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Home , Babine Lake, Cowichan Lake, Mabel Lake, Owikeno Lake, Shuswap River, Strait of Georgia

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DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES OF

RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT BRANCH

PACIFIC AREA

LIBRARY FISHERIES AND OCEAN'S BIBLIOTHÈQUE PkCIIES ANNUAL REPORT ET OCÉANS

1968

VANCOUVER, B.C.

FEBRUARY, 1969

CO TABLE OF CONTENTS Page

INTRODUCTION 1

DEVELOPMENT INVESTIGATIONS AND PROJECTS 3 Big Project 3 (1) Streambed improvement 4 (2) Fry production 4 (3) Hatchery investigations 5 (4) Adult escapements(chum, chinook, coho) 5 (5) Pink 6 (6) Spawning channel 7

(7) Contribution of chum salmon to the 7 commercial fishery (8) Public relations 7 Project 8 (1) Fulton River fry production 9 (2) Fulton River fry quality 9 (3) Fulton River ecological survey 10 (4) Pinkut Creek fry production 11 (5) Fulton River adult escapement 11 (6) Pinkut Creek adult escapement 12 (7) Construction 13 (8) Hydrometeorological studies 15 Chum Salmon Development Investigations 16 (1) Vedder-Chilliwack system 16 (2) Harrison system (Squakum, Chehalis, and Harrison Rivers) 16 (3) Preliminary studies in upwelling incubation systems 17 Page

Hatchery Propagation of Chinook and Coho Salmon 18 (1) Experimental hatchery facilities 18 (2) Selection of donor stocks for artificial propagation 18 Yukon Rainbow Trout Introduction Program 20 Stream Maintenance and Improvement Projects 20 (1) Judd's Slough 20 (2) Phillips River 21 (3) Tahltan River 21 (4) Gold River 21 (5) West Creek - Atnarko River 22 (6) Saloompt River 22 (7) Capilano River 22 (8) Washwash - Tzeo River 23 (9) 23 (10) Chehalis River 24 (11) Kispiox River 24 (12) Miscellaneous 25 Investigations and Assessments 26 (1) Coho extension 26 (2) Black Creek 27 (3) Kennedy Lake 28 (4) Puntledge River 29 (5) Kakweiken River 30 (6) area 31 (7) Queen Charlotte Islands 31 (8) Stream catalogue 31 Page Applied Research 32 (1) Underwater acoustics 32 (2) Spawning channel research 33 (3) Lobster transplant 33 (4) Communications 33

INDUSTRIAL AND MULTIPLE WATER-USE PROBLEMS 34 Pollution 34 (1) Northwood Pulp Ltd. 34 (2) Columbia Cellulose Company 35 (3) Intercontinental Pulp Company 36 (4) Eurocan Pulp and Paper Company Ltd. 36 (5) MacMillan Bloedel Ltd. 37 (6) Mining pollution 38 (7) Ambrosia beetle control 39 (8) Mosquito control 4 0 Water Diversion, Irrigation, and Flood Control Studies 40 (1) - Lake water diversion 40 (2) flood control 42 (3) Tsolum River irrigation and flood control 43 (4) Fraser River flood control 44 (5) Miscellaneous 45 Gravel Removal 46 Marine Seismic 46 Forest Cover Removal 46 Miscellaneous 47 Page FISHERIES MANAGEMENT 50 Salmon Management Committee 50 51 52 53 Smith's Inlet 54 Johnstone Strait Study Area Pink Salmon 55 Johnstone Strait - Fraser River Chum Salmon 56 Fraser River Chum Salmon Investigation 56 Fraser River Chinook Salmon Program 57 West Coast of Island Chinook and Coho Investigation 57 Chinook and Coho Investigation 58 Juan de Fuca Strait Investigations 6 0 Herring Investigations and Assessments 62 (1) Spawn deposition survey 62 (2) Juvenile herring studies in the Strait of Georgia 62 (3) Herring monitoring program 63 INTRODUCTION

The principal responsibilities of the Resource Develop- ment Branch in the Pacific are: (1) to protect the fisheries resource from the harmful effects of naturally formed stream obstructions and from industrial and other water-use projects; (2) to expand the resource by the application of techniques developed through research; and (3) to undertake scientific studies and assessments, as required, to ascertain the status of various salmon stocks with a view to advancing recommendations for their effective management. The activities of the Branch continued to expand in each of these fields in 1968, maintaining the trend of recent years. Fisheries problems stemming from industrial development continued to require the attention of a sizeable staff. The establishment of new pulp mills and the expansion of existing ones posed major problems in connection with the safe disposal of plant wastes in salmon-producing rivers. Considerable attention was also directed toward studies of the effects of water diversions, and irrigation and flood control projects on the Province's salmon resources. Problems associated with the rapidly-expanding forest industry in , such as the removal of gravel from riverbeds and the de-forestation of watersheds, also consumed a sizeable portion of the Branch's time. As in recent years, mining activity has continued at an accelerated pace throughout the Region and has given rise to fisheries problems related to waste disposal. Departmental -2- biologists were also concerned, in 1968, with finding chemicals for ambrosia beetle and mosquito control which are not toxic to juvenile salmon. Considerable successes were recorded in this area. The Branch has also continued to work closely with major oil companies undertaking seismic surveys in coastal waters to ensure that their operations did not conflict with the fisheries resource. Highlight of the salmon development program in 1968 was the continuing Babine Project. Major construction included the regulatory works at Fulton Lake, the Fulton River dam, the Pinkut Creek spawning channel, and a start on Fulton Spawning Channel No. 2. The Fulton River produced 43.9 million fry in 1968, the third largest output recorded. At Big Qualicum River, chum salmon egg-to-fry survival reached an unprecedented 50 percent in the main river, in response to controlled flow and streambed improvement. Production of all other fry species was also favourable. The fall escapement of chum salmon to the river was the largest in over 10 years and it is anticipated that the 1969 production will be high. Surveys of salmon-producing streams were continued with a view to establishing a long range salmon development program in the Region. Emphasis in the program is being placed on streams in the lower , on and in the central coast region. Salmon management activities of the Branch during the past year included: the continuation of a large-scale tagging -3- operation designed to define salmon migration routes and stock timing in the Dixon Entrance - northern region; test-fishing and sockeye salmon enumeration studies on the Nass River to provide regulatory data for that system; a continuation of studies on which to base the regulatory responsibilities of the Branch to the Skeena River Salmon Management Committee; stock assessment studies on the Rivers Inlet and Smith's Inlet sockeye populations; regulatory studies on the Johnstone Strait pink and chum salmon stocks; test- fishing and enumeration studies on the chum salmon populations of the Fraser River; the continuation of the Strait of Georgia Chinook and Coho Investigation and the initiation of a similar study on the west coast of Vancouver Island; the continuation of a major coho salmon study in Juan de Fuca Strait designed to assess a major regulatory change implemented in Statistical Area 20 during 1967; and the continuation of studies assessing the strengths of British Columbia's major herring populations.

DEVELOPMENT INVESTIGATIONS AND PROJECTS

Big Qualicum River Project

The development project at the Big Qualicum River has now completed its fifth year of operation under a controlled flow regime. The discharge of the Big Qualicum was maintained at optimum flow throughout the spawning, egg incubation and fry rearing periods. The water level of the Big Qualicum River reservoir, Horne Lake, was maintained throughout the summer period at a -4-

higher level in order to permit both flow control and a fuller recreational use of the lake.

(1) Streambed improvement A streambed improvement project, carried out in August, expanded the existing natural spawning area by 16,800 sq. yds. and eliminated extensive gravel compaction. The project expanded the carrying capacity of the river for chum salmon to about 125,000 adults. Similar work, carried out in the summer of 1967, elimi- nated compaction and created 15,200 sq. yds. of new spawning area. This 1967 improvement work contributed substantially to the significant increase in egg-to-fry Survival for chum salmon recorded in the spring of 1968.

(2) Fry production Fry production has continued to increase in response not only to the flow control regime but also to the environmental enhancement resulting from streambed improvement. Chum egg-to-fry survival, for example, reached an unprecedented 50 percent rate in the main river, a dramatic increase over the 31 percent average for the four previous years of flow control. Production for all other salmon species was also favourable. As part of the marking program over 800,000 emigrating chum fry were fin-clipped for later identification in the escapement and in the commercial fishery catch. -5-

( 3 ) H atchery

The experimental hatchery facilities began operation in March 1968. The initial studies were directed toward deter- mining the environmental factors important in the artificial incubation of salmon eggs. Chinook fry reared in Heath-type incubation trays, reared in gravel, and produced naturally were compared for "quality". The three fry groups were then raised separately in hatchery ponds to the fingerling stage, a representative number from each group distinctively marked, and all 250,000 released to the ocean. This production is about five times greater than that of the Big Qualicum River itself. In the autumn, 280 chinook adults were used for the hatchery program's second year and approximately 600,000 eggs obtained for incubation. After hatching, these chinook fry will also be reared to the 90-day fingerling stage before their release in 1969.

