Chapter 4 Central Nervous System and Sensory Organs

Home , Efferent arteriole, Multipolar neuron, Unipolar neuron

Chapter 4

Central Nervous System and Sensory Organs © David G. Ward © David Dendrites of Neuron Showing Dendritic Spines (Bright eld, Silver, x1880)

79 Sensory and Motor Neurons

Cell Body

Synaptic Bulb Dendrite / Receptor

Axon (Central Process) Axon (Peripheral Process)

Figure 4.1: Unipolar neuron (sensory). © David G. Ward.

Dendrites

Cell Body

Axon Hillock

Synaptic Bulb Dendrites

Axon

Figure 4.2: Multipolar neuron (motor). © David G. Ward.

80 Chapter 4: Central Nervous System and Sensory Organs Communication Between Neurons

Cell Body Dendrites Axon

Cell Body Enlargement

Synaptic Axon Synaptic Bulb Hillock Vesicles Synaptic Bulb

Presynaptic Axon Membrane Postsynaptic Membrane Dendrite Synaptic Cleft

Figure 4.3: Synaptic communication. © David G. Ward.

Synaptic Bulb*

Axon Dendrite Dendrite

Synaptic Bulb* Synaptic Bulb

Nucleus

Axon Synaptic Vessicles *The synaptic bulbs are from other neurons communicating with this neuron. Presynaptic Membrane

Figure 4.4: Mutlipolar neuron. Figure 4.5: Synaptic bulb. © David G. Ward. © David G. Ward.

Chapter 4: Central Nervous System and Sensory Organs 81 Motor Neurons, Glial and Schwann Cells

Multipolar Neurons

Glial Cells

Figure 4.6: Spinal multipolar neurons. © David G. Ward.

Node Node Schwann Cell Axon

Endoneurium Axon Myelin Sheath

Figure 4.7: Myelinated neuron. © David G. Ward.

Axon Node Axon

Schwann Cell Schwann Cell 400x+

Axon Schwann Cell / Myelin Sheath Figure 4.8: Schwann cell. © David G. Ward.

82 Chapter 4: Central Nervous System and Sensory Organs Nerve and Schwann Cells

Fascicle

Perineurium Epineurium

Fascicle

Figure 4.9: Nerve cell, histology. © David G. Ward.

Epineurium Perineurium Endoneurium Axons Perineurium Perineurium Fascicle Figure 4.10: Nerve. Figure 4.11: Nerve fascicle. © David G. Ward. © David G. Ward.

NodeNode

Endoneurium Endoneurium Axons Node Schwann Cells Myelin Sheaths

Figure 4.12: Schwann cells and axons. Figure 4.13: Schwann cells. © David G. Ward. © David G. Ward.

Chapter 4: Central Nervous System and Sensory Organs 83 Neuromuscular Junctions and Motor Units

Axon of Motor Neuron

Skeletal Muscle Cells

Axon of Motor Neuron Synaptic Bulbs

Motor End Plate

Motor End Plate Figure 4.14: Neuromuscular junctions. © David G. Ward.

Alpha Motor Neurons

Anterior Large Motor Unit Horn (1 alpha motor neuron, many skeletal muscle cells)

Small Motor Unit (1 alpha motor neuron, 1 skeletal muscle cell)

Figure 4.15: Motor units. © David G. Ward.

84 Chapter 4: Central Nervous System and Sensory Organs Spinal Cord

Central Canal

Dorsal Horn Dorsal Root

White Matter

Gray Matter

Ventral Horn Ventra Median Ventral Root Sulcus Figure 4.16: Cross section with meninges. © David G. Ward.

Dorsal Horn

Dorsal Root

Pia Mater Dura Mater Arachnoid Dorsal Root Ganglion Figure 4.17: Meninges. © David G. Ward. Ventral Root Ventral Horn

Figure 4.18: Horns and roots. © David G. Ward.

Chapter 4: Central Nervous System and Sensory Organs 85 Brain

Optic a. b. Cerebrum Chiasma

Pyramids Optic Nerve Cerebellum

c. d. Cerebrum Gyrus (Raised) Corpus Callosum Transverse Longitudinal Fissure Fissure

Cerebellum

Olfactory Sulcus Hypothalamus Blub Pons (Recessed) Medulla Thalamus

e. Parietal f. Cerebrum Lobe

Medulla

Cerebellum Pons Frontal Lobe

Temporal Lobe Spinal Cord

Figure 4.19: Brain. © NCSU.

86 Chapter 4: Central Nervous System and Sensory Organs Figure 4.20: Spinal cord divisions. © NCSU.

Chapter 4: Central Nervous System and Sensory Organs 87 Parasympathetic Ganglia and Neurotransmitters

Parasympathetic Ciliary, Sphenopalatine, Preganglionic Submandibular and Otic Neurons Ganglia Organs of the Head

Parasympathetic Postganglionic Neuron

Middle Medulla Thoracic and Abdominal Thoracic and Abdominal Organs Intramural Ganglia Parasympathetic Parasympathetic Preganglionic Postganglionic Neurons Neuron Pelvic Pelvic Organs Intramural Ganglia Sacral Spinal Cord Parasympathetic Postganglionic Neuron

Figure 4.21: Parasympathetic ganglia. © David G. Ward.

