Clinical and Functional Anatomy of the Urethral Sphincter
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Vocabulario De Morfoloxía, Anatomía E Citoloxía Veterinaria
Vocabulario de Morfoloxía, anatomía e citoloxía veterinaria (galego-español-inglés) Servizo de Normalización Lingüística Universidade de Santiago de Compostela COLECCIÓN VOCABULARIOS TEMÁTICOS N.º 4 SERVIZO DE NORMALIZACIÓN LINGÜÍSTICA Vocabulario de Morfoloxía, anatomía e citoloxía veterinaria (galego-español-inglés) 2008 UNIVERSIDADE DE SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA VOCABULARIO de morfoloxía, anatomía e citoloxía veterinaria : (galego-español- inglés) / coordinador Xusto A. Rodríguez Río, Servizo de Normalización Lingüística ; autores Matilde Lombardero Fernández ... [et al.]. – Santiago de Compostela : Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Servizo de Publicacións e Intercambio Científico, 2008. – 369 p. ; 21 cm. – (Vocabularios temáticos ; 4). - D.L. C 2458-2008. – ISBN 978-84-9887-018-3 1.Medicina �������������������������������������������������������������������������veterinaria-Diccionarios�������������������������������������������������. 2.Galego (Lingua)-Glosarios, vocabularios, etc. políglotas. I.Lombardero Fernández, Matilde. II.Rodríguez Rio, Xusto A. coord. III. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Servizo de Normalización Lingüística, coord. IV.Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Servizo de Publicacións e Intercambio Científico, ed. V.Serie. 591.4(038)=699=60=20 Coordinador Xusto A. Rodríguez Río (Área de Terminoloxía. Servizo de Normalización Lingüística. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela) Autoras/res Matilde Lombardero Fernández (doutora en Veterinaria e profesora do Departamento de Anatomía e Produción Animal. -
Assessment of the Renal/Urinary System
Assessment of the Renal/Urinary System Professor Minodora Mazur Chisinau 2019 Why person has 2 eyes or 2 ears? And only one nose? How many kidneys does the person have? Urinary system • Kidneys • Ureters • Urinary bladder • Urethra Kidneys • Paired organs • Located retroperitoneally on the posterior wall of the abdomen from T12-L3 • The average adult kidney weighs 4.5oz = 125-150 gr • The right kidney sits is lower in the abdomen due to liver placement • An adrenal gland sits are on top of each kidney Kidney Anatomy Each kidney has two parts • The renal medulla is the inner portion – consists of renal pyramids which are collecting ducts that drain into renal pelvis – Once urine leaves the renal pelvis the composition or amount of urine does not change • The Cortex is the outer portion – contains nephrons Nephron • Each kidney has approximately 1 million nephrons • If the function is less than 20% replacement therapy is usually initiated • The nephron is responsible for the initial formation of urine Glomerulus Kidney functions • Urine formation • Excretion of waste products • Regulation of electrolytes • Regulation of acid-base balance • Control of water balance • Control BP • Regulation of RBC production • Synthesis of vitamin D to active form • Secretion of prostaglandins • Regulation of calcium and phosphorus balance Urine Formation • Urine is formed in the nephrons in a three step process – Glomerular filtration – Tubular reabsorption – Tubular secretion • Glomerular Filtration produces ultrafiltrate which enters the tubules • Selective -
35-40 Institute of Normal Anatomy
35 Lymphology 28 (1995) 35-40 Institute of Normal Anatomy (PP,AT), Institute of Histology and General Embryology (CM), and Department of Human Pathology (RS), University of Pavia, Italy ABSTRACT light and electron microscopy (2,3). To clarify vesical lymph drainage, we now examined the After endoscopic transurethral biopsies of fine structure of small lymphatic vessels (SL V) normal human urinary bladder, an extensive and their distribution in the normal human network of small initial lymphatic vessels was urinary bladder. Particular attention was depicted by means of light and electron directed to the structure and composition of