(4) Adult escapements (chum, chinook, coho)

The escapement of chum salmon to the Big Qualicum was the largest in over 10 years, a total of 136,600 spawning in the river. The escapement of coho and chinook salmon also was an improvement over the previous year, although the number of coho was still below average. Escapements over the past 10 years, for each species, are shown in the following table: -6-

Year Chum Coho 1 Chinook1 Pink

1959 98,5 0 0 3624 2411 11 1960 60,000 2562 1569 0 1961 13,800 2886 1111 1 (600) 1962 46,7 00 4618 787 o (395) 1963 37,9 00 4500 2 619 1 1964 36,400 523 0 781 o (371) (179) 1965 18,80 0 3817 1255 75 (137) 1966 53,4 00 4953 1170 11,9 00 (629) (300) 1967 46,6 00 1648 877 4 (302) (113) 1968 138,80 0 2617 1505 2,5 00 (235) (675)

1 Counts of precocious males (jacks) are included in each total; numbers of jacks shown in brackets. 2 Big Qualicum fence count incomplete. Total escapement on basis of escapement to Hunt's Creek tributary which normally constitutes 20 percent of the system total.

(5) Pink salmon

The second generation of the experimentally transplanted pink salmon returned to the Big Qualicum in October, 1968. This stock was transplanted from the Bear River (Northern Vancouver Island) in 1964. Although the return amounted to only 2500 adults, the results are encouraging and provide information useful for future transplant programs. (6) Spawning channel

The artificial spawning channel for chum salmon produced 11.3 million fry in the spring of 1968, representing a survival of 82 percent of the eggs deposited in 1967. The facility was fully utilized by 14,900 adults in the autumn of 1968, thus beginning its second year of operation. It is anticipated that about 15 million fry will be produced in the spring of 1969.

(7) Co num saimon uo une

Big Qualicum River chum salmon, marked as emigrating fry three and four years ago, are now being caught in the commercial fisheries. The two major chum salmon fisheries, Johnstone Strait and Fraser River, were closely monitored in order to recover these marked Qualicum chums. On the basis of the survey, it was estimated that about 49,000 Big Qualicum chums were captured by the commercial fishery in 1968. The Big Qualicum contribution to the fishery in 1967 was approximately 10,000 chums.

(8) Public relations

Public interest in the Big Qualicum Project continued to increase substantially in 1968. Over 24,000 people visited the project, double the number of visitors in 1967. Included among the visitors were 2000 students from 18 schools, from the elementary to the senior level. Some school classes travelled over 60 miles to visit the project and -8-

observe the many aspects of fisheries biology on display. Several cub and scout troops also toured the project last year. CBC Television provide widespread coverage through their documentation of both the fry emigration in the spring and the adult spawning in the fall. Several professional nature photographers also used the Big Qualicum Project as a setting for their work.

Babine Lake Project

Studies conducted by the Fisheries Research Board of Canada during the late 1950's suggested that the main lake basin of Babine Lake was under-utilized as a sockeye nursery area as a result of insufficient spawning area in its tributary streams.

• The Resource Development Branch therefore embarked, in 1965, on a major program of spawning channel construction and flow regulation to create new spawning areas and to improve existing ones. The first channel, completed at Fulton River in 1965, has a capacity of 22,000 adults. During 1968 a spawning channel having a capacity of 67,000 adults was completed at Pinkut Creek and partial flow control begun at both Pinkut Creek and Fulton River. The present biological evaluation program consists of both quantitative and qualitative comparisons between river and channel produced fry. The quantitative comparison involves the enumeration of adult spawners and fry Migrants in each -9-

environmental situation. The qualitative comparison involves measurement of the quality characteristics of each population and a study of natural environmental conditions during the fry migration period.

(1) Fulton River fry production

The 1968 spring enumeration program resulted in a calculated production of 43.9 million fry, the third largest output recorded since 1961. Spawning Channel No. 1 contributed 16 million of this total, 9.5 million less than in 1967. The reduction in channel fry production was related to a lower egg deposition in the fall of 1967 and to a decrease in egg-to-fry survival from 69 percent in 1967 to 49 percent in 1968. A similar decrease occurred in the river, survival dropping from 30 percent in 1967 to 16 percent in 1968. These decreases may have been associated with a.higher than normal sediment load observed in both the river and channel. This increased sediment load may have been the result of excavation conducted upstream from the channel and natural spawning areas during March and April, the low discharge period prior to major fry emergence.

(2) Fulton River fry quality Sockeye fry produced in the Fulton spawning channel in 1968 and those produced in the natural Fulton River were compared for "quality". The quality indices selected for study were: (1) weight, length, and development stage; (2) percentage solids, lipids and nitrogen; (3) predation -10-

vulnerability; (4) swimming endurance; (5) temperature tolerance; and (6) starvation resistance. The river fry were significantly heavier, contained a significantly greater percentage of solids, lipids, and nitrogen, and resisted starvation and high temperatures to a significantly greater degree. The channel fry were signifi- cantly longer and had significantly greater swimming endurance. No difference was noted between the two groups with respect to vulnerability to predation. The quality differences appeared to be directly related

to the development stage of the two groups of fry at the time Of migration. The river fry migrated earlier, and with a greater amount of yolk, than did the channel fry. This difference in migration timing between the two fry populations appears to be caused by different flow regimes in the two incubation environments.

(3) Fulton River ecological survey An ecological survey of the Fulton River was begun in the spring of 1968 in an attempt to determine the relevance of the measured quality indices to survival in the natural environment.

Results from the first season of study, briefly summa- rized are: (1) Tagging studies indicated the presence in the Fulton River of large populations of mountain whitefish and rainbow trout; (2) There may be two ecological races of rainbow trout present - migratory and resident; (3) All species of predators (cottids, burbot, rainbow trout, cutthroat trout, -11-

pea mouth chub And whitefish) fed both on fry and drift insects; (4) Whitefish required 8.5 hours for 100 percent digestion of fry, rainbow trout 10 hours, and prickly sculpins 27 hours; and (5) The insect drift had a distinct diel but vague seasonal timing.

(4) Pinkut Creek fry production Hydraulic sampling was again.utilized at Pinkut Creek to provide an index of fry abundance and egg-to-fry survival rate. The calculated abundance of 2.7 million, representing an egg-to- fry survival of 6.1 percent, was one of the lowest on record. The reduced production was partly the result of the subjection of the natural spawning area to gravel shifting and heavy equipment crossings during the construction of the Pinkut Creek enumeration fence in the early spring.

(5) Fulton River adult escapement The Fulton sockeye escapement in the fall of 1968 totalled 130,000 fish, the third highest in the eight study years (since 1961) and only 1000 less than the previous seven-year average. The Fulton channel accommodated 27,000 of these adults. Permit- ting natural distribution of spawners led, as in 1967, to double the design densities in the top section of the channel. Minor spawner manipulation was required to seed all seven channel legs to approximate design density. The apparent deposition of 270.3 million eggs is the highest on record for Fulton River, due to a high percentage of large five-year old fish and a high female sex ratio. Of those e ggs 57.1 million were deposited in the channel, compared -12--

to the previous high of 37 million in 1966. November hydraulic sampling indicated that survival to the eyed-egg stage in the river and channel was 50 and 60 percent respectively. As a result of flow control it has been possible to maintain a higher than average discharge in the river throughout the winter incubation period. In view of these encouraging factors the spring of 1969 could set a record for fry production from the Fulton River.

(6) Pinkut Creek adult escapement

The new two-mile long spawning channel at Pinkut Creek, with a design capacity of 67,000 adults, was completed in time for the fall adult return. The escapement to the area in 1968 totalled 24,000 fish, the lowest recorded in the six study Years and approximately 37,000 less than the average for the previous five years. This escapement, however, was still 10,000 greater than that considered optimum for the river. A total of 14,500 sockeye were permitted to spawn in the channel, with the remainder spawning in the river. The total Pinkut egg deposition was 45.6 million, 14.4 and 31.2 million eggs in the river and channel respectively. October hydraulic sampling indicated that survival to the pre-eyed stage in the river and channel was 25 and 80 percent respectively. These relatively high survivals are expected to be curtailed by severe winter conditions, which have caused major ice forma- tion and backwatering in both areas. - 1 3-

(7) Construction (a) Fulton River The Babine Lake Development Program entered the fourth year of a six-year construction program in 1968. The major Fulton River project for 1967 (Regulating Works and Tunnel Lining) was not completed until early August, 1968. However, the tunnels were ready for water diversion by June, in time for the start of construction of the Fulton River Dam. A contract for the dam was awarded in July for the sum of $ 4 73,670 * and the contract completed in November, six months ahead of schedule. Two contracts were awarded for the initial phases of construction of Fulton River Spawning Channel No. 2. The contract for the channel earthwork and the preparation of the water supply pipeline grade was awarded in June for the sum of $184,065. This contract was scheduled for completion in November but, due to an increase in contract quantities, and to adverse weather conditions throughout the summer and fall, the contractor could not meet this date and will finish the remaining 15 percent of work in the spring of 1969. The contract for the production of 50,000 cu. yds. of spawning grave' and 2300 Cu. yds. of concrete aggregate was awarded in July for the sum of $115,000. The gravels were obtained from an esker on the Indian Reserve, and will be used during the 1969 and 1970 construction projects. The contractor completed the work in November, seven months ahead Of schedule. * All prices quoted are original contract prices. Five contracts were awarded for the removal of timber from the shoreline of Fulton Lake, which will begin to rise in the spring of 1969 as the Fulton River Dam begins to store water. The contract prices were $35,000 for 546 acres, $60,000 for 746 acres and $15,000 for 525 acres. These contracts, for falling and bucking only, were largely completed by fall, enabling Department crews to pile and burn the felled material. C)nlY the merchantable timber now remains and will be removed during the 1968-69 winter freeze-up. A B. C. Hydro 3-phase power supply line was construc- te d in the spring to supply power to the regulating works at Fulton Lake. Also in the spring approximately one-half mile Of the Fulton Lake access road was relocated around the new channel area.

