd s are ~. 0 flu r c her l I g h t s hip INo. I2) • In summer months (June to August) Seal Is. ground (No. 15) is considered l best. During the above seasons the average size Is approximately 75lblva \ ot \ riation from 7 to 300Ib.l. From the ~ast Au g u s t and during September h a I I but are c aug h ton Brow n s Ban k (No. I 7 l , I n I ate f el t Ga p e § a b legr 0 un g INo. I6 , i s pre fer a b I e a s the b est g r 0 u n dan d dt t his time i s t a ken the largest fish averaging from 100 to 125 lb •• During the winter months hc Li > but are caught On Browns Bank or Gape sable groung(Highland ground). It may be o~ interest to note that the success of the summer catch largely depends on the presence or absence of dogfish which destroy bait and fish. As a rule dogfish stay from the first ot June to last of october on Seal l s l e nd ~round and N\YI. of [ u r c h e r light ship. Southwards around @rowns Bank and the south part of Seal Is. grounds there are not 1 " a s many dogfish. Thus if the dogfish are very numerous in summer months I the halibut t l s h e r v Is not prosecuted on the l u r c h e r a n d Seal Is. ground However, the above d e s cr i p t ion ot s e e s o n e l preferences for cer t aln g r o u n d s are not practised u n l t o r rne l v by all fishermen. For instance, Capt. Ansel Snow set halibut trawl from January to last o t May on Browns IS.nk e nd 5 •• 1 Is. ground; from the Il'lst of May to first of September he prefers La Havre Bank and trom the middle of September to Ehristmas he fishes on cape $I'lble Island ground. UTllIZATICN Ha I ibut as ajood esteemed, • Formerly, accordIng to Per- I l ev (~8 52 ) "when the fishermen of the Bay of Fundy take a .n urnb e r of t h e s s fish at one time, they salt the t l e s h s l t qh t l v, dnd then dry and smoke it for winter use t l(p.'217)..-At present practically all he l Lbu t is sold In a f r e s h condition. The white, tirm flesh ot halibut is easily kept in ice for a few weeks on the boats and during shipment. The p ric e 0 f ha lib u t v a r i e s wit h the s I z e 0 f the f Ish. Med :;: lJ r.n white he l ibut (15-70Ib.l brings the highest price; large white h.(70.-l I 40 lb. l and chi c ken h. I I e sst han 15 lb. I comma nd the n ext h i g h est p ric e ; } the whal e h. or grdY h. (over 150 lb. } is the lowest priced. 8uring the ( summer 1931, for instance, the price per pound of medium white was large white and chicken 8i and whales 4i at Yarmouth (information kindly ) g I v en by Mr. 'A. J. Fr a s e r , Ma nag e r 0 f Pool e Co. I • The best grade of fish Is halibut containing small reddish spots of cherry size on the wite side ("Gherry belly halibut") weighing from '25 to 1001b. The flesh of this hal ibut is not watery but fatty and thick on the fai I. The colour keeps in ice. In general, the difference between white and gray hal ibut con sists only in the presence of grayish patches on the white side (t/beIIY") in the lasf ment l o e d type. Halibut Is always p l e c e d with the white side up. According to local fishermen it the white side Is placed down the fish turns a darkish colour. 