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Urinary System A&P

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URINARY SYSTEM A&P HS1 DHO8, CH. 7, PGS 217-220 OBJECTIVES EXPLAIN THE STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS OF THE URINARY SYSTEM AS THEY RELATE TO THE FORMATION, COMPOSITION, AND ELIMINATION OF URINE. A. IDENTIFY THE STRUCTURES COMPRISING THE URINARY SYSTEM. B. DESCRIBE THE ROLES OF EACH OF THE URINARY STRUCTURES AS IT RELATES TO THE PRODUCTION AND ELIMINATION OF URINE. URINARY SYSTEM • AKA EXCRETORY SYSTEM • REMOVES WASTES & EXCESS WATER • MAINTAIN ACID-BASE BALANCE • HELPS MAINTAIN BODY’S HOMEOSTASIS URINARY SYSTEM PARTS OF THE URINARY SYSTEM: ➢2 KIDNEYS ➢2 URETERS ➢1 BLADDER ➢1 URETHRA KIDNEYS • BEAN-SHAPED ORGANS • FOUND ON EITHER SIDE OF VERTEBRAL COLUMN • LOCATED IN RETROPERITONEAL SPACE • RETROPERITONEAL SPACE=AREA BEHIND UPPER PART OF ABD CAVITY; SEPARATED FROM ABD CAVITY BY PERITONEAL MEMBRANE KIDNEYS • PROTECTED BY RIBS & FAT CUSHION • HELD IN PLACE BY CONNECTIVE TISSUE • EACH KIDNEY IS ENCLOSED IN MASS OF FATTY TISSUE=ADIPOSE CAPSULE • EACH KIDNEY IS COVERED BY A TOUGH, FIBROUS TISSUE=RENAL FASCIA OR FIBROUS CAPSULE APPLY YOUR KNOWLEDGE CAN YOU THINK OF AN EXAMPLE OF THE URINARY SYSTEM’S ABILITY TO MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS? ➢A GOOD EXAMPLE IS WHEN A PERSON DRINKS A LARGE AMOUNT OF WATER AND URINARY OUTPUT INCREASES KIDNEYS DIVIDED INTO 2 MAIN SECTIONS: CORTEX & MEDULLA ➢CORTEX= • OUTER SECTION • CONTAINS MOST OF THE NEPHRONS (NEPHRONS AID IN PRODUCTION OF URINE) KIDNEYS ➢MEDULLA= • INNER SECTION • CONTAINS MOST OF THE COLLECTING TUBULES (COLLECTING TUBULES CARRY URINE FROM NEPHRONS THROUGH THE KIDNEY) KIDNEYS • EACH KIDNEY HAS A HILUM • HILUM=NOTCHED OR INDENTED AREA • THE URETER, NERVES, BLOOD VESSELS, & LYMPH VESSELS ENTER & LEAVE THE KIDNEY THROUGH THE HILUM TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE SO, LET’S THINK THIS THROUGH….YOU HAVE TO PRODUCE THE URINE FIRST AND THEN SEND THE URINE OUT OF THE KIDNEY. IN WHAT ORDER DOES FLUID PASS THROUGH THE KIDNEY AND ITS LAYERS ON THE WAY TO THE URETER? THE ANSWER IS…CORTEX TO THE MEDULLA TO THE HILUM • END DAY ONE!! KIDNEYS (START DAY 2) • NEPHRONS=MICROSCOPIC FILTERING UNITS OF THE KIDNEY • THERE ARE MORE THAN 1 MILLION NEPHRONS PER KIDNEY KIDNEYS EACH NEPHRON CONSISTS OF A: ➢GLOMERULUS ➢BOWMAN’S CAPSULE ➢PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE ➢DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE ➢COLLECTING DUCT (TUBULE) KIDNEYS • THE RENAL ARTERY CARRIES BLOOD TO THE KIDNEY • BRANCHES OF THE RENAL ARTERY PASS THROUGH THE MEDULLA TO THE CORTEX • THIS IS WHERE BLOOD ENTERS THE 1ST PART OF THE NEPHRON, THE GLOMERULUS • GLOMERULUS=CLUSTER OF CAPILLARIES THIS IS THE START OF THE PROCESS OF FILTRATION!!! KIDNEYS • AS BLOOD PASSES THROUGH THE GLOMERULUS, THE GLOMERULUS FILTERS OUT: ➢WATER ➢MINERAL SALTS ➢GLUCOSE ➢METABOLIC PRODUCTS IMPORTANT!!! RBCS AND PROTEINS ARE NOT FILTERED OUT!!! KIDNEYS • FILTERED BLOOD LEAVES THE GLOMERULUS & MOVES TO THE RENAL VEIN WHICH CARRIES IT AWAY FROM THE KIDNEY • THE SUBSTANCES FILTERED OUT BY THE GLOMERULUS ENTER THE NEXT SECTION OF THE NEPHRON, BOWMAN’S CAPSULE KIDNEYS • BOWMAN’S CAPSULE=C-SHAPED STRUCTURE THAT SURROUNDS THE GLOMERULUS • IT IS THE START OF THE CONVOLUTED TUBULE • BOWMAN’S CAPSULE PICKS UP THE FILTERED MATERIALS & PASSES THEM INTO THE CONVOLUTED TUBULE KIDNEYS • AS THE FILTERED MATERIAL PASSES THROUGH THE TUBULE, SUBSTANCES NEEDED BY THE BODY ARE REABSORBED AND RETURNED TO THE BLOOD CAPILLARIES • THOSE SUBSTANCES NEEDED BY THE BODY ARE: ➢ MOST OF THE WATER, GLUCOSE, VITAMINS, AND MINERAL SALTS KIDNEYS • REMAINING IN THE TUBULE (AND NOT NEEDED BY THE BODY AND NOT REABSORBED) ARE: ➢EXCESS GLUCOSE AND MINERAL SALTS ➢SOME WATER ➢WASTES (UREA, URIC ACID, AND CREATININE) • THESE EXCESS SUBSTANCES ARE A CONCENTRATED LIQUID=URINE KIDNEYS • URINE ENTERS COLLECTING DUCTS (TUBULES) LOCATED IN THE MEDULLA • THE COLLECTING DUCTS EMPTY INTO THE RENAL PELVIS (RENAL BASIN), • RENAL PELVIS=FUNNEL-SHAPED STRUCTURE THAT IS THE 1ST SECTION OF THE URETER TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE • DURING THE PROCESS OF FILTRATION IN THE NEPHRON, MOST OF THE WATER, GLUCOSE, AND VITAMINS ARE: A. STORED IN THE BLADDER B. EXCRETED THROUGH THE URETERS C. REABSORBED INTO THE BLOOD D. CONCENTRATED IN THE URINE AND THE ANSWER IS…C TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE • WHAT WOULD YOU FIND INSIDE THE GLOMERULUS? BLOOD • WHAT C-SHAPED STRUCTURE IN THE NEPHRON SURROUNDS THE GLOMERULUS? BOWMAN’S CAPSULE • END DAY 2!! URETERS (START DAY 3) • 2 MUSCULAR TUBES • 10-12 INCHES LONG • RENAL PELVIS=FUNNEL-SHAPED 1ST SECTION OF URETER • ONE URETER EXTENDS FROM THE RENAL PELVIS OF EACH KIDNEY TO THE BLADDER URETERS • PERISTALSIS MOVES URINE THROUGH URETER FROM KIDNEY TO BLADDER (GEE, THIS IS NOT THE FIRST TIME WE HAVE HEARD OF PERISTALSIS-WHERE ARE THE OTHER INSTANCES OF PERISTALSIS THAT WE HAVE STUDIED?) BLADDER • HOLLOW, MUSCULAR SAC • FOUND BEHIND SYMPHYSIS PUBIS • LOCATED AT MIDLINE OF PELVIC CAVITY • RECEIVES URINE FROM URETERS • STORES URINE UNTIL IT IS VOIDED • VOID=URINATE=MICTURATE BLADDER • LINED WITH MUCOUS MEMBRANE • MUCOUS MEMBRANE HAS RUGAE (FOLDS) • RUGAE DISAPPEAR AS BLADDER EXPANDS TO FILL WITH URINE • BLADDER WALLS ARE MADE OF TRIPLE LAYER OF VISCERAL (SMOOTH) MUSCLE BLADDER • CIRCULAR SPHINCTER MUSCLE CONTROLS THE BLADDER OPENING TO PREVENT EMPTYING • RECEPTORS IN BLADDER SEND OUT A REFLEX ACTION WHICH OPENS THE MUSCLE • URGE TO VOID OCCURS WHEN BLADDER HAS 250ML BUT IT CAN HOLD MUCH MORE BLADDER • INFANTS CANNOT