RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT, EXPLORING NEW DIRECTIONS D’une plusToday’s grande hydrocarbon variété que resources par le passé, are more ALE WORD MOT DUFROM les ressourcesdiverse d’hydrocarburesthan in the past. sontThey aussiare also more 300 plus complexescomplex toet producede plus en and plus increasingly situées located in FULL-TIME EMPLOYEES DIRECTEURTHE SENIOR en domainesfrontier frontière, provinces en dehorsbeyond desthe schémasreach of classiques.conventional Leur valorisation development durable methods. et rentable Extracting VICESTRATÉGIE PRESIDENT exige audacetheir etvalue nouvelles sustainably percées and technologiques. profitably demands boldness and breakthrough technologies. NEARLY PATENT 400 C’est pourquoi l’innovation n’est pas une 25 FAMILIES COVERING SOME STRATEGY,CROISSANCE BUSINESS NATIONALITIES 2,000 PATENTS option, maisThis makesla raison innovation d’être de not la Recherche an option, but FILED IN COUNTRIES RECHERCHEDEVELOPMENT DE & Développementrather the veryde l’Amont purpose de of Total. Research ALL OVER THE WORLD De nombreuses& Development « premières in Total’smondiales » Upstream ont segment. 8 L’EXPLORATION-AND RESEARCH &jalonné notreMany parcours world firsts industriel have etpunctuated fait de notre our industrial STRATEGIC R&D compagniecareer l’une and des propelled premières us majors into the top tier of the PROGRAMS internationales.global oilMarques and gas de sector. l’esprit Reflecting pionnier et the DEVELOPMENT,PRODUCTION E&P 01 de la créativitépioneering de nos spirit chercheurs, and inventiveness elles seront, of our MARTINMARTIN DEFFONTAINES DEFFONTAINES demain encore,researchers, au rendez-vous such trailblazing de nos achievements grands will 11 TECHNOLOGICAL 5 projets pétrolierscontinue etto gaziers.be the hallmark Face à une of our major oil and INNOVATION PROSPECTIVE PROJECTS LABS concurrencegas projects.accrue, à Faced l’impérieuse with increasing nécessité competition de maîtriseand des the coûts overriding de développement need to control et the costs of d’exploitationdeveloping de nos and futurs producing assets, ournotre future R&D assets, our est en ordreR&D de organization marche pour is mobilizeddélivrer, avec to spearhead the 2 9,000 M un tempsdelivery d’avance, of disruptive les technologies innovations: de rupture technologies OF LABORATORY SPACE qui ferontthat la différence. will make Cellesthe difference qui, en déverrouillant and permit 2.3 MILLION l’accès économiqueeconomically aux viable ressources production nécessaires of resources to à l’économiefuel the mondiale, global economy. apporteront At theaussi same time, they BILLION OPERATIONS PER SECOND les garantiesmust de ensure leur exploitation responsible acceptable, exploitation, preserve PERFORMED BY ONE respectueusethe environment de l’environnement and meet et the des expectations attentes of OF THE WORLD’S MOST R&D des sociétéscivil society. civiles. POWERFUL SCIENTIFIC SUPERCOMPUTERS IN FIGURES 6 FocalisésOur sur R&D des programs thématiques are gearedstratégiques to topics R&D CENTERS pour notrestrategic compétitivité, for our competitiveness. nos programmes They are AROUND de R&D organizedsont organisés to identify pour game-changingidentifier, THE WORLD très en amont,technologies les technologies at a very early de rupture stage. To coax au potentielout new de gameideas andchangers. turn them Pour into faire technological émergerassets, et concrétiser program de teams nouvelles collaborate idées, with leurs équipesprominent s’appuient players sur in desacademia, collaborations science and avec desindustry acteurs to académiques, gain access toscientifiques state-of-the-art ou industrielsknowledge de premier obtained plan pour through accéder experimental à des connaissancestechnologies; de pointe new, issues, molecular-scale par exemple, de nouvellesunderstanding technologies of complexexpérimentales, phenomena; de and la compréhensionsimulations de of phénomènes multiple physical complexes phenomena à l’échelleon moléculaire, multiple scales. ou du As développement sequels to these R&D de la simulationprograms, multiphysique technological et innovationmulti-échelle. projects Ensuite, arele relais developed de ces in programmes order to carry est innovations assuré to par des projetsindustrial d’innovation maturity via technologique, large-scale pilot trials. dont le butThis est process de porter ensures ces innovations that innovation à can maturité quicklyindustrielle, be delivered via des pilotesto our projectsà grande and échelle, etoperations. d’assurer le transfert rapide à nos projets et nos opérations. Sharpening our competitive edge, keeping 10 Développerone nosstep avantages ahead of compétitifs,our rivals, and avoir finding DISRUPTIVE TECHNOLOGIES de l’avancebetter, sur lessnos concurrents,costly solutions faire applicable mieux to FIELD TESTED EACH YEAR et moinsour cher target dans growth les domaines sectors, où all pose huge on nous challengesvoulons croître, – as leshuge défis as ourauxquels determination nous faisonsto overcome face sont them. immenses. Notre détermination à les surmonter l’est tout autant. THE TEAMS

The main priority of the teams assigned to our R&D programs is to advance their research. This model limits pressures and urgent 3 operational demands on their work. It gives them the assurance of continuity in their efforts and their relations with partners outside the company. Driven DRIVERS OF by their will to succeed, these teams spawn new ideas. They bring together a community of world-class researchers, doctoral candidates and experts with EXCELLENCE complementary backgrounds and know-how, united in their efforts to attain common goals. Teams often work together from several different locations, such as in our worldwide research centers. This network model enables them SELECTIVITY to tap into our regional hubs of excellence. 02 Researchers are selected from a shortlist of top candidates; they are given 03 The future sets high standards. Only the best will be able to meet its the time they need to bring their ideas to fruition and are guaranteed access challenges and achieve the necessary technological breakthroughs. to the necessary resources for the duration. They constitute the lifeblood Based on our vision of the way forward, we have identified the areas in which of a value chain of expertise which, like our operational organization, offers excellence is a prerequisite for competitiveness. recognition and rewarding career opportunities. These are the areas on which we are focusing our efforts – on strategic themes for which we have the determination and the wherewithal to rise above the crowd.

Our selective approach dictates the scope and roadmap of our R&D. It revolves around eight thematic R&D programs, each having its own objectives and schedules, but all aimed at inventing and developing disruptive OPENNESS technologies that will push back the limits of oil and gas exploration and production. At the same time, we are running Prospective Labs devoted Today more than ever, we must be open to scientific and technological to more exploratory research on emerging scientific and technological topics advances taking place outside our organization so we can detect the most that lie outside of our traditional scope. Their purpose is to “capture” promising innovations at the earliest possible stage, tailor them to our own advances in other fields that have the potential to affect our own operations. sector and deliver them to our operations as quickly as possible. The aim here is to track down outstanding skills and cutting-edge knowledge through strategic alliances with the world’s leading academic and industrial research entities. Naturally, Total is not the only company seeking to team up with the most brilliant minds and the most celebrated research teams, because such partnerships translate to an absolutely decisive competitive edge. This is why our priority targets are win-win partnerships that offer an international dimension, an extended duration and significant added value. This policy is reflected in our exclusive and far-reaching collaborations with Stanford University, ONERA, Ifremer and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (M.I.T.). In addition, we maintain a network of high-caliber regional partnerships located near our main R&D center in southwest France. This network features agreements with Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour and the University of Bordeaux.

COMMENTS FROM DANIEL PLATHEY, VICE PRESIDENT, R&D INTERNATIONAL PRESENCE Our R&D organization achieves global reach through a number of world-class research centers located near hubs of Oil & Gas industry know-how in key regions of the globe. ABERDEEN STAVANGER (United Kingdom) (Norway) The CSTJF (Centre Scientifique applications. On the strength of 04 05 et Technique Jean Feger) in Pau this expertise, the PERL recently 20 RESEARCHERS 10 RESEARCHERS (southwest France) is the nerve center of established a joint laboratory devoted R&D for Total’s Exploration & Production to the physical chemistry of complex MAIN R&D THEMES MAIN R&D THEMES 4D seismic • Advanced geomodeling Environmental technology for the marine (E&P) branch. This world-class facility interfaces with École Supérieure techniques • Digital rock physics environment • Flow performance • Subsea is a hub of technological excellence, de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles • Technologies for petroleum development technology • Future well and drilling staffed by some 2,500 employees de la Ville de Paris (ESPCI-Paris Tech). technologies MAIN PARTNERSHIPS of some 35 different nationalities. It Imperial College London (pore-scale MAIN PARTNERSHIPS is home to a large share of the E&P Thanks to our worldwide locations, we modeling) • Heriot-Watt University SINTEF (Flow performance) • Norwegian branch’s scientific expertise and can take advantage of leading-edge (4D seismic) University of Science and Technology research facilities. academic and industrial know-how (hydrates and paraffin characterization) wherever it may be, either through • University of Tromsø (remote sensing) • University of Stavanger and IRIS A few kilometers away is the PERL dedicated R&D centers or through more (environmental technologies for the (Platform for Experimental Research streamlined entities that maintain close marine environment) • Center for at Lacq), one of the focal research ties with top-flight public or private Integrated Petroleum Research (reservoir centers of our multi-site R&D network. research bodies. Today stretching from characterization) • Aker (subsea processing) Not only has the PERL earned a global the United States to Russia and from • ABB (subsea electrification) reputation for expertise in acid gas Britain to the Middle East, our network processing, it also excels in the field of is destined to further extend its reach to physical chemistry. Its achievements other countries, such as Brazil. include formulating the first polymer used in offshore enhanced recovery