Acetylcholine

Parasympathetic Preganglionic Neuron

Cholinergic Muscarinic Middle Medulla Receptors

Enlargement Acetylcholine

Target Organ Cholinergic Enlargement Nicotinic-N Intramural Parasympathetic Receptors Ganglion Postganglionic Neuron

Figure 4.22: Parasympathetic neurotransmitters. © David G. Ward.

88 Chapter 4: Central Nervous System and Sensory Organs Sympathetic Nervous System

Impulse Conduction Synaptic Knob Axon Mitochondrion

Endoplasmic Reticulum Synaptic Vesicles

Presynaptic Membrane

Synaptic Postsynaptic Cleft Membrane

Figure 4.23: Synapse. © bluedoor, LLC.

Direction of Neural Impulse Axon

Vesicles Containing Neurotransmitter Chemicals Mitochondrion Axonal Terminal

Presynaptic Membrane

Membrane of Postsynaptic Synaptic Cleft Neuron

Figure 4.24: Synapse structure. © bluedoor, LLC.

Chapter 4: Central Nervous System and Sensory Organs 89 Sympathetic Ganglia and Neurotransmitters

Lateral Horn Sympathetic Preganglionic Neurons Sympathetic Postganglionic Neuron

Thoracic Spinal Cord Head, Thoracic, Skeletal and Cutaneous Chain Organs Ganglia

Adrenal Celiac and Endocrine Mesenteric Medulla Ganglia

Abdominal and Pelvic Sympathetic Organs Postganglionic Neuron

Figure 4.25: Sympathetic ganglia. © David G. Ward.

Norepinephrine

Sympathetic Preganglionic Neuron Lateral Horn Adrenergic Alpha / Beta Receptors Acetylcholine

Enlargement Enlargement Sympathetic Ganglion Target Organ Cholinergic Nicotinic-N Sympathetic Receptors Postganglionic Neuron

Figure 4.26: Sympathetic neurotransmitters. © David G. Ward.

90 Chapter 4: Central Nervous System and Sensory Organs Nerves

Cervical

Thoracic Lumbar Sacral

L5 L4 C7C8T1,2 C6 L7S1 L6

Figure 4.27: Spinal nerves. © NCSU.

Cranial Cervical a. Thoracic Sacral Lumbar

b. Thoracic Cervical

Figure 4.28: Spinal nerves. © NCSU.

Chapter 4: Central Nervous System and Sensory Organs 91 Nerves

Olfactory Bulb

Optic Nerve Oculomotor Nerve

Trochlear Nerve

Trigeminal Nerve Abducens Nerve

Facial Nerve Vestibulocochlear Nerve Glossopharyngeal Vagus Nerve Nerve

Spinal Accessory b. Nerve Hypoglossal Nerve

Infraorbital

Maxillary Facial Caudal Mental Middle Mental

Buccal Mandibular Gland Facial Branches of External Lingual Nerve Facial Nerve Carotid Nerve Maxillary Nerve Vein

Figure 4.29: Cranial nerves. © NCSU. Lingual Nerve Deep Facial Jugular Lingual Nerve Vein Nerve Parotid Gland Common Carotid External Carotid Artery Artery

92 Chapter 4: Central Nervous System and Sensory Organs Nerves of the Thoracic Limb

Brachial Plexus

Median Nerve

Axillary Nerve

Ulnar Nerve

Radial Nerve

Musculocutaneous Nerve

Figure 4.30: Nerves of the thoracic limb, lateral view. © NCSU.

Chapter 4: Central Nervous System and Sensory Organs 93 Nerves of Thoracic Limb

Figure 4.31: Ulnar nerve. Figure 4.32: Musculocutaneous nerve. Figure 4.33: Radial nerve. © NCSU. © NCSU. © NCSU.

Figure 4.34: Axillary nerve. Figure 4.35: Median nerve. © NCSU. © NCSU.

94 Chapter 4: Central Nervous System and Sensory Organs Nerves of the Lumbosacral Plexus

Lumbosacral plexus

Femoral Nerve

Sciatic Nerve

Saphenous Nerve

Peroneal Nerve

Tibial Nerve

Figure 4.36: Nerves of lumbosacral plexes, lateral view. © NCSU.

Chapter 4: Central Nervous System and Sensory Organs 95 Nerves of the Lumbosacral Plexus

Figure 4.37: Tibial nerve. Figure 4.39: Peroneal (fibular) nerve. © NCSU. © NCSU.

Figure 4.38: Femoral nerve. © NCSU.

Figure 4.40: Saphenous nerve. Figure 4.41: Sciatic nerve. © NCSU. © NCSU.

96 Chapter 4: Central Nervous System and Sensory Organs Dermatomes and Stretch Reflex

T2 T8 T5 T11 C3

L1 C4 T9 T3 C6 T12 T6 L2 C5

L3/L4 T10 T4 T13 T7

S1 L5 S2

L5 L4 T1 L7 L6 C7 L8 C8

Figure 4.42: Dermatomes. © NCSU.

Sensory Neuron (detects muscle stretch) Anterior Horn Alpha Muscle Motor Spindle Neuron (contracts muscle)

Motor Unit

Figure 4.43: Spinal stretch reflex. © David G. Ward.