A contract for the supply and installation of the water supply pipeline for Fulton Spawning Channel No. 2 was awarded in November for the sum of $277,114. It is anticipated that a start will be made on this project by March 1, 1969. Engineering design work on the control structures for th the year, and No. 2 Spawning Channel continued throughout 1969 for it is anticipated that tenders will be called early in sockeye a c ontract to ready half of the channel for the 1969 run remainder Present plans call for the completion of the Of the Channel in 1970. -1 5-

(b) Pinkut Creek Two contracts were awarded for the Pinkut Creek Project in 1968. This first was for the production of 28,000 cu. yds. of spawning gravel and 1,000 cu. yds. of concrete aggregates ($83,820), and the second for the completion of the first stage of the spawning channel ($375,746). Work commenced in April and was completed in time for the fall adult escape- ment.

A counting fence was constructed at the mouth of Pinkut Creek in the spring of 1968, all of the work with the e xception of the pile-driving being done by Department crews. The fence was also operational in time for the adult run. Channelizat ion work was carried out in March below the Taltapin Lake Dam in order to develop the full storage caPacity of this reservoir.

(8) H dr°niete°1-°1-ca1etudies--_ The comp rehensive hydrometeorological program, initiated in 1966 to develop criteria for the.design and operation of s Pawning channels, regulating works, and reservoirs, was co ntinued in 1968. Data collection was continued in the suMmer months in Fulton Channel No. 1 to study climatological effects upon spawning channel water temperatures. It is hoped that a report, detailing methods of minimizing high water tem peratures in long spawning channels during the spawning Period, will be available in mid-1969. The remote weather stat ions and snow courses established in the Fulton River -16-

watershed were operated in 1968 in order to study the timing and distribution of spring runoff to Fulton Lake. Basic hydrometric and climatological data collection at Fulton River, Pinkut Creek and Morrison River was continued in 1968 in order to serve all engineering, biological, and operational requirements associated with the Babine Lake Project.

EL'aser River Chum Salmon Development Investigations A bio-engineering investigation was continued in 1968 in order to assess the natural propagation habitats of chum salmon in the Fraser River system and to determine the de velopment potential of the stocks involved.

(1) Vedder-Chilliwack system Updating was completed of an earlier report outlining Preliminary proposals and cost-estimates for a chum salmon rehab ilitation-development project. The report outlines ProPosals which have an adult spawner capacity ranging from 20 on u0 to 70,000 salmon and recommends an initial operation to a ccommodate 45,000 fish. (2) Harrison s stem (Seuakum Chehalis and Harrison Rivers)_ Spawning ground surveys indicated that the 1967 chum salm°n sPawning population of 97,000 fish utilized from 16 to 20 acres scattered over an area of some six square miles. ijeavY deposition, as determined by hydraulic sampling, was ' -' 111e d to approximately nine acres. - 17 -

More intensive studies, carried out on portions of three typical but widely differing spawning and incubation habitats utilized by 47 percent of the spawning population, produced the following general results: (1) Seasonal spawner density - 0.8 to 1.25 spawners per sq. yd. of gravel surface. (2) Mid-incubation egg density - 825 to 1030 eggs per sq. yd. (3) Fry emergence - 100 to 178 fry per sq. yd. (4) Survival from potential deposition - 5.1% to 8.3%.

Mortality to the eyed stage in a stream spawning habitat was s ignificantly greater than that in a groundwater spawning habitat, but later mortality was half that in the groundwater h abitat. The conditions leading to these results are not fully understood but it is suspected that loss from over-spawning was s ignificantly more severe in the stream habitat, while P°st- hatching loss in the groundwater areas was related to °bserved drops in groundwater static head which may have resulted in intragravel flows unsatisfactory for survival.

(3) preiiinina well ationssterns

In order to take advantage of incubation sites and e°nditions peculiar to the middle and late timing spawning runs Of the Harrison system, preliminary studies in upwelling layer ineubation were undertaken. These utilized green eggs, Plant , eggs per e u in gravel to a density of 45,000 and 103,000 Surface natural spawning sq. yd.,or about 45 and 100 imes the -18-

were normal density. Incubation, fry emergence and migration The "vigour" comp ared with similar studies made elsewhere. and weights Of the fry appeared excellent, and their lengths a nearbY stream compared well with those of fry produced from environment. Survival was in excess of 80 percent. were Apparent rates of flow in the upwelling boxes experiment started maintained at 100 and 500 mm/hr when the just but were increased to about 1000 mm/hr and 2000 mm/hr Prior to emergence in order to maintain oxygen levels above 7 PPm. more Additional experiments are being planned to define for optimum chum Precisely the incubation conditions required encouraging, salmon production. Preliminary results are ratios of 25:1 are however, and indicate that benefit-cost flow and economical Possible where conditions for gravity water egg- collections prevail.

Salmon tchery Propagationof Chinook and Coho

(1) Experimental hatcher f -tiee hatchery facilities at the The experimental chinook in 1968. The Bi g Qualicum River Project became operational earlier section of Ilesults to date have been described in an this report. artificial .ro.alation (2) Selection of donor stocks for Harrison and Studies were conducted in 1968 on the to determine their S quamish River chinook salmon populations propagation. su itability as donor stocks for artificial - 1 9-

The chinooks observed in the watershed were well scattered, being found in both the main branch and the tributary streams, and numbering less than 100. The information c ollected in two years of study suggests that the Squamish Chinook population does not have the attributes necessary for hatchery propagation.

A tag and recovery programme indicated that the 1968 Harrison River chinook run was in the order of 25,000 fish ( exclusive of "jacks"). Because of its abundance, its availa- hil ltY to capture, and its contribution to the sport and commercial fisheries (of particular importance is the gill-net fish erY within the Fraser River) the Harrison stock appears to meet the requirements of a donor material for artificial ProPagation operations within the home stream area. Chinook salmon populations in Tlupana and Muchalat Inlets, located within on the west coast of Vancouver Island, have long been subjected to commercial fishing but now are faced with an increase in the intensity of sport fishing and possible effects of the forest industry. Surveys were therefore undertaken to determine the suitability of the stock for development. Chinooks were observed to be well distributed from . of migra- iMmediately above tidal influence to the limit t10n within eight watersheds studied. Large fish were found in s Scales mall watersheds with flows of less than 50 cfs. information on the 3.11d otoliths were obtained and will provide rreshwi- ---er life history of these populations. ' -20-

Yukon Rainbow Trout Introduction Program in A total of 480,000 rainbow trout eggs were planted These plant- three lakes in the Yukon Territory during 1968. in 1959 to ings represent the continuation of a program begun population centres in the Provide rainbow trout fishing near following table. area. The releases made are shown in the

# Eggs Lake Population Centre Date 150,000 Wye Lake Watson Lake May July 150,000 150,000 Hanson Lakes Elsa and Mayo May May 30,000 Long Lake Whitehorse

in floating In Wye and Long Lakes the spawn was held mortali - t rays to the late alevin stage prior to release. High In Hanson tY resulted and few alevins were actually released. gravel bottom of a Lakes the eyed eggs were buried in the introducing trout to the c°nnecting stream. New methods for Yukon Territory are now under consideration.

ects Stream Maintenance and Im.rovement Pro (1) j u to supply water to Judd's The culverts installed in 1967 of River, were cleared Sl°11gh, a side-channel of the Squamish the dyke in clebris. Plans are also being made to strengthen possi- the the vicinity of the culverts in order to minimize during periods bili t Y of a breakthrough of the of high runoff. -21-

(2) Phillips River At Phillips River, near , the following stream improvement was underway at the year's end: (1) construction Of a diversion channel to bypass silt-laden water to a point beyond the spawning grounds; (2) extension and reinforcement of existing dykes along the excavated channel; (3) blocking of one of the eroded lake controls; and (4) installation of a water recorder and cable crossing to obtain hydrological data on the system. Total cost of the project, which is s cheduled for completion in January, 1969, is estimated to be $ 3 0 ,0 00.

(3) Tahltan River An inspection in the spring of 1968 of the slide area and of Descheeka Falls revealed that access conditions aPpeared favourable for the successful migration of the 1968 sockeye run to that system. This was subsequently confirmed when 1 9,729 sockeye salmon were counted through the Alaska DePartment of Fish and Game's fence at the outlet of Tahltan Lake.

(4) Gold River in the An inspection was made of a reported rock slide Gold River as a result of blasting operations undertaken by road the Department of Highways during the construction of a between the Gold River townsite and the pulpmill. The insn.„ but l'cuion revealed no obstruction to migrating salmon Department the material was removed from the streambed by the -22- Of Highways to eliminate the possibility of obstructions forming in the area at some future date.

(5) West Creek - Atnarko River West Creek, located at the headwaters of the Atnarko Rive r system, was re-diverted into the Klinaklina drainage system by construction of a rock dam across the Atnarko break- through channel. This diversion will eliminate the excessive silting of the upper Atnarko River spawning grounds. (6) s al ooniver

Remedial work was undertaken in cooperation with the D epartment of Highways, on the Saloompt River near Bella Coola. The river was re-diverted into a channel, excavated by the Department in 1967, to bypass obstructions located in the 1°wer reaches of the river. Additional work is scheduled in t he system in the spring of 1969 to repair several break- throughs caused by extreme high water during the past fall. (7) cana.1_ ,_io._Luver

A joint project was conducted by the Department and the Greater Vancouver Water Board to remove a rock slide which o ccurred in the Capilano River Canyon immediately below Cl eveland Dam in •the fall of 1967. In addition a rock dam was constructed downstream of that location to raise the It is considered tailwater elevations at the base of the dam. that these two projects will significantly reduce the mortali- t ies caused to downstream migrants. - 2 3--

(8) Washwash Tzeo River Extensive stream improvement work was conducted in order to increase the spawning area of the Washwash River, a tributary of , which was seriously reduced as a result of a breakthrough of the main channel into the adjacent Tzeo River. This work included the diversion of approximately 60 percent of the Washwash River back into the original channel; the channelization of the original and breakthrough channels; and the removal of log jams and forest debris. In addition, a water level recorder was installed and a cable car crossing erected in order to obtain hydrological data on the system.