DOHA HOUSTON (Qatar) (United States) PERL (France) CSTJF MOSCOW 15 RESEARCHERS 30 RESEARCHERS MAIN R&D THEMES 80 RESEARCHERS (France) (Russia) – in progress Fluids and organic geochemistry • Acid MAIN R&D THEMES stimulation of wells in carbonate formations • Seismic acquisition, Seismic imaging, MAIN R&D THEMES Rock chemistry (conversion of CO2) Microseismic and HPC (High Performance Environment • Gas separation and treatment THE MAIN R&D HUB OF THE 4 RESEARCHERS MAIN PARTNERSHIPS Computing) • Deep offshore (subsea • Physical chemistry of interfaces EXPLORATION & PRODUCTION Qatar Petroleum (matrix acidizing) • Qatar development), Flow assurance (modeling) DIVISION: MAIN R&D THEMES Petroleum and Q Analytica (geochemical and Drilling • CEOR (Chemical Enhanced MAIN PARTNERSHIPS Extreme cold • Mathematical École Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie production allocation) • LATMOS Oil Recovery) and Reservoir simulation • 140 RESEARCHERS modeling Environmental and stakeholder issues Industrielles de la Ville de Paris (ESPCI-Paris Tech) (Atmospheres, Environments and • University of Texas at Austin and Rice 8 STRATEGIC MAIN PARTNERSHIPS Spatial Observations Laboratory) – R&D PROGRAMS MAIN PARTNERSHIPS University (chemical EOR) • Ugelstad Laboratory Moscow State University • Kurchatov (autonomous gas-phase chromatography) University of Texas at Austin • Houston University NTNU Trondheim (physical chemistry and 11 TECHNOLOGICAL Institute • Keldysh Institute • Murmansk • Qatar University (produced water • • • • • Rice University Purdue University M.I.T. liquid/liquid separation) University of Bordeaux INNOVATION PROJECTS Marine Biological Institute Bashkir management and CO2 treatment) • Stanford University • Member of the RPSEA (biomonitoring) • University of Toulouse (modeling State University • Zubov Oceanographic • Texas A&M University (matrix acidizing – 5 PROSPECTIVE LABS and DEEPSTAR consortiums (deep offshore) of biological and membrane processes) Institute CO2 conversion) HIGH PERFORMANCE COMPUTING THE MEANS TO IN THE GLOBAL TOP TEN MAKE THE DIFFERENCE The computing power installed at the BILLIONS OF BITS CSTJF, the scientific and technical center Our HPC resources enable us to exploit Being a frontrunner takes more than good ideas: you also need the means to test serving Total’s Upstream segment, ranks increasingly huge volumes of data in them and bring them from the laboratory to the field. At Total, our resources are on us among the world leaders in terms our imaging and simulation tools. Depth par with our ambitions and with the complexity of our challenges. For example, we of scientific computing power. We are imaging, a technique formerly reserved for have one of the world’s most powerful supercalculators, which we use for reservoir 06 steadily expanding our High Performance only the most complex geological contexts, 07 imaging and modeling. We also have a full gamut of experimental facilities to test Computing (HPC) capacity, which will soon is becoming the rule: the processing times our innovations from bench scale to field pilot. be increased to 6.7 petaflops (6.7 million are now acceptable to yield increasingly billion operations/second) and is set to detailed subsurface images. In the future, reach the threshold of one exaflops (one we will be able to exploit all the seismic billion billion operations/second) by 2020. data recorded by our sensors – elastic as 1 Expanding our HPC resources enables well as acoustic – to see the subsurface as more efficient scientific calculations, more it has never been seen before. realistic physical models and more reliable subsurface simulations. Our R&D teams The promise of HPC also extends to our are taking a number of steps to secure our reservoir simulations, which will boast leadership in this strategic area: designing enhanced resolution and pertinence. HPC architectures for tomorrow, evaluating As co-owners of the new-generation languages and programming models and INTERSECT code, we are developing new developing algorithms to optimize intensive equations to simulate increasingly complex computing. and varied physical phenomena. And we already have the capacity for a giga-cell (one billion cells) reservoir simulation.

3

2

CAPTIONS: 1 2 The Centre Scientifique et Technique in Pau boasts one of the world’s most powerful supercomputers, Pangea, with a computing capacity of 2.3 million billion operations per second. The aim of this investment is to achieve gains in the processing time and resolution of subsurface models and simulations of reservoir behavior - 3 Simulation of a field in the Middle East using the INTERSECT code. EXPERIMENTATION FROM BENCH TO FIELD PILOT 3 4 We are one of the few global oil and gas more reliable modeling of reservoirs, fluids, majors to be equipped in-house with a and their dynamic behavior. series of latest-generation laboratories able to perform drill core analyses and studies Beyond the laboratories, we use our in fields such as fluids and organic company facilities to test and validate new geochemistry, petrophysics, recovery solutions and concepts on an industrial mechanisms, rock mechanics, drilling muds scale. Thanks to this end-to-end CUTTING-EDGE > To enhance our simulation tools > Our researchers use and cements and corrosion. These labs are experimental infrastructure, we are able to with new physics equations that their ingenuity to make our 08 EQUIPMENT are more representative of reality, characterizations of unconventional 09 fitted out with a full range of scientific and meet the crucial challenge of scaling up our we can now visualize fluid flows in resources more reliable and We make a point of procuring technical apparatus to test our ideas and solutions from the laboratory to the field. porous media at any scale. At the efficient. A mobile laboratory tool the latest equipment pore scale, our studies are supported called LIPS (Laser Induced Pyrolysis conduct the experiments vital to achieving technologies for our labs. by X-ray microtomography or by System) automatically quantifies and But we also draw on our own new-generation micromodels in which maps the organic matter contained in inventiveness to develop in- throat size has been reduced to about a core. It can also be used in the field. house research systems to ten microns. For core-scale studies, Step Decay is a proprietary method for build our understanding of oil we developed the CX Box, a novel measuring permeability and porosity in and gas fields. test bench equipped with a built-in highly compact reservoirs. By coupling X-ray system to monitor the advance an innovative laboratory bench with of the saturation front inside a fluid- a numerical tool for interpreting the 2 swept core. results, it delivers reliable, high-quality 1 measurement data in just a few hours.

6 7 5

LARGE PILOT INSTALLATIONS Facilities at the PERL (Platform for Experimental Research at Lacq) comply with the requirements of Europe’s Seveso 2 Directive on sites containing environmental hazards. These extensive installations accommodate large-scale testing:

> PILOT RIVERS: > INTEGRATED EOR TEST > A TEST SITE SPREAD OVER CAPTIONS: 1 With its staff of 2,500, the Centre Scientifique et Technique in Pau is one of the most prominent centers of technological excellence in the oil and gas industry - 2 Step Decay is This outdoor laboratory is the only one PLATFORM: NEARLY 6 HECTARES: used to appraise reserves and more generally to estimate production profiles in highly compact/ of its kind in the world. It consists of This installation replicates the complete This extensive area has been allocated very low-permeability reservoirs - 3 The aim of X-ray microtomography is to provide 16 man-made watercourses diverted topsides configuration involved in to pilot facilities, and will likely be a visualization of phenomena – such as oil and water flows and the formation of gas phases from the Gave de Pau river. These producing hydrocarbons with the help the site of the future 800-meter-long – at pore scale - 4 Visualization of the pore space of sandstone (local zoom, resolution < 700 nm) - 5 The PERL’s network of 16 pilot rivers is dedicated to curbing the environmental are used to study the impacts of of chemical EOR. It is used to qualify COOTRANS test loop designed to impacts and energy consumption of oil and gas facilities - 6 The research findings of the industrial effluents on water, assess effluent separation and treatment validate thermodynamic models of Physical Chemistry of Interfaces department of the PERL, contribute to the formulation of impacts using biological indicators processes for produced water, in a dense-phase CO transport in the innovative surfactants, polymers and additives to improve oil recovery - 7 The PERL’s integrated 2 test platform devoted to EOR effluent treatment includes a loop for preparing polymer solutions, and evaluate the risks associated with quest for efficacy and management presence of impurities. These models another for generating synthetic produced waters and an oil/water separation pilot. certain substances. of environmental impacts. are the fruit of our laboratory research. FRONTIER EXPLORATION FIELD 10 PAGE 12 RESERVOIR EARTH PAGE 20 IMAGING PAGE 16

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT PAGE 24 WELLS DEEP PAGE 28 OFFSHORE PAGE 32 INNOVATION ON THE MARCH The challenge of renewing our hydrocarbon reserves sustainably and cost-effectively demands the best: the best knowledge, the best know- UNCONVENTIONALS GAS PAGE 36 SOLUTIONS PROSPECTIVE how and the best technologies. In partnership with some of the world’s PAGE 40 LABS leading-edge scientific research bodies, our R&D teams are defining the PAGE 44 contours of that energy future within the framework of our R&D Programs and Prospective Labs. Dedicated to discovering and exploiting resources from new provinces identified as strategic to our growth, their studies have in common the goals of excellence and controlled costs – the keys to Total’s competitiveness. The latest outcomes of this research, in fields where our experience and know-how rank us among the top performers in the global industry, are evidence of our ability to change the game through innovation. FRONTIER EXPLORATION EARTH IMAGING FIELD RESERVOIR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT WELLS DEEP OFFSHORE UNCONVENTIONALS GAS SOLUTIONS PROSPECTIVE LABS

RETHINKING OUR GEOLOGICAL comprehensive understanding of geodynamics CONCEPTS – the processes involved in the formation of Petroleum exploration still has a bright future, sedimentary basins – based on which they will as the major discoveries of the past decade reconsider the conditions conducive to forming FRONTIER EXPLORATION clearly illustrate. The fact that several of these petroleum systems, with their reservoirs and finds have been located in little-explored areas traps. In oil and gas exploration, redrawing the map of possibilities is an exciting but exacting challenge has prompted us to revisit our geological To shape these innovative concepts and that will be decisive for the planet’s energy future. Meeting that challenge is calling on the very best of our geological expertise. Our R&D organization is pursuing its open innovation model to concepts and extend our exploration scope to predict new “hunting grounds” and the types embrace the scientific findings of academic research and develop innovative tools; these will give include frontier basins whose potential has yet of petroleum traps they may contain, keeping Total a head start in promising frontier plays. From inventing innovative geological concepts to to be revealed. abreast of advances in academic research is modeling hydrocarbon trapping mechanisms on multiple scales, our momentum is supported by To guide our exploration efforts efficiently to paramount: this is how we will stay poised to 12 13 a chain of excellence. The goal is to take advantage of our leading-edge understanding of these potentially promising areas, our detect, quickly take up and grasp the oil and geological contexts to control the risks and costs of a bold exploration strategy, and guide Total to geologists are starting over from scratch and gas implications of new scientific ideas. It is the the next generation of major oil and gas discoveries. updating their structural, sedimentary and fluid key to managing our risks effectively as we hypotheses. They need to start with a explore new plays. Coupe géologique : Des rifts aux marges passives THREE HIGH-POTENTIAL PROVINCES GEOLOGICAL CROSS-SECTION: FROM RIFTS TO PASSIVE MARGINS In line with Total’s exploration strategy, our R&D

RIFT PASSIVE MARGIN teams are focusing on three priority provinces that show high potential: transition zones

CRITICAL STRATIGRAPHIC COMPLEX TRAPPING & RESERVOIR SOURCE TO SINK AND GEODYNAMIC EVENTS (known as margins) between the continent 0 km 14 SURVEYS WILL TAKE PLACE OVER THE SIX YEARS OF PAMELA and the ocean floor, foothills, and carbonates. (PASSIVE MARGINS EXPLORATION Oceanic crust LABORATORIES), AN EXTENSIVE Under-explored, highly complex or a Upper Crust 10 km STUDY PROGRAM DEVOTED TO THE Uncertainties CONTINENTAL MARGINS, CONDUCTED combination of the two, mastering each of JOINTLY WITH IFREMER. these provinces will require identifying critical 20 km Lower Crust events and processes that have had a decisive influence on the development of a petroleum 30 km

MOHO system, and on the characteristics of that system. Lithospheric Asthenospheric Mantle Mantle

10 km

GEOLOGICAL CROSS-SECTION: FROM CONVERGENT MARGINS TO FOOTHILLS

Continent - Ocean - Continent Continent - Continent

Volcanic Arc MOR Foothills Strength (MPa) Oceanic Basalt & Gabbros DEEP TRENCH SHALLOW TRENCH 1 500 500 Accretionary Wedge

