General Functions of the Kidney
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Urinary System
URINARY SYSTEM Ján Líška DVM, PhD Institut of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University Urinary system • The kidneys are the organ with multiple functions: • filtration of the blood • excretion of metabolic waste products and related removal of toxins • maintenance blood volume • regulation of acid-base balance • regulation of fluid and electrolyte balance • production of the hormones The other components of urinary system are accessory. Their function is essentially in order to eliminate urine. Urinary system - anatomy • Kidney are located in the retroperitoneal space • The surface of the kidney is covered by a fibrous capsule of dense connective tissue. • This capsule is coated with adipose capsule. • Each kidney is attached to a ureter, which carries urine to the bladder and urine is discharged out through the urethra. ANATOMIC STRUCTURE OF THE KIDNEY RENAL LOBES CORTEX outer shell columns Excretory portion medullary rays MEDULLA medullary pyramids HILUM Collecting system blood vessels lymph vessels major calyces nerves RENAL PELVIS minor calyces ureter Cortex is the outer layer surrounding the internal medulla. The cortex contains renal corpuscles, convoluted parts of prox. and dist. tubules. Renal column: the renal tissue projection between two medullary pyramids which supports the cortex. Renal pyramids: the conical segments within the medulla. They contain the ductal apparatus and stright parts of the tubules. They posses papilla - having openings through which urine passes into the calyces. Each pyramid together with the associated overlying cortex forms a renal lobe. renal pyramid papilla minor calix minor calyx Medullary rays: are in the middle of cortical part of the renal lobe, consisting of a group of the straight portiones of nephrons and the collec- medullary rays ting tubules (only straight tubules). -
Urinary System
OUTLINE 27.1 General Structure and Functions of the Urinary System 818 27.2 Kidneys 820 27 27.2a Gross and Sectional Anatomy of the Kidney 820 27.2b Blood Supply to the Kidney 821 27.2c Nephrons 824 27.2d How Tubular Fluid Becomes Urine 828 27.2e Juxtaglomerular Apparatus 828 Urinary 27.2f Innervation of the Kidney 828 27.3 Urinary Tract 829 27.3a Ureters 829 27.3b Urinary Bladder 830 System 27.3c Urethra 833 27.4 Aging and the Urinary System 834 27.5 Development of the Urinary System 835 27.5a Kidney and Ureter Development 835 27.5b Urinary Bladder and Urethra Development 835 MODULE 13: URINARY SYSTEM mck78097_ch27_817-841.indd 817 2/25/11 2:24 PM 818 Chapter Twenty-Seven Urinary System n the course of carrying out their specific functions, the cells Besides removing waste products from the bloodstream, the uri- I of all body systems produce waste products, and these waste nary system performs many other functions, including the following: products end up in the bloodstream. In this case, the bloodstream is ■ Storage of urine. Urine is produced continuously, but analogous to a river that supplies drinking water to a nearby town. it would be quite inconvenient if we were constantly The river water may become polluted with sediment, animal waste, excreting urine. The urinary bladder is an expandable, and motorboat fuel—but the town has a water treatment plant that muscular sac that can store as much as 1 liter of urine. removes these waste products and makes the water safe to drink. -
Urinary System Organs Kidney Functions Kidney Functions
2/29/2016 Figure 26.4 Major sources of water intake and output. Learning Objectives Renal System 100 ml Feces 4% • Blood filtration through the glomerulus Metabolism 10% 250 ml Sweat 8% 200 ml Insensible loss • How Glomerular filtration rate is regulated Foods 30% 750 ml 700 ml via skin and – Intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms lungs 28% • Formation of urine 2500 ml • Control of urine concentration Urine 60% Beverages 60% 1500 ml 1500 ml Average intake Average output © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.per day per day Urinary System Organs Hepatic veins (cut) Esophagus (cut) Inferior vena cava Renal artery • Kidneys are major excretory organs Adrenal gland Renal hilum • Urinary bladder is the temporary storage Aorta Renal vein reservoir for urine Kidney Iliac crest • Ureters transport urine from the kidneys to Ureter the bladder • Urethra transports urine out of the body Rectum (cut) Uterus (part of female reproductive Urinary system) bladder Urethra Figure 25.1 Kidney Functions Kidney Functions • Removal of toxins, metabolic wastes, and • Gluconeogenesis during prolonged fasting excess ions from the blood • Endocrine (hormone) functions • Regulation of blood volume, chemical – Renin: regulation of blood pressure and kidney composition, and pH function • Activation of vitamin D (metabolism) 1 2/29/2016 Kidney Anatomy Kidney Anatomy • Retroperitoneal, in the superior lumbar region • Layers of supportive tissue • Right kidney is lower than the left 1. Renal fascia • The anchoring outer layer of dense fibrous connective • Convex lateral surface, concave medial surface tissue • Ureters, renal blood vessels, lymphatics, and 2. Perirenal fat capsule nerves enter and exit at the hilum • A fatty cushion 3. -