microscopy. Using light microscopy, lymphatic the connective matrix that surrounds the vessels were seen in the mucosa and lymphatic vessels in the different regions of submucosa and formed a complex network in the bladder wall. the detrusor muscular coat. These lymphatics were characterized by an irregular and MATERIALS AND METHODS attenuated wall and increased in number and size from the superficial to the deeper region of Ten male subjects (40 to 60 years of age) the bladder. Ultrastructurally, the lymphatic who had symptoms of bladder outlet wall was characterized by endothelial cells obstruction were utilized for this investigation. joined together end-to-end or by complicated Two endoscopic transurethral biopsies from interdigitations. Often intercellular channels the lateral wall of the normal urinary bladder and gaps between two contiguous endothelial were performed under a constant bladder cells were present. A broad network of elastic distention after introduction of physiological and collagen fibers joined the lymphatic saline at 50 cm H20 constant pressure. The endothelial wall to the neighboring connective biopsy trocar was regulated to obtain vesical tissue. -
15-1040-Junu Oh-Neuronal.Key
Neuronal Control of the Bladder Seung-June Oh, MD Department of urology, Seoul National University Hospital Seoul National University College of Medicine Contents Relevant end organs and nervous system Reflex pathways Implication in the sacral neuromodulation Urinary bladder ! body: detrusor ! trigone and bladder neck Urethral sphincters B Preprostatic S Smooth M. Sphincter Passive Prostatic S Skeletal M. Sphincter P Prostatic SS P-M Striated Sphincter Membraneous SS Periurethral Striated M. Pubococcygeous Spinal cord ! S2–S4 spinal cord ! primary parasympathetic micturition center ! bladder and distal urethral sphincter ! T11-L2 spinal cord ! sympathetic outflow ! bladder and proximal urethral sphincter Peripheral innervation ! The lower urinary tract is innervated by 3 principal sets of peripheral nerves: ! parasympathetic -pelvic n. ! sympathetic-hypogastric n. ! somatic nervous systems –pudendal n. ! Parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems form pelvic plexus at the lateral side of the rectum before reaching bladder and sphincter Sympathetic & parasympathetic systems ! Sympathetic pathways ! originate from the T11-L2 (sympathetic nucleus; intermediolateral column of gray matter) ! inhibiting the bladder body and excite the bladder base and proximal urethral sphincter ! Parasympathetic nerves ! emerge from the S2-4 (parasympathetic nucleus; intermediolateral column of gray matter) ! exciting the bladder and relax the urethra Sacral somatic system !emerge from the S2-4 (Onuf’s nucleus; ventral horn) !form pudendal nerve, providing -
Regulation of Bladder Storage and Voiding Involves Both Sympathetic
Center for Advanced Gyn 5530 Wisconsin Ave Suite 914 Chevy Chase, MD 20815 301-652-1231 Regulation of bladder www.centerforadvancedgyn.com storage and voiding involves both sympathetic and parasympathetic control1 BLADDER STORAGE Storage, which makes up the majority of the micturition cycle, is primarily regulated by the sympathetic nervous system via the neurotransmitter, norepinephrine.2 • Norepinephrine, released from the sympathetic nerves, activates the adrenergic receptors (ARs), beta-ARs, and alpha-ARs in the bladder to relax the detrusor muscle and close the internal sphincter, respectively2 β-ARs Norepinephrine Ureter β-AR Norepinephrine binds to β-ARs on Sympathetic the detrusor muscle, resulting in nervous system bladder relaxation α-ARs Urothelium -AR α1 Detrusor muscle Internal sphincter Norepinephrine Urethra Norepinephrine binds to α1-ARs, resulting in the closing of the internal sphincter and increased storage of urine Three different types of b-ARs are expressed in the human bladder: b1-AR, b2-AR, and b3-AR. The b3-AR made up 97% of the total b-AR messenger RNA (mRNA) in bladder tissue samples in an experiment to determine b-AR subtype expression, making it predominantly responsible for detrusor muscle relaxation. The b1-AR and b2-AR subtypes made up 1.5% and 1.4% of the total b-AR mRNA, respectively.3 While b-ARs are expressed on the detrusor muscle, they are also found on the urothelium. These receptors contribute to the regulation of bladder function. During the storage phase, the urothelium stretches in tandem with the bladder wall when the bladder starts filling with urine.4,5 6 Both a1-ARs and a2-ARs are expressed in the lower urinary tract in humans. -