Upper Crust Oceanic Crust Underplating 10 km 15 km Oceanic Crust 15 km 600 dC Lower Crust Tectonic 20 km Erosion 600 dC 30 km 1 100 dC MOHO 30 km Lithospheric Mantle 50 km 1 100 dC

Asthenospheric Mantle 1 100 dC SLAB RETREAT & ROLL BACK Asthenospheric Mantle Syn-convergence sediments Pre-convergence sediments Shortening areas 50 km Plate motions 20 km Faults and detachments Earthquakes Granite MOR : Mid Oceanic Ridge FRONTIER EXPLORATION EARTH IMAGING FIELD RESERVOIR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT WELLS DEEP OFFSHORE UNCONVENTIONALS GAS SOLUTIONS PROSPECTIVE LABS

We are investigating continental margins As we revisit what we know about compression climatology, oceanography) and intrinsic This major investment in the development of through the PAMELA research program areas, we must develop a more comprehensive (biology, sedimentary dynamics, diagenesis) innovative geomodeling tools benefits from (for PAssive Margins Exploration LAboratories), understanding of mountain ranges able to parameters. These parameters control both the advances in numerical capabilities: today’s which we are running jointly with French incorporate recent (and future) scientific spatial and temporal evolution of carbonates. numerical models are able to integrate multiple oceanographic research institute Ifremer advances. Updating and broadening our processes (e.g., chemical, mechanical, 2 and a network of academic partners. Extensive paradigm will improve our ability to predict the hydrological, climatological, diagenetic, and in scope, this multidisciplinary study will potential of foothills formed by folded biological). But it is also by working on multiple examine the continental margins from the river sedimentary layers. Our new understanding of scales, from the global lithosphere to basin basins which are the source of the sediments these deformations will be decisive. It will guide model to reservoir model, that we will be able 14 15 to the deepwater regions where the sediments our prospecting in environments that are poorly to make our simulations more realistic and are deposited. It will pave the way to important illuminated by seismic due to difficult access more meaningful. scientific advances by acquiring new types of and structural complexity. This research is backed by collaboration with data from areas key to deepening our “Carbonate Factories through Time and Space” academic and scientific partners in the understanding of margin zones. Data from is an ambitious and innovative project aimed at MODELING AT EVERY SCALE vanguard of this field such as IFPEN for basin exploratory surveys carried out in 2014 in the developing concepts and models that will guide Although fundamentally important, inventing modeling and Bergen University for models of Mozambique Channel is being used to develop our lease acquisition strategy for frontier new geological concepts will not suffice. lithospheric dynamics. It will give us access to our innovative source-to-sink approach in the exploration in carbonate rocks. The project We need to translate those concepts into tools for testing our hypotheses and generate context of abrupt margins. We anticipate that involves reconstructing the paleogeology of fundamental physical and chemical processes new ones. characterizing and quantifying sedimentary “carbonate factories” at strategic ages. It is the and develop new physical equations that will sources over time will enable us to make robust first approach that aims for a characterization improve our ability to model them. predictions of reservoir location and quality. that couples extrinsic (geodynamics,

CAPTIONS: 1 Paleoclimatological study of carbonate sediments of the Berrasian, Lower Cretaceous (140 million years) – 2 Tectonics and fluids circulation – toward a coupled large-scale hydro-mechanical simulation PAMELA, DISCOVERING THE SECRETS of fluid circulation in a basin of complex faulted structure – 3 Bathymetry and reflectivity maps of an isolated carbonate OF PASSIVE MARGINS platform, Europa Island, Mozambique Channel. Launched in 2013 for a sonar, sediment samples, In 2014, PAMELA shifted its six-year period, PAMELA cores, etc.) is targeting four focus to the Mozambique gives us an opportunity to separate areas. They were Channel, an area of 1 develop innovative material selected as being tremendous geological on topics crucial to our representative of the interest that constitutes the understanding of various morphological main study focus. Acquired continental margins: their forms of the margins: the in nearly 300 days at sea, geodynamics and Mozambique Channel, the the highly innovative data structure, the related Gulf of Aden, the Bay of obtained by the expedition sedimentary systems, the Biscay and eastern Corsica. will yield vital secrets that fluids and weak signals of a The first three acquisition will facilitate our 3 petroleum system, programs, which took understanding of the geohazards and seabed place in 2013, concentrated geology and the petroleum instabilities, as well as the on eastern Corsica and the traps found in these ecosystems of these zones. Bay of Biscay. environments. Data acquisition (seismic, FRONTIER EXPLORATION EARTH IMAGING FIELD RESERVOIR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT WELLS DEEP OFFSHORE UNCONVENTIONALS GAS SOLUTIONS PROSPECTIVE LABS

There is another reason why selecting the right A LESS COSTLY WAY TO ILLUMINATE zones to explore is so crucial: with better BLIND ZONES knowledge of near-surface topography and We are relatively ill-equipped to image the geology, we can optimize our seismic surveys. subsurface in zones of difficult access and/or EARTH IMAGING Indeed, we will be capitalizing on hyperspectral structural complexity, such as foothills and certain imaging and radar to develop near-surface 3D land-sea transition zones. The human and In the field of 3D imaging, Total is in the vanguard. Today, we are focusing on models as well as detailed geological and technology resources needed to “shed light” disruptive innovations to deliver reliable 3D models of the subsurface and near- surface. To achieve our goal of excellence, we are directing our efforts to innovate morphostructural maps of the soil, even under on such areas, using seismic techniques, are at each step of the imaging chain from data acquisition to processing. Our aim is to dense forests. By gaining this thorough currently too costly to be feasible and their invent new integrated systems that will “fast-track” our acquisitions of multiphysics knowledge of our exploration acreage, we will environmental impact would in any case be data, which we will then process and interpret at various scales and resolutions. be able to adapt our acquisition systems more unacceptable. One of our priorities, therefore, 16 17 The point here is to quickly obtain information of a quality that will give us a crucial closely to the nature of the terrain. Moreover, is to find a way to image these under-explored competitive edge in understanding the geology of complex, hard-to-access oil and having advance knowledge of near-subsurface zones, which are believed to contain significant gas provinces – which have not yet been fully explored. geologic features that might interfere with “yet-to-find” resources. Any progress we achieve seismic data acquisition will also contribute to may also be of benefit to the other assets in our improving the quality of our seismic imaging. portfolio, both in exploration and in development.

1 50 RESEARCHERS IN FRANCE, THE UNITED STATES AND WORKING IN CLOSE COLLABORATION WITH OUR RESEARCH PARTNERS ARE STRIVING UNDER THIS PROGRAM TO TURN GEOPHYSICAL DATA INTO A TRUE COMPETITIVE ASSET FOR TOTAL’S E&P. TEN YEARS FROM NOW, THEIR GOAL IS TO GENERATE HIGH-VALUE SURFACE AND 3 SUBSURFACE MODELS IN LESS TIME AND 2 FOR A LOWER COST, IN ZONES THAT ARE COMPLEX OR DIFFICULT TO ACCESS.

REMOTE SENSING, SCOUTING NEW processing multiphysics data geared EXPLORATION OPPORTUNITIES to the needs of our oil and gas operations, Natural hydrocarbon seeps at sea or at the and determining the best satellite and/or Earth’s surface are clues to the possible airborne (i.e., airplane, dirigible or drone) presence of petroleum systems. Detecting and technologies for obtaining that data. identifying these shows using innovative remote IMAGING THE MOST PROLIFIC ZONES sensing techniques will be decisive in guiding Sismage®, our geoscience offshore zone. This mapping our exploration effort toward new discoveries. interpretation platform, highlights areas where the We are addressing this challenge jointly with underpins our R&D effort to presence of seeps is highly understand natural probable and which therefore ONERA, a European leader in remote sensing, hydrocarbon seeps. Now that may constitute promising under a broad research and innovation NATURAL OIL SEEPS Probability we have implemented the exploration targets. The partnership agreement signed in 2014 for a 10 new Remote Sensing module, mapping can provide valuable 90 BATHYMETRY we are able to map insight into the associated renewable five-year term. The research is from MSL CAPTIONS: 1 2 Seismic acquisitions in foothills: rugged terrain, Water Depth occurrences of seeps based petroleum system. focused on hyperspectral imaging, radar and High : 0 difficult access, surface heterogeneities and structural complexity Low : -2600 on a time series of repeat lidar (laser) techniques, with the dual objective 1 Ipati field, Bolivia 2 Middle East – 3 Remote sensing as an radar images of a given exploration tool: an example of new-generation radar imaging, of developing workflows for acquiring and ONERA. FRONTIER EXPLORATION EARTH IMAGING FIELD RESERVOIR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT WELLS DEEP OFFSHORE UNCONVENTIONALS GAS SOLUTIONS PROSPECTIVE LABS

Our ambition is to change the game through The first prototype will be tested in operational research and innovation. For onshore acreage, conditions in the course of 2015. we intend to develop new integrated solutions for multiphysics acquisitions that optimize CHALLENGING THE LIMITS technological, economic and environmental OF SEISMIC IMAGING performance. The enablers of these Total has a reputation for technical excellence 6 7 technological step changes include deploying in seismic depth imaging, which we routinely a carefully defined number of “lightweight” apply for both exploration and development seismic sources that can be used targets. We invented and industrialized several simultaneously; multicomponent and major advances in depth imaging for highly Data courtesy of CGG Data courtesy of CGG multiphysics wireless sensors that combine not complex structures and objects masked by 18 19 only active and passive seismic data but also salt overhangs or other seismic barriers. ONGOING OPTIMIZATION gravimetric and electromagnetic information; Our in-house algorithm for calculating OF SUBSALT VISUALIZATION and revolutionary operating procedures that Surface-offset Common Image Gathers (CIG), A refinement of a proprietary final stack. When we applied the subsurface structure and significantly diminish both the survey which improves the quality of our Reverse technology patented in 2012, this new workflow to images its reservoir 7 . This image turnaround time and the HSE risk exposure Time Migration (RTM) images, is unique in the Optimal stacking for Wave of a deeply buried deep was consistent with data associated with our operations. industry, and our Full Waveform Inversion was Equation Migration and offshore reservoir located gathered locally by an For offshore and transition zones in water one of the earliest implementations of this Reverse Time Migration beneath a seismic barrier exploration well, particularly gathers applies a “smart” (salt), we were able to go concerning the dips in the depths of less than five meters, we will technology for high-resolution velocity picking process to select from a barely-interpretable geological layers. capitalize on the marine vibrator and the model-building. They are the fruit of our depth imaged data for the image 6 to one that revealed benefits it offers. This new-generation marine leading-edge R&D expertise. seismic source developed under the MARVIB We are pursuing our research and innovation Joint Industry Project (JIP) will pave the way to effort to develop tools and workflows that will more economical marine seismic acquisitions enable us to take full advantage of the thanks to the productivity gains that result from improvements in our seismic acquisitions. and thereby maximize the value that we extract of the wave field, currently considered as the use of simultaneous sources. Moreover, Indeed, by improving the fidelity of our from our data. “noise.” the marine vibrator is less aggressive for simulations, we aim to generate quantitative Seismic wave propagation through the Our imaging capabilities already integrate marine mammals than airguns. images of subsurface petrophysical properties subsurface is actually much more complex multiple parameters. To derive the full benefit than what we have been able to simulate to from all the field data we acquire, we must date, which has been based on various develop our multiphysics capability as well. acoustic approximations to the wave equation. The main challenge here is to compensate for With the growth in available computing power, the limitations of seismic, particularly with coupled with our algorithmic expertise, we are respect to near-surface characterization, by now moving to minimize the limitations of that generating multiphysics 3D models based simplification. Accurate estimation of the full on joint inversions of seismic and non-seismic range of parameters relevant to P-wave data (i.e., gravimetric, electromagnetic and propagation (density, anisotropy, attenuation) remote sensing data). by means of innovative joint inversion algorithms will push our mastery of the acoustic domain to the very limits of feasibility, 4 while pursuing our ambition of getting a head start on the elastic domain as well. To achieve this leap forward, we will exploit multicomponent seismic acquisition. This will open the door to interpreting the elastic signals