Chapter 4: Central Nervous System and Sensory Organs 97 Sensory Organs: Ear

Pinna

Semicircular Canals Pinna and Temporlis Muscle

3 Figure 4.44: Inner ear model. © NCSU. 4 Vertical Ear 5 Canal 6

Pinna and Temporlis Muscle Horizontal Ear Canal Figure 4.45: Heathly ear model. © NCSU. Pinna

Tympanic Membrane

Ossicles

Cochlea

Eustachian Tube

Figure 4.46: Diseased ear model. © NCSU.

98 Chapter 4: Central Nervous System and Sensory Organs Cochlea

Vestibular Duct

Vestibular Membrane

Tectorial Cochlear Duct Membrane

Organ of Corti

Basilar Membrane

Tympanic Duct

Figure 4.47: Cochlea. © David G. Ward.

Vestibular Duct Tectorial Membrane Vestibular Membrane Cochlear Duct

Basilar Organ of Corti Membrane

Tympanic Duct

Cochlear Nerve

Figure 4.48: Cochlea. © David G. Ward.

Chapter 4: Central Nervous System and Sensory Organs 99 Cochlea and Vestibular Apparatus

Vestibular Cochlear Duct Membrane (Filled with Endolymph)

Tectorial Membrane

Stereocilia

Basilar Membrane

Inner Hair Cell Organ of Rods of Corti Corti Outer Hair Cells

Figure 4.49: Organ of corti. © David G. Ward.

Lateral Semicircular Canal Superior Semicircular Canal

Utricle and Saccule

Vestibular Ganglion Vestibular Nerve © David G. Ward © David

Cochlear nerve Posterior Semicircular Canal Ampulla of Posterior Semicircular Canal

Figure 4.50: Vestibular apparatus and cochlea, posterior view. © David G. Ward.

100 Chapter 4: Central Nervous System and Sensory Organs Sensory Organs: Eye

Sclera Ciliary Body Choroid Suspensory Ligaments Retina Iris Fovea Cornea

Optic Nerve

Pupil

Aqueous Humor Optic Disk Lens

Vitreous Humor

Figure 4.51: Eye, midsagittal. © David G. Ward.

Upper eyelid Cornea Pupil Third Eyelid

Lower Eyelid Third Eyelid Iris Iris Lens

Superior Rectus Muscle

Medial Rectus Muscle

Lens Vitreous Humor Cornea

Lateral Rectus Left Eye Muscle

Inferior Rectus Muscle

Figure 4.52: Eye, anterior. © NCSU.

Chapter 4: Central Nervous System and Sensory Organs 101 Eye and Retina Ciliary Body Ciliary Body

Ciliary Body Suspensory SuspensoryCiliary Ligaments Body Pupil Ligaments Ciliary Muscle Iris Suspensory Pupil Ciliary Suspensory Ligaments LigamentsCiliary Muscle Ciliary Muscle Iris Ciliary Muscle

Retina Iris

ChoroidRetina Iris Pupil Figure 4.53: Ciliary body.Choroid Figure 4.54: Ciliary body. © DavidPupil G. Ward. © David G. Ward. Retina Lens Vitreous Humor Retina Optic Disk Lens Vitreous Humor Fovea Lens OpticFovea Disk

FoveaSuspensory LigamentsLens

Suspensory Ligaments Ciliary Muscle Retina Iris Choroid Ciliary MuscleIris ChoroidRetina Pupil Iris Choroid Figure 4.55: Retina. Figure 4.56: Lens. Pupil Retina© David G. Ward. © David G. Ward. Photoreceptors Ganglion Cells Retina Photoreceptors Ganglion Cells Synaptic Synaptic Terminals Terminals Synaptic Synaptic Terminals LIGHT PigmentTerminals Layer LIGHT Pigment Layer Axons of Ganglion Sclera Ganglion CellsAxons of Sclera Ganglion Cells

Choroid Disks Nuclei Bipolar Cells

Figure 4.57: Retina. © David G. Ward.

102 Chapter 4: Central Nervous System and Sensory Organs Review: Coloring Activity

Axon Axon hillock Axon terminals Cell body Cell body nucleolus Cell body nucleus Myelin sheath Nissl bodies Node of Ranvier Schwann cell nucleus

Figure 4.58: Nerve coloring activity. © bluedoor, LLC.

Chapter 4: Central Nervous System and Sensory Organs 103 Review: Word Search

NIVPLWCDVRXOCMHFEUBTD VOZISANQEEPUUBLJNEMYI TVIRTPTTFTRSPIAMATERO MYHTYRANIDOTQLZTRSWEN AUCJCMECOLFYIOIHBFRLH BVJYANCOLZYHRCEVMSAYC NWAROHUAUXIEABAFEYDQA CQUHIXCJDSGROBZLMNRXR JDQAUSLIRMHGOZAQCAEEA QGSSUXKBHAQUGHNVIPTIP PMLPFWBNSKLYMWAPNTIBV ASRIVVWOKIWUHOANAINOO JOXLLECNNAWHCSRDPCAAU CPTLTYDGQLPCQSIUMBMAV RXPHNIWISUSLWKUYYUSMJ PGRIKBLNWVWHYYVMTLREH AETGHIVBACCVEJKVOBSPK EXMPVREOBUNOBIVCFRROB SYNAPTICCLEFTZKJXGUTF VEZYTICYWACZAWXQZPFEN DCBCIXWRCMRMXLWGZGPWN

