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Delineation of Walleye Pollock Stocks Off the Pacific Coast of Canada, Part 1

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Delineation of Walleye Pollock Stocks Off the Pacific Coast of Canada, Part 1 Proc.lnt. Bymp. Biol. Mgmt. Walleye Pollock Nov. 1888,Anchorage, Alaska Delineation of Walleye Pollock Theragra chalcogramma!Stocks off the Pacific Coast of Canada Mark W. Saunders, Gordon A. McFarlane, and William Shaw Pacific Biological Station Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada ~bt t Walleye pollock are found in the inlets and open waters along the British Columbia coast. Age and growth information from commercialand research catches collected from 1976 to 1987 indicate that several discrete stocks of pollock are present. Strait of Georgia pollock were significantly smaller at age than fish from northern areas. Length frequencies indicated that pollock in Dixon Entrance are part of southeastern Alaskastocks and suggest that there is little intermingling north and south of Queen Charlotte Sound. The implication of these findings to managementof pollock are examined. ~tt d t W ll y po ll k tTh ~hl,,~l d 1 species that inhabits the continental shelf and slope along the northern rim of the Pacific ocean Bakkala et al. 1986!. In the Canadian zone, concentrations of pollock have been found in Dixon Entrance/Hecate Strait, Queen Charlotte Sound, Strait of Georgia and off the west coast of Vancouver Island Figure 1!. 379 """"",".'~///I/',~~ IsidNpsKKA I f. L //////j61'Q ' QI sooALLvcHAA'NEL SELIVVNINLET- VdfH~fO VINL AVSON CHANNEL tL CNARLDTTE SDIDALD CHdOUEEIVRLOT TE STRAIT~ ILLALO NOOTKASOUNO SVONEVINLET RARKLIVSOONO dPFRQUSF Q STRAITOFJOAN OERLFCA Figure 1. The location of spawning walleye pollock in the northern coastal waters off the west coast of Canada. 380 The fishery for pollock in Canadian waters peaked in 1979 when 3,385 t were landed. Landings continue to be low, a result of poor markets for roe and fillets as well as decreased abundance. The peak of the Canadian fishery appearsto have coincided with a peak in pollock abundance noted throughout the northeast Pacific. Despite the enormity of stocks in the north Pacific, and the importance of the fishery, little it known about the discreteness of pollock stocks throughout its range. Evidence presented to date has been conflicting and inconclusive. Bakkala et al. 986! note that while significant genetic differences have been found between eastern and western Pacific pollock, the differences within eastern and western areas are weak, and that the possibility of multiple stocks exists based on regional differences in age and growth parameters,morphometric and meristic characteristics and isolated spawning grounds. The strongest evidence to date for stock separation within Canadian waters is based on parasitological data. Arthur 983! found significant differences between west coast of Vancouver Island, the Strait of Georgia, and northern waters. No differences were found between Queen Charlotte Sound and Dixon Entrance. Shaw and NcFarlane 986! reported that age analysis indicates that pollock in the Strait of Georgia are smaller for a given age than those in the north coast area and that length frequency data suggest little intermingling north and south of QueenCharlotte Sound. Thompson981! suggested that pollock in Dixon Entrance appear to be part of a larger stock found off BED Alaska. The purpose of this paper is to review regional differences in age and growth, maturity and spawning behavior to assess the discreteness of pollock stocks in Canadian waters. Biological data used in this report were assembled from trawl and hydroacoustic surveys conducted by the Canadian Department of Fisheries and Oceans, and from commercial trawl catches sampled by port samplers or by onboard vessel observers. Pollock were measured for fork length and random lots of tubs, full of fish were sampled for sex, gonad condition and pectoral fins were collected for age determination. Age was determined from cross-sections of pectoral fins Beamish 381 1981;Chilton and Beamish1982! with the exception of WashingtonState ages which were surface readingsfrom otoliths~ Length and ageat 50'tmaturity were calculated usingProbit analysis SASInstitute Inc. 1985!. In a pilot tagging studyFloy tags FD-68!were applied to trawl caught fish. A Diamond-5midwater trawl wasused to capturepollock and the fish wereimmediately transferred to a holding tank. Only fish in goodcondition no scale loss or abrasion!were tagged andreleased. Tenpercent of the fish wereinjected with OTC oxytetracyline!, using a dosage rate of 25 mg/kg. dx ssxon Spawningdistribution Throughoutthe northeastPacific, pollock form spawning aggregationswith peakspawning occurring during March and April' The largestspawning concentrations in Canadian watershave beenfound in DixonEntrance and the Strait of Georgia Shaw and NcFarlane 1986!. Smallerconcentrations havebeen found in manyof the coastal inlets including Dana andSelwyn Inlets on the east coast of Noresby Island Thompsonet al. 1981!,and in mainlandinlets Thompsonand Beamish1979! including FinlaysonChannel, Squally Channel, and Caamano Sound Figure 1!. The above findings were supported by the presenceof eggs and