Urinary System
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Te2, Part Iii
TERMINOLOGIA EMBRYOLOGICA Second Edition International Embryological Terminology FIPAT The Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology A programme of the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists (IFAA) TE2, PART III Contents Caput V: Organogenesis Chapter 5: Organogenesis (continued) Systema respiratorium Respiratory system Systema urinarium Urinary system Systemata genitalia Genital systems Coeloma Coelom Glandulae endocrinae Endocrine glands Systema cardiovasculare Cardiovascular system Systema lymphoideum Lymphoid system Bibliographic Reference Citation: FIPAT. Terminologia Embryologica. 2nd ed. FIPAT.library.dal.ca. Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology, February 2017 Published pending approval by the General Assembly at the next Congress of IFAA (2019) Creative Commons License: The publication of Terminologia Embryologica is under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0) license The individual terms in this terminology are within the public domain. Statements about terms being part of this international standard terminology should use the above bibliographic reference to cite this terminology. The unaltered PDF files of this terminology may be freely copied and distributed by users. IFAA member societies are authorized to publish translations of this terminology. Authors of other works that might be considered derivative should write to the Chair of FIPAT for permission to publish a derivative work. Caput V: ORGANOGENESIS Chapter 5: ORGANOGENESIS -
Kidney, Ureter, Urinary Bladder & Urethra
Kidney, Ureter, Urinary bladder & Urethra Red: important. Black: in male|female slides. Gray: notes|extra. Editing file ➢ OBJECTIVES • The microscopic structure of the renal cortex and medulla. • The histology of renal corpuscle, proximal and distal tubules, loop of Henle, and collecting tubules & ducts. • The histological structure of juxtaglomerular apparatus. • The functional structures of the different parts of the kidney. • The microscopic structure of the Renal pelvis and ureter. • The microscopic structure of the urinary bladder and male and female urethra Histology team 437 | Renal block | All lectures ➢ KIDNEY o Cortex: Dark brown and granular. Content of cortex (renal corpuscle, PCT, loop of Henle, DCT, part of collecting tubule) o Medulla: 6-12 pyramid-shape regions (renal pyramids) content of medulla ( collecting duct, loop of Henle, collecting tubule) o The base of pyramid is toward the cortex (cortico-medullary border) o The apex (renal papilla) toward the hilum, it is perforated by 12 openings of the ducts of Bellini (Papillary “collecting” ducts) in region called area cribrosa. o The apex is surrounded by a minor calyx. o 3 or 4 minor calyces join to form 3 or 4 major calyces that form renal pelvis. o Pyramids are separated by cortical columns of Bertin (renal column) ➢ URINIFEROUS TUBULE o It is the functional unit of the kidney. o Is formed of: 1- Nephron. 2-Collecting tubule. o The tubules are densely packed. o The tubules are separated by thin stroma and basal lamina. Histology team 437 | Renal block | All lectures ➢ NEPHRON o There are 2 types of nephrons: a- Cortical nephrons. b- Juxtamedullary nephrons. -
Female Urethra
OBJECTIVES: • By the end of this lecture, student should understand the anatomical structure of urinary system. General Information Waste products of metabolism are toxic (CO2, ammonia, etc.) Removal from tissues by blood and lymph Removal from blood by Respiratory system And Urinary system Functions of the Urinary System Elimination of waste products Nitrogenous wastes Toxins Drugs Functions of the Urinary System Regulate homeostasis Water balance Acid-base balance in the blood Electrolytes Blood pressure Organs of the Urinary system Kidneys Ureters Urinary bladder Urethra Kidneys Primary organs of the urinary system Located between the 12th thoracic and 3rd lumbar vertebrae. Right is usually lower due to liver. Held in place by connective tissue [renal fascia] and surrounded by thick layer of adipose [perirenal fat] Each kidney is approx. 