CAPTIONS: 4 Transition zones, swamps and mangroves in the Mahakam Delta, Indonesia – 5 The marine vibrator is a new seismic source being developed to facilitate our acquisitions in transition zones like the Mahakam Delta. 5 FRONTIER EXPLORATION EARTH IMAGING FIELD RESERVOIR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT WELLS DEEP OFFSHORE UNCONVENTIONALS GAS SOLUTIONS PROSPECTIVE LABS

NEW-GENERATION MODELING Integrating the geomechanical component into Our R&D teams are addressing the crucial our modeling workflow is another priority. challenge of developing a new generation of The point is to understand, foresee and manage reservoir modeling tools able to portray the changes that will occur in the reservoir and FIELD RESERVOIR geological targets of complex structure and its geologic environment over the entire life of sedimentary heterogeneity. Implemented on the field. This will enable us to manage the To unlock economically-viable access to reserves of increasing complexity, the T-StoRM® platform (Total Seismic to impacts of depletion and injections over the a better understanding of our reservoirs and the physics of their hydrocarbon flows is indispensable – from the tiniest to the largest scale. Thanks to state-of-the-art Reservoir Modeling) common to all the production period, and thereby optimize the experimental technologies and a high degree of integration among the various disciplines involved in the reservoir modeling safety and economics of our development sub-disciplines of geoscience expertise, our laboratories are poised to take our process, such proprietary tools can be projects. knowledge to the next level. Only by doing so can we hope to enhance the fidelity leveraged to significantly reduce uncertainty 20 of our geological and reservoir models and generate more realistic simulations of 21 and improve the fidelity of our models, the key LEADING THE WAY IN RESERVOIR our production. When coupled with the development of more economical to optimal development architectures. enhanced recovery technologies suited to our asset portfolio, this finer knowledge SIMULATION of our reservoirs holds promise for optimized development architectures and One of our priorities here is to develop gridding Improving our characterization of the porous profitable, sustainable production of reserves. tools designed to embrace a new era medium and fluid mechanics of the reservoir of unstructured grids, freed from the limits is a crucial factor in extracting more of conventional uniform-geometry models. hydrocarbons at lower cost. We are tackling In unstructured grids, the “blocks” of this challenge by gaining leading-edge conventional models are replaced by knowledge and know-how that span all 1 variably-sized cells that give us the flexibility to aspects from defining innovative experimental BILLION GRID-BLOCKS – THE INTERSECT coarsen or refine specific zones of the model. methods to building new models of fluid RESERVOIR SIMULATOR PLACED TOTAL IN THE VANGUARD OF SIMULATION BY ACHIEVING THE Thus, we can “zoom in” on sectors or periods physics in porous media. These advances will MILESTONE OF GIGA-CELL SIMULATION IN 2013. IT TOOK ONLY TWO HOURS TO SIMULATE A that exhibit faster or more complex changes. enhance the value of our reservoir simulations. 1 FOUR-YEAR PRODUCTION HISTORY USING 576 PROCESSORS IN PARALLEL. IN 2012, THE SAME EXERCISE PERFORMED WITH THE ECLIPSE SIMULATOR REQUIRED 1,000 PROCESSORS AND TOOK SEVERAL DAYS.

T-STORM®, AN INTEGRATED MODELING PLATFORM T-StoRM® is part of our workflow (Geophysics and will be expanded to include Integrated Geosciences Suite, Geology) of a reservoir study, reservoir simulation in 2015. which is regularly enriched from seismic interpretation The major benefit here will by implementing the latest to construction of the static be more efficient updating of modules developed by our reservoir model. The the reservoir models of R&D teams. Today, T-StoRM® multidisciplinary T-StoRM® producing fields, which are integrates our full range of platform optimizes and calibrated using the field tools relating to the 2G accelerates this workflow; it production histories.

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CAPTIONS: 1 Reservoir model based on an unstructured grid with use of a PEBI (Perpendicular Bisector) – 2 Research on surfactants for EOR, conducted at the PERL – 3 A step in the construction of the reservoir model using the T-StoRM® platform. FRONTIER EXPLORATION EARTH IMAGING FIELD RESERVOIR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT WELLS DEEP OFFSHORE UNCONVENTIONALS GAS SOLUTIONS 5 PROSPECTIVE LABS

tests carried out from 2008 to 2012 on the 6 Dalia field (Angola). We then marked another 4 first by running a pilot test of polymer transport at the surface. This trial took place in 2013 at a test facility owned by the United States Department of Energy to characterize and model the rheology of polymer-viscosified water during transport. Such pilot experiences advance our fundamental knowledge of 22 23 polymer degradation, a crucial factor in the MORE RELIABLE COMPUTING CODES efficacy of the technology. They also drive In 2012, we demonstrated implemented in our the microemulsion phase progress in specific aspects of EOR experimentally that the prototyping platform and triggered in the reservoir architecture. Based on pilot results, we can presence of polymers alters validated on actual cases. by the injection of the the relative permeability At the same time, we chemical mixture. optimize the sizing of polymer injection projects curves that affect developed a new algorithm Implementing this now being designed. but temporary needs of our affiliates. multiphase flows (oil, gas to model the case of a improved physical Cost reduction will also be achieved by The ground-breaking development of a and water). The model polymer/surfactant sweep. representation into our developing compact, modular EOR systems portable injection skid designed to handle any representing this new This functionality is not computing codes is a major correlation between the currently available in any step toward more reliable that can easily be transported from site to site kind of chemical solution will considerably relative permeabilities of oil off-the-shelf simulation predictions of additional for chemical injection and treatment processes. shorten the time it takes to prepare our pilot and water in the presence package. It enables us to reserves in connection These advances will contribute to the trials and evaluate the potential benefits of of polymers was simulate the generation of with chemical EOR. development of integrated, economical chemical EOR in exploration wells. solutions designed to address the specific

Backed by innovative experimental resources, IMPROVING THE ECONOMICS OF EOR CAPTIONS: 4 Model generated using code developed by we now have the ability to observe and EOR will be a strategic factor in maximizing our our R&D to represent viscous fingering triggered by injections of polymer solution in a very viscous oil – 5 The EOR measure the fluid displacements triggered reserves, but curbing its costs is essential for platform at the PERL develops processes to treat effluents from chemical EOR operations – 6 The polymer transport by a large variety of production mechanisms. the technology to gain operational momentum. pilot in Wyoming, United States: a buried 8-kilometer-long, 6” test loop, and storage tanks containing polymer- Investigations can focus on the macroscopic This is thus the main thrust of our R&D efforts viscosified water. (core) as well as on the microscopic (pore in EOR. It will entail optimization at every step network) scales. We rely on this multiscale of the enhanced recovery process, from approach to analyze the effects of the many subsurface to surface. processes involved in fluid transport. This Chemical injection (with polymer and/or understanding helps us develop new equations surfactant) and miscible gas injection to incorporate additional physical properties techniques offer the best potential for the BETTER ESTIMATES into our reservoir simulations, making them assets currently in our portfolio; they are the OF ADDITIONAL RESERVES ever more realistic. focus of numerous studies. Our investment in Single Well Tracer Tests was not only hot (83°C) tracers. This innovative Our prototyping platform – the fruit of four furthering our fundamental understanding of (SWTT) carried out in 2014 but highly saline (240 g/l). technology is a major years of development – enables us to test the physical mechanisms involved in enhanced to measure the residual oil The accuracy and precision step toward more reliable computing codes that we intend to implement recovery will help us improve process efficiency saturation in the vicinity of of these measurements determinations of the in the new-generation reservoir simulator and thereby lead to low-cost EOR projects by a well before and after pilot – far superior to those additional recovery that injections of surfactants on obtained by conventional can be expected from use INTERSECT, of which we have been joint limiting the quantity of chemicals required. the ABK field (Abu Dhabi) well logging thanks to of a given EOR technique. owners since 2012. This aggressive innovation Already, the PERL’s world-class expertise in yielded excellent results. the broader scope of It will provide important strategy has been rewarded with some physical chemistry and the lessons learned The findings were especially investigation – can be decision support in the remarkable given that for attributed to our complete highly competitive segment significant breakthroughs in simulations of from our field trials of chemical EOR have given the first time in the world, mastery of the test design, of carbonate reservoirs chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR), us a competitive edge. Total was the first they had been obtained on including the development in the Middle East. complex thermodynamic exchanges between company to tackle the challenge of a carbonate reservoir that of customized partitioning oil and gas, and miscible gas injections. polymer-flooding in the offshore context in pilot FRONTIER EXPLORATION EARTH IMAGING FIELD RESERVOIR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT WELLS DEEP OFFSHORE UNCONVENTIONALS GAS SOLUTIONS PROSPECTIVE LABS

CLEANER WATER, Today, we are preparing a new milestone with MORE AFFORDABLY pilot tests on FLEX, an innovative concept Membrane filtration technologies can that allows simultaneous filtration of produced considerably improve the performance of water and seawater. Validating this technology SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT water treatment installations. As early as would pave the way to a single compound 2011, our leading-edge research in this field filtration process. This would deliver As concerns about the environment come increasingly and justifiably led to the first deployment of a large-scale substantial cost savings compared to the fore, our projects will not become reality unless they secure full stakeholder acceptance. Our R&D teams have a role to play in managing seawater microfiltration unit on the Pazflor to the current configuration in which the two the risks of our operations and coming up with technological solutions deepwater development (offshore Angola). types of water require separate treatment. tailored to today’s more stringent regulations. But we must do even more: That same year, we achieved a world first by Ultrafiltration (coupled with preliminary we need to earn the trust of our stakeholders. This will entail understanding pilot-testing ceramic membranes for oxidation of the feedwater) is the backbone 24 25 their fears and expectations and developing innovative approaches produced water treatment in Gabon, where of the new process that our R&D teams are to information-sharing designed to alleviate their concerns and performance was 500 times superior to that developing to address the specific challenge underscore the benefits of our future projects. of conventional technologies. In view of that of treating produced water that contains > successful result, we proceeded to qualify the polymer. This disruptive innovation has 300 technology for an industrial project. already been validated at laboratory scale. VISITS HAVE BEEN ORGANIZED FOR A WIDE AUDIENCE CONSISTING OF EXPERTS AND INDUSTRIALISTS AS WELL AS JOURNALISTS, LOCAL OFFICIALS, STUDENTS AND SITE NEIGHBORS, TO INFORM THEM ABOUT THE TECHNOLOGIES, 3 MANAGEMENT AND IMPLICATIONS OF THE LACQ CARBON CAPTURE AND GEOLOGICAL STORAGE PILOT FACILITY.