(9) Puntledge River Excessive pre-spawning mortality of chinook salmon in the Puntledge River spawning channel occurred in 1966 and 1967. The mortalities appeared to be largely the result of head injuries received prior to entering the channel and available evidence suggested that the injuries were received at Stotan and Nib Falls at the time of migration. Remedial action was imPlemented in early 1968 in order to rectify this situation. Extensive drilling and blasting operations were undertaken at both locations and, in addition, a side-channel excavated around lower Nib Falls to facilitate passage through that area. The pre-spawning mortality to the 1968 chinook salmon e ntering the channel was again excessively high,and again head injuries, aPpeared to be the result of a high incidence of -2 14-

despite the improvements undertaken. Evidence suggests that the injuries are still being received at Stotan Palls, where access conditions remain poor. Engineering surveys are planned for Stotan Falls in early 1969 with a v:Lew to constructing adequate fish-passage facilities prior to the 1969 chinook salmon run to the Puntledge River.

(10) Chehalis River Extreme high water conditions in January, 1968 resulted In the Chehalis River overtopping its left bank in the immed- iate vicinity of the Easter Seal Camp and diverting a large volume of water into the old Chehalis River channel. An e xtensive dyking and rip-rapping program was undertaken in early 1968 to protect this area, the largest and most Productive chum salmon producer in the Chehalis - Harrison River system. (11)

A tagging program was carried out in late July and August to determine the delay and injury caused to sockeye salmon in Kitwangulf Canyon on the Kispiox River, and to relate these to water levels. The conditions existing in the and area during the 1968 sockeye migration were satisfactory A report did not expose the fish to any obvious hardships. 1s being prepared. -25-

(12) Miscellaneous

A compilation and summary of obstruction reports was prepared in 1968 which reviews surveys conducted from the early 1950's up to the present time. Preliminary surveys were completed on Christie Creek, Savona Island, and Necleetsonney River near Bella Coola, and secondary biological studies carried out at Kakweiken Falls and fishway, and at Copper River on the Skeena system. Reports are being prepared. Unsatisfactory weather and discharge conditions, plus staff re - allocations, prevented completion of seven additional surveys and inspections. A survey was undertaken on the Eva (Teaquahan) River, at the head of Bute Inlet, which had changed course in the lower reaches. Remedial action to confine the flow within the ori-i nal channel is scheduled for 1969. Routine stream clearance projects undertaken during the Year included the removal of extensive log jams on: (1) the Cowichan River at Skutz Falls Fishway; (2) the Shumahalt and Tzeo Rivers in the Owikeno Lake area; and (3) Cayenne Creek, in a t ributary of the upper Adams River in the Kamloops area, ec oPeration with the International Pacific Salmon Fisheries Commission. Top ographic surveys were undertaken at the control obstruc- se ctions at the outlet of Phillips Lake, and at the Rivers t ions on the Kainet, Wale, Hayden Bay and Kakweiken ln order to develop plans for their alleviation. -26-

The steeppass fishway on the Kakweiken River was was replaced damaged by logs during extreme high water and in 1968. located on Blasting was undertaken at the obstructions conditions: the following rivers in order to alleviate access Port Hardy, and CoPper River near Terrace, Marble River near Moore Creek near Prince Rupert. Inspections were made of the Naden, Indian, Kajusdis, revealed that the Moricetown and Stamp Falls Fishways and minor amount facilities were in relatively good condition. A on the Kajusdis and Morice- Of maintenance work was required town Fishways.

Investigations and Assessments

( 1 ) Coho extension to make available to coho A programme was begun in 1968 obstructions, and sPawners watershed areas located above preliminary study suggested therefore not normally utilized. A east coast of that the utilization of "barren" waters on the additional many as 100,000 Vancouver Island could provide as the Oyster adult coho salmon. Woodhus Creek, tributary to operation to develop the River, was selected for a pilot its conflu- on the creek,at te c -nlque.h • An obstruction located Oyster River,has prevented coho from migrating ence with the into it. -27-

Downstream migrating coho fry were captured in Little Oyster River, another tributary of the Oyster River and located six miles east of Woodhus Creek, and 9,500 of them transferred to Woodhus Creek between April 11 and June 12, 1968. Mean fork length of the fry varied from 38 to 50 mm. An additional 16,400 fry (adipose fin marked) were introduced from the Big Qualicum River between June 12 and July 5 to compensate for the relatively small number available from

Little Oyster River. The survival of Little Oyster River fry

in Woodhus Creek to mid-July was calculated to be 18 percent on the basis of the mark (Big Qualicum) to unmark (Little Oyster) ratio. Growth of the survivors had been excellent, and was greater than that of the fry introduced from Big Qualicum River. Further assessment of the success of the transplant will be made at the time of the 1969 smolt migration.

( 2 ) Black Creek

Black Creek, a small watershed located on the east coast of Vancouver Island between the Oyster and Tsolum Rivers, contains numerous beaver ponds and low velocity brush-covered areas and consequently supports a major population of coho salmon. Diversion of water for domestic and agricultural Purp oses, however, threatens to reduce the high rate qf coho Provincial P roduction. In addition, plans prepared by the on the Go vernment for an irrigation-flood control scheme Tso Tsolum lum River include a proposed diversion from the -28-

River to Black Creek, and the possible effects of such a project on coho production must be determined. In order to obtain a more reliable estimate of the present coho population the Department erected a fence near tidewater and commenced counting in October. Approximately 5,000 coho had passed the fence by late December, but this must be considered a conservative estimate, since migration usually continues through January. The count of Black Creek coho salmon may be valuable, when used in conjunction with other such estimates, as an index of coho spawner abundance for a large area of southern British Columbia.

(3) Kennedy Lake The sockeye salmon runs to Kennedy Lake (, Vancouver Island) are approximately one-third the magnitude required to produce enough fry to fully utilize the 21 square miles of lake nursery area available. At least seventy percent of the stock spawns in a 7 square mile arm of the lake (Clayoquot Arm); the remainder utilizes the larger main lake basin. If juvenile sockeye utilize only the lake area immediately adjacent to the spawning grounds then Clayoquot Arm may not be underutilized. In this case, however, the production in the main lake basin would fall far short of its potential. the Since about 75 percent of the sockeye spawn along changes lake shore in rock, gravel and sand areas, and since in lake level in the order of 15 feet are not unusual, water -29-

level changes may have a profound effect on egg and larval survival. A preliminary bio-engineering survey of the area was conducted in 1968 with a view to formulating future development plans.

(4) Puntledge River A spawning channel was constructed on the upper Puntledge River by the British Columbia Hydro and Power Authority in 1965 in order to replace those spawning areas of early run chinook salmon located near the outlet of and destroyed by dam construction in the area. The number of chinook utilizing the channel since its construction

has ranged from 248 to 672 fish, well below the channel's e stimated capacity. The proportion of females has varied from 10 to 46 percent, reflecting differences in the strength Of various brood years. Egg-to-fry survival rates have been 11 , 40, and 38 percent in 1965-66, 1966-67, and 1967-68 re spectively. The low survival in the first year may have been due to a short water supply failure during freezing c onditions. There has been no indication to date of deteri- deterrent oration in gravel quality due to siltation. A major to rehabilitation of the summer run has been the high incidence of pre-spawning mortality (maximum of 38 percent in 196 7) due to severe head wounds apparently inflicted underway during upstream migration. Remedial measures are t 0 alleviate this situation. -3 0-

The Puntledge River fall chinook run has also undergone a major reduction in abundance and studies are presently underway to determine those factors limiting freshwater survival and make recommendations for remedial action.

(5) Kakweiken River An obstruction (two falls) located two miles above the mouth of the Kakweiken River has impeded the migration of the five species of salmon to the extensive spawning and rearing areas located upstream. These underutilized areas are esti- mated to have a potential capacity for 1/4 million spawners. A steeppass fishway was installed in 1964 on the left side Of the upper falls to determine if the salmon would proceed upstream if given the opportunity. All species of salmon utilized the fishway without apparent physical harm or fright but the facility was found to have some limitations. These were: (1) the range of river water levels for effective operation of the facility was only two to three feet; and ( 2 ) the upstream end was continuously being clogged by debris. Pink salmon, especially in the even-numbered years, were not taking full advantage of the facility. A reassess- ment of the problem was therefore made from August 17 to SePtember 21, 1968, through extensive tagging and observation. Rec ommendations were subsequently made for the installation 0f a facility that would provide for fish passage past both falls and have fewer operating problems than the current and it is fishwaY. A vertical-slot fishway bas been designed construe- ant ioiPated that the project will be recommended for tl° n in 1970_71. -31-

(6) Johnstone Strait area Preliminary biological surveys were continued in 1968 on streams in Statistical Areas 12 and 13 in connection with a proposal to expand pink and chum salmon stocks in the Johnstone Strait area. A partial pink salmon spawning survey was conducted at Phillips River and water temperatures monitored at Phillips, Glendale, Brown, and Kakweiken Rivers.