(A) Adrenal Gland Inferior Vena Cava Iliac Crest Ureter Urinary Bladder
Hepatic veins (cut) Inferior vena cava Adrenal gland Renal artery Renal hilum Aorta Renal vein Kidney Iliac crest Ureter Rectum (cut) Uterus (part of female Urinary reproductive bladder system) Urethra (a) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 1 12th rib (b) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 2 Renal cortex Renal column Major calyx Minor calyx Renal pyramid (a) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 3 Cortical radiate vein Cortical radiate artery Renal cortex Arcuate vein Arcuate artery Renal column Interlobar vein Interlobar artery Segmental arteries Renal vein Renal artery Minor calyx Renal pelvis Major calyx Renal Ureter pyramid Fibrous capsule (b) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 4 Cortical nephron Fibrous capsule Renal cortex Collecting duct Renal medulla Renal Proximal Renal pelvis cortex convoluted tubule Glomerulus Juxtamedullary Ureter Distal convoluted tubule nephron Nephron loop Renal medulla (a) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 5 Proximal convoluted Peritubular tubule (PCT) Glomerular capillaries capillaries Distal convoluted tubule Glomerular (DCT) (Bowman’s) capsule Efferent arteriole Afferent arteriole Cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus Cortical radiate artery Arcuate artery Arcuate vein Cortical radiate vein Collecting duct Nephron loop (b) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 6 Glomerular PCT capsular space Glomerular capillary covered by podocytes Efferent arteriole Afferent arteriole (c) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 7 Filtration slits Podocyte cell body Foot processes (d) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 8 Afferent arteriole Glomerular capillaries Efferent Cortical arteriole radiate artery Glomerular 1 capsule Three major renal processes: Rest of renal tubule 11 Glomerular filtration: Water and solutes containing smaller than proteins are forced through the filtrate capillary walls and pores of the glomerular capsule into the renal tubule. Peritubular 2 capillary 2 Tubular reabsorption: Water, glucose, amino acids, and needed ions are 3 transported out of the filtrate into the tubule cells and then enter the capillary blood. -
The Distal Convoluted Tubule and Collecting Duct
Chapter 23 *Lecture PowerPoint The Urinary System *See separate FlexArt PowerPoint slides for all figures and tables preinserted into PowerPoint without notes. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Introduction • Urinary system rids the body of waste products. • The urinary system is closely associated with the reproductive system – Shared embryonic development and adult anatomical relationship – Collectively called the urogenital (UG) system 23-2 Functions of the Urinary System • Expected Learning Outcomes – Name and locate the organs of the urinary system. – List several functions of the kidneys in addition to urine formation. – Name the major nitrogenous wastes and identify their sources. – Define excretion and identify the systems that excrete wastes. 23-3 Functions of the Urinary System Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Diaphragm 11th and 12th ribs Adrenal gland Renal artery Renal vein Kidney Vertebra L2 Aorta Inferior vena cava Ureter Urinary bladder Urethra Figure 23.1a,b (a) Anterior view (b) Posterior view • Urinary system consists of six organs: two kidneys, two ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra 23-4 Functions of the Kidneys • Filters blood plasma, separates waste from useful chemicals, returns useful substances to blood, eliminates wastes • Regulate blood volume and pressure by eliminating or conserving water • Regulate the osmolarity of the body fluids by controlling the relative amounts of water and solutes -
Anatomy of the Kidney
Anatomy of the kidney Renal block-Anatomy-Lecture 1 Editing file Color guide : Only in boys slides in Green Objectives Only in girls slides in Purple important in Red Notes in Grey By the end of this course you should be able to discuss : ● Components of the urinary system ● Kidney : 1. Shape & Position 2. Surface anatomy 3. External features 4. Hilum & its contents 5. Relation 6. Internal features 7. Blood supply 8. Lymph drainage 9. Nerve supply Introduction 3 ● Every day, each kidney filters liters (around 150 L per day ) of fluid from the bloodstream. ● Although the lungs and the skin also play roles in excretion, The kidneys bear the major responsibility for eliminating nitrogenous (nitrogen-containing) wastes, toxins, and drugs from the body. Excretes most of the Maintain acid-base waste products of balance of the blood. metabolism. By Erythropoietin Controls hormone stimulates Function of water & electrolyte bone marrow for RBCs kidney balance of the body. formation. Converts By Rennin vitamin D to its enzyme regulates active form. the blood pressure. The kidney : ● Kidneys are reddish brown in color. 4 ● Lie behind the peritoneum (retroperitoneal) on the posterior abdominal wall on either side of the vertebral column. ● They are largely under cover of the costal margin. kidney lies between T12-L3 ● With contraction of the diaphragm (during inspiration) the kidney moves downward as much as 2.5 cm. T12 Comparison between : L3 Right kidney Left kidney Anterior view lies slightly lower than the left due Location to the large size of the right lobe of Upper than the right the liver. -