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PRODUCED WATER REUSE

for non-food applications agricultural activities), we like irrigation in regions determined which affiliates characterized by water would have the best stress, would constitute potential sites for the pilot a valuable benefit of our trial. At the same time, in operations for cooperation with partners stakeholders. To validate specializing in agronomy, this innovative option for laboratory experiments are 2 produced water beneficial under way to identify the reuse, we are working on optimal combinations of As our oilfields mature, the design of a pilot plants, water and soil. We they generate increasingly system due to be ready are also testing new seed CAPTIONS: The FLEX pilot, Congo: 1 Filtration loop large volumes of produced by 2016. Based on a varieties that are more and analyzers 2 New-generation ceramic membranes for simultaneous filtration of seawater and produced water 3 water. Making this water a multicriteria analysis resistant and produce Concentrate and filtered water (center and right) following resource available to local (effluent quality, water large quantities of ultrafiltration of raw produced water (left) – communities, especially stress, soil characteristics, biomass. 4 Pazflor, Angola, the first FPSO in the world to deploy high-capacity microfiltration of seawater (400,000 bwpd). FRONTIER EXPLORATION EARTH IMAGING FIELD RESERVOIR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT WELLS DEEP OFFSHORE UNCONVENTIONALS GAS SOLUTIONS PROSPECTIVE LABS

CAPTIONS: The Lacq CO2 capture and storage pilot, France: 5 The Rousse field, where the CO2 is injected 6 A tour of the pilot facilities 7 Collection of water samples, part of an extensive environmental monitoring program in connection with the pilot study.

It is the first technology suitable for application step forward – one that consolidates our to waters of higher than 1.5-centipoise capabilities to combat marine pollution. 6 viscosity. Industrial-scale testing is planned in Today, one of our goals is to develop disruptive 2015 in partnership with Austrian oil company technologies that will shorten our response OMV, on a field pilot designed by our teams. time in the event of a gas release and thus If results are conclusive, the new technology further limit its consequences. Driven by our would remove one of the current obstacles to conviction that remote sensing holds chemical EOR by allowing produced water enormous potential for enhancing the safety of containing polymer to be reinjected into our operations, we have teamed up with 26 27 the reservoir. This would provide a major boost ONERA, a world leader in remote sensing and spur responsible, cost-effective technologies. Our collaboration focuses on 5 development of chemical enhanced oil developing hyperspectral cameras and laser recovery. technologies tailored to our requirements, namely: rapid detection and identification of REDUCING MAJOR INCIDENT RISKS the gas, as well as quantification of its Managing the risk of major incidents and their concentration and leakage flow rate, and potential consequences for personnel, site prediction of zones that will be exposed neighbors and the environment demands as the gas cloud disperses. excellence. Spill Watch, the fruit of four years of R&D, is an operational suite for tracking and predicting oil spill drift. It marks a major

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INFORMATION, ENGAGEMENT that would be put in place. In addition, a local SPILL WATCH: RELIABILITY AND ACCURACY AND TRANSPARENCY information and monitoring commission (CLIS) Citizens are increasingly distrustful of the risks kept all parties up to date on project status Spill Watch is a crisis management tool that brings a chain of innovations into play. This operational suite dramatically improves the reliability and accuracy of of technological and industrial innovation, and through a series of thirteen meetings. Total our predictions of oil spill drift. It incorporates oceanographic and meteorological stakeholder perceptions of our projects take E&P France published and sent personally monitoring systems, marine current and wind models, and a drift model coupled on paramount importance in this context. to each local resident a quarterly newsletter with satellite observation of the actual spill. These capabilities make it a highly Naturally, managing the impacts and risks of devoted to the pilot project from the start effective aid for defining our offshore oil spill response strategies. our operations is essential, but it is no longer of CO2 injections in 2010 through to the end enough. We must also be in a position to of operations. This approach was hailed > Generation of the metocean model answer people’s questions and address the by the French Environment and Energy > Integration into concerns our projects can raise; we must be Management Agency (ADEME) as “a key the oil spill drift model able to establish our credibility by sharing our organizational innovation through which Total information through transparent disclosures. has managed to involve local residents,

The integrated CO2 capture and geological elected representatives and citizens’ groups storage pilot facility installed in the Lacq basin to make them active stakeholders in the > Integration of satellite images of the affected area (southwestern France) was in operation from project rather than feel it is being forced 2010 to 2013, setting a European precedent upon them.” for the technology. It was accompanied by an > Repositioning innovative and proactive approach to securing of the model project acceptability among local residents. Engagement with site neighbors was initiated in 2007, three years before start-up, to give Spill Watch allows virtually real-time integration of metocean data, satellite images and oil spill drift models to deliver reliable five-day predictions of oil spill drift. residents an opportunity to voice their opinions about the project’s goals, characteristics and the monitoring system FRONTIER EXPLORATION EARTH IMAGING FIELD RESERVOIR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT WELLS DEEP OFFSHORE UNCONVENTIONALS GAS SOLUTIONS PROSPECTIVE LABS

WELLS Total has always played a key role in advancing drilling and well construction technologies; we have spawned technological breakthroughs – such as horizontal drilling and Measurement While Drilling (MWD) – that marked turning points for the industry and have now become standard practice. Our innovative momentum has led us to develop new solutions decisive for our competitiveness, with the consistent priorities of optimizing the economics and maximizing the safety of drilling 28 operations and wells. These factors will be increasingly crucial as wells become 29 more complex and the drilling conditions to reach our targets become steadily more challenging. NEARLY

1 50 RIGS ARE MOBILIZED EACH DAY FOR OUR EXPLORATION AND DEVELOPMENT OPERATIONS, MORE THAN A THIRD OF WHICH INVOLVE COMPLEX WELLS (i.e., HIGH-PRESSURE/HIGH-TEMPERATURE, FOOTHILLS, VERY LONG OFFSETS, ETC.).

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BETTER MANAGEMENT drill bit and expert systems for decision support OF MAJOR ACCIDENT RISKS in complex drilling contexts. In parallel, to During intensive drilling programs, well prevent the risk of collision with an existing well, construction contributes significantly to the we are developing a real-time well detection major risk scenarios associated with exploration system to ensure we maintain a safety perimeter and production activities. The risk reflects not within a certain radius of the drill bit. only the probability of an accident, but also its Moreover, the concern for safety must prevail potential consequences for people, facilities and over the entire life of the well. Cementing quality the environment. Risk management is therefore is crucial for its long-term integrity. Our a top priority from the standpoint of the safety of world-class expertise has made us frontrunners our drilling operations in increasingly challenging in this area. For example, we are the only environments (e.g., deeply-buried reservoirs, operator whose cementing laboratories are deep offshore, unconventional acreage). Given equipped with an in situ system to measure the these extremely high stakes, we must find more mechanical properties of cement under the effective means of preventing the most critical actual pressure and temperature conditions of accident scenarios, namely blowouts and the well. The reliability of this apparatus, known accidental collisions with an adjacent well during as the Slurry To Cement Analyzer (STCA), is drilling. To address both of these risks, we are such that we can make a rigorous selection of focusing on sharpening our risk-prediction the right cement – the one that will withstand capabilities through the use of bottomhole the stresses to which it will be subjected over its detection systems to avert kicks. Our solutions lifetime. We thus eliminate the need for empirical will include real-time imaging tools ahead of the safety coefficients, which are conventionally CAPTIONS: Drilling in the tight gas context: 1 Las Caeceles field near the Aguada Pichana field, Argentina 2 Well intervention, Aguada Pichana field − 3 Installation of a Blow-Out Preventer (BOP) on the Laggan-Tormore field, British North Sea. FRONTIER EXPLORATION EARTH IMAGING 4 FIELD RESERVOIR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT WELLS DEEP OFFSHORE UNCONVENTIONALS GAS SOLUTIONS PROSPECTIVE LABS

1967 First subsea production well drilled offshore Gabon in 40 meters of water, 1,200 m from the host platform. 1969 Patent filed by Total, leading to the Measurement While Drilling (MWD) tool, a world first that introduced rapid transmission of downhole inclination and azimuth data. 30 31 6

5 applied to offset the approximate nature of Pursuing additional avenues of innovation 2007 available measurements. In parallel, our T-Desk to optimize drilling efficiency, we are also Development of all- software suite now has been enhanced with investigating hammer drilling. metal Progressing Cavity Pumps (PCPs) models of the various phenomena at play during In this technique, which is expected to be pilot- for applications in the cementing process. The bottom line here is tested by one of our affiliates, the diamond bit high-temperature wells. substantial cost savings that do not jeopardize rate of penetration is accelerated by Full-field deployment of these pumps on the safety in the slightest. combination with a percussion hammer. 2001 Joslyn oil sands project A further determinant of a well’s profitability is First oil from the (Canada), produced OPTIMIZING PROJECT ECONOMICS its productivity. Here too, our R&D initiatives 1982 Elgin Franklin wells by steam flood, tripled Commercial-scale use of (British North Sea), the recovery factor. Accelerating the Rate Of Penetration (ROP) of (e.g., sand consolidation, stimulation of 1999 horizontal drilling, invented Total pushed back the the deepest ever the drill bit is one of the main parameters that carbonate formations, artificial lift) have given by Total in the 1970s, limits of extended-reach drilled by the oil can be leveraged to rein in the cost of well rise to solid know-how and yielded a few major on Rospo Mare (Italy), horizontal drilling with and gas industry in the world’s first offshore this high-pressure/high- construction. Our R&D teams worked in innovations. One of these is the metal-to-metal a world record for length field developed by – 10,585 meters – on temperature environment. partnership with Tercel to develop the concept downhole pump for “hot” wells involved in horizontal wells. a well drilled from shore for an innovative technology known as the steam injection processes for the extraction of in Tierra Del Fuego MicroCoring Bit. This tool was originally oil sands. Another is Full Control of Wells® to tap an offshore reservoir more than designed to allow continuous production of (FCW), a tool that optimizes the automatic ten kilometers away. micro-cores, but it also translates to a 10 to management of pumped wells or those 35% increase in ROP when drilling in the stimulated by gas lift on the scale of a platform hardest rock formations. Tested in more than or a field. Based on the highly conclusive 80 runs, the MicroCoring Bit attained or even results of FCW, we are expanding its scope of exceeded that target in more than 70% of the application, and recently delivered a new trials. It achieved its record performance on release designed for oil sands production by a well in Brazil’s deep offshore, exceeding Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD). FEDERATING KNOW-HOW WITH T-DESK the target ROP by This new version optimizes the steam As much a competitive Thanks to ongoing This will be achieved by more than 60%. distribution among different wells according to asset as it is a guarantor of enhancement, this tool implementing new The MicroCoring Bit their productivity. It is currently being our complete now federates our know- modules dedicated to is now part of the pilot-tested on a well on Canada’s Surmont independence from drilling how in drilling simulation, cement integrity, high- toolbox available to field, and promises to live up to expectations. contractors, the proprietary computation of wellbore pressure/high-temperature engineering software trajectories, well control, drilling and real-time Total drilling teams; platform T-Desk, for well cementing and optimization of drilling and it is one of the design and drilling architecture. Tomorrow, well architecture solutions that give us operations, is now new functionalities will parameters based on deployed and used by further enrich the logging data acquired a competitive edge. more than 600 Total performance of a tool during operations. CAPTIONS: 4 Operators aboard the West Gemini drill drilling engineers unmatched by any other rig on the CLOV deep offshore project, Angola – 5 STCA worldwide. industry major. cell (cementing laboratory, CSTJF) – 6 Drilling in the foothills context for the Incahuasi project, Bolivia. FRONTIER EXPLORATION EARTH IMAGING FIELD RESERVOIR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT WELLS DEEP OFFSHORE UNCONVENTIONALS GAS SOLUTIONS PROSPECTIVE LABS