1. terminal end of a neuron 2. space of communication between two neurons 3. responsible for creating myelin sheath 4. nervous and skeletal muscle communication 5. innermost meninge layer 6. center meninge layer 7. outermost meninge layer 8. where the optic nerve enters the brain and crosses over 9. structure that joins the left and right hemisphere of the cerebrum 10. the eardrum 11. where bipolar cells are located 12. the number of eyelids in a dog eye 13. the gelatinous substance posterior to the lens 14. the ear canal most proximal to the pinna 15. the ear canal most proximal to the tympanic membrane

104 Chapter 4: Central Nervous System and Sensory Organs Review: Crossword Puzzle

4 5

1 6

7 8

10 11 12

13 14

Across 1. contains the organ of corti 3. space on an axon in between myelin sheaths 9. receptor of a neuron 10. conducting region between the cell body and synaptic bulb 11. unipolar neuron 13. regions of the skin innervated by specific spinal nerves 15. layer surrounding a fascicle

Down 2. this fissure divides the cerebrum from the cerebellum 4. bundle of nerve fibers 5. this fissure divides the left from the right hemisphere of the cerebellum 6. multipolar neuron 7. dog’s ear 8. where neurotransmitters are stored 12. thoracolumbar division 14. outermost layer of a nerve 16. craniosacral division

Chapter 4: Central Nervous System and Sensory Organs 105 Chapter 7

GI Tract and the Digestive System © David G. Ward © David Intestinal Villi Showing Goblet Cells (Bright eld, Trichrome; x350)

151 Gastrointestinal Tract Overview

Salivary Glands

Parotid Gland Large Intestine/Colon

Kidney Rectum

Anus

Mouth

Esophagus

Small Intestine

Spleen

Liver Stomach

Gallbladder

Figure 7.1: Gastrointestinal tract and related structures. © NCSU.

152 Chapter 7: GI Tract and the Digestive System Esophagus

Stratified Squamous Epithelium Mucosa Lamina Propria Muscularis Mucosae Submucosa Submucosa

Inner Circular Layer Muscularis Externa

Outer Longitudinal Layer

Figure 7.2: Esophagus. © David G. Ward. Figure 7.3: Esophagus. (autofluorescence) © David G. Ward.

Stratified Squamous Epithelium Lamina Propria Muscularis Mucosae Mucosa Submucosa

Submucosa

Inner Circular Layer

Muscularis Outer Longitudinal Externa Layer

Non-Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium Figure 7.4: Esophagus. Figure 7.5: Esophagus. © David G. Ward. (autofluorescence) © David G. Ward.

Chapter 7: GI Tract and the Digestive System 153 Stomach

Outer Longitudinal Layer Inner Circular Layer Submucosa Muscularis Mucosae

Gastric Pits

Gastric Glands

Gastric Pits

Serosa

Muscularis Mucosa Externa Submucosa

Figure 7.6: Wall of stomach. © David G. Ward.

Enteric Neurons Muscularis Mucosae Gastric Glands

Lumen

Outer Inner Layer Layer

Muscularis Externa Submucosa Mucosa

Figure 7.7: Wall of stomach, histology. © David G. Ward.

154 Chapter 7: GI Tract and the Digestive System Stomach and Intestines

Lumen Goblet Cells (Mucus)

Parietal Cells (Orange) (HCl)

Chief Cells (Pepsinogen)

Parietal Cells (HCl)

Figure 7.8: Mucosa of the stomach, Figure 7.9: Mucosa of the stomach, histology,x400 x400. histology,x200 x200. © David G. Ward. © David G. Ward.

Outer Longitudinal Layer Inner Circular Layer Submucosa Muscularis Mucosae Lacteals Lymphatic Nodule Crypt Lamina Propria Myenteric Plexus Intestinal Glands (Enteric Goblet Cells Neaurons) Columnar Cells Intestinal Duodenal Capillaries Gland Villus

Serosa Muscularis Externa Submucosa Mucosa

Figure 7.10: Small intesine. © David G. Ward.

Chapter 7: GI Tract and the Digestive System 155 Duodenum

Enteric Neurons Duodenal Glands Intestinal Glands

Lumen

Outer Layer Inner Layer

Muscularis Externa Submucosa Mucosa

Figure 7.11: Wall of the duodenum. © David G. Ward.

Simple Columnar Epithelial Cells

Intestinal Venule with Red Blood Cells

Lacteal Intestinal Glands

Muscularis Mucosae Inner Circular Layer

Duodenal Glands

Myenteric Plexus (Enteric Neurons)

Outer Longitudinal Layer

Figure 7.12: Duodenum. © David G. Ward.

156 Chapter 7: GI Tract and the Digestive System Liver and Pancreas

Hepatic Portal Area

Lobule

Central Vein

Figure 7.13: Liver lobules. © David G. Ward.

Hepatocytes Hepatic Portal Venule Central Arteriole Vein Bile Ductule Sinusoids

Figure 7.14: Hepatic portal area. Figure 7.15: Central canal in liver. © David G. Ward. © David G. Ward.

Pancreatic Acini

Pancreatic Islet Pancreatic Islet

Pancreatic Lobule

Figure 7.16: Pancreatic lobules. Figure 7.17: Pancreatic Acini. © David G. Ward. © David G. Ward.

Chapter 7: GI Tract and the Digestive System 157 Fundus

Gallbladder

Body Stomach

Pyloris

Duodenum

Small Jejunum Intestine

Ileum

Colon Cecum

Rectum Large Intestine

Anus

Figure 7.18: Digestive organs. © NCSU.

