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Introduction to the Urinary System

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Introduction to the Urinary System Tips for Success 1. Show up 2. Participate in lab 3. Show up 4. Turn in assignments (completed, refer to #6) 5. Show up 6. Communicate with me, e-mail is best 7. Show up Every point counts! Business Homework due in lab Label the handout provided today Front and back Use your book! There should be at least 18 items labeled Part 1 Urinary System Wastes Gases versus fluids Urinary system Dispose of water soluble wastes Electrolyte regulation Acid-base regulation Urinary System Other functions Kidneys Renin Erythropoietin Vitamin D activation Nitrogenous Wastes Urine is about 95% water Second largest component is urea Urea derived from breakdown of amino acids Nitrogenous Wastes TOXIC! + 1. Dietary amino acids → NH2 removed → NH2 + H → NH3 500 ml of urine removes only 1 gram of nitrogen as ammonia 2. Ammonia can be converted to urea Requires energy 50 ml of urine removes 1 gram of nitrogen as urea 3. Ammonia can be converted to uric acid Requires lots of energy 10 ml of urine removes 1 gram of nitrogen as uric acid Urinary System Organs Kidneys Major excretory organs Urinary bladder Temporary storage reservoir for urine Ureters Transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder Urethra Transports urine out of the body Hepatic veins (cut) Esophagus (cut) Inferior vena cava Renal artery Adrenal gland Renal hilum Aorta Renal vein Kidney Iliac crest Ureter Rectum (cut) Uterus (part of female reproductive Urinary system) bladder Urethra Figure 25.1 Kidney: Urinary System page 6 Anterior Inferior vena cava Peritoneal cavity Aorta Peritoneum (organs removed) Supportive tissue layers Renal vein • Renal fascia anterior Renal posterior artery • Perirenal fat capsule Body of • Fibrous vertebra L2 capsule Body wall (a) Posterior Figure 25.2a Kidneys Retroperitoneal position External anatomy Hilus 3 tissue layers Fibrous capsule Perirenal fat capsule Renal fascia Hydronephrosis Kidneys Internal Anatomy Renal cortex Superficial region Renal columns extend into medulla Kidneys Renal medulla Cone-shaped medullary (renal) pyramids separated by the renal columns Renal pelvis Funnel-shaped tube, contain calyces Continuous with ureter Kidneys Internal Anatomy Minor calyces Major calyces Branching channels of the renal pelvis Collect urine from minor calyces Empty urine into the pelvis Urine flows from the pelvis to ureter Renal hilum Renal cortex Renal medulla Major calyx Papilla of pyramid Renal pelvis Minor calyx Ureter Renal pyramid in renal medulla Renal column Fibrous capsule (a) Photograph of right kidney, frontal section (b) Diagrammatic view Figure 25.3 Kidneys Blood Supply Renal arteries deliver ~ 22 % of cardiac output (1.2 L/min) 90% directed to cortex Urine formation Cortical radiate vein Cortical radiate artery Arcuate vein Arcuate artery Interlobar vein Interlobar artery Segmental arteries Renal vein Renal artery Renal pelvis Ureter Renal medulla Renal cortex (a) Frontal section illustrating major blood vessels Figure 25.4a Aorta Inferior vena cava Renal artery Renal vein Segmental artery Interlobar vein Interlobar artery Arcuate vein Cortical radiate Arcuate artery vein Peritubular Cortical radiate artery capillaries and vasa recta Afferent arteriole Efferent arteriole Glomerulus (capillaries) Nephron-associated blood vessels (see Figure 25.7) (b) Path of blood flow through renal blood vessels Figure 25.4b Nephrons Structural and functional units that form urine ~1 million per kidney Two main parts 1. Blood capillaries (glomeruli) 2. Renal tubule: begins as cup-shaped glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule surrounding the glomerulus Figure 25.5 Nephrons Renal corpuscle Glomerulus + Bowman’s capsule Fenestrated glomerular endothelium Allows filtrate to pass from plasma into the glomerular capsule Efferent Glomerular capsule arteriole Glomerulus Afferent arteriole Foot processes Parietal layer of podocytes of glomerular Podocyte cell capsule body (visceral Capsular layer) space Red blood cell Efferent Proximal arteriole tubule cell Juxtaglomerular apparatus • Macula densa cells of the ascending limb Lumens of of loop of Henle glomerular • Extraglomerular capillaries mesangial cells Endothelial cell • Granular cells of glomerular capillary Afferent arteriole Mesangial cells between capillaries Juxtaglomerular Renal corpuscle apparatus Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 25.8 Cortical nephron Juxtamedullary nephron • Has short loop of Henle and glomerulus • Has long loop of Henle and glomerulus further from the corticomedullary junction closer to the corticomedullary junction • Efferent arteriole supplies peritubular • Efferent arteriole supplies vasa recta capillaries Efferent arteriole Cortical radiate vein Renal