(7) Queen Charlotte Islands A tower-count enumeration of pink salmon was conducted on the Yakoun River during the fall of 1968. The total escapement was estimated to be 650,000. The commercial catch was also 650,000, providing a total stock size estimate of 1 3300,000 fish. Fry-to-adult survival was estimated to be 1.2 percent. Preliminary use of echo-sounding equipment as a management tool suggests the possibility of indexing the size of the pink salmon stock before it enters the commercial fishery.

( 8 ) Stream Catalogue The first edition of a booklet containing maps and l istings of all British Columbia salmon spawning streams was c ompleted in 1968. The booklet represents part of the salmon information collected in a continuing inventory of re sources in British Columbia. - 32 -

Applied Res ear ch

(1) Underwater acoustics Research designed to develop a sonar system for counting fish ascending wide rivers has been redirected toward develop- ing means of counting fish echoes obtained from vertical sounder surveys. Biological investigations at Rivers Inlet have demonstrated that counts made from vertical soundings at night can be used to index stock magnitude. The change to a vertically oriented acoustic beam minimizes the serious difficulties encountered with signal multipath and side lobe suppression in the earlier work in rivers. A Bendix sonar type Salmon Counter was tested at three locations last year. Problems with high water velocity, large floating debris, unsuitable bottom, or insufficient water depth resulted in the failure of the counter to yield reliable data. The tests also demonstrated that the type of location the counter was designed for is not easily located. Experience in State confirms this finding. Further tests are planned for 1969 to locate suitable sites for the equipment. The electronic performance of the Simrad SK-3 sonar sYstem on the FPC "Tame was evaluated for the Conservation and Protection Branch. Additional specifications are required from the manufacturer before a final decision can be made but the installation appears satisfactory on the basis of presently available data. -33-

(2) Spawning channel research Work continued on the development of instruments for monitoring the subgravel environment in salmon spawning areas. Evaluations of the most recently developed techniques are currently underway. Publication of the results and the details of the instruments is planned for 1969.

(3) Lobster transplant Engineering assistance was provided to the Fisheries Research Board's lobster transplant investigation. A tour was also made of eastern seaboard lobster research establish- ments, in both Canada and , to determine the status of bio-engineering in lobster culture. A simple banding device was designed and used at Fatty Basin to immobilize the large claws of the lobsters. The device is exceedingly simple and successful and details of it will be sent east for the information of the industry. A sonic tagging and tracking experiment was successfully c onducted, and much valuable experience gained on the use cf sonic tags in a "noisy" saltwater environment.

(4) Communications A VHF - FM system has been installed and now provides reliable communication channels between the New Westminster °ffice and vehicles and boats operating in the lower Fraser Valley from saltwater to Hunter Creek. Partial coverage is Possible as far as American Creek past Hope. As a result of engineering design and antenna installa- Pinkut tions at Alert Bay, Campbell River, Bella Bella and -3 14-

Creek, and of the relocation of the Vancouver transmitter to , these stations and two completed in 1967 now enjoy reliable HF communications with Vancouver and their districts. Further improvements in the Conservation and Protection Branch's radio communication system await the hiring of a suitable technician to carry out the work detailed in the engineering reports.

INDUSTRIAL AND MULTIPLE WATER-USE PROBLEMS

Pollution

(1) Northwood Pulp Ltd. The biological treatment facilities at Northwood Pulp Limited at Prince George ceased to function following continued heavy fibre losses. As was the case in 1967, the biobasin and the clarifier became plugged with these fibres. The suspended solids settling lagoon, provided following the occurrences last year, also became plugged with fibre. The company is still experiencing difficulties with the process

as they have been unable to get the pulp washing system to function properly. This has resulted in numerous digester b reakdowns and overflows in the washing system. Following negotiations with the Department, the c ompany undertook: (1) to clean out all existing facilities bY dredging; and (2) to provide an additional general spill additional tank, additional unbleached pulp storage, and consultants lime-mud storage. The company has also employed -35-

to remedy the difficulties in the washing system. As in 1 967, the removal of solids from the treatment facilities has enabled the company's effluent to meet the Department's standard of non-toxicity to juvenile salmon, i.e. no mortality during a 96-hour exposure to a 65 percent effluent concentration. Since the input of suspended solids into the treatment facilities continues to be high, however, furthur difficulties may arise in the coming year.

(2) Columbia Cellulose Company Columbia Cellulose Company completed the installation of a 1.5-mile long red liquor disposal pipeline at its Prince Rupert sulphite pulp mill in January, 1968. The Pipeline was designed to discharge the liquor into where dilution and tidal exchange factors are suffi- cient to prevent the dissolved oxygen depletions and herring mortalities that had occurred when the liquor had been discharged into Wainwright Basin. The pipeline represents the second stage of an expansion program which began with the construction of a 750 tpd bleached kraft pulp mill adjacent to the sulfite mill. Since the high BOD waste from the sulfite mill produced near zero dissolved levels in Wainwright Basin, the imposition of a further BOD loading on the basin by the kraft effluent could not be tolerated. The only practical solution was to discharge the red liquor in the open sea, thus resulting in a tenfold reduction of the BOD loading Of the Wainwright Basin - Porpoise Harbour.area. -36-

The red liquor pipeline under Porpoise Harbour ruptured in July, 1968, and the company was requested to undertake immediate steps to determine the causes of the rupture and to conduct the necessary repairs. In September, while investigations of the causes of the pipeline failure were still underway, substantial juvenile herring mortalities occurred in Porpoise Harbour and studies revealed that Wainwright Basin and Porpoise Harbour were virtually devoid of oxygen at all depths. The company was advised of the situation and requested to accelerate its repair schedule to prevent large-scale adult herring mortalities during the January to March spawning period. The company subsequently replaced the original 12" diameter pipeline with one of 16" diameter and heavier gauge to compensate for higher temperature and pressure factors than were anticipated in the original design.

(3) Intercontinental Pulp Company Intercontinental Pulp Company commenced production at Prince George in June, 1968. A 24-hour biological treatment sYstem, operated jointly with those at Prince George Pulp and Paper Ltd., has functioned well to date. The effluent has met the Department's standards of nontoxicity to juvenile salmon.

(4) and Paper Eurocan Pulp decided not to dis charge its untreated approached the effluent into the head of Kitimat Arm and -37-

Department with a proposal to discharge effluent from a 5-day biological treatment system into the Kitimat River through a diffuser. Facilities to be provided will include a 5-million gallon emergency spill pond, a clarifier for the hydraulic barker effluent, a pre-treatment settling basin, and a two-compartment extended aeration basin with a 5-day retention period. Because the treatment facilities will be located on the Kitimat River flats, where there is a 20-foot difference between high and low water levels, the hydrostatic pressure exerted on the walls and bottom of the treatment facilities precludes the possibility of sealing the treatment system. This could lead to possible seepage problems. The company proposes to overcome this difficulty bY constructing high dykes around the system and employing automatic level-control pumps and gates to equalize pond and river levels. The Department has agreed in principle to this proposal.

(5) MacMillan Bloedel Ltd. Late in 1966, the Department requested that MacMillan Bloedel Ltd. undertake studies to determine the feasibility cf biologically treating the effluent discharged from their Port Alberni pulp mill complex. These facilities were c onsidered necessary because dissolved oxygen levels at the head of Alberni Inlet could not be maintained above 5 PPm for in late August and early September, a critical period system. the migration of adult salmon to the Somass River These feasibility studies were completed in 1967 and a -38-

number of alternative proposals for remedial action presented. It was learned that the BOD loading imposed on the inlet by the effluent discharge was augmented by that imposed by decomposition of sludge beds that had been forming at the head of the inlet since the pulp mill went into operation in 1948. The Department surveyed the extent of these sludge beds early in 1968. The survey indicated that it would be necessary, if dissolved oxygen levels at the head of the inlet were to be substantially improved, to biologically treat the effluent, thus reducing its BOD contribution, and to sharply curtail the loss of suspended solids. The Department and the company agreed in principle to provide: (1) biological treatment of the major sources of BOD to reduce the loading of the inlet bY 51 percent; and (2) clarification facilities to recover 89 percent of the total sblids losses in the mill. The biological treatment system will consist of a 30-acre aerated lagoon with a minimum of four days retention. The biobasin and clarifier will be operable in the summer of 1970 and the sludge dewatering equipment by December, 1971.

( 6 ) Mining pollution Negotiations were conducted with five mining companies in 1968 to safeguard fish against the often toxic byproducts Of these operations. Studies supporting the negotiations bio- included field assessment of tailings pond stability, evaluation of assays on simulated or actual effluents, and cYanide destruction methods. -39-

An experimental rehabilitation of an abandoned tailings pond was also undertaken. This study entailed the mulching, fertilization and planting with forage grasses of part of an impoundment to determine the feasibility of such a method as an erosion control measure. The crop germinated and was well established at the time the impoundment became covered with snow. The success of the experiment will be evaluated in the spring of 1969.