3 cm thick, 6 cm wide and 12 cm long Regions of the Kidney Renal cortex: outer region Renal medulla: pyramids and columns Renal pelvis: collecting system Kidneys protected by three connective tissue layers Renal fascia -Attaches to abdominal wall Renal capsule: -Surrounds each kidney -Fibrous sac -Protects from trauma and infection Adipose capsule -Fat cushioning kidney Nephrons Each kidney contains over a million nephrons [functional structure] • Blood enters the nephron from a network that begins with the renal artery. • This artery branches into smaller and smaller vessels and enters each nephron as an afferent arteriole. • The afferent arteriole ends in a specialized capillary called the Glomerulus. • Each kidney has a glomerulus contained in Bowman’s Capsule. • Any cells that are too large to pass into the nephron are returned to the venous blood supply via the efferent arteriole. -
Development and Structure of the Excretory System the Nephron
Biology 224 Human Anatomy and Physiology II Week 7; Lecture 1; Monday Dr. Stuart S. Sumida Development and Structure of the Excretory System The Nephron DEVELOPMENT AND STRUCTURE OF EXCRETORY SYSTEM EXCRETORY SYSTEM REVIEW • Kidneys derived from INTERMEDIATE MESODERM. • Kidney starts out as a SEGMENTAL STRUCTURE. • Bladder, as part of embryonic gut tube: lining derived from endoderm. • Note, this is EXCRETION, NOT “ELIMINATION.” EARLY KIDNEY DEVELOPMENT • There is a segment of intermediate mesoderm for every body segment. • Earliest kidney appears in the cervical region of the body! (About week 3.) Called the PRONEPHROS. • Develop very close to the gonads. (They battle it out for the nearby ducts.) THE PRONEPHROS • The early anteriorly developed kidney parts. • Has NO EXCRETORY FUNCTION. • Functions to INDUCE DEVELOPMENT of middle segments of intermediate meosderm into the MESONEPHROS. THE MESONEPHROS • Some think it is the functioning embryonic kidney. Some think is has no excretory function. • WE DO KNOW that the duct that attaches to it (THE MESONEPHRIC DUCT) is very important in INDUCING DEVELOPMENT OF THE CAUDAL KIDNEY SEGMENTS (the METANEPHROS). Mesonephric Duct reaches all the way to end of gut tube (cloaca). We need to... • Attach the ducts to the hindend kidney (the metanephros). • Split the bladder away from the gut tube. After the mesonephric duct attaches to cloaca, the embryonic URETER grows from caudal to cranial to attach to mass of metanephric kidney. A septum, the URORECTAL SEPTUM, grows between the more dorsal part of the gut tube and the more ventral part that will become the bladder. Note that attached to the bladder are right and left ueters, the allantois (an extraembryonic membrane). -
The Contribution of Nasal Countercurrent Heat Exchange to Water Balance in the Northern Elephant Seal, Mirounga Angustirostris
J. exp. Biol. 113, 447-454 (1984) 447 Printed in Great Britain © The Company of Biologists Limited 1984 THE CONTRIBUTION OF NASAL COUNTERCURRENT HEAT EXCHANGE TO WATER BALANCE IN THE NORTHERN ELEPHANT SEAL, MIROUNGA ANGUSTIROSTRIS BY ANTHONY C. HUNTLEY, DANIEL P. COSTA Long Marine Laboratory, Center for Marine Studies, University of California, Santa Cruz, U.SA. AND ROBERT D. RUBIN Department of Life Sciences, Santa Rosa Junior College, Santa Rosa, California, U.SA Accepted 29 May 1984 SUMMARY 1. Elephant seals fast completely from food and water for 1-3 months during terrestrial breeding. Temporal countercurrent heat exchange in the nasal passage reduces expired air temperature (Te) below body temperature (Tb)- 2. At a mean ambient temperature of 13'7°C, Te is 20*9 °C. This results in the recovery of 71-5 % of the water added to inspired air. 3. The amount of cooling of the expired air (Tb~Te) and the percentage of water recovery varies inversely with ambient temperature. 4. Total nasal surface area available for heat and water exchange, located in the highly convoluted nasal turbinates, is estimated to be 720 cm2 in weaned pups and 3140 cm2 in an adult male. 5. Nasal temporal countercurrent heat exchange reduces total water loss sufficiently to allow maintenance of water balance using metabolic water production alone. INTRODUCTION Northern elephant seals, Mirounga angustirostis (Gill), are exceptional among pin- nipeds in the duration of their terrestrial breeding fast. During this time, they volun- tarily forgo both food and water while remaining active on the rookery. The length of these fasts varies with age, sex and social status. -