HUNDREDS OF KILOMETERS (Subsea PRocessing and INjection Gear for DEEP OFFSHORE FROM SHORE Seawater), a subsea seawater sulfate removal Many reservoirs located far from shore are too and injection unit, will be one of the building By 2017, Total will be producing about 15% of the world’s deepwater crude via 500 small to warrant the deployment of a floating blocks of this breakthrough concept. Designed subsea wells and 10 floating production vessels. Our deep offshore assets, initially production vessel. DEPTH® (Deep Export to filter seawater through organic nanofiltration concentrated in West Africa, now cover a much more extensive area that includes Production Treatment Hub), a new concept membranes with a cutoff of a hundredth of a South Africa as well as East Africa, Asia and South America. Backed by our bold and shaped by our leading-edge expertise in micron (being used in the deep offshore for the highly inventive R&D organization, our deepwater expertise has propelled us into subsea processing, will be the secret to their first time), this innovative technology already the vanguard of this field. Today, the knowledge we have acquired and lessons we have learned on our numerous projects enable us to look ahead with confidence. profitable development. This self-sufficient and proved its effectiveness in a pilot test Indeed, we have everything it takes to tackle the next two major challenges in a integrated processing plant installed on the sea conducted in 2014. segment strategic for the future of energy: the increasing distance from shore and floor will perform all the processing operations As subsea processing gains momentum and 32 33 the greater water depths of hydrocarbon reservoirs. that usually take place topside. The resulting development operations move farther and export-ready and refinery-ready products will farther away from shore, the shift from hydraulic be transferred to shore via tie-backs stretching to electric control is becoming imperative. We over hundreds of kilometers. SPRINGS® have already taken a major step in that direction NO.1 AMONG WEST AFRICA’S DEEP OFFSHORE OPERATORS IN TERMS OF PRODUCTION, OUR DEVELOPMENTS IN ANGOLA, NIGERIA AND THE CONGO CHEMICAL STORAGE HAVE ACHIEVED TECHNOLOGICAL MILESTONES DECISIVE FOR THE AND INJECTION CONQUEST OF THIS CHALLENGING ENVIRONMENT. ON THE SEABED 1 DEPTH® will also have a built-in unit for local storage and injection of chemicals. This module is designed to resolve the challenge of longer tie-backs in future “all-electric” developments. It will eliminate the need for the chemical lines conventionally housed in umbilicals, translating to very significant cost savings.

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CAPTIONS: 1 SPRINGS®, the first subsea unit to perform seawater sulfate removal by nanofiltration, followed by injection of treated seawater back into the reservoir − 2 DEPTH®, our vision of future deep offshore developments, based entirely on subsea processing. FOLLOWING PAGE: 3 The AUV, latest-generation robotics to optimize the monitoring of our subsea facilities. FRONTIER EXPLORATION EARTH IMAGING FIELD RESERVOIR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT WELLS DEEP OFFSHORE UNCONVENTIONALS GAS SOLUTIONS ® PROSPECTIVE LABS SPRINGS test results In 2014, the nanofiltration membranes of SPRINGS® were tested for filtration and cleaning system performance in an initial deepwater pilot phase carried out on the K5F gas field in the North Sea (Dutch WATER DEPTHS OF in the Congo. Tests confirmed sector). This project is the first in the world to 3,000 TO 4,000 METERS that treated water had a residual deploy electrically-controlled production Our R&D team has set its sights on a new sulfate concentration well wellheads. In 2016, we will achieve a new world frontier: the ultra-deep offshore, an emerging below 40 ppm. first there when we bring an all-electric well theme for which we are already working to (wellhead, downhole safety valve, subsea define suitable architectures to produce control module) on stream for the first time on reserves lying in 3,000 to 4,000 meters of an industrial scale. In parallel, as part of JIP water. Risers, as the link between the seabed Electrification ABB, a joint industry project and the surface, are the most critical aspect of 34 35 undertaken along with Statoil and Chevron in the chain of technology developments needed 2012, we have significant involvement in subsea to conquer the ultra-deep offshore. Steel pipes INTEGRITY OF FACILITIES IS A PRIORITY and will be made available to our affiliates in power transmission and distribution. Goals here of the length required in this scenario could not More remote or at greater depths than is 2016. The robot’s self-sufficiency means that are to find ways to extend the range of bear their own weight. To find a solution, we currently the norm, tomorrow’s deep offshore no support vessel is required during inspection alternating current transmission, currently limited are actively involved in an effort to qualify fields will demand improved solutions for operations, translating to sharp cost to 150 or 200 kilometers, and to develop flexible pipes made of lighter-weight subsea inspection and repair. We are devoting reductions. The AUV also completes its tasks pressure-compensated subsea electric power composites. We are working closely with major efforts to this issue, which has key four times faster than a conventional ROV distribution equipment designed for subsea use several suppliers on this topic. repercussions on the integrity and operability of (Remotely Operated Vehicle). We will be in water depths of 3,000 meters. our assets. We will be conducting pilot tests in pursuing this strategy with the goal of 2015 on an initial AUV (Autonomous deploying a “resident” AUV by 2017 on one of Underwater Vehicle) dedicated to acoustic and our deep offshore fields in the Gulf of Guinea, visual pipeline inspections. This new subsea and by 2020, a multifunction “resident” AUV robot is being designed jointly with Chevron able to intervene on our subsea facilities. 1982 First experimental 1996 horizontal well drilled First discovery on the in 1,714 meters of water “Golden Block” of Angola’s 2014 in the Mediterranean deep offshore (Block 17), 2001 Start-up of CLOV Sea. the first in a series Start-up of the Girassol (Angola), the 4th production of fifteen discoveries. field (Angola), the largest 2006 2011 hub of Block 17 and development in 1,400 m The IPB (Integrated Subsea gas/liquids the first to deploy subsea of water, producing at Production Bundle) riser of 2007 2008 separation in 800 m multiphase pumping. a rate of 200,000 b/d. the Dalia field (Angola) is the The tie-back of Rosa First tests of electrically- of water, a world first fruit of many innovations, to the FPSO Girassol controlled production achieved on Pazflor, including being the first riser (Angola), 20 km long wellheads on K5F, Angola. equipped with built-in gas in 1,400 m of water, was Netherlands. lift and heating on demand. a first for a field this size in such deep water.

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MASTERING MULTIPHASE FLOWS Designing multiphase performance superior subject to vertical pipelines for increasing to that of the competing oscillation due to marine lengths or deeper waters OLGA simulator, the currents. One of the next calls for precise and physics equations of the advances now being reliable flow models that LedaFlow® code deliver developed is a Quasi- can integrate transient higher precision and 3D module. This is an states of sometimes reliability. LedaFlow® is optimized 2D simulation complex fluids. To meet optimized and enhanced that will yield much more this need, we developed with new funtionalities detailed results than a LedaFlow®, a dynamic from year to year. For 1D simulation, but much simulation code for example, it is the first more quickly than a 3D multiphase transport, code to introduce simulation. commercially available simulations of pipes in since 2011. Offering motion, such as risers FRONTIER EXPLORATION EARTH IMAGING FIELD RESERVOIR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT WELLS DEEP OFFSHORE UNCONVENTIONALS GAS SOLUTIONS PROSPECTIVE LABS

DEEPENING OUR UNDERSTANDING tools will be developed. The latter will be able OF SOURCE ROCKS to replicate all the phenomena at play from Which of Planet Earth’s mature source rocks hydrocarbon generation through to oil and gas containing gas or oil can be exploited most production using dedicated technologies. UNCONVENTIONALS profitably? Which thermal processes will be the Total is currently the only company tackling most efficient for producing synthetic crude the challenge of developing this end-to-end Yet-to-find quantities of unconventional resources trapped in source rock from the hydrocarbon precursor kerogen – the simulation chain. The exceptional difficulty of amount to thousands of billions of barrels of oil-equivalent. Tapping this enormous potential will require substantial advances in our fundamental organic material contained in immature source the task stems from the numerous phenomena knowledge of source rock mechanisms. Within the framework of strategic rock? These questions are crucial for our involved (e.g., mechanical, chemical, scientific cooperation projects with world-renowned academic partners, energy future. Our ability to answer them thermomechanical and kinetic) and from the we are developing new modeling and simulation tools that will guide our depends on enhancing our fundamental complex interactions between them. 36 37 exploration effort to the sweet spots. We are committed both to improving understanding of these rocks. To meet the The Energy Resources Engineering Laboratory the economics and to minimizing the environmental impact of shale oil challenge, we are conducting an ambitious of Stanford University is the international and shale gas projects. In addition, we are spearheading the development of new thermal production techniques. We will apply these to exploit vast – project aimed at deciphering the mechanisms benchmark in the area of reservoir simulation to date unproducible – oil shale and viscous crude resources in various that are involved when source rock generates, and thermal production simulation. parts of the world. expels or retains liquid or gaseous This prestigious partner has agreed to address hydrocarbons, either in natural conditions this challenge with us under an exclusive (i.e., shale oil and shale gas) or as a result of six-year agreement. Research will be carried being subjected to pyrolysis (oil shales). out by a dedicated team of Total engineers and This research includes an extensive university researchers, based at Stanford. experimental program to characterize the This game-changing simulation capability will 1 2 different types of source rock in detail and give us a decisive competitive edge and secure PLAYS IN PRODUCTION (BARNETT AND UTICA), 26 SHALE GAS OR SHALE OIL LEASES study the processes taking place at scales our leadership in the area of exploration and IN NORTH AND SOUTH AMERICA, EUROPE, ASIA AND AUSTRALIA, AND VERY SIGNIFICANT ranging from pore to basin. Based on the production of unconventional resources. INTERESTS IN OIL SHALE IN THE UNITED STATES MAKE TOTAL A FRONTRUNNER research findings, new methods for studying IN THE GROWING “UNCONVENTIONALS” SEGMENT. petroleum systems as well as new simulation