0n the other hand gray ha I Ibut possessing a few gray spats on the "belly" can be turned to a white hal ibut. This Is done by splitting the caudal vein on the white side near fhe tail and thus bluding the fish with the w~lte side down. The gray patches then disappear. At pre sen t p r Inc i p a I I y the fie s his used. Heti weve r, Per ley (I 8 5 2 I con sid e r t hat l e d "f b e tins and ' flaps are d e l Lc e c l e s , It the tl s h Is in good condition". The head is of~en discarded. But In Yarmouth, according to Informat ion fro m A.. J. f r d s e r, ha I I but he ads are ma r k e t ,a b I e and use d for toodel the r fresh or salted. l h e price during 1931 was If¢' per pound by the barrel, or 3¢' for pound In a small quantities. Heads are especially -esteemed by I I No v a Sco t I e n French farmers. The Americans use salted halibut heads for I I ob s t e r b a It. In the Fundy Ared industry the hal ibut I l v e r Is not used but the 011 d r orn liver can be used tor rn e dl c a l pu r po s e s , In this connect ion may be of Interest to note that fl Ha I l b u i I i v e r s t r om b ot h Ca n a d jan an d Ame ri c a n f Ish w ill aga i n be s hi p- I p ed fr om Princ e Ru pe r t t o C h icago t hi s ye a r t o b e use d a t th e Abbo t LaD o r at ori e s In me d i c i n a l p rep a ra t io ns . Exp eriment s alon g thi s lin e with ha 1 ; b ut I iv ers l ast y ear a p p e ar t o hav e b e en su cc es sf ul e noug h t o warrant f u r t h e r ex p a n s io n . Shi pm e nt o f h al ibut I Iv ers t o C h i ca go wa s inau g ur at e d last f all and wil b e c arri ed ou t on a mu ch lar ger scal e this yea r , It is un d er st o od. rh e liv ers will again b e h andl e d b y th e 8a co n Fi sh eri es who w i l l d ehydr at e th em be fo re shi p pin g th em e a s t !", can. Fi sh. 193 2 , Vol. 19, No? ~ p . 18 . HAL IBUT DISEASE. On Pacific coast there is a very common disease known as "discolo~ation of h a libu.t II. I nth e cas e 0 f t his dis e a s'e" wh I chi s c aused by b d C t e r I u rn (Pseudomonas f l u or e s c e n s l the white side' of the fish becomes a greenlsh -yellow colour. This discoloration is o t t en accompanied by a softness of the flesh, which greatly reduces the value of the fish. According to rJa r r l s o n (I 929 ) the b act e r I ella r e ha bit u a I I y pre sen tin col d - s tor age Ice. and during the preservation of fish on boats and In shipment with ice these bacteria Infect the fish. In contrast to the West coast discoloration of hal ibut Is p r ec» t Lc e l Lv unknown In the Fundy Area and we believe the cause of this Is to be found principally In the different methods of p ec k l n p the tlsh In ice on boats. It is of interest to compare the f..: 1c 1n g :: t he, ' halibut on the pa c i f i c coast with that on the Atlantic. Harrlson(1929) says in connection with the method of dressing o t hal I but 0 nthePa c i f icc0 a s t t hat : " Thev : t f Ish" are _the n s 1 I tan d the viscera are removed with a smal I scrdper attached to a piece of hose, the cavity b-e l n q washed out and all blood removed. Care is taken to le ave the slime on the fish. After all have been cleaned and