(7) Ambrosia beetle control Methyl trithion was used on an operational scale for the first time in 1968 as a replacement for benzene hexa- chloride (BHC) in the control of the ambrosia beetle. The material is far less toxic to fish than is BHC and has the additional advantage of being rapidly degradeable. While an estimated 55 million board feet of logs were sprayed with BHC in marine log storage areas, general use of the compound was prohibited in fresh water. Methyl trithion was used experimentally this year in both freshwater and marine areas to treat approximately 80 million board feet of stored logs. The results available to date indicate that methyl trithion was almost as effective a control agent as BHC but that its residual effect was reduced. The time of application must therefore be carefully evaluated with respect to the esti- mated time of beetle flight. It is anticipated that BHC all, in 1969. will be used only to a limited extent, if at (8) Mosîuito control The large-scale mosquito control programmes carried out annually in the Fraser Valley and the Kamloops and Merritt areas resulted in no observed fish mortalities in 1968. "Abate" proved highly successful as a larvicide and was used almost exclusively for this purpose. Malathion was used extensively as a eubstitute for DDT in the adulticiding programmes with moderately good results. DDT usage was greatly reduced in all programs in 1968.

Water Diversion. Irrigation. and Flood Control Studies

Cl) Shuswap River - water diversion A preliminary report of the B. C. Water Resources Service examined the feasibility of diverting 1,100 cfs from the Shuswap River at Enderby to Okanagan Lake via a canal. Diversion is considered necessary to meet the current and future agricultural, industrial and domestic water consumption requirements of the Okanagan Valley. Because of potential damage to salmon stocks, the Branch, in collaboration with the International Pacific Salmon Fisheries Commission, is preparing a report assessing the Possible effects of the proposed diversion on Shuswap River sockeye, chinook, and coho populations and evaluating the sPawning and incubation flow requirements for the Okanagan River sockeye salmon. The report will document downstream and migration timing, spawning distribution and density, - 14 1-

rearing intensity and duration. It will also establish discharge-temperature relationships throughout the Shuswap River.

The proposed diversion, by changing the minimum flows in Okanagan River, could affect the spawning and incubation of that river's sockeye salmon. An extensive bio-engineering survey of the river between Lake and the dam at the outlet of Vaseaux Lake was carried out in 1968, and the data is now being evaluated. New minimum flow requirements will be specified in the preliminary report on fisheries problems associated with the proposed diversion. The report, to be completed early in 1969, will also recommend facilities to eliminate or reduce salmon losses in the two river systems. A downstream migration survey was undertaken in 1968 in the lower Shuswap River to establish the migration timing of sockeye, chinook and coho smolts, and of chinook fry. Periodic observations were made throUghout the river to document the density and distribution of rearing coho and chinook. Spawning ground surveys in 1967 and 1968 provided duplicate documentation of the timing, distribution and density of chinook and coho salmon in the lower Shuswap River, and continuous temperature recording was conducted at four locations in the river between and Grinrod. - 142-

(2) Cowichan River flood control In 1967, the B. C. Water Resources Service issued a preliminary report on flood control for the Cowichan-Koksilah Rivers that recommended major works in the and Duncan areas. The report contained proposals to channel the Cowichan River adjacent to the town of and to lower the weir at the lake outlet by six feet, in order to reduce flooding in the communities surrounding Cowichan Lake. Since the scheme is not economically attractive, and has not received enthusiastic support from community residents, it is not expected that the project, which could have detri- mental effects on coho and chinook salmon populations, will be implemented in the immediate future. The report also proposes channelization and dyking of the Cowichan and Koksilah Rivers from the highway near Duncan to the tidal boundary. This scheme is economically feasible. The Department is concerned that a significant Portion of the chum spawning area and the coho and chinook rearing areas could be destroyed by such a project. Accordingly, in 1968, a two-year program was initiated to study the présent environment of the lower Cowichan River and to recommend the achievement of flood control with a minimum of damage to fishery resources. Engineering surveys were conducted from June to October, 1968. Topography surveys were undertaken in the lower river area and extensive out. maPPing and water surface profile surveying carried - 143-

Observations were made periodically of the distribution and density of coho and chinook juveniles rearing in the area between Duncan and the estuary. Surveys documented the distribution and relative density of chum salmon spawners. Vertical erosion monitors were placed in representative spawning areas to determine the degree of gravel mobility associated with a known peak discharge and a calculated maximum velocity. Bio-engineering studies will be continued as required, to complete the assessment of the natural environment and to permit sound prediction of the effect of the proposal on the productivity of the river.

(3) Tsolum River irriEation and flood control The Water Resources Service issued a preliminary report in April, 1968, on flooding, erosion and irrigation in the Tsolum River Valley. The report described a number of schemes providing protection against a flood of 10,000 cfs and allowing storage of water for release during the summer months for irrigation purposes. The report suggests that bank erosion, a serious problem in the area, can only be alleviated by rip-rapping the river banks and constructing groins to contain the river in its present channel during future floods. The Department has reviewed this proposal and concluded that it is compa- tible with fisheries interests, as long as the work can be scheduled to avoid spawning and incubation periods. The report also considers the use of storage dams for flood detention purposes and storage for sLimmer irrigation. -44- In recent years, flows in the Tsolum River during adult migration and spawning have been extremely low (the Depart- ment's own facilities at Wolfe Lake were constructed to supplement natural flows during these periods). A study is underway to determine the possible effects, beneficial or detrimental, of such storage reservoirs.

(4) Fraser River flood control

The Fraser River Board completed a report in 1963 on flood control and hydroelectric developments in the Fraser River basin. Recommendations includedd: (1) the improvement of dykes in the lower Fraser Valley; and (2) construction of nine dams in the headwaters of the river. The Department was involved with the selection of the nine sites and submitted a preliminary report to the governments in 1958. In May of this year the Federal and Provincial Governments signed an agreement to carry out dyke construction at a cost Of approximately $40 million in the lower Fraser Valley, and to re-examine upstream storage requirements. Two groups have subsequently been formed to make recommendations to the governments: "The Fraser River Advisory Board", composed of three members from the Provincial Water Resources Service, and three members from the Federal DePartment of Energy, Mines and Resources; and a "Program Committee", composed of two members from Energy, Mines and Resources, three from the Provincial Water Resources Service and Mr. L. Edgeworth from the Department of Fisheries. The t erms of the Board and the Committee will be ten years. -45-

It is envisaged that the input of the Branch will be initially directed to assessing the dyking proposals. The recommendations for upstream storage will be examined in order to define possible fisheries problems resulting from such a scheme.

(5) Miscellaneous The Provincial Water Resources Service has also prepared preliminary reports on the following projects and forwarded them to the Department for review and comment: (a) Nicola and Coldwater Rivers - Erosion and Flood Control.

(b) Lower Squamish Valley - Erosion and Flood Control. (c) Proposed Drainage Improvements Within the Corporation of the Municipality of Chilliwack. These reports have been summarily reviewed and compre- hensive reviews are scheduled for completion early in 1969. Following receipt of the Water Resources Service's Proposal to undertake flood control measures on Kitsuksis Creek, a tributary of the Somass River, the Department inspected the site and made recommendations to minimize damage to the fishery resource. The proposal was subse- quently deferred. A proposal by the Campbell River District to divert water from the Quinsam River for domestic purposes initiated a programme of monitoring discharge and temperature, and observing juvenile salmon utilization with particular reference August, and to the low flow - high demand periods of July, early September. -46-

Gravel Removal

Inspections and decisions were made on a number of large and/or critical gravel removal or displacement proposals involving the Fraser, Nass, Homathko, Seymour, Kitimat, Nekite, Thompson, Bulkley, Kyax, Nicola, Skeena, and Stellako Rivers in connection with road construction, Pipeline crossings, bridge construction and placer dredging.

Marine Seismic The Shell Canada Ltd. marine exploratory drilling programme was continued in the offshore area. There is no evidence that the seismic velocity surveys associated with the operation have resulted in significant mortality to fish. A number of exploratory programmes utilizing non-explosive energy sources have been completed in Georgia Strait, Hecate Strait and offshore waters.

Forest Cover Removal A close liaison was maintained with an increasing number of logging operations. Problems associated with log drives, log dump sites, road construction and stream crossings were investigated. Pre- and post-operational monitoring programmes have been initiated at log dump and load-out sites in Owikeno and Stuart Lakes. Preliminary tests of the effect of stream-side blasting on resident salmonids were undertaken in the Cariboo River. A ground and aerial reconnaissance was made of the Nass River log drive, and observations and -147-

bark-fibre drift sampling undertaken during the log towing operation. A preliminary interagency report on the effects of the 1967 Stellako River log drive was completed in March, and a final report is now being prepared.

Studies directed toward assessing the effect of forest cover removal on the habitat and productivity of a small coastal salmon stream were initiated in midsummer with the installation of environmental monitoring equipment and the completion of preliminary mapping surveys. Assessment of rearing coho density, sockeye spawner distribution and density, and egg-to-fry survival commenced in July and is continuing, The search for a second suitable watershed is progressing.

Miscellaneous

Over 1,500 water licence applications were reviewed in 1968 to ensure that water diversion, placer mining, gravel removal, dredging, and other resource developments did not conflict with fisheries interests. Where necessary,

technical solutions were worked out with the owners to minimize the hazard to the fisheries resource. The Department, in co-operation with the International Pacific Salmon Fisheries Commission, conducted a study of individual water intakes in the Fraser River watershed. A number of the intake screens examined were in poor operatins; been condition or completely inoperative and steps have taken to rectify the problems. StationarY.and submerged - 148-

screens presented most of the problems, while travelling screens were generally found to be satisfactory. As a result of the study it is now planned to conduct an annual assessment of industrial water intakes in the province. The Power Commission expanded its Whitehorse Rapids facilities by adding a third unit drawing 2,000 cfs at full load. The powerhouse collection facilities were extended to include this third unit. Modifications to the transportation channel control structure were also required in order to accommodate the additional attraction flows.