AHEAD OF THE GAME IN SIMULATION We have successfully crude oil yielded by in situ acquired in an developed the first pyrolysis, based on the experimental program run simulation “brick” destined operating parameters of jointly with Schlumberger to be incorporated into our the process (gradient of Doll on oil shales from the future end-to-end temperature rise, duration Green River formation. simulator of the industrial- of heating plateau, Calibrating the tool on scale oil shale pyrolysis pressure, etc.). The gradual other plays will give us process. This is the first tool transformation of kerogen access to a potentially in the world with the into petroleum as a result predictive simulation 2 capability to predict the of the pyrolysis reaction applicable to all oil shales. composition of a synthetic was modeled using data

CAPTIONS: 1 Image of nanoporosity in mature source rock, obtained by focused ion beam-scanning electron microscope (FIB-SEM) on samples from Vaca Muerta, Argentina − 2 Oil shale outcrops in the Green River Shale formation, Utah, United States. FOLLOWING PAGES: 3 Aerial view of the AMSO in situ oil shale production pilot − 4 Predicting sweet spots thanks to the combined use of basin modeling workflows and state-of-the-art geophysical imaging techniques− 5 ECOSHALE®: the design of the heat exchanger mounted in the capsule, Utah, United States. FRONTIER EXPLORATION EARTH IMAGING FIELD RESERVOIR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT WELLS DEEP OFFSHORE UNCONVENTIONALS GAS SOLUTIONS PROSPECTIVE LABS

5 4 2012 2012 Agreement with Acquisition of mining Sinopec covering 2014 assets in the Piceance shale gas exploration Total becomes the first 2012 (Colorado) and Uinta and production in China. major to invest in shale gas Partnership with Red Leaf (Utah) basins in readiness exploration and production Resources, Inc. to develop for launching industrial in the United Kingdom. ECOSHALE® In-Capsule, development as soon as 3 an ex situ oil shale the relevant technologies pyrolysis process. have been proven on 2008 a commercial scale. Pilot for microseismic 2011 hydraulic fracture 2009 Total invests in shale 38 monitoring on the Total enters the U.S. 2009 oil exploration and 39 Aguada Pichana shale gas production Acquisition of 50% production in the field, Argentina. sector through a joint ownership of American United States via venture with Chesapeake Shale Oil LLC (AMSO) the joint venture with covering all Chesapeake to develop an in situ Chesapeake in the leases in the Barnett pyrolysis pilot for Utica Shale, and Shale, Texas. oil shale development increases the number in Colorado. of its exploration permits partnership with Red Leaf Resources, Inc., will be brought on stream in Utah in late 2015. in Argentina to 8. under which we are developing an ex situ The decision to proceed with commercial pyrolysis process, ECOSHALE® In-Capsule. development of the process is expected by In this case, the oil shale ore is extracted from 2017, with the output of synthetic crude an open-pit mine and heated by pyrolysis due to ramp up to 40,000 barrels per day. inside a sealed capsule. An Early Production PINPOINTING THE SWEET SPOTS and analysis of the acoustic response. It is a System involving an industrial-scale capsule Extracting maximum value from yet-to-find multiscale and multiphysics scientific approach shale gas and shale oil outside of the United that involves an intertwining of experimental States calls for optimizing the economics of data acquisition and simulation. their exploration and development. Their profitability will depend on our ability to TESTING TWO DIFFERENT identify the sweet spots in the early stages of OIL SHALE PYROLYSIS PROCESSES appraisal and using the fewest possible wells. The core challenge of tapping the value of Sweet spots are the parts of a play that oil shale is to develop thermal production present the most attractive project economics processes that are both acceptable and because their geological properties, fluids economically viable. In these immature source 6 content and “frackability” make them the most rocks, organic matter is present in the form of conducive to production. By 2017, the kerogen – it has not yet been subjected to research we are devoting to this topic will yield the pressure and temperature levels needed a complete and operational workflow designed to express hydrocarbons. Total is the only oil to predict and qualify sweet spots. major with commitments to develop both Another way to improve the economics of in situ and ex situ pyrolysis processes, and is our future developments is to limit the number among the leaders in the field. In partnership of production wells. We can achieve this by with American Shale Oil LLC (AMSO), optimizing the management of hydraulic we are testing an in situ process unmatched SEISMIC DETECTION OF SWEET SPOTS fracturing. Our goals are to maximize the rock in the world on a pilot well pair in Colorado. Multicomponent 3D a field. Based on to pursue in this vein. volume stimulated by each well and recover Pilot-scale production on the order of seismic allows the encouraging initial results A new and suitably- more hydrocarbons within each stimulated 1,000 barrels is planned in 2016. The pilot acquisition of multi- of the processing of designed 3D acquisition azimuthal data. This a multicomponent 2D is planned in 2015 via zone. We hope to achieve this significant step phase will serve to qualify the so-called technique could become acquisition from the Utica our joint venture with forward through research that we are Conductive Convective Reflux™ process in an essential tool for Shale (North America) in Chesapeake. conducting jointly with M.I.T. This work is which heat diffuses from the well to the rock by locating sweet spots within 2013, we expect to be able

focusing on improving our understanding convection and condensation of hydrocarbon 6 Seismic profile of the multicomponent 2D acquisition shot in the Utica Shale in 2013. and numerical modeling of frac propagation vapors. In parallel, we have another FRONTIER EXPLORATION EARTH IMAGING FIELD RESERVOIR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT WELLS DEEP OFFSHORE UNCONVENTIONALS GAS SOLUTIONS PROSPECTIVE LABS

EFFICIENT AND ECONOMICAL Our R&D activities in the area of acid gas treatment are guided by the goals of producing GAS SOLUTIONS new gas reservoirs, meeting more stringent 3 4 quality specifications for the gas we produce, Our expertise in acid gas treatment and liquefied natural gas (LNG) is and curbing our greenhouse gas emissions. internationally renowned. Since setting a global precedent 60 years ago While pursuing our efforts to optimize with our bold decision to exploit reserves of highly acid gas, we have not conventional solvent-based processes stopped innovating: today, we offer a portfolio of proprietary sweetening for extracting CO and H S from slightly- to Our R&D teams made use of our acid gas pilot processes that constitute a benchmark for the global industry. We also 2 2

hold interests in 16 liquefaction plants around the world and rank among moderately-acid gases (up to 15% CO2 and rig, which proved instrumental to perfecting the major players in LNG, a strategic option for gas monetization. 10% H S), we are also seeking to expand this new development. The rig’s modular 40 2 41 To ensure the continuing growth of natural gas’s share of the energy mix, our portfolio with innovative solutions for design will enable us to test the most we need new solutions. Solutions that will reduce costs and curb extracting additional compounds such as promising technologies (membrane contactors, greenhouse gas emissions. This is the challenge we are addressing mercaptans (RHS) and carbonyl sulfide (COS). dynamic systems, etc.) and deliver tomorrow’s today as we concentrate on two main areas: treatment processes ® for slightly- to moderately-acid gases, and targeted value-chains HySWEET DEA, a new process technology cost-effective treatment solutions. These must in which a hybrid solvent simultaneously feature a compact layout and the flexibility for the monetization of natural gas and CO2. removes CO2, H2S, RHS and COS, was our necessary for our future operating 2,000 first step in that direction. environments (i.e., deep offshore, shale gas). TCF OF SLIGHTLY- TO MODERATELY-ACID GAS REMAIN TO BE TAPPED TO DATE – EQUIVALENT 2 TO NEARLY HALF OF TOTAL’S 2013 ESTIMATE OF NATURAL GAS RESERVES. OUR PORTFOLIO 1 OF EVER-MORE EFFICIENT TECHNOLOGIES WILL SUPPORT VITAL GROWTH IN GAS DEVELOPMENT.

HYSWEET®: PERFORMANCE AT A LOWER COST

The fruit of six years of processes and also limits complete removal of H2S R&D, HySWEET® losses of treated gas to the and sulfur compounds technology is an efficient process. Finally, it is more along with controlled

and economical solution energy-efficient than a extraction of CO2. We will designed to meet the conventional amine-based be expanding our increasingly stringent limits process. The first commercial offering with on permissible commercial HySWEET® a version called HySWEET® concentrations of sulfur- DEA unit came on stream Energized MDEA that will compounds in treated gas. in 2013. Development of feature better separation HySWEET® DEA eliminates another version of the efficiency than MDEA along some of the steps of process, HySWEET® MDEA, with even higher energy conventional sulfur- was completed in 2014. efficiency than the DEA CAPTIONS: 1 Hexapod rig to simulate ocean swell effects compound removal The latter achieves version. on a treatment column (Heriot-Watt University, Scotland) − 2 Testing the compressor of the HySWEET® pilot unit at the PERL − 3 4 Innovative adsorbents under study at the PERL. FRONTIER EXPLORATION EARTH IMAGING FIELD RESERVOIR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT WELLS DEEP OFFSHORE UNCONVENTIONALS GAS SOLUTIONS PROSPECTIVE LABS

Our recent acquisition of a hexapod system, a deposits are of modest size or located too Henceforth, we are focusing primarily transport of CO2 in the presence of impurities. new pilot rig that can simulate the effects of far from shore to warrant conventional on the economics of LNG with the aim of This knowledge will serve for the development

ocean swell, will be an additional resource as infrastructure. Our FLNG concept is both improving the energy efficiency of the of CO2 storage or reuse in connection with we strive to adapt our technologies to the innovative and mature, benefitting from our cryogenic processes involved in treating and Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) applications. offshore context. dual expertise in LNG and deep offshore liquefying natural gas. We are working to Current research goals center on the development while also incorporating highly develop disruptive technologies based on new operational control and safety of transporting

NEW OPPORTUNITIES innovative features to meet our standards of materials for use in absorption chilling systems, CO2 in the liquid or supercritical state. FOR NATURAL GAS MONETIZATION safety, simplicity and operability. In addition to which hold promise for reducing both capital The COOTRANS project, of which we recently The Floating LNG (FLNG) vessel is a floating being equipped with an electric-only drive and operating costs. became the leaders, is expected to proceed 42 43 liquefaction plant that offers new monetization system suited to many different production with the construction of an 800-meter-long

opportunities to producing countries. Indeed, conditions for maximum operational flexibility, LIMITING CO2 EMISSIONS loop that should come on stream in 2018

it allows cost-effective monetization when gas it is currently the safest concept on the market. Our commitment to act effectively to combat to test dense-phase CO2 transport at the Lacq climate change took concrete form with the complex. As the only facility of its kind in Lacq demonstrator unit, the first end-to-end the industry, this test loop will serve to validate industrial process in Europe for capturing, the upscaled version of the thermodynamic

transporting, injecting CO2 and storing it in models developed in the laboratory. SAFETY, THE ABSOLUTE PRIORITY OF FLNG a depleted reservoir (CCS, Carbon Capture Liquefaction at sea is these risks: innovative tandem and Storage). The successful operation of this synonymous with large • a liquefaction cycle offloading design that pilot facility by our R&D teams, from 2010 to inventories of flammable based on an inert gas, sharply limits the risk of 2013, demonstrated the feasibility of a process gas and the associated which is much safer than colliding with an LNG technology that could contribute significantly risks of a major incident. alternatives that involve tanker as compared to The technical options large volumes of the conventional side- to limiting greenhouse gas emissions in the CAPTIONS: 5 The Yemen LNG plant at Balhaf − 6 Process flow diagram of the absorption chilling system under study selected for our concept hydrocarbon refrigerants; by-side offloading future. to optimize the energy efficiency of our cryogenic processes are decisive in managing • an unprecedented and configuration. (LNG, distillation, etc.) − 7 The Lacq CO capture We are now turning our focus to gaining 2 and storage pilot unit operated by R&D teams greater understanding of dense-phase from 2010 to 2013.