158 Chapter 7: GI Tract and the Digestive System Digestive Organs a.

Greater Omentum (Covering)

Small Intestine

Large Small Intestine Intestine

b. Heart Liver

Liver

Large Intestine

Greater Omentum (Covering)

Figure 7.19: Digestive organs. © NCSU.

Small Intestine

Chapter 7: GI Tract and the Digestive System 159 Abdomen

3 2 5 4

1 6

12 13 11

7 8 9

Figure 7.20: Right-left lateral view of abdomen (male).

1. caudaul vena cava 2. left side (“crus”) of diaphragm 3. right side (“crus”) of diaphragm 4. gas in fundus of stomach 5. left kidney 6. gas in descending colon 7. os penis 8. prepuce 9. teat or nipple 10. ventral region of spleen 11. gas in small bowel 12. body of stomach 13. liver 14. 13th thoracic vertebra (T13)

160 Chapter 7: GI Tract and the Digestive System Abdomen

1 2

8 7

Figure 7.21: Vetral-dorsal (VD) view of abdomen (male). 1. left lobe 2. right lobe of liver 3. gas and food in fundus of stomach 4. 13th thoracic vertebra (T13) 5. spleen 6. left kidney 7. gas in small bowel 8. feces in descending colon 9. prepuce 10. prostate

Chapter 7: GI Tract and the Digestive System 161 Teeth

Canine

Incisors Figure 7.22: Rostral view. © NCSU.

Incisor

Canine Premolars Molars Figure 7.23: Lateral view. © NCSU.

162 Chapter 7: GI Tract and the Digestive System Incisors

Canine a.

Premolars

Upper 4th Premolar (Carnassial Tooth)

Molars

Premolars

Canine

Incisors

Figure 7.24: Teeth. a. Upper jaw. b. Lower jaw. © NCSU.

Chapter 7: GI Tract and the Digestive System 163 Healthy Teeth

Figure 7.25: Heathly Teeth. © NCSU.

Figure 7.26: Upper teeth (premolars). © NCSU.

Figure 7.27: Lower teeth. a. First molar. © NCSU.

164 Chapter 7: GI Tract and the Digestive System Stomach

Fundus Esophagus

Lesser Curvature Pyloris

Greater Curvature

Figure 7.29: Stomach. © David G. Ward.

Figure 7.28: Abdominal cavity. © David G. Ward.

Lower Esophageal (Cardiac) Sphincter

Esophagus Fundus

Pyloric Sphincter

Rugae

Body Pyloris

Figure 7.30: Stomach. © David G. Ward.

Chapter 7: GI Tract and the Digestive System 165 Small and Large Intestines

Figure 7.31: Small intestine. © blueboor, LLC. Transverse Mesocolon

Ascending Colon

Descending Colon

Figure 7.32: Large intestine (colon). © Davis G. Ward.

166 Chapter 7: GI Tract and the Digestive System Liver and Pancreas

Common Bile Duct Cystic Duct Hepatic Portal Vein

Hepatic Artery Common Hepatic Duct Gallbladder

Figure 7.33: Liver. © David G. Ward.

Adrenal glands

Kidney

Common Bile Duct

Duodenum Pancreatic Lobule of Pancreas Duct Duodenal Ampulla

Figure 7.34: Pancreas. © David G. Ward.

Chapter 7: GI Tract and the Digestive System 167 Hepatic Circulation

Liver

Stomach

Spleen

Figure 7.35: Hepatic circulation. © NCSU.

168 Chapter 7: GI Tract and the Digestive System Rectum and Anal Sacs

Anal Sacs

Descending Rectum Anal Sacs Colon Figure 7.36: Rectum and anal sacs, dorsal view. © NCSU.

Chapter 7: GI Tract and the Digestive System 169 Review: Stomach

The stomach is responsible for receiving the food you have swallowed. It then churns and mixes food with stomach juices to begin the digestion process. To accomplish this function, the stomach needs the following types of tissues.

1. This hollow organ needs a protective inner lining that is also able to secrete digestive juices. A protective tissue that also secretes is ______tissue.

2. In order to mix food and digestive juices the stomach contracts to squeeze its contents. The tissue that produces movement of an internal organ is ______tissue.

3. The stomach is covered by a protective membrane. A protective tissue is ______tissue.

4. The stomach is anchored in the abdominal cavity by fibrous tissue. Tissue that binds and has strong fibers is ______tissue.

5. The stomach receives information regarding the digestive process. Tissue that is able to carry information throughout the body is ______tissue.

6. Put the following structures in order as food passes through the digestive system. descending colon esophagus anus ascending colon lower esophageal sphincter stomach transverse colon pyloric sphincter rectum 1. mouth 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

7. List the three sections of the small intestine. 1. 2. 3.

170 Chapter 7: GI Tract and the Digestive System Review: Labeling Activity

3 5

2 4 6

Figure 7.37: Gastrointestinal tract labeling activity. © NCSU.

1. 7. 2. 8. 3. 9. 4. 10. 5. 11. 6. 12.