Excretory Products and Their Elimination
290 BIOLOGY CHAPTER 19 EXCRETORY PRODUCTS AND THEIR ELIMINATION 19.1 Human Animals accumulate ammonia, urea, uric acid, carbon dioxide, water Excretory and ions like Na+, K+, Cl–, phosphate, sulphate, etc., either by metabolic System activities or by other means like excess ingestion. These substances have to be removed totally or partially. In this chapter, you will learn the 19.2 Urine Formation mechanisms of elimination of these substances with special emphasis on 19.3 Function of the common nitrogenous wastes. Ammonia, urea and uric acid are the major Tubules forms of nitrogenous wastes excreted by the animals. Ammonia is the most toxic form and requires large amount of water for its elimination, 19.4 Mechanism of whereas uric acid, being the least toxic, can be removed with a minimum Concentration of loss of water. the Filtrate The process of excreting ammonia is Ammonotelism. Many bony fishes, 19.5 Regulation of aquatic amphibians and aquatic insects are ammonotelic in nature. Kidney Function Ammonia, as it is readily soluble, is generally excreted by diffusion across 19.6 Micturition body surfaces or through gill surfaces (in fish) as ammonium ions. Kidneys do not play any significant role in its removal. Terrestrial adaptation 19.7 Role of other necessitated the production of lesser toxic nitrogenous wastes like urea Organs in and uric acid for conservation of water. Mammals, many terrestrial Excretion amphibians and marine fishes mainly excrete urea and are called ureotelic 19.8 Disorders of the animals. Ammonia produced by metabolism is converted into urea in the Excretory liver of these animals and released into the blood which is filtered and System excreted out by the kidneys. -
Urinary System
URINARY SYSTEM Ján Líška DVM, PhD Institut of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University Urinary system • The kidneys are the organ with multiple functions: • filtration of the blood • excretion of metabolic waste products and related removal of toxins • maintenance blood volume • regulation of acid-base balance • regulation of fluid and electrolyte balance • production of the hormones The other components of urinary system are accessory. Their function is essentially in order to eliminate urine. Urinary system - anatomy • Kidney are located in the retroperitoneal space • The surface of the kidney is covered by a fibrous capsule of dense connective tissue. • This capsule is coated with adipose capsule. • Each kidney is attached to a ureter, which carries urine to the bladder and urine is discharged out through the urethra. ANATOMIC STRUCTURE OF THE KIDNEY RENAL LOBES CORTEX outer shell columns Excretory portion medullary rays MEDULLA medullary pyramids HILUM Collecting system blood vessels lymph vessels major calyces nerves RENAL PELVIS minor calyces ureter Cortex is the outer layer surrounding the internal medulla. The cortex contains renal corpuscles, convoluted parts of prox. and dist. tubules. Renal column: the renal tissue projection between two medullary pyramids which supports the cortex. Renal pyramids: the conical segments within the medulla. They contain the ductal apparatus and stright parts of the tubules. They posses papilla - having openings through which urine passes into the calyces. Each pyramid together with the associated overlying cortex forms a renal lobe. renal pyramid papilla minor calix minor calyx Medullary rays: are in the middle of cortical part of the renal lobe, consisting of a group of the straight portiones of nephrons and the collec- medullary rays ting tubules (only straight tubules). -
Claudins in the Renal Collecting Duct
International Journal of Molecular Sciences Review Claudins in the Renal Collecting Duct Janna Leiz 1,2 and Kai M. Schmidt-Ott 1,2,3,* 1 Department of Nephrology and Intensive Care Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany; [email protected] 2 Molecular and Translational Kidney Research, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), 13125 Berlin, Germany 3 Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), 10178 Berlin, Germany * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +49-(0)30-450614671 Received: 22 October 2019; Accepted: 20 December 2019; Published: 28 December 2019 Abstract: The renal collecting duct fine-tunes urinary