Urinary System
OUTLINE 27.1 General Structure and Functions of the Urinary System 818 27.2 Kidneys 820 27 27.2a Gross and Sectional Anatomy of the Kidney 820 27.2b Blood Supply to the Kidney 821 27.2c Nephrons 824 27.2d How Tubular Fluid Becomes Urine 828 27.2e Juxtaglomerular Apparatus 828 Urinary 27.2f Innervation of the Kidney 828 27.3 Urinary Tract 829 27.3a Ureters 829 27.3b Urinary Bladder 830 System 27.3c Urethra 833 27.4 Aging and the Urinary System 834 27.5 Development of the Urinary System 835 27.5a Kidney and Ureter Development 835 27.5b Urinary Bladder and Urethra Development 835 MODULE 13: URINARY SYSTEM mck78097_ch27_817-841.indd 817 2/25/11 2:24 PM 818 Chapter Twenty-Seven Urinary System n the course of carrying out their specific functions, the cells Besides removing waste products from the bloodstream, the uri- I of all body systems produce waste products, and these waste nary system performs many other functions, including the following: products end up in the bloodstream. In this case, the bloodstream is ■ Storage of urine. Urine is produced continuously, but analogous to a river that supplies drinking water to a nearby town. it would be quite inconvenient if we were constantly The river water may become polluted with sediment, animal waste, excreting urine. The urinary bladder is an expandable, and motorboat fuel—but the town has a water treatment plant that muscular sac that can store as much as 1 liter of urine. removes these waste products and makes the water safe to drink. -
The Role of the External Sphincter
PARAPLEGIA REFERENCES Ross, J. COSBIE, GIBBON, N. O. K. & DAMANSKI, M. (1967). B.J.S. 54, NO. 7. STAMEY, T. (1968). J. Urol. 97, (May). VINCENT, S. A. (1959). Ulster med. Jour. 28, 176. VINCENT, S. A. (1960). Lancet, 2, 292. VINCENT, S. A. (1964). Dev. Med. and Child Neurol. 6, 23. VINCENT, S. A. (1966a). Lancet, Sept., 631-632. VINCENT, S. A. (1966b). Bio-Engineering, Sept., p. 1. THE ROLE OF THE EXTERNAL SPHINCTER By J. COSBIE Ross Director of Urological Studies, University of Liverpool Introduction. It must be acknowledged that as yet no one knows the precise role of the external sphincter and there should, by right, be a question mark after the word 'sphincter'. The problem is much more complex and obscure than the simple, easily understood mechanism of the anal sphincter. However, there is much that is already known, and perhaps recent work has shed some light on the problem. First, the traditional view. In the 32nd Edition of Gray's Anatomy (1958), the description is as follows. 'The sphincter urethrae surrounds the membranous portion of the urethra, and lies deep to the inferior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm. Its superficial or inferior fibres arise in front from the transverse perineal ligament and from the neighbouring fascia. They pass backwards on each side of the urethra and converge on the perineal body for their insertion. Its deep fibres, some of which arise from the fascial sheath of the pudendal vessels and pass medially, form a continuous circular investment for the membranous urethra.' Actions. 'The muscles of both sides act together as a sphincter, compressing the membranous part of the urethra. -
Bladder Retraining