The Commission also advised the Department of a proposal to reconstruct the Marsh Lake Dam. The proposed operation of the dam will necessitate the construction of a four-baffle fishway adjacent to the left abutment. B. C. Hydro and Power Authority has announced its Plans to undertake the Jordan River Development Project involving the construction of a new powerhouse. Three to five thousand pink salmon which presently utilize the existing tailrace channel will be displaced when the existing Plant is dismantled. Further meetings will be held with B. C. Hydro to resolve the problems associated with the project.

Negotiations continued between the Department, the Fish and Wildlife Branch, and the B. C. Forest Service concern- ing the obstructions to salmon and steelhead trout existing at the culverts installed in 1964 on several tributaries of the Kispiox River. As a result of these negotiations the - 149-

B. C. Forest Service replaced the culvert on Cullen Creek with a bridge in 1968, and proposes to similarly replace the culverts on Ironside and Skunsat Creeks during the fiscal years 1969-70 and 1970-71 respectively, A reconnaissance survey was undertaken at the boundary of the and Fraser and Skeena River drainage systems to determine if pike could be transferred from the Peace River system as a result of the construction of the Portage Mountain Dam. The survey revealed that these transfers might occur at several locations and additional surveys are planned for these areas in 1969. Liaison was maintained with the Canadian Pacific Railway Company, engaged in gravel removal operations in Norrish Creek, to protect the salmon runs to Norrish (Suicide) and Inches Creek. -50-

FISHERIES MANAGEMENT

Skeena River Salmon Management Committee

The operational duties associated with management of the Skeena River salmon stocks were continued in 1968. These consisted of a day-to-day assessment of the magnitude of catch and escapement for the purpose of recommending regulatory changes throughout the season. In addition, personnel of the Resource Development Branch continued enumeration, through the use of tag and recovery and other techniques, of the pink salmon escapements to the system and the sockeye escapements to areas other than Babine Lake. An analysis of past years' test-fishing data was conducted in an effort to determine the main factors which have contri- buted to the variability in estimates of daily escapements calculated from test-fishing catches. Echo-sounding equipment was used in 1968 to assess changes in vertical and lateral distribution of salmon as they passed through the test-fishing area.

The 1968 soCkeye salmon run peaked substantially earlier and than normal, returned at near the abundance anticipated, was composed of fish much larger than average. The pink salmon run, on the other hand, returned at a level slightly greater than anticipated, but was composed of the smallest fish on record. The commercial catches of these species bound for Area 4 totalled 903,000 and 365,000 respectively. Other -51- gillnet catches for the Area were 17,000 chinooks, 5,000 jacks, 7,300 coho, 43,000 chums and 8,000 steelhead. The sockeye escapement to the system totalled 603,000, of which 552,000 entered Babine Lake. The Bulkley-Morice escapement totalled 6,000, representing a substantial increase

from the small 1963 escapement, and the Lakelse escapement was a near average 15,000. Escapements to the small northern lakes were the best in several years. The pink salmon escapement to the Skeena River totalled 1 ,556,000, of which 1,112,000 entered Lakelse River and 175,000 entered the Kitwanga. The mainstem Skeena and Babine Lake escapements were also large, 111,000 and 90,000 respectively. The Scotia River had an unexpected 50,000, since normal runs are less than 10,000, while the Kispiox escapement totalled 3,000 and represents little improvement over the brood year.

ver

Test-fishing, initiated in 1963 to provide a daily index Of sockeye salmon escapement from the commercial fishing area and thereby assist in the management of the Nass River sockeye s tooks, was continued in 1968. The 1968 program also included: ( 1 ) enumeration of the sockeye escapement to Meziadin Lake; (2) sampling of the Bowser and Meziadin Lakes sockeye escape- sockeye ment for racial characteristics. and (3) estimation of e scapements to Damdochax and Kwinageese Rivers, and sampling t Of hese for racial characteristics. totalled The escapement of sockeye to the Nass River 12 5,000, of which 72,000 entered Meziadin Lake and 28,000 -52- entered Bowser Lake. Escapements to Damdochax and Kwinageese Lakes totalled 8,000 and 10,000 sockeye respectively. An unusual aspect of the 1968 escapement was the age composition recorded from the test-fishing samples, as approxi- mately 10 percent of the total.escapement consisted of sockeye which had entered the sea as fry. In past years, this age group has ranged from less than one percent to about four percent of the total escapement.

2.Lxop Entrance

A salmon tagging and research fishing investigation was initiated in Dixon Entrance and northern Hecate Strait in 1966. These studies were implemented in response to the need for additional information relating to the problem of interception Of salmon bound for one country by fisheries of another in the northern British Columbia - Southeastern Alaska region. Results of the 1966 and 1967 studies indicated that the migration route of pink salmon entering the region differed radically on odd and even year cycles. In 1966, pink salmon stocks entering the region approached predominately from the south, and Alaska-bound stocks were susceptible to inter- ception by British Columbia fisheries. In 1967, the reverse s ituation existed. Pink stocks approached from the north and those destined to British Columbia streams were vulnerable t O fisheries in Southeastern Alaska. the The investigation was continued in 1968 to confirm odd year sus Pected basic differences in the even year and -53- migration patterns, to obtain a measure of the annual variations that may exist within cycles, and to assess special net fishing regulations instituted in the Browning Entrance and Zayas Island areas in 1968. During 1968 a total of 28,000 salmon, mostly pinks, were tagged in Dixon Entrance and Hecate Strait and in the Browning Entrance and Zayas Island fishing areas. Tag recoveries from the program are continuing. These are being coded and punched in preparation for computer analysis to be conducted early in 1969. About 7,000 tag recoveries had been recorded up to December, 1968. The Browning Entrance and Zayas Island fisheries were relatively unsuccessful in 1968, since their combined catch did flot exceed 150,000 pink salmon. The reasons for this are not clear at present but the inability of gillnets to exploit the unusually small pink salmon (less than three pounds in average weight) was one important factor.

Rivers Inlet

The Rivers Inlet sockeye salmon catch totalled 2.7 million fish in 1968, 642,000 of which were landed by seine boats which were permitted by regulation this year to fish within a defined

Portion of Area 9 for the first time. The total catch for 1968 Was by far the largest on record. The average weight of the result fish landed was also among the largest recorded, with the that the 1968 Rivers Inlet canned salmon pack had a wholesale value in excess of $12 million. The fish scanning operation initiated ih 1967 was modified and continued in 1968. The use of an echo sounder during dark -54- hours permitted an actual count of individuals encountered on a fixed grid pattern. An escapement of 1.2 to 1.5 million sockeye was indicated by the results. Enumeration of sockeye on the spawning areas, conducted by staff of the Conservation and Protection and Resource Development branches, indicated an overall escapement of greater than 1,000,000. These results strongly suggest that echo sounding conducted at the head of Rivers Inlet will provide a valuable tool for indexing the sockeye escapement and thus provide for a more effective regulation of the Area 9 fishery. A sampling program initiated in 1967, to provide racial identification of Rivers and Smith's Inlet stocks, was continued in 1968. Preliminary analysis of the data suggests that separation of the two stocks by physical and scale Parameters is 70 to 80 percent effective. Tow-netting and limnological studies were continued on Owikeno Lake. Tow-netting catches indicated that the abundance of pre-smolts (juveniles produced from the 1967 adult escapement) is below average and comparable with the results of the 1964 brood. The adult returns from the 1967 brood are predicted on this basis to be in the order of 650,000 sockeye.

The Smith's Inlet sockeye salmon catch exceeded 470,000 catches on record fish in 1968, representing one of the largest for the area. As in Rivers Inlet, the fish were well above average size. -55- A counting tower on the Docee River, installed in 1963, was repaired and operated in 1968. The final adjusted escape- ment count totalled 200,000 sockeye.

Johnstone Strait Study Area Pink Salmon

The 1968 pink salmon catch in the Johnstone Strait area totalled 3.6 million fish. Although complete escapement data are not yet available, an excellent escapement to all areas is indicated. The 1968 stock represents the largest even year pink salmon return to the Johnstone Strait area recorded during the 1 952-68 study period. A study of pink salmon within the Bond Sound - region was conducted in 1968 to provide information necessary for the management of the stocks within this sub-area. The program included: tagging from a chartered purse seine vessel in the area of Thompson and Bond Sounds; enumeration of escape- ments to the Kakweiken and Glendale Rivers by the tag and recapture method; and recovery of tags from the commercial fishery.

Special emphasis was placed on the Kakweiken River, located in Thompson Sound. A steep-pass fishway installed at a falls on the river in 1964 resulted in a considerable increase O f available spawning area, and increased the capacity of the ri ver to about 300,000 pink salmon. Escapements in 1964 and and 1966 , however, totalled only 3,500 and 7,500 respectively, sPecial commercial fishery closures were imposed in both 1966 in and 1968. As a result of those closures, an escapement excess of 75,000 was recorded in 1968. -56-

Johnstone Strait - Fraser River Chum Salmon

The return of chum salmon to the area from Johnstone

Strait to Fraser River was the best recorded since 1959. Commercial fishery landings in Johnstone Strait and the Fraser

River totalled approximately 650,000 and 200,000 fish respectively. Although final escapement estimates are not yet available a total return in excess of two million is indicated,

representing a substantial increase over the 350,000 to 900,000 chum salmon recorded in recent years. In order to obtain an approximate measure of the strength Of the run as it developed, and to acquire pertinent age composition data, fishing by chartered purse seine vessel was conducted in Upper Johnstone Strait throughout the chum salmon migration period. Chum salmon were also tagged to gain further information regarding the timing and migration of the stocks.