1957 1960 1977 1957 Start-up at Lacq of Start-up of the Development 1987 First gas from the Lacq the first acid-gas CAMEL plant, of MDEA, a Addition of activated 2006 reservoir (France), sweetening unit based the world’s first technological step MDEA technology Launch at the Lacq

containing 10% CO2 on DEA (an amine), natural gas change that paved to our portfolio complex of a pilot trial of ® and 15% H2S, an with the capacity to liquefaction plant the way to amine- of “à la carte” SPREX to test cryogenic extraordinary proving treat one million cubic (Algeria), with Total based selective deacidification separation of H S from 2007 2013 2 2012 Start-up of ground that Total meters of gas per day. as a partner. deacidification. solutions, for full natural gas containing Successful test of 2010 Finalization of ® the first exploited until 2013. or controlled high concentrations of HySWEET DEA, Start-up of our Floating commercial removal of CO . H S, and commencement a technological first the Lacq CO 2 2 2 LNG concept. HySWEET® of work to adapt this in which the solvent capture and storage 5 DEA unit. breakthrough technology removes CO2, H2S, RHS demonstrator unit, and COS simultaneously, a European first. for CO2 removal by cryogenic separation. in one of the Lacq gas treating units.

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Refrigerant vapor Condenser Generator

Liquid Concentrated refrigerant solution Driving heat source

Absorber

Cooling water Chilled water

Evaporator

Absorbent pump FRONTIER EXPLORATION EARTH IMAGING FIELD RESERVOIR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT WELLS DEEP OFFSHORE UNCONVENTIONALS GAS SOLUTIONS PROSPECTIVE LABS

SCOUTING FOR TOMORROW’S of building bridges between our R&D PROSPECTIVE LABS BREAKTHROUGH TECHNOLOGIES organization and scientific and technological We created the Prospective Labs as an “early disciplines adjacent to, but not strictly a part of, The future of our industry is also being shaped by scientific and technological warning system” to detect and acquire the Exploration & Production sector. developments unfolding outside our usual scope, in emerging disciplines concepts born outside our core business and that represent potential game-changers for our own operations. For example, featuring low technological maturity but strong ECONOMICAL HIGH-PERFORMANCE the ceramic membranes currently revolutionizing our water treatment potential. Each Prospective Lab targets NANOSENSORS techniques were initially developed for the food processing industry. a strategically selected discipline. It is set up Monitoring for environmental or safety purposes Graphics cards, which can be leveraged to accelerate high-performance computing, are the brainchild of video game developers. Staying a step for a limited period – two to three years – is one area in which nanotechnologies can be ahead of competitors in ferreting out the nascent breakthroughs that compatible with transferring its outcomes leveraged to significantly optimize could yield decisive benefits for the E&P sector requires openness coupled quickly to our R&D Programs or Technological our performance. We are tackling this challenge 44 45 with an acute sense of anticipation. These qualities are the very essence Innovation Projects. These exploratory research in partnership with the APIX company and of our Prospective Labs, the reconnaissance teams of our R&D teams give us a jump on the capture of Total’s Scientific Development Division. Our goal organization. promising innovations. is to develop economical, ultra-sensitive Our Prospective Labs on Nanotechnologies nanosensors designed to detect gas leaks 5 and Robotics have already achieved some or provide continuous air quality monitoring PROSPECTIVE LABS EXIST IN 2015: encouraging inroads that confirm the value in the vicinity of our facilities. NANOTECHNOLOGIES, ROBOTICS, BIOTECHNOLOGIES, IMAGE PROCESSING AND NUMERICAL METHODS.

MICRO AND NANOTECHNOLOGIES TO INCREASE RESERVES Total became a member to contribute to better fracture mapping ; of the AEC (Advanced subsurface characterization • nano-enhanced Energy Consortium) and monitoring, in order to hydrocarbon recovery in 2008. increase recovery from our based on functionalized This is the largest research existing fields and future nanoparticles able to consortium devoted to developments. A number optimize surfactant nanotechnology-based of strategic applications performance ; applications for petroleum have been identified for • subsurface autonomous reservoirs. Its mission future development. nano-devices for is to develop intelligent We are directing our downhole, cement nano-objects (tracers, priority efforts at the integrity and hydraulic 4 contrast agents, capsules, following: fracture monitoring. sensors, etc.) that can be • contrast agents for water injected into reservoirs flood and hydraulic

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CAPTIONS: 1 2 Gas detection by nanoresonator: a nanoelectromechanical 3 system (NEMS) – 3 A self-contained microsystem packaged in a 1-mm² housing for downhole monitoring and hydraulic frac monitoring – 4 Autonomous chemical microsensors for downhole monitoring. FOLLOWING PAGES: 5 The five teams competing in the ARGOS Challenge (AIR-K - Japan, ARGONAUTS - Austria/Germany, FOXIRIS - Spain/Portugal, LIO - Switzerland, VIKINGS – France) – 6 The “arena” for the ARGOS Challenge, representative of an oil and gas environment, is a former gas dehydrating plant at the Lacq complex – 7 8 The ARGOS teams visiting the site of the competition, in Lacq. FRONTIER EXPLORATION EARTH IMAGING FIELD RESERVOIR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT WELLS DEEP OFFSHORE UNCONVENTIONALS GAS SOLUTIONS PROSPECTIVE LABS

The initial prototypes from our research will be PAVING THE WAY TO A NEW pilot-tested at the Lacq site in 2015 to qualify their GENERATION OF ROBOTS VERSATILE ROBOTS detection performance with respect to volatile None of the land-based robots available today organic compounds and BTEX (Benzenes, is designed to operate in a potentially explosive FOR MANY APPLICATIONS Toluenes, Ethylbenzenes, Xylenes). The backbone atmosphere or move autonomously within and In the future, the robots to be deployed on our onshore and offshore facilities will be robust of this innovative device is a nanoelectromechanical around our facilities to inspect, maintain or enough to operate in potentially explosive system or NEMS etched on a chip and featuring repair them in the place of humans. Filling this environments; they will be designed with an oscillating horizontal strip about 1 micron long gap will allow us to reduce worker exposure, the range and capacities needed to inspect equipment and carry out targeted reporting and 1 nanometer thick. Molecules of the target which is especially desirable in extreme 46 assignments in remote or hard-to-access 47 gas settle on this strip. Besides the NEMS, the environments (harsh climates, remote/isolated locations. In emergencies, these robots will be complete “lab-on-a-chip” device includes micro locations) and emergency scenarios. able to detect anomalies and hydrocarbon leaks, gas chromatography columns. These are about To this end, we decided in late 2013 to create alert personnel and transmit images and data in real time. In the most critical scenarios, when 2 meters long, but are inserted onto a chip the research momentum needed to spawn the human presence is impossible, these robots measuring only 2 cm2. The columns separate first generation of robots tailored to oil and gas will be invaluable as reporting and intervention the gas chemical species present in ambient air. facilities – in under three years. This proactive resources. In addition to the environmental function, this open innovation strategy takes the form of an From left to right and top to bottom: LIO Robot (Switzerland), AIR-K Robot (Japan), VIKINGS Robot (France), ARGONAUTS Robot nanosensor serves safety purposes by international competition called the ARGOS (Austria and Germany) and FOXIRIS Robot (Spain and Portugal). monitoring concentrations of combustible and Challenge (for Autonomous Robot for Gas & toxic gases, and appears to have Oil Sites). The contest was devised and funded game-changing potential for production by Total and implemented in partnership with allocation applications as well. the French National Research Agency (ANR). The teams will compare the performance of By spearheading technological innovation in an A screening of more than 30 candidate their prototypes in a series of three contests area so critical to enhancing the safety of our projects led to the selection of five international scheduled from June 2015 to December 2016. personnel and our operations, our ambition is teams composed of actors from the robotics The contests will take place at Lacq to become the first oil and gas operator to industry and academic research. (southwestern France), on a site representative pilot-test an autonomous robot on one of our of our facilities and operating conditions. The sites, in 2018/2019. More importantly, our test drills will become increasingly difficult with initiative will have spurred the development of a each successive round: avoiding obstacles, new generation of robots which, in addition to climbing stairs, taking measurements, meeting our needs, will address those of many 5 operating in degraded conditions on surfaces other industrial complexes around the world, wet and slippery from hydrocarbon spills, fault with favorable repercussions for emergency detection, etc. management.

6 8 7 FOR A MORE LASTING EXPERIENCE Access the flipbook of this brochure on your laptop, tablet or smartphone. Enjoy interactive content as you discover the many facets of our R&D.

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Flash this code or go to: http://total-ep.digital-publication.com/research-and-development/index.html total.com www.total.com Avenue Larribau –64018PauCedexFrance Phone: +33(0)559834000 Exploration &Production –Pau 92078 ParisLaDéfenseCedex –France 2, placeJeanMillier–LaDéfense 6 Phone: +33(0)147444546 Exploration &Production –Paris 542 051180RCSNanterre Share capital:5,963,168,812.50euros TOTAL S.A. economic, socialandenvironmental benefits. that ouroperationsinmore than130countriesworldwideconsistentlydeliver this mission.Asaresponsible corporatecitizen,wefocusonensuring and our100,000employeesplayanactiverole inhelpingusachieve more innovativeandaccessible toasmanypeoplepossible, We are committedtobetterenergy thatissafer, cleaner, more efficient, oil andgascompany, andtheworld’s second-rankedsolarenergy operator. Total isaglobalintegratedenergy producer andprovider, aleadinginternational

– March 2015 – Illustrations: Ifremer - KONGSBERG - University of Oklahoma - Red Leaf Resources - Techniques Effects - Terre de Sienne - © TOTAL SA – Photo credits: AIR-K - AMSO LLC - ARGONAUTS - Aulne CARITE - CGG Services (U.S.) Inc., Houston, Texas - Cirad - Marco DUFOUR - Olivier DUGORNAY (Ifremer) - Etienne FOLLET - FOXIRIS - Thierry GONZALEZ - Michel LABELLE - Gilles LEIMDORFER - LIO - Marine Vibrator JIP - ONERA-ESA - Laurent PASCAL - Arthur PEDUZZI - Marc ROUSSEL - SAIPEM - Tercel Oilfields Product -© TOTAL SA - VIKINGS - Florian VON DER FECHT - G. White - Laurent ZYLBERMAN – Written by: Sophie Eustache – Translated by: Audrey Frank