James Paget University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Bladder retraining Patient Information How should my bladder work? Urine is made in the kidneys and travels down two tubes called the ureters to the bladder. The bladder is a storage organ that expands to store the urine. The urethra is the tube that runs from the bladder to the outside of your body, just in front of the vagina, or through the penis. A healthy bladder usually holds around 400ml-600ml (0.75–1 pint). The number of times you pass urine each day depends on a number of things, including how much fluid you drink. It may be normal to pass urine up to seven times a day and up to once during the night. If you are older (more than 70 years old) passing urine once or twice at night may be normal. 2 As the bladder starts to fill it sends a warning message to the brain. You normally feel the first warning when your bladder has about 200mls (1/3 of a pint) in it. If it is not convenient to go to the toilet at that time, your brain sends messages to your bladder telling it to relax. This allows you to continue with whatever you are doing at the time. The desire to empty your bladder will gradually become stronger and more difficult to put off or control. When you find an appropriate time to empty your bladder, you sit on the toilet (or probably stand up if you’re a man), relax your pelvic floor muscles and your bladder muscle (detrusor muscle) starts to contract, expelling the urine. -
This Electronic Thesis Or Dissertation Has Been Downloaded from Explore Bristol Research
This electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from Explore Bristol Research, http://research-information.bristol.ac.uk Author: Carter, Paul G Title: The role of nocturnal polyuria in nocturnal urinary symptoms in the healthy elderly male. General rights Access to the thesis is subject to the Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial-No Derivatives 4.0 International Public License. A copy of this may be found at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode This license sets out your rights and the restrictions that apply to your access to the thesis so it is important you read this before proceeding. Take down policy Some pages of this thesis may have been removed for copyright restrictions prior to having it been deposited in Explore Bristol Research. However, if you have discovered material within the thesis that you consider to be unlawful e.g. breaches of copyright (either yours or that of a third party) or any other law, including but not limited to those relating to patent, trademark, confidentiality, data protection, obscenity, defamation, libel, then please contact [email protected] and include the following information in your message: •Your contact details •Bibliographic details for the item, including a URL •An outline nature of the complaint Your claim will be investigated and, where appropriate, the item in question will be removed from public view as soon as possible. The role of Nocturnal Polyuria in Nocturnal Urinary Symptoms in the Healthy Elderly Male. PAUL G. CARTER A Dissertation submitted for the degree of Doctor of Medicine to the University of Bristol June 1992 The functions of the kidneys differ from those of all other secretory glands, in being exclusively depurative and excrementitious. -
The Female Pelvic Floor Fascia Anatomy: a Systematic Search and Review
life Systematic Review The Female Pelvic Floor Fascia Anatomy: A Systematic Search and Review Mélanie Roch 1 , Nathaly Gaudreault 1, Marie-Pierre Cyr 1, Gabriel Venne 2, Nathalie J. Bureau 3 and Mélanie Morin 1,* 1 Research Center of the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Rehabilitation, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada; [email protected] (M.R.); [email protected] (N.G.); [email protected] (M.-P.C.) 2 Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada; [email protected] 3 Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Department of Radiology, Radio-Oncology, Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The female pelvis is a complex anatomical region comprising the pelvic organs, muscles, neurovascular supplies, and fasciae. The anatomy of the pelvic floor and its fascial components are currently poorly described and misunderstood. This systematic search and review aimed to explore and summarize the current state of knowledge on the fascial anatomy of the pelvic floor in women. Methods: A systematic search was performed using Medline and Scopus databases. A synthesis of the findings with a critical appraisal was subsequently carried out. The risk of bias was assessed with the Anatomical Quality Assurance Tool. Results: A total of 39 articles, involving 1192 women, were included in the review. Although the perineal membrane, tendinous arch of pelvic fascia, pubourethral ligaments, rectovaginal fascia, and perineal body were the most frequently described structures, uncertainties were Citation: Roch, M.; Gaudreault, N.; identified in micro- and macro-anatomy. -