Chapter 7: GI Tract and the Digestive System 171 Review: Crossword Puzzle

7 8 9

10 11

12 13

Across 3. the lower region of the stomach 4. cell type located in the liver 6. the center region of the small intestine 7. the center region of the stomach 10. the outermost layer of the muscularis externa 12. folds located in the stomach that increase surface area 13. another name for mechanical digestion 14. this structure joins the descending colon and the anal area 15. the final region of the small intestine that connects to the colon

Down 1. the upper region of the stomach 2. this acid starts the hydrolysis of proteins 5. the inactive precursor to gastric pepsin 8. the first region of the small intestine 9. where the digestive process begins 11. the first section of the colon

172 Chapter 7: GI Tract and the Digestive System Review: Word Search

VAALQIIESCRFRMMIMD ZZPRAJEUPASDNOZUKI OMDASNBWLNNOLWSJOC EEUENMEOCIRAICWXSA ALQCUCMDPNRHUVCPAC HZGCOERHOEYLZPKFEI UTOPRSBEEUAXKYRPRR ASKPHYAWARDOHANECO AUBMDBXDITWIAIZPNL SUGAHPOSEBICRJPSAH PJXCLLEGPRRCWRMIPC CEKOHXOSZONVIPXNHO LMQFTJSBVFLIWSTOBR USWEVGCPOXVIQDLGDD AERALATROPCITAPEHY QNHTXXDLIMZLYZQNTH AOYRNVNCXTRINCISOR PYLORICSPHINCTERAL

1. produced by parietal cells 2. produced by chief cells 3. esophagus, stomach and small intestinal layer lining the lumen 4. layer between the mucosa and muscularis externa in the digestive system 5. muscular layer deep to the submucosa 6. a gland located in the small intestine submucosa 7. contains hepatic portal venule, arteriole and bile ductule 8. located in a pancreatic lobule 9. connects the stomach to the duodenum of the small intestine 10. muscular structure connecting the mouth to the stomach 11. organ that produces digestive enzymes released into the small intestine 12. small teeth in the front of the jaw 13. relatively long tooth also called a cuspid or fang 14. crushing teeth in the back of the jaw 15. four teeth on each side of the jaw located behind the canine

Chapter 7: GI Tract and the Digestive System 173 Chapter 8

Kidneys, Bladder and the Urinary System © David G. Ward © David

Ureter

175 Urinary System Overview: Female

Kidney

Ureter

Urinary Bladder

Urethra

Renal Capsule

Figure 8.1: Urinary system (female). © NCSU. Renal Medulla

Renal Cortex

Renal Artery Renal Vein Renal Pyramid

Renal Pelvis

Ureter

Figure 8.2: Kidney structure. © David G. Ward. 176 Chapter 8: Kidneys, Bladder and the Urinary System Renal Corpuscles and Ureter

Proximal Tubule

Distal Tubule

Macula Densa

Juxtaglomerular Cells

Lumen Transitional Epithelium Glomerulus Smooth Muscle

Proximal Tubules Distal Tubule Lumen

Macula Densa

Juxtaglomerular Cells

Transitional Epithelium Smooth Muscle Parietal Epithelium Glomerulus

Glomerular Capillaries with RBCs

Transitional Proximal Tubule Capsular Space Epithelium

Chapter 8: Kidneys, Bladder and the Urinary System 177 Male Urinary System

Ureter Urinary Bladder

Urethra

178 Chapter 8: Kidneys, Bladder and the Urinary System Female Urinary System

Ureter

Urethra

Urinary Bladder

Chapter 8: Kidneys, Bladder and the Urinary System 179 Nephron Structure

Cortex Medulla

Renal Pelvis

Proximal Convoluted Distal Tubule Convoluted Tubule Glomerular Capsule

Glomerulus Ascending Collecting Duct Limb of Nephron Loop Efferent Arteriole Afferent Arteriole

Renal Papilla Descending Limb of Nephron Loop

180 Chapter 8: Kidneys, Bladder and the Urinary System Nephron and Renal Corpuscle

Proximal Tubule Distal Tubule Glomerular Capillaries Connecting Tubule

Efferent Peritubular Arteriole Capillaries Afferent Renal Corpuscle Arteriole Thick Ascending Interlobular Nephron Loop Artery & Vein

Thin Ascending Arcuate Artery & Vein Nephron Loop

Thick Descending Renal Corpuscle Nephron Loop

Thin Descending Nephron Loop Arcuate Artery & Vein Collecting Duct

Afferent Arteriole Efferent Arteriole

Glomerular Capillaries

Distal Tubule Capsular Space

Afferent Arteriole Proximal Tubule

Proximal Tubule

Chapter 8: Kidneys, Bladder and the Urinary System 181 Stages of Urine Production

Afferent Arteriole

Glomerular Capillaries

Efferent Arteriole Interlobular Artery

Glomerular 1 Capsule

Renal Tubule

Peritubular Capillaries

To Interlobular Vein

Urine Flows to Collecting Duct

1 = Glomerular Filtration

2 = Tubular Reabsorption

3 = Tubular Secretion

1. Glomerular filtration — the rate blood is filtered in the glomerulus 2. Tubular reabsorption — process of moving solutes and water from the renal tubule into the blood 3. Tubular secretion — process of moving solutes and water from the blood into the renal tubule

182 Chapter 8: Kidneys, Bladder and the Urinary System Review: Labeling Activity

1. ______2. ______3. ______1

2 4. ______

10 5. ______11 6. ______7. ______5 6 12 8. ______7 9. ______10. ______8 11. ______12. ______Figure 8.18: Kidney structure, labeling activity. © David G. Ward.