composition, and thereby, coordinates key physiological processes, such as volume/blood pressure regulation, electrolyte-free water reabsorption, and acid-base homeostasis. The collecting duct epithelium is comprised of a tight epithelial barrier resulting in a strict separation of intraluminal urine and the interstitium. Tight junctions are key players in enforcing this barrier and in regulating paracellular transport of solutes across the epithelium. The features of tight junctions across different epithelia are strongly determined by their molecular composition. Claudins are particularly important structural components of tight junctions because they confer barrier and transport properties. In the collecting duct, a specific set of claudins (Cldn-3, Cldn-4, Cldn-7, Cldn-8) is expressed, and each of these claudins has been implicated in mediating aspects of the specific properties of its tight junction. The functional disruption of individual claudins or of the overall barrier function results in defects of blood pressure and water homeostasis. In this concise review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge on the role of the collecting duct epithelial barrier and of claudins in collecting duct function and pathophysiology. -
Kidney Function • Filtration • Reabsorption • Secretion • Excretion • Micturition
About This Chapter • Functions of the kidneys • Anatomy of the urinary system • Overview of kidney function • Filtration • Reabsorption • Secretion • Excretion • Micturition © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Functions of the Kidneys • Regulation of extracellular fluid volume and blood pressure • Regulation of osmolarity • Maintenance of ion balance • Homeostatic regulation of pH • Excretion of wastes • Production of hormones © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Anatomy of the Urinary System • Kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra • Kidneys – Bean-shaped organ – Cortex and medulla © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Anatomy of the Urinary System • Functional unit is the nephron – Glomerulus in the Bowman’s capsule – Proximal tubule – The loop of Henle • Descending limb and ascending limb twisted between arterioles forming the juxtaglomerular apparatus – Distal tubule – Collecting ducts © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 19.1b Anatomy summary The kidneys are located retroperitoneally at the level of the lower ribs. Inferior Diaphragm vena cava Aorta Left adrenal gland Left kidney Right kidney Renal artery Renal vein Ureter Peritoneum Urinary Rectum (cut) bladder (cut) © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 19.1c Anatomy summary © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 19.1d Anatomy summary © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 19.1f-h Anatomy summary Some nephrons dip deep into the medulla. One nephron has two arterioles and two sets of capillaries that form a portal system. Efferent arteriole Arterioles Peritubular Juxtaglomerular capillaries The cortex apparatus contains all Bowman’s Nephrons Afferent capsules, arteriole Glomerulus proximal Juxtamedullary nephron and distal (capillaries) with vasa recta tubules. Peritubular capillaries Glomerulus The medulla contains loops of Henle and Vasa recta collecting ducts. Collecting duct Loop of Henle © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. -
Urinary System
OUTLINE 27.1 General Structure and Functions of the Urinary System 818 27.2 Kidneys 820 27 27.2a Gross and Sectional Anatomy of the Kidney 820 27.2b Blood Supply to the Kidney 821 27.2c Nephrons 824 27.2d How Tubular Fluid Becomes Urine 828 27.2e Juxtaglomerular Apparatus 828 Urinary 27.2f Innervation of the Kidney 828 27.3 Urinary Tract 829 27.3a Ureters 829 27.3b Urinary Bladder 830 System 27.3c Urethra 833 27.4 Aging and the Urinary System 834 27.5 Development of the Urinary System 835 27.5a Kidney and Ureter Development 835 27.5b Urinary Bladder and Urethra Development 835 MODULE 13: URINARY SYSTEM mck78097_ch27_817-841.indd 817 2/25/11 2:24 PM 818 Chapter Twenty-Seven Urinary System n the course of carrying out their specific functions, the cells Besides removing waste products from the bloodstream, the uri- I of all body systems produce waste products, and these waste nary system performs many other functions, including the following: products end up in the bloodstream. In this case, the bloodstream is ■ Storage of urine. Urine is produced continuously, but analogous to a river that supplies drinking water to a nearby town. it would be quite inconvenient if we were constantly The river water may become polluted with sediment, animal waste, excreting urine. The urinary bladder is an expandable, and motorboat fuel—but the town has a water treatment plant that muscular sac that can store as much as 1 liter of urine. removes these waste products and makes the water safe to drink. -