eviscerated they are p acked In bins In the fish hold, with sufficient chopped and broken ice to till the poke, and to allow a liberal amount between and around the flsh."lp.2151. The rna nne r 0 f d res s I n'g and i c I n9 the he I I but 0 ntheve sse I sin the Fundy A r e a is pr actically the same as described by Goode(1887), known as the IIGloucester method":"Grasping the halibut by the gills with the , I left hand, they haul the fish's head up from the deck; one quick stroke ot the knife separates the gil Is from the head at the throdt; a no t h e r stroke severs the gills from the napes; another rips. the fish down the belly, dnd two more cuts and d qulck yank with the left hand take the gills and entrails out. Now the "b l o o d e r " grabs the 'hallb'ut, and, 'slttlng}or knee"i- Ing on deck, hauls the fIsh toward him with his lett hand, while with his right, which Is bare, he pulls 't h e ovaries or spermaries from their cavities and the blood from the back-bone with a quickness thtt would sur prise a novice. Then the "scrub gang" takes the fish In charge. There are , two gangs and three men in each. Qne man armed with : f wo Iron gaffs hooks one of these into the head ot the fish and the other Into Its nape, and holds It up and open while the scrubber, wlth 6 broom specially prepared for t his pur po S e , S c rub sotfan y los s e b I 00d , s I I me, e t c , , wh I c h ma y be : t left on the bock-bone dnd when the "scrubber" sings out "water" he souses I tintot h e tis han d comp let ely r Ins e s him 0 u t. Now '," h e h a I I but I sci e a n and rea d V t 0 go I n tot he hoi d ~ • J c, . ,: TheV 1 st r Ike wit h: a d u I I t hu a 0 nth e of the Ice-house, where they are taken tn charge by the men below and fl n e l I v disposed o t , In the Ice-house there are three men hard at work. On e I s p 0 u n din g ice wit haw0 0 den beetie 0 r ma I let; a not her , the rr ice r ' ~ I sin one 0 f the pen s p I a c I n g the h a I I but I n tie r sand t I I I I n 9 the c a v I tie s , wh e re the entrails, gil Is, etc., were taken out, with tine ice. When he gets ' .. a tier prepared in this manner he throws some Ice, with a shovel, around their heads and the sides of the pen, but none on top of the fish, and the n beg Ins d not her tie r • The t h I r d rna n reo c h e s him the h a I I but and Ice u n t I I the pen I s f u I len0 ugh ~ when the tis h are co v ered wit h fro m 6 t 0 I24, Inches ot Ice, according to the" season .A laver of pounded Ice Is put under the bottom tier of tlsh In each pen, the thickness of this layer depending somewhat on the season, more Ice, o ·t c0'tlrse, being required in s u mm e r t han when the weat her I s col d II I p • I9) • Furthermore It may be mentioned that the Fundy Area fishermen arange halibut In tiers on the ventral e d q e , i. e. with the white side perpendi cular to the tloor e n d with he e d s and tails e I t e r ne t t n q , In general, Fun- dv ~rea fishermen never wash the surface of h e l t b u I in dressing and tbus don 0 t r e mo vet he s 11m e from the ski n • The chief difference between Pacific and Atlantic icing methods of halibut Is