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Urinary System Organs Kidney Functions Kidney Functions 2/29/2016 Figure 26.4 Major sources of water intake and output. Learning Objectives Renal System 100 ml Feces 4% • Blood filtration through the glomerulus Metabolism 10% 250 ml Sweat 8% 200 ml Insensible loss • How Glomerular filtration rate is regulated Foods 30% 750 ml 700 ml via skin and – Intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms lungs 28% • Formation of urine 2500 ml • Control of urine concentration Urine 60% Beverages 60% 1500 ml 1500 ml Average intake Average output © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.per day per day Urinary System Organs Hepatic veins (cut) Esophagus (cut) Inferior vena cava Renal artery • Kidneys are major excretory organs Adrenal gland Renal hilum • Urinary bladder is the temporary storage Aorta Renal vein reservoir for urine Kidney Iliac crest • Ureters transport urine from the kidneys to Ureter the bladder • Urethra transports urine out of the body Rectum (cut) Uterus (part of female reproductive Urinary system) bladder Urethra Figure 25.1 Kidney Functions Kidney Functions • Removal of toxins, metabolic wastes, and • Gluconeogenesis during prolonged fasting excess ions from the blood • Endocrine (hormone) functions • Regulation of blood volume, chemical – Renin: regulation of blood pressure and kidney composition, and pH function • Activation of vitamin D (metabolism) 1 2/29/2016 Kidney Anatomy Kidney Anatomy • Retroperitoneal, in the superior lumbar region • Layers of supportive tissue • Right kidney is lower than the left 1. Renal fascia • The anchoring outer layer of dense fibrous connective • Convex lateral surface, concave medial surface tissue • Ureters, renal blood vessels, lymphatics, and 2. Perirenal fat capsule nerves enter and exit at the hilum • A fatty cushion 3. Fibrous capsule • Size of bar of soap • Prevents spread of infection to kidney Cortical radiate vein Cortical radiate artery Renal hilum Arcuate vein Arcuate artery Renal cortex Interlobar vein Renal medulla Interlobar artery Segmental arteries Renal vein Major calyx Renal artery Papilla of pyramid Renal pelvis Renal pelvis Ureter Minor calyx Ureter Renal pyramid Renal medulla in renal medulla Renal column Renal cortex Fibrous capsule (a) Photograph of right kidney, frontal section (b) Diagrammatic view (a) Frontal section illustrating major blood vessels Figure 25.3 Figure 25.4a Aorta Inferior vena cava Nephrons Renal artery Renal vein Segmental artery Interlobar vein • Structural and functional units that form Interlobar artery Arcuate vein urine Cortical radiate Arcuate artery • ~1 million per kidney vein • Two main parts Peritubular Cortical radiate artery capillaries 1. Glomerulus: a tuft of capillaries and vasa recta Afferent arteriole Efferent arteriole 2. Renal tubule: begins as cup‐shaped glomerular Glomerulus (capillaries) (Bowman’s) capsule surrounding the glomerulus Nephron-associated blood vessels (see Figure 25.7) (b) Path of blood flow through renal blood vessels Figure 25.4b 2 2/29/2016 Nephrons • Renal corpuscle – Glomerulus + capsule • Fenestrated _______________ glomerular endothelium – Allows filtrate to pass from plasma into the glomerular capsule Figure 25.5 Glomerular capsule: Renal Tubule parietal layer • Glomerular capsule Basement • Parietal layer: simple squamous epithelium membrane – Support Podocyte – _______‐in filtrate formation Fenestrated • Visceral layer: branching epithelial podocytes endothelium of the glomerulus – Extensions terminate in foot processes that cling to basement membrane Glomerular capsule: visceral layer – Filtration slits allow filtrate to pass into the capsular space Figure 25.5 Renal Tubule Renal Tubule • Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) – Cuboidal cells with dense microvilli and large • Loop of Henle with descending and ascending mitochondria limbs – Functions in reabsorption and secretion – Thin segment usually in descending limb – Confined to the cortex – Simple squamous epithelium – Freely permeable to water Microvilli Mitochondria – Thick segment of ascending limb • Cuboidal to columnar cells Highly infolded plasma membrane 3 2/29/2016 Renal Tubule Collecting Ducts • Distal convoluted tubule (DCT) • Receive filtrate from many nephrons – Cuboidal cells with very few microvilli • – Function more in secretion than reabsorption Fuse together to deliver urine through papillae into minor calyces – Confined to the cortex Collecting Ducts Glomerular capsule: parietal layer Renal cortex Basement Renal medulla membrane Cuboidal cells with microvilli Renal corpuscle Podocyte • Glomerular capsule Renal pelvis Fenestrated Function in maintaining the acid‐ • Glomerulus endothelium Cuboidal cells without Distal of the glomerulus Ureter convoluted Glomerular capsule: visceral layer base balance of the body microvilli tubule