Renal Physiology Background
RENAL PHYSIOLOGY Florida State University Advanced Topics in Biomedical Mathematics MAP5932, Spring 2007 03/16/07 Brinda Pamulapati Goal 1 Background of the kidney 2 Glomerulus 3 Mathematical model of Glomerulus 4 Co-current and counter- current mechanism 5 Mathematical model of the co-current and counter-current mechanism Kidney Kidney and Nephron picture Glomerulus and Bowman's Capsule Mathematical model of the glomerular filter There are 3 pressures that effect the rate of glomerular filtration: 1 the pressure inside the glomerular capillaries that promote filteration(p1) 2 the pressure inside the Bowman's capsule that opposes filtration(p2) 3 the colloidal osmotic pressure of the plasma proteins inside the capillaries that opposes filteration(pi) Schematic diagram of the glomerular filtration(one dimentional) q2 Qi q1 Qe x=0 x=L Mathematical model of the glomerular filter(cont.) dq 1 = K (P " P + ! ) dx f 2 1 c P1 ,P2 = hydrostatic pressure ! c = osmotic pressure of the suspended protei ns and formed elements of the blood K f = capillary filteration rate where osmotic pressure is ! c = RTc Conservation Equation ciQi = cq1 ! c ciQi = q1 ( from osmosis RTc) RT ! c = ! c = RTciQi / q1 Qi ! c = ! i (where ! i = RTci ) q1 Mathematical Model of the Glomerulus dq1 = K (P " P + ! ) ................(20.1) dx f 2 1 c Qi ! c = ! i .......................................................(20.4) qi # Q $ e %! Q & Q ' " e +! ln & i ' =1% K L i f ..............(20.5) Qi & 1%! ' !Qi & ' ( ) Qe =efflux through the efferent arterioles L=length of the filter !=" i /(P1 # P2) Cocurrent and Countercurrent Mechanism What is Cocurrent and Countercurrent Mechanism Why Study about it ? The human kidney use countercurrent exchange to remove water from urine so the body can retain water that was used to move the nitrogenous waste products. -
The Urinary System Dr
The urinary System Dr. Ali Ebneshahidi Functions of the Urinary System • Excretion – removal of waste material from the blood plasma and the disposal of this waste in the urine. • Elimination – removal of waste from other organ systems - from digestive system – undigested food, water, salt, ions, and drugs. + - from respiratory system – CO2,H , water, toxins. - from skin – water, NaCl, nitrogenous wastes (urea , uric acid, ammonia, creatinine). • Water balance -- kidney tubules regulate water reabsorption and urine concentration. • regulation of PH, volume, and composition of body fluids. • production of Erythropoietin for hematopoieseis, and renin for blood pressure regulation. Anatomy of the Urinary System Gross anatomy: • kidneys – a pair of bean – shaped organs located retroperitoneally, responsible for blood filtering and urine formation. • Renal capsule – a layer of fibrous connective tissue covering the kidneys. • Renal cortex – outer region of the kidneys where most nephrons is located. • Renal medulla – inner region of the kidneys where some nephrons is located, also where urine is collected to be excreted outward. • Renal calyx – duct – like sections of renal medulla for collecting urine from nephrons and direct urine into renal pelvis. • Renal pyramid – connective tissues in the renal medulla binding various structures together. • Renal pelvis – central urine collecting area of renal medulla. • Hilum (or hilus) – concave notch of kidneys where renal artery, renal vein, urethra, nerves, and lymphatic vessels converge. • Ureter – a tubule that transport urine (mainly by peristalsis) from the kidney to the urinary bladder. • Urinary bladder – a spherical storage organ that contains up to 400 ml of urine. • Urethra – a tubule that excretes urine out of the urinary bladder to the outside, through the urethral orifice.