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Nlakaâ•Žpamux Nation Inventory of Traditional

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Nlakaâ•Žpamux Nation Inventory of Traditional 20200501-5391 FERC PDF (Unofficial) 5/1/2020 1:15:47 PM Nlaka’pamux Nation Inventory of Traditional Cultural Properties in the Upper Skagit River Valley within FERC Project Area # 553-000, Washington State, USA, and Mitigation Measures to protect Nlaka’pamux Cultural Properties. Nlaka’pamux Elders (the late) Susannah Phillips, (the late) Maggie Hance and Amy Charlie prepare to visit sites selected as potential Nlaka’pamux cultural properties in the Upper Skagit River Valley. (NNTC, September 2012) VI. Executive Summary The Nlaka’pamux interest in the lands beneath and surrounding the Ross Lake hydroelectric dam built by Seattle City Light [“SCL”] in Washington State was recognized by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission [“FERC”] of the United States in June 1991. In its motion to intervene in the Ross Lake relicensing application, the Nlaka’pamux Nation Tribal Council [“NNTC”] asserted that Seattle did not undertake a serious survey of cultural and historic sites until the Commission staff requested the City to do so, in October 1988, and that the preliminary studies conducted to date had revealed evidence of previously unknown historic sites within the traditional territory of the xiii CONTAINS CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION. DO NOT DISTRIBUTE 20200501-5391 FERC PDF (Unofficial) 5/1/2020 1:15:47 PM Nlaka’pamux. As a result, NNTC argued, this was an appropriate time under the National Historic Preservation Act and implementing regulations for Seattle to consult with interested tribes and for the Nlaka’pamux to seek intervention. Notice to Intervene was granted in 1991. Seattle City Light agreed to fund the research to create an inventory of Nlaka’pamux Traditional Cultural Properties [“TCPs”] within the area of FERC jurisdiction at the Ross Lake dam in the Upper Skagit River Valley. This was to include a report on the project effects on these areas, with Nlaka’pamux Nation Tribal Council [NNTC] recommendations and cost estimates for mitigation measures for unavoidable adverse project effects. The 2010 Administrative Memorandum of Agreement between the SCL and NNTC reviewed the goals and Scope of Work involved. The goals of this Project have been achieved: • Identification of component sites of a potential TCP: one feature and ten critical sites, documented within a solid cultural framework, have been selected by Nlaka’pamux Elders and leadership; • historic and field research is collated in a Project-designated data-base; • schedule of potential project effects on each feature and site is laid out; • recommendations, schedules, and projected costs for mitigation measures are included; • mechanisms required for mitigation discussions on the part of the NNTC are in place: the Nlaka’pamux Cultural Heritage policy guides the conversation, and personnel with expertise and experience in this area are on NNTC staff or associated Councils and Boards; • a respectful working relationship between all parties involved in the research - the SCL, NPS and NNTC - was established. The deliverables due under the 2010 Administrative Memorandum of Agreement are attached: • Public Report: NNTC Inventory of Nlaka’pamux Traditional Cultural Properties within FERC Project Area # 553, Washington State, with bibliography and appendices. • Confidential Report: NNTC Inventory of Nlaka’pamux Traditional Cultural Properties within FERC Project Area # 553, Washington State, with plans, bibliography and appendices. • Public Report: The Nlaka’pamux in Washington State, ethnography by Dr. A. Laforet, 2014. • Public Report: Status of TCP Investigations for Nlaka’pamux Nation in the Ross Lake Project Areas, by Kelly R. Bush, Equinox Research and Consulting xiv CONTAINS CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION. DO NOT DISTRIBUTE 20200501-5391 FERC PDF (Unofficial) 5/1/2020 1:15:47 PM International Inc. [ERCI], 2014. Additional survey work is required to identify (and protect) other traditional Nlaka’pamux properties. The surveyor time-frame did not allow the investigation to continue further south. The trail does continue down to Ruby Creek to meet with an est- west trail that needs to be investigated. The area between Ruby Creek and Diablo has not been investigated. In the same way the trail leading north of the Hozomeen Rangers’ camp into Canada has still to be investigated. The process of registering the proposed Nlaka’pamux Traditional Cultural Property documented in this Report is itself a long one. Presenting the required deliverables at this stage by no means signifies that the NNTC investigation here is concluded. Part 1: Inventory of Nlaka’pamux Cultural Properties A traditional cultural property [is] a place … that is eligible for inclusion in the National Register because of