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Kidney Function • Filtration • Reabsorption • Secretion • Excretion • Micturition

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Kidney Function • Filtration • Reabsorption • Secretion • Excretion • Micturition About This Chapter • Functions of the kidneys • Anatomy of the urinary system • Overview of kidney function • Filtration • Reabsorption • Secretion • Excretion • Micturition © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Functions of the Kidneys • Regulation of extracellular fluid volume and blood pressure • Regulation of osmolarity • Maintenance of ion balance • Homeostatic regulation of pH • Excretion of wastes • Production of hormones © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Anatomy of the Urinary System • Kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra • Kidneys – Bean-shaped organ – Cortex and medulla © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Anatomy of the Urinary System • Functional unit is the nephron – Glomerulus in the Bowman’s capsule – Proximal tubule – The loop of Henle • Descending limb and ascending limb twisted between arterioles forming the juxtaglomerular apparatus – Distal tubule – Collecting ducts © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 19.1b Anatomy summary The kidneys are located retroperitoneally at the level of the lower ribs. Inferior Diaphragm vena cava Aorta Left adrenal gland Left kidney Right kidney Renal artery Renal vein Ureter Peritoneum Urinary Rectum (cut) bladder (cut) © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 19.1c Anatomy summary © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 19.1d Anatomy summary © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 19.1f-h Anatomy summary Some nephrons dip deep into the medulla. One nephron has two arterioles and two sets of capillaries that form a portal system. Efferent arteriole Arterioles Peritubular Juxtaglomerular capillaries The cortex apparatus contains all Bowman’s Nephrons Afferent capsules, arteriole Glomerulus proximal Juxtamedullary nephron and distal (capillaries) with vasa recta tubules. Peritubular capillaries Glomerulus The medulla contains loops of Henle and Vasa recta collecting ducts. Collecting duct Loop of Henle © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Kidney Function • Filtration from blood into the lumen of the nephron • Reabsorption from the filtrate in the lumen of the tubule back into the blood • Secretion from blood into lumen of tubule • Excretion from lumen to out of the body • Capillary pressure causes filtration • Hydrostatic pressure (blood pressure) • Colloid osmotic pressure © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Kidney Function • Fluid pressure created by fluid in Bowman’s capsule • Only 20% of the plasma that passes through the glomerulus is filtered • Less than 1% of filtered fluid is excreted © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 19.2 Nephron Function Slide 1 The four processes of the kidney are: F = Filtration: movement from blood to lumen S = Secretion: from blood to lumen R = Reabsorption: from lumen to blood E = Excretion: from lumen to outside the body This model nephron has been untwisted so that fluid flows left to right. Tubular Elements Bowman’s capsule Proximal tubule Loop of Henle Distal tubule Collecting duct R S R V Efferent S a arteriole s c u l Glomerulus F a End of r Loop of Henle Afferent E 18 L/day arteriole l ____% volume R Filtered e 100 mOsM m S 180 L/day e R n 100% volume t 300 mOsM s Peritubular capillaries R Start of Loop of Henle To renal vein 54 L/day 30% volume 300 mOsM End of Collecting duct Vasa recta 1.5 L/day ____% volume 50–1200 mOsM E To bladder and external environment © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 19.2 Nephron Function Slide 2 The four processes of the kidney are: F = Filtration: movement from blood to lumen S = Secretion: from blood to lumen R = Reabsorption: from lumen to blood E = Excretion: from lumen to outside the body This model nephron has been untwisted so that fluid flows left to right. Tubular Elements Bowman’s capsule V a s c u l Glomerulus F a r Afferent E l arteriole e Filtered m 180 L/day e n 100% volume t 300 mOsM s © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 19.2 Nephron Function Slide 3 The four processes of the kidney are: F = Filtration: movement from blood to lumen S = Secretion: from blood to lumen R = Reabsorption: from lumen to blood E = Excretion: from lumen to outside the body This model nephron has been untwisted so that fluid flows left to right. Tubular Elements Bowman’s capsule Proximal tubule R S V Efferent a arteriole s c u l Glomerulus F a r Afferent E l arteriole e Filtered m 180 L/day e n 100% volume t 300 mOsM s Peritubular capillaries © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 19.2 Nephron Function Slide 4 The four processes of the kidney are: F = Filtration: movement from blood