Chapter 8: Kidneys, Bladder and the Urinary System 183 Review: Crossword Puzzle

3 4

6 7

9 10

14 15

Down 1. the center region of the kidney 2. fibrous connective tissue surrounding the kidney 4. the structure that temporarily stores urine prior to elimination 5. the driving force for the filtration of water and small solutes in the renal corpuscle Across 6. connects the kidney to the bladder 3. filtrate passes through this structure 7. vessel in which water channels are immediately after the glomerulus increased by vasopressin 8. 25% of filtered sodium and chloride are 10. cone-shaped subdivision in the reabsorbed into the blood medulla containing nephrons 9. first stage of urine production 13. a tuft of capillaries located in 11. the outermost region of the kidney Glomerular capsule 12. where blood vessels, nerves and ureters enter 15. where reabsorption of water by and leave the kidney diffusion through open water 14. reabsorption of sodium and chloride by active channels takes place transport

184 Chapter 8: Kidneys, Bladder and the Urinary System Review: Word Search

TRVWYWNLESXNTSZGZWGNGLZE UEEKRCBOAZPMXXTOMABSRMTT BNLXXYGVINUESYXMTQVTBASA UACYRPDNNTEOCMMRLNCDRFFG LLSNIEVLANERLYOKZODNVFYA AAUGNDBIEVMRDAQOBZOZEMPM RRPKRUZBPSGJCAIPTIQRGXNC RTRANSITIONALEPITHELIUMN EEOGNDPGXAPSLTSAWNMYETGA ARCLEVOWBSXZCLRRTSUUZLTQ BYLVMEGPZVXUUTEAAGARSBDW SKABUMDKGNDILFRCNLYUMCJS OZNOLXHWDGAIZTLJESUIZZLS RFEWUZKINLFREXHEXFUBSJOE PZRTNQAIDRYRFDGJZYOIUREB TNEUBFTOAMILLIOSMOLESTJT IAZIDCSLCOLDNTH IVOVAEMHF OEDVETUHLEONTGXTIAVVZSRP NWWLERHEUPXRFQCLIKSYBVQY ABLREVTQPOAVJ J IWMQW JVIES COOMELOIRETRATNEREFFETKP CNOCBQTILOFQXILFIVEAMUWD ELSUEPKVAKCQHVPBNWMQFZWM GXGEOZLMXHTZIKJPKUPYLNCR

1. cell type lining the lumen of the ureter 9. the open cavity in the ureter 2. made up of the glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule 10. the gland located superior to each kidney 3. provides the blood supply to the kidney 11. the hormone affecting the DCT 4. distal tubule drains into this structure 12. drains the blood supply from the kidney 5. provides blood supply to the glomerulus 13. the outermost layer of the ureter 6. measure of osmolarity in the kidney 14. third stage of urine production 7. the rate blood is filtered in the glomerulus (expressed mm/min and abbreviated GFR) 15. removes blood supply from the glomerulus 8. second stage of urine production

Chapter 8: Kidneys, Bladder and the Urinary System 185 Chapter 9

Endocrine Glands and Reproductive Organs © David G. Ward © David Pancreas Showing Pancreatic Islet (Bright eld, H&E; x430)

187 Overview of Endocrine Glands

Hypothalamus

Pituitary

Adrenal Ovary (Female)

Testis (male)

Thyroid and Parathyroid

Adrenal Pancreas

188 Chapter 9: Endocrine Glands and Reproductive Organs Pancreas, Parathyroid, and Thyroid

Lobule

Parathyroid

Thyroid

Thyroid Follicle

Thyroid Follicle Thyroid Follicle

Chapter 9: Endocrine Glands and Reproductive Organs 189 Adrenal and Pituitary Gland

Adrenal Capsule Adrenal Capsule Adrenal Capsule Adrenal Cortex Adrenal Cortex

Zona Glomerulosa Adrenal Medulla Aldosterone Zona Glomerulosa EpinephrineAdrenal Medulla Norepinephrine Aldosterone Epinephrine Norepinephrine Zona Fasciculata Zona FasciculataCortisol Cortisol Zona Reticularis ZonaAndrostendione Reticularis Androstendione Figure 9.5: Adrenal gland. © David G. Ward.

Hypothalamus

Hypothalamus3rd Ventricle 3rd Ventricle Midbrain Midbrain

Infundibulum Infundibulum

Anterior Pituitary Posterior Pituitary Anterior Pituitary Posterior Pituitary

3rd Ventricle3rd Ventricle

Posterior PosteriorPituitary Anterior Pituitary PituitaryAnterior Pituitary

190 Chapter 9: Endocrine Glands and Reproductive Organs Testes and Penis

Nucleus of SertoliNucleus Cell of Sertoli Cell

SpermSperm SpermSperm

Spermatid Spermatid

Figure 9.8: Sperm are produced in the Secondary Primary Spermatogonium Secondary Primary Spermatogonium seminiferous tubules. SpermatocyteSecondary SpermatocytePrimary Spermatogonium Spermatocyte Spermatocyte © David G. Ward. FigureSpermatocyte 9.9: SeminiferousSpermatocyte tubules. © David G. Ward.