L'Laser River Chum Salmon Investigation

An investigation initiated in 1960 to assess the condition Of the Fraser River chum salmon stock, to determine the factors responsible for a decline in both the escapement and commercial catch since the mid-1950's, and to acquire additional information necessary for the management and rehabilitation of the stock was

c ontinued in 1968. The Fraser River investigation has been closely integrated with an overall assessment presently being - c onducted of the chum stocks indigenous to the Johnstone Strait date, F'raser River region. As a result of studies 'conducted to a it has been possible to design fishing patterns providing -57- maximum . degree of protection to the peak of the important mainstem Fraser River stock during its period of passage through Area 29 and through the Johnstone Strait and Strait of Georgia fishing areas. The 1968 Fraser River program included: enumeration of main-stem and tributary spawning populations; test-fishing in the lower river; and enumeration of the total system chum salmon fry output from the 1967 escapement.

Fraser River Chinook Salmon Program

The chinook salmon giUnet test-fishing program, initiated on the Fraser River in 1964, was continued during the period April through September in 1968. Analysis of the test-fishing catches provides a daily and seasonal index of chinook salmon escapement which can be applied to the management of the Area 29 chinook salmon fishery.

2.pst1 Coast of Vancouver Island Chinook and Coho Investigation

Mortality associated with the capture and release of pre- season coho and sub-legal sized chinooks constitutes a major problem in the effective management of the ocean troll fishery. The problem arises from the operation of the chinook troll fishery in chinook and coho rearing areas throughout the April 15 - October 31 trolling season. All coho caught before size limit June 15 and all chinooks under the 26-inch minimum Must be released. An exploratory study was conducted during the period three May 1 - June 13, 1968, to determine whether any of the basic trolling lure types were selective for pre-season coho - 5 8 - or sub-legal chinooks. These basic lure types are flasher- hootchies, spoons, and plugs. The lures were fished to maximize the efficiency of capture of legal-Sized chinooks. Coho were neither actively pursued nor avoided. During the 27 days of sampling, 1,437 coho, 199 legal- sized chinooks and 198 sub-legal-sized chinooks were captured. The results of the lure selectivity study were: (1) The rate of capture of coho on plugs was one-fifth and one-third of the rates on flasher-hootchies and spoons respectively; (2) The rate of capture of sub-legal-sized chinooks on plugs was one-seventh and one-fifth of the rates on spoons and flasher-hootchies respectively; (3) The rates of capture of legal-sized chinooks were similar for all three lure types.

P-. 12.aL:G 12E; ia Chinook and Coho Investigation

An experimental troll fishing study was carried out in the to Comox area of the Strait of Georgia from April 30 to June 4, 1968, to complement the study conducted on the West coast of Vancouver Island. The management problem mentioned in that section is troll e ssentially the same in the case of the Strait of Georgia f ishery. Both fisheries operate on chinook and coho rearing on areas during the trolling season and both inflict losses and stocks through the capture and release of pre-season coho s ub-legal sized chinooks.

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The Strait of Georgia study also utilized a chartered commercial troller and fishing methods were similar to those described for the west coast study. The three standard types of chinook lure - plug, spoon, and flasher-hootchie (plastic squid) combination - were tested for selectivity on pre-season coho and sub-legal-sized chinooks. A total of 101 legal-sized chinooks, 18 sub-legal-sized chinooks, and 202 coho were caught during the study period. The catch data, according to lure type, are presented in the following table.

CHINOOKS LURE TYPE Sub-Legal* Legal Total Coho

Plugs 2 16 18 13

Spoons 2 23 25 80

Flasher-hootchies 14 62 76 109

* Less than 2.5 lbs. dressed, head on

The results of the study can be summarized as follows: (1) The rate of capture of coho on plugs was one-eighth and one-sixth of the rates on flasher-hootchies and spoons respectively; (2) The number of sub-legal-sized chinooks caught on plugs and spoons was insignificant and the average weight spoons of the combined catch of chinooks on plugs and average (7.0 lbs.) was significantly higher than the weight of the catch on the flasher-hootchies (5.6 lbs.) -60- (3) The rate of capture of legal-sized chinooks on plugs was one-quarter and two-thirds of the rates on flasher-hootchies and spoons respectively.

Juan de Fuca Strait Investigations

In June, 1967, Area 19 and Area 20 east of Sheringham Point were closed to commercial fishing. The closure was imposed to improve the declining Victoria - Sooke sport catch of coho salmon migrating eastward through the area in the fall. When the closure was announced the Department stated that a two-year program would be conducted in the Strait to study migratory behavior, feeding behavior and abundance of coho, and to assess the effect of the regulation change on coho sport catches. The 1967 phase of the study consisted of test trolling from June 19 to October 11, charter flights to determine sport and commercial gear distribution, and a detailed analysis of existing catch statistics. These results have been reported elsewhere. Assessment of the regulation change was not adequately achieved due primarily to a lack of preclosure sport statistics. Studies in 1968 were concentrated on the May to July Period. Test trolling, conducted from May 1 to July 11, showed that the major westward coho migration had ceased by mid-May. The end of June - beginning of July eastward coho migration, noted in 1967, was not observed in 1968. Between May 1 and July 11, 500 west-migrating coho were marked with spaghetti anchor tags. Twenty percent of the tags have since been recovered. West coast troll recoveries were virtually all from southern Vancouver Island (South of Estevan -61-

Point) and northern Washington waters indicating that the outward migrants did not rear in more northern coastal waters. The majority of the tagged coho migrated back through the Strait during the first two weeks of September. The Canadian Area 20 commercial fishery recoVered 25 tags, while the Victoria - Sooke sport fishery recovered one. Over 300 chinooks were also tagged between May 1 and July 11 but meaningful recoveries have yet to be made. The Sooke - Victoria sport fishery for coho was unpro- ductive from June to the end of August, but the September sport fishery experienced the highest catch on record (13,000 coho, compared to an average of 3,000 in 1960-67). This large increase was mainly due to an exceptional abundance of coho in the sport area, resulting from the combination of low commercial exploitation and the higher than average abundance of coho entering the commercial fishery. The inverse correlation between mean weight of September seine-caUght coho and September Sport success was continued in 1968, as seine-caught coho had the second lowest mean weight since 1958. Seine tagging of coho and chinook grilse was carried out during the first two weeks of October off Sooke and Becher Bay, in Satellite Channel, and in Brentwood Bay, . An unusually high abundance of pink salmon grilse (average length to Of 20 cm) was noted in Becher Bay and in inshore waters Peddar Bay, usually in association with herring. studies, A progress report, summarizing the 1967 and 1968 is presently being prepared. -62-

iinr.:22g Investigations and Assessments

(1) Spawn deposition study_ Field work for the 1968 season began in February with a study of the extent of spawn deposition in Nanoose Bay (lower east coast of Vancouver Island). Underwater tele- vision and skin divers were used to search for spawn below the low tide level. Spawn was found deposited to a depth of approximately 30 feet below low tide on japweed (Sargassum muticum).

( 2 ) Juvenile herring studies in the Strait of Georgia Studies were initiated during the summer of 1968 to determine the feasibility of measuring juvenile herring abundance and using this measure to predict stock-strength at recruitment. The studies in this first year of operation were necessarily confined to a small portion of the southern Strait Of Georgia. A Ross Fineline Surveyor echo-sounder waS used, designed to record to a depth of 400 feet in four 100-foot ranges, at a pulse frequency of 105 kilohertz. The sounder Proved to be quite satisfactory for recording the presence O f juvenile herring, but more work is needed in order to quantify the results. Meristic and morphometric data were obtained from samples Of juvenile herring obtained in widely separated geographical areas. Discriminant function analysis will be employed to between t est for significant differences in characteristics Populations. -63- lierzj2.1umIL5.2.r.JILjtnezam

The program initiated in 1967 to estimate the abundance of herring in the absence of a commercial reduction fishery was continued and expanded in 1968. This season (1968-69), with the co-operation of the Conservation and Protection Branch, most of the major herring fishing grounds in British Columbia are being surveyed by echo-sounders aboard Department patrol vessels. The Resource Development Branch has also chartered three drum-seine vessels to aid in the abundance estimates and to obtain samples for use by the Fisheries Research Board and the Department in the determination of size and age composition, maturity, and other biological population parameters. An example of streambed improvement in the Big Qualicum River. A marginal unproductive area (upper photo) was converted into prime spawning area (lower photo). Female chum salmon in spawning condition from the Big Qualicum River. The upper photo shows a marked fish whose adipose and right ventral fins were removed during the fry stage. The lower photo shows a normal chum salmon. (Photo credit - T. F. Pletcher). Sockeye salmon enumeration fence on the Fulton River showing adult counting towers (white buildings) and converging throat traps for fry enumeration.

Close-up of converging throat trap in fishing position. Storage dam under construction at Fulton River, Babine Lake (completed in November, 1968) Sockeye salmon spawning channel at Pinkut Creek, Babine Lake, completed in September, 1968. Salmon leaping at the falls on the Kakweiken River. Rehabilitation study of. the Mt. Washington tailings pond on Vancouver Island.

t U "‘.

Basic lure types used in the Gulf of Georgia and West Coast chinook and coho investigations: plugs (upper left); spoons (lower left); and flasher- hootchie combination (right). Recording juvenile herring distribution with the Ross-Fineline echo sounder. ROGER DUHAMEL, F.R.S.C. Queen's Printer and Controller of Stationery Ottawa, 1969 (72)