larvae in coastwide surveys conducted during 1980 Nason et al. 1981a-d!, and during 1981 in the Strait of Georgia Shawand NcFarlane1986!. Sampling was conducted at 77 stations on 18 transects located 30 minutes of latitude apart. During the period January 15-22, 1980 pollock eggs were foundonly at the entranceto Juande FucaStrait Figure 2!. During a second cruise conducted from February 13-20, 1980, eggs were found again off the southwest corner of Vancouver Island, and at one station centrally located in QueenCharlotte Sound. During March 12-20,1980 eggs were found off the southwest coast of Vancouver Island, in Queen Charlotte Sound and at one station on the southwest coast. of the Queen Charlotte Islands. At this time, larvae began to appear off the southwest coast Vancouver Island and at one station in eastern Dixon Entrance. During the last cruise conducted in April, only larvae and post-larval pollock were present off the west coast of VancouverIsland as far north as Brooks Peninsular Neanwhile in Dixon Entrance and northern Hecate Strait, eggs were found throughout the region with larvae and post-larval stages found in the most 382 Figure2. Thelocation of spawningwalleye pollock in the northern coastal waters off the west coast of Canada. 383 westerlysites andat onestation in northeasternHecate Strait. Overall, these data indicate the presence of four areas wherespawning takes place, DixonEntrance/northern Hecate Strait, QueenCharlotte Sound,off the west coast of VancouverIsland and in the Strait of Georgia Figures 1 and 2!. Eggsand larvae were noticeably absent from the northwest coastof VancouverIsland, HecateStrait, the westcoast of the Charlottes and Dixon Entrance. The fact that spawningtakes place simultaneously coastwideand in distinctly separate geographic regions, suggeststhat as larvae,pollock form discrete stocks. The degreeto which,if any, that fish from these spawning concentrationsdisperse and the area of eventual recruitment of their offspring to the adult stock is unknown,but differences in parasite loading, age and growthparameters and results of a pilot tagging study provide someinsight. Parasite prevalence and abundance Arthur 983! conducteda preliminary study of the discreteness of pollock stocks in Canadian waters as indicatedby the prevalenceand abundance of 13 speciesof parasites. He used Kruskal-Wallisand non-parametric simultaneoustest procedure STP! tests to look for heterogeneityin prevalenceand abundanceamong collections of female pollockfrom the west coast of VancouverIsland, the Strait of Georgia, Queen Charlotte Sound and Dixon Entrance. He concluded that the Strait of Georgia and the west coast of VancouverIsland are relatively discrete from each other and from the two northern areas. He cautions that while QueenCharlotte Soundand Dixon Entrance pollock mayconstitute a single stock, the results maysimply be an artifact of similar environmental conditions' Age and growth The major stocks as indicated by parasite and spawning locality data, also exhibit differences in a number of age and growth parameters. In Dixon-Entrance and Queen Charlotte Sound the maximum age in the population is 12 years, and samplesare dominated by ages 4 to 7 Figures 3 and 4!. With the exception of the 1980 Two Peaks sample, the proportion at each age remains consistent between the years 1978 and 1983. This sLay 384 Proportion 0,7 0,6 0.5 0,4 0.3 1363Twe Peaks 63 MelntyraSay 0.2 TewHill a Pooka 0,1 ~aks 0 2 3 i 5 6 7 8 0 1 AGE year! Figure3. Agefrequencies of walleyepollock in DixonEntrance from 1978 to 1983. Proportion 0.35 0,3 0.25 0.2 0.15 0. 'I 0.05 0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 tt 10 AGE years! Figure 6. Age frequencies of walleye pollock in QueenCharlotte Sound during 1978 Finn Ch=Finlayson Channel, Nar=March, i'= midwatertrawl, QCSQueen Charlotte Sound, BT=bottom trawl!. 385 indicate that recruitment was constant over the time period or that ageing error could be smoothing the age distribution. The latter is possible given Thompson's 981! report that between- reader agreement of samples ranged from 30 to 95 percent. Samplesof primarily younger fish resulted in greater agreement 9-Bit! than those of older fish 0- 61%!, The smoothing of the age structure precludes the ume of different year-class strengths in the population aa evidence for stock separation. As well, any future stock assessment, in particular if catch-at-age analysis is used, should address this problem of ageing error. The above discussion deals with precision; the issue of accuracy has not been addressed. While length frequencies provide reasonable validation of the first two growth zones Beamish 1981!, validation remains to be carried out for the older age classes. In the Strait of Georgia and off the west coast of Vancouver Island, the maximum ages are less than Dixon Entrance-Queen Charlotte areas, at 10 and 8 years, respectively, and age frequencies Figures 5 and 6! are comprised of predominantly younger age classes age 3 to 5 ! ~ The absence of older fish in samples collected off the wemt coast of Vancouver Island may be the result of fishing mortality incurred during the offshore Pacific hake fishery' or it may simply be that they have not been encountered.
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