to lumen S = Secretion: from blood to lumen R = Reabsorption: from lumen to blood E = Excretion: from lumen to outside the body This model nephron has been untwisted so that fluid flows left to right. Tubular Elements Bowman’s capsule Proximal tubule Loop of Henle R S V Efferent a arteriole s c u l Glomerulus F a r Afferent E l arteriole e Filtered m 180 L/day e R n 100% volume t 300 mOsM s Peritubular capillaries R Start of Loop of Henle 54 L/day 30% volume 300 mOsM Vasa recta © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 19.2 Nephron Function Slide 5 The four processes of the kidney are: F = Filtration: movement from blood to lumen S = Secretion: from blood to lumen R = Reabsorption: from lumen to blood E = Excretion: from lumen to outside the body This model nephron has been untwisted so that fluid flows left to right. Tubular Elements Bowman’s capsule Proximal tubule Loop of Henle R S V Efferent a arteriole s c u l Glomerulus F a End of r Loop of Henle Afferent E 18 L/day arteriole l ____% volume Filtered e 100 mOsM m 180 L/day e R n 100% volume t 300 mOsM s Peritubular capillaries R Start of Loop of Henle 54 L/day 30% volume 300 mOsM Vasa recta © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 19.2 Nephron Function Slide 6 The four processes of the kidney are: F = Filtration: movement from blood to lumen S = Secretion: from blood to lumen R = Reabsorption: from lumen to blood E = Excretion: from lumen to outside the body This model nephron has been untwisted so that fluid flows left to right. Tubular Elements Bowman’s capsule Proximal tubule Loop of Henle Distal tubule R S R V Efferent S a arteriole s c u l Glomerulus F a End of r Loop of Henle Afferent E 18 L/day arteriole l ____% volume Filtered e 100 mOsM m 180 L/day e R n 100% volume t 300 mOsM s Peritubular capillaries R Start of Loop of Henle 54 L/day 30% volume 300 mOsM Vasa recta © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 19.2 Nephron Function Slide 7 The four processes of the kidney are: F = Filtration: movement from blood to lumen S = Secretion: from blood to lumen R = Reabsorption: from lumen to blood E = Excretion: from lumen to outside the body This model nephron has been untwisted so that fluid flows left to right. Tubular Elements Bowman’s capsule Proximal tubule Loop of Henle Distal tubule Collecting duct R S R V Efferent S a arteriole s c u l Glomerulus F a End of r Loop of Henle Afferent E 18 L/day arteriole l ____% volume R Filtered e 100 mOsM m 180 L/day S e R n 100% volume t 300 mOsM s Peritubular capillaries R Start of Loop of Henle 54 L/day 30% volume 300 mOsM Vasa recta © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 19.2 Nephron Function Slide 8 The four processes of the kidney are: F = Filtration: movement from blood to lumen S = Secretion: from blood to lumen R = Reabsorption: from lumen to blood E = Excretion: from lumen to outside the body This model nephron has been untwisted so that fluid flows left to right. Tubular Elements Bowman’s capsule Proximal tubule Loop of Henle Distal tubule Collecting duct R S R V Efferent S a arteriole s c u l Glomerulus F a End of r Loop of Henle Afferent E 18 L/day arteriole l ____% volume R Filtered e 100 mOsM m 180 L/day S e R n 100% volume t 300 mOsM s Peritubular capillaries R Start of Loop of Henle To renal vein 54 L/day 30% volume 300 mOsM Vasa recta © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 19.2 Nephron Function Slide 9 The four processes of the kidney are: F = Filtration: movement from blood to lumen S = Secretion: from blood to lumen R = Reabsorption: from lumen to blood E = Excretion: from lumen to outside the body This model nephron has been untwisted so that fluid flows left to right. Tubular Elements Bowman’s capsule Proximal tubule Loop of Henle Distal tubule Collecting duct R S R V Efferent S a arteriole s c u l Glomerulus F a End of r Loop of Henle Afferent E 18 L/day arteriole l ____% volume R Filtered e 100 mOsM m 180 L/day S e R n 100% volume t 300 mOsM s Peritubular capillaries R Start of Loop of Henle To renal vein 54 L/day 30% volume 300 mOsM End of Collecting duct Vasa recta 1.5 L/day ____% volume 50–1200 mOsM E To bladder and external environment © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 19.2 Nephron Function Slide 10 The four processes of the kidney are: F = Filtration: movement from blood to lumen S = Secretion: from blood to lumen R = Reabsorption: from lumen to blood E = Excretion: from lumen to outside the body This model nephron has been untwisted so that fluid flows left to right. Tubular Elements Bowman’s capsule Proximal tubule Loop of Henle Distal tubule Collecting duct V Efferent a arteriole s c u l Glomerulus F a r Afferent E l arteriole e Filtered m 180 L/day e n 100% volume t 300 mOsM s Peritubular capillaries To renal vein Vasa recta To bladder and external environment © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
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