that on the Pacific coast Ice Is also placed between fish on the same tier whereas In the Fundy Area(accordlng to Gapt. A. Snow) Ice I s n eve r p I aced bet wee n f i s b. l n t his con n e c t ion Go 0 del I a8 7 1state s : "f h e experience 0t the Gloucester fishermen has taught them that no bene ficial results can be obtained by putting ice between tiers ot fish; In deed, It Is believed that hal ibut so Iced will soon grow "sour"lp. 20). Probably this method of dressing dnQ Icing of fish on the Atldn tic coast Is a preventive to disease. May be e l s o the quality of ice used on the Htlantlc is a favorable factor in t h l s c o n ric t I o n , However, a s c l en tlfic Investigation only could decide this question. CQ\lClUSIOI\lS [I The halibut fishery in the Fundy Area occupies 8th place with regard to quantity caught and landed and In , t he market value 7th position. 21 The yearly average halibut catch in our r e q l on durl -ng 1920-1930 was 816.700Ib., representing 32~ of the canadIan Atlantic catch or 2.5~ of th4 e n t I r e Canadian catch. 3) fhe principal catches (about 98~) are m~de on the Nova Scotl~n side. 41Yarmouth Co. ranks first with a yearly average during the last ten ye- ars of 700.000Ib., In other words, 90~ of the ent Ire Fundy Area catch. I f 5) Digby Co. with a ve r l v e vr e q e of 60.000Ib. 18 %' of total I occupies j second position. 1 6) The principal quantities are c e o qh t on offshore grounds (cape Sable Browns Bank, Seal Island, etc.,1 7 I He I I but I s c aug ht t hr 0 ugh the en t Ire yea r , howe v e r, the c il t c he s rnad e f r orn Ap r I I un til Ju I V pre d om'! nat e • 8)Chlcken halibut are distrIbuted through the whole area, where the large fIsh are concentrated chlefly at the mouth of the Bay. 9) Halibut Is caught p r Lnc Ipe l v with the he e vv t he l t bu t t t raw I • re 101 Discoloration of halibut, commonly Incounte~ on the pacifIc, Is p r act 1 c a I l v u n know n I n 0 u r reg Ion ~ II !I RECOtVMENDAT1Cl'JS The hal ibut fishery on the canadian Atlantic coast is not subject , "; to r e gulations, and hence for the preservot ion of this important natural reso urce, the Introduct Ion of ~ert~in regulary ~measures is deemed necessary. In 1931, the International FisherJes Commission proposed four ,.,. r e c ornmend at ton s for t h e.. pre s e r vat Ion 0 f the h a I I but f i s be r yon the pac i - . f icc 0 a s t. We con s l d e r t hat two 0 f the s erec 0 mm endat' 0 n s are h I g h I y des I r e b l e also for the Atlantic coast. They are: I) The permanent prohibition of catch and sale of chicken he l l b ut under ISlb. in weight. 2) The introduction of a closed season for al I fishing In al I drea during spawning period, from about ffiovember J to February 15. The .I exact extent of this season must await a through scientific Investigation TABLE -T Poun ds of hill l b u I c a ugt h 'i nd I , ndec e·' c h v e j r i n t he t ot al Fu ndy i\ r e ~ • Ye ilr 'J ' I' 2' 3 I 4 1 5 , n' 7' 8 I 9 ' 187 1 ':49;<200 ,? 2 4, <71 5 130, 0 65 115, 850 240, 250 974, 000 '2 30 , 92 5 5 16,7 40 188' 536, 000 583, 690 476 , 89 7 526,5 20 850 , 590 744, 427 606,8 10 594 , 800 73 1,798 390,3 18 189 ' 38 4,00U . 