Introduction to the Urinary System
Tips for Success 1. Show up 2. Participate in lab 3. Show up 4. Turn in assignments (completed, refer to #6) 5. Show up 6. Communicate with me, e-mail is best 7. Show up Every point counts! Business Homework due in lab Label the handout provided today Front and back Use your book! There should be at least 18 items labeled Part 1 Urinary System Wastes Gases versus fluids Urinary system Dispose of water soluble wastes Electrolyte regulation Acid-base regulation Urinary System Other functions Kidneys Renin Erythropoietin Vitamin D activation Nitrogenous Wastes Urine is about 95% water Second largest component is urea Urea derived from breakdown of amino acids Nitrogenous Wastes TOXIC! + 1. Dietary amino acids → NH2 removed → NH2 + H → NH3 500 ml of urine removes only 1 gram of nitrogen as ammonia 2. Ammonia can be converted to urea Requires energy 50 ml of urine removes 1 gram of nitrogen as urea 3. Ammonia can be converted to uric acid Requires lots of energy 10 ml of urine removes 1 gram of nitrogen as uric acid Urinary System Organs Kidneys Major excretory organs Urinary bladder Temporary storage reservoir for urine Ureters Transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder Urethra Transports urine out of the body Hepatic veins (cut) Esophagus (cut) Inferior vena cava Renal artery Adrenal gland Renal hilum Aorta Renal vein Kidney Iliac crest Ureter Rectum (cut) Uterus (part of female reproductive Urinary system) bladder Urethra Figure 25.1 Kidney: Urinary System page 6 Anterior Inferior vena cava Peritoneal -
Human Anatomy and Physiology II Laboratory
Human Anatomy and Physiology II Laboratory Anatomy of the Urinary System 1 This lab involves the exercise in the lab manual entitled “Anatomy of the Urinary System”. In this lab you will look at urinary system histology, and anatomy. Complete the review sheet from the exercise and take the online urinary system quiz. As an alternate your instructor may have you submit a drawing of kidney tissue from the Virtual Microsocpe or other histology site. There are also videos showing cadaver dissection of the urinary tract and sheep kidney. Click on the sound icon for the audio file (mp3 format) for each slide. There is also a link to a dowloadable mp4 video which can be played on an iPod. Organs of The Adrenal gland Urinary System Renal artery and vein Maintains homeostasis Kidney of the blood. Carries urine to the bladder Ureter Stores urine Urinary bladder Expels urine from the bladder Urethra 2 Structure of the Kidney Pyramid} Medulla Renal column Calyx Renal pelvis Papilla Cortex Ureter 3 The kidney is composed of several layers and is covered with a fibrous capsule, the renal capsule. The outer layer of the kidney is the cortex. It contains the major (upper) portion of the nephrons. The middle layer of the kidney is the medulla. It is composed of the triangular shaped pyramids and the renal columns. The pyramids contain the collecting tubules and loops of Henle, the lower portion of the nephrons. These tubules run nearly parallel to one another and give the pyramids a grain which leads to their points or papillae. -
Pig Kidney Teacher Guide
Pig Kidney Model Pig Kidney Teacher Guide Introduction: Pig kidneys are a pair of bean-shaped organs located on the dorsal side of the abdomen. One is located on the left side and the other on the right side. The kidneys are part of the urinary tract where blood is filtered and urine is produced. The kidneys are also important for emission and absorption of water in the body. Worksheet Guide: Materials needed: Pig Kidney Model, Pig Kidney Quick Start Guide, Pig Kidney Worksheet and Pig Kidney Worksheet Answer Key. Steps for using the Model with the Worksheet: Step 1: Have students study the location of the parts of the kidney using the Quick Start Guide and Model. Step 2: After using the Quick Start Guide to get an understanding of the parts of the kidney, hand out the Worksheet for students to complete. Step 3: See the Answer Key to correct the Worksheet. Key Terms and Definitions: Discuss and demonstrate the location and function of these parts on the Pig Kidney Model: Medulla: innermost part of the kidney Renal vein: vein that carries blood to each kidney Renal artery: artery that carries blood away from the kidneys Ureter: carries urine to the bladder Cortex: where ultrafiltration occurs Renal column: extension of the renal cortex, giving anchor to the cortex Pyramid: cone-shaped tissues of the kidney that transport urine from the outer part of the kidney to where it passes through the ureter Papillae: located at the apex of the pyramids, they open and drain into the renal pelvis Renal pelvis: act as a funnel for urine flowing to the ureter Pig Kidney Model Name: ___________________________ Class: ___________________________ Pig Kidney Worksheet Introduction: Pig kidneys are a pair of kidneys that are located on the dorsal side of the abdomen. -
The Urinary System