CONTROL THE REFLEX ACTION • AS CHILDREN GROW, THEY LEARN TO CONTROL THE REFLEX TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE • WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT TERMS USED TO DESCRIBE “SOMEONE PEEING”? THE ANSWER IS…TO VOID, TO URINATE, TO MICTURATE TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE • IN WHAT PART OF THE URINARY SYSTEM DOES PERISTALSIS OCCUR? URETER • IF YOU COULD SEE THE INSIDE OF AN EMPTY BLADDER, WHAT WOULD YOU SEE? RUGAE URETHRA • TUBE THAT CARRIES URINE FROM BLADDER TO OUTSIDE OF BODY • URINARY MEATUS=EXTERNAL OPENING OF URETHRA URETHRA FEMALE URETHRA: ➢1.5 INCHES LONG ➢OPENS IN FRONT OF VAGINA ➢CARRIES ONLY URINE URETHRA MALE URETHRA: ➢8 INCHES LONG ➢PASSES THROUGH THE PROSTATE GLAND ➢EXISTS THE PENIS ➢CARRIES BOTH URINE & SEMEN (NOT AT THE SAME TIME) TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE • THE URETHRA IN THE MALE SERVES TO BODY SYSTEMS, WHAT ARE THEY? URINARY AND REPRODUCTIVE • WHAT IS THE LAST STRUCTURE URINE PASSES BEFORE LEAVING THE BODY? URINARY MEATUS URINE • LIQUID WASTE PRODUCT OF URINARY SYSTEM • APROX 95% WATER • CONTAINS DISSOLVED WASTE PRODUCTS: UREA, URIC ACID, CREATININE, MINERAL SALTS, PIGMENTS URINE • EXCESS USEFUL PRODUCTS (LIKE SUGAR) CAN ALSO BE FOUND IN URINE • WHEN USEFUL PRODUCTS ARE IN URINE, IT USUALLY INDICATES DISEASE!! URINE • KIDNEYS FILTER ABOUT 150 QUARTS OF LIQUID DAILY • ABOUT 1,500-2,000 ML (1.5-2 QUARTS) OF URINE ARE PRODUCED DAILY TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE • WHAT IS CONSIDERED A NORMAL COMPONENT OF URINE? A. BACTERIA B. SUGAR C. URIC ACID D. RED BLOOD CELLS AND THE ANSWER IS…C APPLY YOUR KNOWLEDGE OK, LET’S TAKE IT ONE STEP FURTHER….WHAT SHOULD YOU THINK IF USEFUL PRODUCTS LIKE SUGAR OR PROTEIN ARE FOUND IN URINE? DISEASE!! DO YOU KNOW OF A DISEASE THAT INVOLVES SUGAR IN THE URINE? ➢DIABETES • WATCH VIDEO URINATION (9.32) KHAN ACADEMY • CONTINUE WITH URINARY TERMS URINATION TERMS TERMS USED TO DESCRIBE CONDITIONS THAT AFFECT URINATION: ➢POLYURIA=EXCESSIVE URINATION ➢OLIGURIA=BELOW NORMAL AMOUNT OF URINE ➢ANURIA=ABSENCE OF URINATION ➢HEMATURA=BLOOD IN URINE ➢PYURIA=PUS IN URINE URINATION TERMS ➢NOCTURIA=URINATION AT NIGHT ➢DYSURIA=PAINFUL URINATION ➢RETENTION=INABILITY TO EMPTY BLADDER ➢INCONTINENCE=INVOLUNTARY URINATION ➢PROTEINURIA=PROTEIN IN URINE ➢ALBUMINURIA=ALBUMIN (A BLOOD PROTEIN) IN URINE TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE • WHICH URINARY TERM WOULD YOU APPLY TO THIS SITUATION? PATRICE IS NOT ILL BUT DRANK A LARGE AMOUNT OF ICE TEA. YOU WOULD EXPECT HER TO HAVE….? THE ANSWER IS…POLYURIA APPLY YOUR KNOWLEDGE A CONSTRUCTION WORKER FALLS AND STRIKES HIS LOWER ABDOMEN ON A HARD OBJECT. WHAT MIGHT HE EXPERIENCE AS A RESULT? WHICH MEDICAL TERM WOULD YOU APPLY TO THIS SITUATION? THE ANSWER IS…HEMATURIA.