its association with cultural practices or beliefs of a living community that (a) are rooted in that community’s history, and (b) are important in maintaining the continuing cultural identity of the community (Parker and King 1998). The concept of a traditional cultural property (“TCP”) was developed for the National Register of Historic Places 1 and published as National Register Bulletin # 38, (King and Parker 1990) subsequently entitled Guidelines for the Evaluation and Documentation of Traditional Cultural Properties. Research to identify Nlaka’pamux Cultural Properties Archaeological research over the past two decades in the Upper Skagit River Valley surrounding Ross Lake reservoir has created an expanding database of hundreds of archaeological sites which was helpful in informing a general indigenous use of the valley over the last 10,000 years at least. The research was led by the senior archaeologist at the North Cascades National Park, Robert Mierendorf, who was generous in forwarding all information to the Nlaka’pamux once the Nlaka’pamux interest in the area was established in 1991. 1 The National Register of Historic Places (the “Register” or NRHP) which consists of sites, structures, and objects “significant in American history, architecture, archeology, engineering, and culture” (emphasis added) was established under the National Historic Preservation Act [the “NHPA”] of 1966. Section 101(d) in the 1992 amendment to the Act states specifically that properties of “traditional religious and cultural importance to Indian tribes … may be determined eligible for inclusion on the National Register”. xv CONTAINS CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION. DO NOT DISTRIBUTE 20200501-5391 FERC PDF (Unofficial) 5/1/2020 1:15:47 PM Archival research into the Upper Skagit River Valley, now the location of the Ross Lake reservoir, confirmed the same paucity of historical information as exists for other Nlaka’pamux watersheds. The topography of the Nlaka’pamux Nation, with its deep canyons and ravines, fast waters, steep, rocky and densely forested mountains makes for difficult travel. Few non-native traders and adventures ventured here before the Fraser River Gold Rush in 1858 and the Canadian/USA Boundary Commission surveys of 1859, and those adventurers wrote more of the mosquitoes and dangers of their travel than of the indigenous populations. However, the U.S. Boundary Commission did produce two maps drawn by “Indians” of the Skagit River drainage and the mountain ranges at and south of the newly established boundary line and showed indigenous place names. Subsequent to the submission of the NNTC Draft Report in 2014, the “Report of Henry Custer, Assistant of Reconnaissances made in 1859 over the routes in the Cascade Mountains in the vicinity of the 49th parallel was located. This was a particularly useful find as Custer’s report corroborated the findings of the NNTC ground crew. The map that came out of the Survey, U.S. North West Boundary Survey, Map of Western Section (1866), also showed the indigenous place names. [Appendix 22] The names of the mountains and creeks mentioned in these Thiosoloc was hired was a guide by the US Boundary Commission in 1859. He did not accompany the Commission as far as Skagit and prepared this map for them: the creek and mountain names were likely added by Commission translator George Gibbs. The surveyors commented on the accuracy of the map. [US Boundary Commission, Map 26, Series 69, RG 76, US National Archives] xvi CONTAINS CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION. DO NOT DISTRIBUTE 20200501-5391 FERC PDF (Unofficial) 5/1/2020 1:15:47 PM documents can be deconstructed linguistically to demonstrate that these are Nlha.kapmhhchEEn (Nlaka’pamux language) place names. Here we see that lower part 2 of this valley was named as Steh-tatl Valley. That this was recognized as Nlaka’pamux territory was confirmed by the maps of anthropologist James Teit who had arrived in the Nlaka’pamux territory in the late 1880’s. He worked with Nlaka’pamux who were already adults at the time of the Gold Rush and Boundary Commission, to sketch out the extent of the Nlaka’pamux Nation. Their plans and sketches consistently included within the Nation that part of the Upper Skagit River Valley now in Washington State that is the focus of this study. Events following 1858 largely constrained the Nlaka’pamux to the tiny “Indian Reserves” along the Fraser, Thompson and Nicola Rivers, and severely eroded an economy that had depended on strategic travel to different resources at different times of the year. While Nlaka’pamux travel to the Upper Skagit River Valley was reduced, it certainly did not cease. Archival photographs and oral history confirm that Nlaka’pamux continued to travel to the Upper Skagit Valley through 1858 to the 1940’s for the rich traditional resources there, but specific destinations, resource
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