Glomerular capillaries Cortical radiate artery corpuscle (glomerulus) Afferent arteriole Glomerular Collecting duct (Bowman’s) capsule Distal convoluted tubule Proximal Afferent arteriole convoluted tubule Efferent arteriole Peritubular capillaries Ascending or thick limb of the loop of Henle Corticomedullary Arcuate vein junction Arcuate artery Vasa recta Cortex Loop of Henle Medulla Renal pelvis Descending Ureter or thin limb of loop of Henle Kidney (a) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 25.7a Nephrons Renal tubules Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) Functions in reabsorption and secretion Confined to the cortex Loop of Henle Descending and ascending limbs Distal convoluted tubule (DCT) Function more in secretion than reabsorption Confined to the cortex Nephrons Renal tubules Collecting tubules (CT) Receive filtrate from many nephrons Fuse together to deliver urine through papillae into minor calyces Glomerular capsule: parietal layer Renal cortex Basement Renal medulla membrane Renal corpuscle Podocyte • Glomerular capsule Renal pelvis Fenestrated • Glomerulus endothelium Distal of the glomerulus Ureter convoluted Glomerular capsule: visceral layer tubule Kidney Microvilli Mitochondria Proximal convoluted tubule Highly infolded plasma membrane Cortex Proximal convoluted tubule cells Medulla Thick segment Distal convoluted tubule cells Thin segment Loop of Henle • Descending limb • Ascending limb Collecting Loop of Henle (thin-segment) cells duct Principal cell Intercalated cell Collecting duct cells Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 25.5 Nephrons Juxtaglomerular Apparatus (JGA) Ascending limb of loop of Henle and afferent arteriole contact one another One per nephron Function Regulation of filtrate formation and blood pressure Efferent Glomerular capsule arteriole Glomerulus Afferent arteriole Foot processes Parietal layer of podocytes of glomerular Podocyte cell capsule body (visceral Capsular layer) space Red blood cell Efferent Proximal arteriole tubule cell Juxtaglomerular apparatus • Macula densa cells of the ascending limb Lumens of of loop of Henle glomerular • Extraglomerular capillaries mesangial cells Endothelial cell • Granular cells of glomerular capillary Afferent arteriole Mesangial cells between capillaries Juxtaglomerular Renal corpuscle apparatus Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 25.8 Nephron Capillary Beds 1. Glomerulus Afferent arteriole glomerulus efferent arteriole Specialized for filtration Nephron Capillary Beds 2. Peritubular capillaries Low-pressure, porous capillaries adapted for absorption Arise from efferent arterioles Cling to adjacent renal tubules in cortex Empty into venules Cortical nephron Juxtamedullary nephron • Has short loop of Henle and glomerulus • Has long loop of Henle and glomerulus further from the corticomedullary junction closer to the corticomedullary junction • Efferent arteriole supplies peritubular • Efferent arteriole supplies vasa recta capillaries Efferent arteriole Cortical radiate vein Renal Glomerular capillaries Cortical radiate artery corpuscle (glomerulus) Afferent arteriole Glomerular Collecting duct (Bowman’s) capsule Distal convoluted tubule Proximal Afferent arteriole convoluted tubule Efferent arteriole Peritubular capillaries Ascending or thick limb of the loop of Henle Corticomedullary Arcuate vein junction Arcuate artery Vasa recta Cortex Loop of Henle Medulla Renal pelvis Descending Ureter or thin limb of loop of Henle Kidney (a) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 25.7a Nephrons Cortical nephrons 85% of nephrons; almost entirely in the cortex Juxtamedullary nephrons Long loops of Henle deeply invade the medulla Extensive thin segments Important in the production of concentrated urine Cortical nephron Juxtamedullary nephron • Has short loop of Henle and glomerulus • Has long loop of Henle and glomerulus further from the corticomedullary junction closer to the corticomedullary junction • Efferent arteriole supplies peritubular • Efferent arteriole supplies vasa recta capillaries Efferent arteriole Cortical radiate vein Renal Glomerular capillaries Cortical radiate artery corpuscle (glomerulus) Afferent arteriole Glomerular Collecting duct (Bowman’s) capsule Distal convoluted tubule Proximal Afferent arteriole convoluted tubule Efferent arteriole Peritubular capillaries Ascending or thick limb of the loop of Henle Corticomedullary Arcuate vein junction Arcuate artery Vasa recta Cortex Loop of Henle Medulla Renal pelvis Descending Ureter or thin limb of loop of Henle Kidney (a) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 25.7a Ureters Convey urine from kidneys to bladder Retroperitoneal location Enter base of bladder through posterior wall ↑ bladder pressure = distal ends of the ureters close Prevents
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