7, 5 1 , 4 6 7 ~ I, 1 0 ~, E) 35 476, 634 39 6 ,507 3'28 , 9 70 379, 740 4 11,'147 88.1, 968 530 , 07'2 39 7 , 86 \ 44 5, 493 353 , 103 190 ' 554, 738 '2 42 ,0 15 388 , 8 70 550 , 560 527,71 5 453, 280 454 , 793 191 ' 375 , 800 2 ~43 7 , 7 00 1; 020,900 459, 300 546 ,600 547 ,400 522, 300 546, 600 63 1, 500 1,.'2 57, 600 265 ,400 58 I , 300 83 1,400 19 '2 ' 970, ?00 1, 62 I ,700 1, 392, 400 5 64, 700 703 ,?00 4?J , 700 800 , 100 193' 663 ,900 TABLE -II - e ac h y e e: r i n Poun rls o f ha l i bu t c a u ght "nd l a nd ed t he Ne w Brun s wi ck si de. 11 '2 1 3 , 5 , r e .r 0 ' 4 ' 6 ' .71 8 , 9 ' 1 .,. 13, 800 12, 800 18 7 1, 360,000 10, 600 11, 665 59 , 500 I 14, 400 143,700 28 4,200 2 94 , 200 2? 4,5 I I '2 1, 900 24 ,200 30 , ? 00 188' 265,.700' 40 , 600 44, 000 12,000 4 1, 400 1 72 , 94 4 63 ,077 73, 860 189 100, 350 ' 33, 200 247, 180 149, 6 40 83 , 00 0 ,6 7, 000 20,000 190' 20 , 000 11, 700 24, fOO ? 3 ,900 19, 300 16, 360 17, 700 13, 600 I 1, 000 13, 100 19 I ' 7, 200 16,000 7, 500 16, 800 26 ,800 16,700 14, 000 9 ,400 33 ,800 16, '2 00 192' 13, 600 18, 300 19,900 13, 700 I? , 100 13, 100 f 4, 000 '10 , 100 6 ,600 5 ,700 193' 6 ,900 ~~I I I 1 TAS l E ---!!.l Poun ds o f hal i but c au ght an d l an ded eac h y e a r in Cha r l o tt e Co. 6 1 7 1 8 I 9 1 Year 0 ' II '2 1 3 1 4 ' 5 I 5'2, 000 101, 000 50 , 000 '200 ,000. 187 1 1,1 00, 000 7, 750 9 , 400 10,1 65 I 1, 000 38 , 00 0 4 1, 000 1'2, 000 4 I,400 188' '2 00 ,000 '250, 00 0 '2 00 , 500 3 , 00 0 '20,700 26, 700 149, 640 83 ,000 67 , 000 '20,000 189 t 100, 000 13'2, 000 246, 800 7 19 ,440 6 1,'2 77 73 ,860 17, 700 13, 600 I 1,00 8 13, 100 190' '2 0 ,000 I 1, 700 '2 4 1, 000 '2 37, 000 19,300 16, 360 9 , 400 I 1, 800 16, '2 00 7, ')00 16, 800 '26, 800 14,000 191 ' 16, 000 7, 50 0 16, 700 14,000 10 ;J OO 6, 600 5,700 19 '2 1 13, 600 18, 300 18, 300 13, 700 12,1 00 13, 100 1930 6 ,900 ..- TABLE IV each v za r ~ p0 0 nd s of ha l ibu t c au~ht a nd 1end edA 1n th e Nova Sco t i a s i de 9 , 3 , 5 , 6 ' 71 8 t Year ot I ' 2 ' 4' 159, 600 .'86 , 525 232 ,5 40 187 , 238 , 990 2 1I, l'IJ5 I 18,400 103, 05 0 180,750 56 6, '21 0 550, 870 719,798 3 48 ,9 18 188 t 270 ,300 289, 470 252 , 386 504,620 826,390 714, 2 Q7 230, 100 328!, 200 8 14, 900 51 0,000 189 1 283 , 700 6 18,205 860,800 403, 690 333, 630 255, 110 384, 261 43"4,4 93 3 40 ,003 190 1 534,738 Q30,31 5 36 4 , 770 426, 660 508 , 4 15 43_6, 9 20 437, 093 508, 300 537, 200 59 7 , 700 1,241,400 191 ' 368, 800 2 , 4QI , 700 1, 013,400 44 2, 500 5 19,800 530 , 700 409,700 790, 000 574,700 82 5 , 700 192' 956, 600 1, 603,400 1,372, 500 5S 1, 000 09 1,100 252 , 300 193' 65 7 ,000 " - -- ~ TABL E. V Pounds of ha l i but c a ugh t and l ande- d ea c h ye ar in Cumb er I a nd Co. 7 , 8 , Ye ilr 0 ' I' 2 1 3 , 4' 5 , 6 ' · 9 ' 5 , 300 187' Q4,000 15, 000 '2 1, 100 5, 600 2 , 500 3 , 450 8 , 350 188' I 1,400 5 , 750 5,900 4, 190 2, 500 1,1 50 3 , 400 2, 500 2,950 189' 700 ? ,332 4,555 2, 0 50 15,000 12 , 400 3, 000 3 , 750 3, 475 190' 2, 800 4, 440 2 , 700 3,790 13, 350 9 , 300 9 , 700 4, 870 5 , 100 6,500 191' 5 ,000 4, 800 3, 200 6 ,800 6,600 5 , 700 4, 400 1, 000 900 300 192' 600 Q,?OO 1,500 100 Ibo 200' 200 193' TABL E VI ee c h : y e dr .