24 The Urinary System Lecture Presentation by Lori Garrett © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. Section 1: Anatomy of the Urinary System Learning Outcomes 24.1 Identify the organs of the urinary system, and cite a primary function of each. 24.2 Describe the location and structural features of the kidneys. 24.3 Describe the gross structural features of the kidney, and distinguish between cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons. © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. Section 1: Anatomy of the Urinary System Learning Outcomes (continued) 24.4 Describe the segments of the nephron and collecting system, including their general functions and histological appearance. 24.5 Trace the pathway of blood flow through a kidney, and compare the pattern of blood flow in cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons. © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. Module 24.1: The urinary system organs are the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra Urinary system . Two kidneys • Receive 25 percent of the cardiac output • Major excretory organs of the urinary system • Produce urine (fluid containing water, ions, and small soluble substances) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. Module 24.1: Urinary system organs Urinary tract . Ureters—receive urine from the kidneys • Conduct urine to the urinary bladder by gravity and peristalsis . Urinary bladder—receives and stores urine • Contraction of muscle in walls drives urination . Urethra—conducts urine from the bladder to outside the body © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. Module 24.1: Review A. Name the major excretory organs of the urinary system. B. Describe the functions of the urinary system. Learning Outcome: Identify the organs of the urinary system, and cite a primary function of each. -
Aandp2ch23lecture.Pdf
Chapter 23 Lecture Outline See separate PowerPoint slides for all figures and tables pre- inserted into PowerPoint without notes. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1 Introduction • Urinary system rids the body of waste products • Kidneys also play important roles in blood volume, pressure, and composition • The urinary system is closely associated with the reproductive system – Shared embryonic development and adult anatomical relationship – Collectively called the urogenital (UG) system 23-2 Functions of the Urinary System • Expected Learning Outcomes – Name and locate the organs of the urinary system. – List several functions of the kidneys in addition to urine formation. – Name the major nitrogenous wastes and identify their sources. – Define excretion and identify the systems that excrete wastes. 23-3 Functions of the Urinary System Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Diaphragm 11th and 12th ribs Adrenal gland Renal artery Renal vein Kidney Vertebra L2 Aorta Inferior vena cava Ureter Urinary bladder Urethra Figure 23.1a,b (a) Anterior view (b) Posterior view • Urinary system consists of six organs: two kidneys, two ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra 23-4 Functions of the Kidneys • Filter blood plasma, excrete toxic wastes • Regulate blood volume, pressure, and osmolarity • Regulate electrolytes and acid-base balance • Secrete erythropoietin, which stimulates the production of red blood cells • Help regulate calcium levels by participating in calcitriol synthesis • Clear hormones from blood • Detoxify free radicals • In starvation, they synthesize glucose from amino acids 23-5 Retroperitoneal Position of the Kidney Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. -
The Urinary System: Part A
10/20/2014 PowerPoint® Lecture Slides Kidney Functions prepared by Barbara Heard, Atlantic Cape Community • Regulating total water volume and total College solute concentration in water • Regulating ECF ion concentrations C H A P T E R 25 • Ensuring long-term acid-base balance • Removal of metabolic wastes, toxins, drugs The Urinary System: Part A © Annie Leibovitz/Contact Press Images © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Kidney Functions Urinary System Organs • Endocrine functions • Kidneys - major excretory organs – Renin - regulation of blood pressure • Ureters - transport urine from kidneys to – Erythropoietin - regulation of RBC urinary bladder production • Urinary bladder - temporary storage • Activation of vitamin D reservoir for urine • Gluconeogenesis during prolonged fasting • Urethra transports urine out of body © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 25.1 The urinary system. Figure 25.2b Position of the kidneys against the posterior body wall. Hepatic veins (cut) Esophagus (cut) Inferior vena cava Renal artery Adrenal gland Renal hilum Aorta Renal vein Kidney Iliac crest Ureter Rectum (cut) Uterus (part of female reproductive system) 12th rib Urinary bladder Urethra © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 1 10/20/2014 Internal Anatomy Homeostatic Imbalance • Renal cortex • Pyelitis – Granular-appearing superficial region – Infection of renal pelvis and calyces • Renal medulla • Pyelonephritis – Composed of cone-shaped medullary (renal) – Infection/inflammation of entire kidney pyramids • Normally - successfully treated with – Pyramids separated by renal columns antibiotics • Inward extensions of cortical tissue © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 25.2a Position of the kidneys against the posterior body wall. Figure 25.3 Internal anatomy of the kidney.