Spermatogonia Spermatogonia

Interstital Cells* Interstital Cells* Sertoli Cells Sertoli Cells Primary SpermatocytesPrimary Spermatocytes Spermatids *Interstitial cells produce testosterone. Spermatids *Interstitial cells produce testosterone. Figure 9.10: Interstitial cells produce Figure 9.11: Seminiferous tubules. testosterone. © David G. Ward. © David G. Ward.

Corpora CavernosaCorpora Cavernosa Central Artery Central Artery Heads of Sperm Heads of Sperm

Urethra Urethra Corpus SpongiosumCorpus Tails of Sperm Spongiosum Tails of Sperm Figure 9.12: Sperm. Figure 9.13: Penis, cross-section. © David G. Ward. © David G. Ward.

Chapter 9: Endocrine Glands and Reproductive Organs 191 Oocytes, Ovarian Follicles and Corpus Luteum

Primary Oocytes Germinal Epithelium

Granulosa Cells

Zona Pellucida Primary Oocyte Squamous Epithelial Cells around Oocytes Figure 9.14: Primary Oocytes. Figure 9.15: Developing follicle. © David G. Ward. © David G. Ward.

Theca Cells

Granulosa Cells

Corpus Luteum Zona Pellucida Secondary Oocyte (Produces Progestin) Figure 9.17: Mature follicle. Figure 9.16: Corpus luteum. © David G. Ward. © David G. Ward.

192 Chapter 9: Endocrine Glands and Reproductive Organs Hypothalamus and Pituitary

Hypothalamus

Mammillary Optic Body Chiasm

Posterior Lobe of Pituitary Anterior Lobe Vasopressin of Pituitary Oxytocin

Hormone

Hypothalamus

MammillaryMammillary Optic Body Chiasm

Anterior Lobe of Pituitary

Corticotropin Posterior Lobe Thyrotropin of Pituitary Somatotropin Gonadotropins Prolactin

Chapter 9: Endocrine Glands and Reproductive Organs 193 Female Reproductive Organs

Ovary

Broad ligament Uterine horn Uterine Tube)

Body of Uterus

194 Chapter 9: Endocrine Glands and Reproductive Organs Female Reproductive Organs

Body of Uterus

Cervix Vagina

Oviduct Ovary

Uterine Horn (Uterine Tube)

Chapter 9: Endocrine Glands and Reproductive Organs 195 Female Reproductive Organs

Broad Ligament

Uterine Tube/ Uterine Horn

Ovaries

Uterine Body

Oviduct

Implanted Developing Puppies in Uterine Horn

Figure 9.24: Pregant female organs. © NCSU. 196 Chapter 9: Endocrine Glands and Reproductive Organs Male Reproductive Organs

Os Penis

Prostate

Chapter 9: Endocrine Glands and Reproductive Organs 197 Review: Labeling Activity

3 4 2

7 1

1. 5. 2. 6. 3. 7. 4. 8.

198 Chapter 9: Endocrine Glands and Reproductive Organs Review: Labeling Activity

5 3 4

6 7

10 9

Chapter 9: Endocrine Glands and Reproductive Organs 199 Review: Crossword Puzzle

1 2 3

7 8

13 14

Across 7. layer surrounding the oocyte 11. structure in the testes where sperm is produced 12. location of implantation for developing puppies 13. hormone produced in the posterior pituitary 15. includes FSH and LH and is produced in the anterior pituitary

Down 1. hormone produced in the anterior pituitary 2. stucture on the ovary that produces progestin to maintain pregnancy 3. located in the adrenal cortex and produces androstendione 4. this endocrine gland aids in glucose regulation 5. cells surrounding the zona pellucida in the developing follicle 6. produced in the adrenal medulla 8. hormone produced in the zona glomerulosa 9. pair of endocrine glands located above the kidney 10. structure mature sperm move through between the testicle and the prostate 14. structure located in the thyroid gland

200 Chapter 9: Endocrine Glands and Reproductive Organs Review: Word Search

ZWQLLECILOTRESTOTOOE TAWIIVMLABNBKOEANVOE AUEVVIOZLVXQNPSSEAFE YZLKXSRFVOAHOETJMRDC MUSOIGNOPSSUPROCAYJA APNTORSWYWZMTDSCGLGF HLRISVXPYHUHYWTRIBDA FOLNSQIHELMPXFEQLNUS CVBUWSSDURAJUVRQDNZT STERDPEBURMKMEOBAOUM WDGUCEIRACJAHSNKOJNO BYCJWDMTPFTLTCEQRG I P FXCTNFHLWOLYAOQUBFTO HKAUNYLWAVSNDWCCLQCY GWFXRYGBYNHADYSYSYAP ANHOUOXOJWEBVANDTPLV ICIRSOMATOTROPINDEOR FDPROSTATEKADENIVCRX XEGJERGEKFZFAAOURMPZ HXTLJPXPJDTRMHFWMAK P

1. small gland located with the thyroid gland 2. hormone produced in the zona fasciculata 3. produces epinephrine 4. structure between the hypothalamus and pituitary 5. located in the seminiferous tubule 6. tissue surrounding the urethra in the penis 7. hormone produced in the posterior pituitary 8. hormone involved in milk letdown 9. hormone produced in the anterior pituitary 10. organ where oocytes are produced 11. developing sperm 12. structure that supports the ovaries 13. interstitial cells produced this hormone 14. structure connecting the ovary to the uterine horn 15. male gland producing fluids to provide sperm nutrients

Chapter 9: Endocrine Glands and Reproductive Organs 201