>t,O Ki n g s Go . Pau nd s o f ha l i but c " u Oh i a nd I o n-- d e d 7 ' 8 , 9 ' 5 , 6 ' 3 1 4' Ye a r 0 ' I' ? ' \ , 500 3 ,300 400 90 0 t 1, 800 188 3 , 550 900 , 3 , 425 3 , .~~) I:~ (~ I, '200 1, 600 189' I , zoo 4 , 5'15 6 , 453 7, 0 20 5 , 808 2 , 800 3 ,075 4, 600 6 , 700 190' ; 750 4, 100 3 , 800 4, 600 10, 500 10, 70:J 1, 500 4 , WY ' C, 90C 6 , 100 191 ' 4, 600 3 ,'2('-0 3 , 400 ?OO 3 ,400 '/ , 800 3 , 600 1, 300 192' !J ,800 3 ,000 ? , 400 2 ,900 j 1930 4, 000 • TA BLE Poun d s of ha l i b ut c e u qh t an d l an d ed e a c h y ea r i n An n a p ol i s Co. Ye a r ? ' 3 I 4 1 5 , 7 ' 8 , 9 ' 0 ' I' 6 ' 187 1 - 20 ,O GO 23 ,000 1'2, 200 43 , 100 38 , 500 3 j~ , 0 00 ) 26, 300 2 6 , ~~ S O 188 ! '/ .5 ,000 12, 900 8 ,600 4'/, 000 90 ,000 1 1, '200 30, 500 39,607 ) 6 , 15 0 30 ,748 1 0, O ~ 0 189' ?9, 9S0 3 4, 195 3 4,900 49 ,770 I 77, 400 I 07, OJO ') n (') '-""' 0 190' 8, 683 9 , <:::; 0 12, 300 7, 000 5 , 800 2 4 ,000 28 ,650 . ~ .:. , .,»,. ~ . 191' 36, SOD 556, 70n 250 , 500 128, 700 172, '/00 73 , 000 2 4, 1C)') ? 5 ,5C)0 », 8 0 ( ~ 18, 700 19 ')' 6 , 500 12, 700 10, 500 33 , 600 ? 1, 308 16, 900 5 , ·:>:)8 6 ,40 0 17, 00'2 9 ,800 J 93 1 7, I O ~ ,,- T('. Bl E V\- \ l Pou nd s o f hal i b ut c a u g ht a nd l an d e d e a c h V e ,1 r i n Di gb y Co. 1 7 , 8 1 9 ' 1- I 6 3 , 1 . ) Ye,~ r 0 1 I' 2 1 4 25 , '2 50 35 ,800 '26, 725 2 1, 800 187 " 155, (1 50 1':'1J , ().r , 15 2 4, 150 '2 0 , :? OO 326 , 060 3 15 ~ I 10 :::> 39 ,8 70 2 10, 000 18 8' I 5 , 3')0 t I ~ , 1(20 75 , (j l 6 2 5[3 ,'280 504 , 490 440 ,8 00 <, '290 , 48'1 743, 868 484 ,09 7 A 93 ,500 -../ 339 ,5 00 r: ~./""I 'I 1 4 :~ 189' P ?, 70!) J 7 >J , ...... ):",... 147, 500 , 9 50 9 7,9 50 . 3 12 ,6 10 2 49 ,2 7 1 2 7 1, 643 10 6, 79 5 190' 492 ,345 188, 41 5 ? 43 , 770 339 ,480 396 , 165 299 ,68 5 , 19 5, 500 9 1, 200 56 , 100 3'2 I , 600 191 1 183, '2,JO 466 , 900 I40 ,S :}::) 15 7, 50J 101, 000 89 , 100 : 48 ,400 : 40 , 100 :r 1 '; ~ O O 65 , 900 19 '2' 96, 700 12 5,70 0 46 ,3 00 .5 7,' 100 65 , 100 6 4, 000 ~ - ~ ~ " ~..~ TABLE \ Po u nds o ·f hali b ut c J u g ht a nd l an d e d V: 6c h y e a r in Ya .... mou th Co . YeCl r al ' I' '2 ' 3 , 4 ' 5 , 1 7 , 187 1 6 8 I Q I 39 , 140 '1 1, 900 60 , 650 3 4, 150 18 8' I I 1,700 89 , 30 CJ 3J , 05 0 2 18 ,600 152, 700 161, 850 176,1 40 '200 , 150 229 , 40 0 '2 59 , 9'2 7 '204,95 0 191, 680 85 ,528 189' 76, 95 5 :<36 , 150 '') 2 5 , 0 50 10 3, 7?0 20 1, 9 70 76 , 950 64 , 760 190' 66 ,500 25 , 500 62 , 80 G '26,4'20 32 , 60 0 10 2, 210 20 , 400 53 , 455 85, 950 I I 1, 065 191 , I I 1, 730 96 , 600 11 9 , 100 13 4, 600 1 ~, 3 91, 700 6 14, 100 184 , 983 143, 40C 233 ,500 356, 200 19?1 '2 78 ,800 407 , 800 5'2 6 , 700 89 5 , 50c; 850 ,000 1, 459, 800 1, 31 1, 800 -. 457 ,3 00 60 1, 100 / 70, 000 193 1 60 9 ,900 :i55 , 400 73 0 , 900 5 43 , 30 0 746, 600 J f - . - - ~ r .) _ e. _ _ __ ._ L ~_ :--..."...- - - - _. . - - ?--~ . ,J;: . ~~ ~(- ~ 4v, ~~c _ rJ ' ,,> _ b.4"h...... tv£--. _ sc., ,h ~0- / 1. . 1L .'i ~ _ I e . . 19U _;, /1\ - 5.J -/ j t y I --; , , ------ It j