Help maintain the body’s Kidney Microvilli Mitochondria Proximal convoluted water and salt balance tubule Highly infolded plasma membrane Cortex Proximal convoluted tubule cells Medulla Thick segment Distal convoluted tubule cells Thin segment Principal Loop of Henle • Descending limb • Ascending limb Collecting Loop of Henle (thin-segment) cells duct Principal cell Intercalated cell Intercalated Collecting duct cells Figure 25.5 Cortical nephron Juxtamedullary nephron • Has short loop of Henle and glomerulus • Has long loop of Henle and glomerulus Nephrons further from the corticomedullary junction closer to the corticomedullary junction • Efferent arteriole supplies peritubular • Efferent arteriole supplies vasa recta capillaries Efferent arteriole Cortical radiate vein Renal Glomerular capillaries Cortical radiate artery corpuscle (glomerulus) Afferent arteriole • Cortical nephrons—85% of nephrons; almost Glomerular Collecting duct (Bowman’s) capsule Distal convoluted tubule entirely in the cortex Proximal Afferent arteriole convoluted tubule Efferent arteriole Peritubular capillaries • Juxtamedullary nephrons Ascending or thick limb of the loop of Henle Corticomedullary – Long loops of Henle deeply invade the medulla Arcuate vein junction Arcuate artery Vasa recta Cortex Loop of Henle – Extensive thin segments Medulla Renal pelvis Descending – Important in the production of concentrated urine Ureter or thin limb of loop of Henle Kidney (a) Figure 25.7a 4 2/29/2016 Regulation of Urine Concentration and Regulation of Urine Concentration and Volume Volume • Osmolality • Osmolality of body fluids – Number of solute particles in 1 kg of H2O – – The kidneys maintain osmolality of plasma at – Reflects ability to cause osmosis ~300 mOsm, using countercurrent mechanisms Countercurrent Mechanism Countercurrent Mechanism • Occurs when fluid flows in opposite directions • Role of countercurrent mechanisms in two adjacent segments of the same tube – Establish and maintain an osmotic gradient – Filtrate flow in the loop of Henle (countercurrent (300 mOsm to 1200 mOsm) from renal cortex multiplier) through the medulla – Blood flow in the vasa recta (countercurrent – Allow the kidneys to vary urine concentration exchanger) • Loop of Henle and Vasa Recta do NOT flow in opposite directions as name implies Figure 25.16 Countercurrent Multiplier: Loop of Cortex Henle Medulla • • Functions because of two factors: 1. Descending limb – Freely permeable to H2O, which passes out of the filtrate into the hyperosmotic medullary interstitial fluid – Filtrate osmolality increases to ~1200 mOsm Figure 25.15 5 2/29/2016 Countercurrent Multiplier: Loop of Osmolality of interstitial fluid Henle (mOsm) Filtrate entering the H2O NaCI Cortex Active transport loop of Henle is 2. Ascending limb isosmotic to both Passive transport blood plasma and NaCI Water impermeable H2O – Impermeable to H O cortical interstitial 2 fluid. H O NaCI – Selectively permeable to solutes 2 The descending limb: H2O NaCI Outer + – • Permeable to H2O medulla • Na and Cl are passively reabsorbed in the thin • Impermeable to NaCl H2O As filtrate flows, it NaCI segment, actively reabsorbed in the thick segment becomes increasingly H2O concentrated as H2O – Filtrate osmolality decreases to 100 mOsm leaves the tubule by osmosis. The filtrate H2O osmolality increases from Inner • Due to countercurrent flow –able to multiply 300 to 1200 mOsm. medulla Loop of Henle small changes in solute to form a gradient The ascending limb: (a) Countercurrent multiplier. • Impermeable to H2O The long loops of Henle of the • Permeable to NaCl juxtamedullary nephrons Filtrate becomes increasingly dilute as NaCl leaves, eventually becoming create the medullary hypo-osmotic to blood at 100 mOsm in the cortex. NaCl leaving the osmotic gradient. ascending limb increases the osmolality of the medullary interstitial fluid. Figure 25.16a Osmolality Blood from Passive transport of interstitial efferent fluid arteriole To vein Countercurrent Exchanger: Vasa Recta (mOsm) NaCI NaCI Cortex • The vasa recta H2O H2O – NaCI NaCI H2O H2O – Deliver blood to the medullary tissues Outer medulla – Protect the medullary osmotic gradient by NaCI NaCI preventing rapid removal of salt, and by removing H2O H2O reabsorbed H O NaCI NaCI 2 H2O H2O Inner medulla Vasa recta The vasa recta: (b) Countercurrent exchanger. • Highly permeable to H O and solute The vasa recta preserve the 2 • Nearly isosmotic to interstitial fluid due to sluggish blood flow medullary gradient while Blood becomes more concentrated as it descends deeper into removing reabsorbed water the medulla and less concentrated as it approaches the cortex. and solutes. Figure 25.16b Role of osmotic gradient?? Formation of Dilute Urine • Concentration of urine • • Without gradient – unable to raise • Filtrate is diluted
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