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  • Urinary System

    Urinary System

    Urinary System Urinary System Urinary System - Overview: Major Functions: 1) Removal of organic waste products Kidney from fluids (excretion) 2) Discharge of waste products into the environment (elimination) 1 3) Regulation of the volume / [solute] / pH 3 of blood plasma Ureter HOWEVER, THE KIDNEY AIN’T JUST FOR PEE’IN… Urinary bladder • Regulation of blood volume / blood pressure (e.g., renin) • Regulation of red blood cell formation (i.e., erythropoietin) 2 • Metabolization of vitamin D to active form (Ca++ uptake) Urethra • Gluconeogenesis during prolonged fasting Marieb & Hoehn (Human Anatomy and Physiology, 8th ed.) – Figure 25.1 1 Urinary System Renal ptosis: Kidneys drop to lower position due Functional Anatomy - Kidney: to loss of perirenal fat Located in the superior lumbar “Bar of soap” region 12 cm x 6 cm x 3 cm 150 g / kidney Layers of Supportive Tissue: Renal fascia: Peritoneal cavity Outer layer of dense fibrous connective tissue; anchors kidney in place Perirenal fat capsule: Fatty mass surrounding kidney; cushions kidney against blows Fibrous capsule: Transparent capsule on kidney; prevents infection of kidney from local tissues Kidneys are located retroperitoneal Marieb & Hoehn (Human Anatomy and Physiology, 8th ed.) – Figure 25.2 Urinary System Functional Anatomy - Kidney: Pyelonephritis: Inflammation of the kidney Pyramids appear striped due to parallel arrangement of capillaries / collecting tubes Renal cortex Renal medulla Renal pyramids Renal papilla Renal columns Renal hilum Renal pelvis • Entrance for blood vessels
  • This Electronic Thesis Or Dissertation Has Been Downloaded from Explore Bristol Research

    This Electronic Thesis Or Dissertation Has Been Downloaded from Explore Bristol Research

    This electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from Explore Bristol Research, http://research-information.bristol.ac.uk Author: Carter, Paul G Title: The role of nocturnal polyuria in nocturnal urinary symptoms in the healthy elderly male. General rights Access to the thesis is subject to the Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial-No Derivatives 4.0 International Public License. A copy of this may be found at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode This license sets out your rights and the restrictions that apply to your access to the thesis so it is important you read this before proceeding. Take down policy Some pages of this thesis may have been removed for copyright restrictions prior to having it been deposited in Explore Bristol Research. However, if you have discovered material within the thesis that you consider to be unlawful e.g. breaches of copyright (either yours or that of a third party) or any other law, including but not limited to those relating to patent, trademark, confidentiality, data protection, obscenity, defamation, libel, then please contact [email protected] and include the following information in your message: •Your contact details •Bibliographic details for the item, including a URL •An outline nature of the complaint Your claim will be investigated and, where appropriate, the item in question will be removed from public view as soon as possible. The role of Nocturnal Polyuria in Nocturnal Urinary Symptoms in the Healthy Elderly Male. PAUL G. CARTER A Dissertation submitted for the degree of Doctor of Medicine to the University of Bristol June 1992 The functions of the kidneys differ from those of all other secretory glands, in being exclusively depurative and excrementitious.