Urinary System A&P
URINARY SYSTEM A&P HS1 DHO8, CH. 7, PGS 217-220 OBJECTIVES EXPLAIN THE STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS OF THE URINARY SYSTEM AS THEY RELATE TO THE FORMATION, COMPOSITION, AND ELIMINATION OF URINE. A. IDENTIFY THE STRUCTURES COMPRISING THE URINARY SYSTEM. B. DESCRIBE THE ROLES OF EACH OF THE URINARY STRUCTURES AS IT RELATES TO THE PRODUCTION AND ELIMINATION OF URINE. URINARY SYSTEM • AKA EXCRETORY SYSTEM • REMOVES WASTES & EXCESS WATER • MAINTAIN ACID-BASE BALANCE • HELPS MAINTAIN BODY’S HOMEOSTASIS URINARY SYSTEM PARTS OF THE URINARY SYSTEM: ➢2 KIDNEYS ➢2 URETERS ➢1 BLADDER ➢1 URETHRA KIDNEYS • BEAN-SHAPED ORGANS • FOUND ON EITHER SIDE OF VERTEBRAL COLUMN • LOCATED IN RETROPERITONEAL SPACE • RETROPERITONEAL SPACE=AREA BEHIND UPPER PART OF ABD CAVITY; SEPARATED FROM ABD CAVITY BY PERITONEAL MEMBRANE KIDNEYS • PROTECTED BY RIBS & FAT CUSHION • HELD IN PLACE BY CONNECTIVE TISSUE • EACH KIDNEY IS ENCLOSED IN MASS OF FATTY TISSUE=ADIPOSE CAPSULE • EACH KIDNEY IS COVERED BY A TOUGH, FIBROUS TISSUE=RENAL FASCIA OR FIBROUS CAPSULE APPLY YOUR KNOWLEDGE CAN YOU THINK OF AN EXAMPLE OF THE URINARY SYSTEM’S ABILITY TO MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS? ➢A GOOD EXAMPLE IS WHEN A PERSON DRINKS A LARGE AMOUNT OF WATER AND URINARY OUTPUT INCREASES KIDNEYS DIVIDED INTO 2 MAIN SECTIONS: CORTEX & MEDULLA ➢CORTEX= • OUTER SECTION • CONTAINS MOST OF THE NEPHRONS (NEPHRONS AID IN PRODUCTION OF URINE) KIDNEYS ➢MEDULLA= • INNER SECTION • CONTAINS MOST OF THE COLLECTING TUBULES (COLLECTING TUBULES CARRY URINE FROM NEPHRONS THROUGH THE KIDNEY) KIDNEYS • EACH KIDNEY HAS A HILUM • HILUM=NOTCHED OR INDENTED AREA • THE URETER, NERVES, BLOOD VESSELS, & LYMPH VESSELS ENTER & LEAVE THE KIDNEY THROUGH THE HILUM TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE SO, LET’S THINK THIS THROUGH….YOU HAVE TO PRODUCE THE URINE FIRST AND THEN SEND THE URINE OUT OF THE KIDNEY. -
ANAT1551 Introductory Anatomy
Faculty of Medicine School of Medical Sciences ANAT1551 Introductory Anatomy Session 2 - 2013 Introductory Anatomy for Health & Exercise Science – Session 2, 2013 Contents Course convenor 2 Units of credit 2 Hours per week 2 What is anatomy? 2 Course aims 2 Student learning outcomes 2 Course relationships 3 Teaching rationale 4 Teaching strategies 4 Ethical behaviour and human remains 4 Anatomical terms 4 Assessment 5 Failure to sit a test 5 Resources for students 6 What is plagiarism? 6 Grievance procedures 7 Continual course improvement 7 Practical Class Attendance Requirement 7 Guidelines on extra-curricular activities affecting attendance 7 Health and Safety Rules for Students in the Dissecting Room 9 Course Lecture and Practical Class Schedule 12 Week 1: General Anatomy and Skeletal System 1 13 Week 2: Skeletal System 2 & Articular System 18 Week 3: Muscular System 1 22 Week 4: Muscular System 2 and Spinal Cord 26 Week 5: Spinal Nerves and the Autonomic Nervous System 29 Week 6: Revision Lab (9am-12pm Thursday 05/09/2013) 32 Spot Test No.1 (11am-12pm or 12-1pm Friday 06/09/2013) 32 Week 7: Brain and Cranial Nerves 33 Week 8: Eye and Ear 36 Week 9: Cardiovascular System 40 Week 10: Respiratory System 44 Week 11: Digestive System 47 Week 12: Urinary and Reproductive Systems 51 Week 13: Revision Lab (9am-12pm Thursday 31/10/2013) 54 Spot Test No.2 (11am-12pm or 12-1pm Friday 01/11/2013) 54 Cover illustration: One of the Vesalius plates (drawn by Calcar). From: Hixson, J. 1966. The History of the Human Body.