REFERENCE: The Blue Planet An Introduction to Earth System Science. Brian J. Skinner and Barbara W. Murck (2011) Third Edition. John Wiley and Sons Inc. is the totality of the Earth's water, including:
1. Lakes 2. Streams 3. Underground water 4. Snow and ice 5. Oceans
It does not include water vapor in the atmosphere.
0.1%
Watch the YouTube video called “The Water Cycle” A stream consists of water that flows downslope along a clearly defined natural passageway. River is the term apply to streams of significant size. (rios, riachuelos, quebradas, etc.) The drainage basin (watershed or catchment) is the total area that contributes water to the stream. (cuenca hidrográfica) Divide is the line that separates adjacent drainage basins. It is a topographic “high” or ridge. (línea divisoria) Rosario River, PR
Approx. length River Source Outflow mi. km Nile Tributaries of Lake Victoria, Africa Mediterranean Sea 4,180 6,690 Amazon Glacier-fed lakes, Peru Atlantic Ocean 3,912 6,296 Mississippi-Missouri- Source of Red Rock, Montana Gulf of Mexico 3,710 5,970 Red Rock Chang Jiang (Yangtze) Tibetan plateau, China China Sea 3,602 5,797 Ob Altai Mts., Russia Gulf of Ob 3,459 5,567 Huang Ho (Yellow) Eastern part of Kunlan Mts., West China Gulf of Chihli 2,900 4,667 Yenisei Tannu-Ola Mts., western Tuva, Russia Arctic Ocean 2,800 4,506 Paraná Confluence of Paranaiba and Grande rivers Río de la Plata 2,795 4,498 Irtish Altai Mts., Russia Ob River 2,758 4,438 Zaire (Congo) Confluence of Lualab and Luapula rivers, Congo Atlantic Ocean 2,716 4,371 Heilong (Amur) Confluence of Shilka (Russia) and Argun (Manchuria) rivers Tatar Strait 2,704 4,352 Lena Baikal Mts., Russia Arctic Ocean 2,652 4,268 Mackenzie Head of Finlay River, British Columbia, Canada Beaufort Sea 2,635 4,241 (Arctic Ocean) Niger Guinea Gulf of Guinea 2,600 4,184 Mekong Tibetan highlands South China Sea 2,500 4,023 Mississippi Lake Itasca, Minnesota Gulf of Mexico 2,348 3,779 Missouri Confluence of Jefferson, Gallatin, and Madison rivers, Montana Mississippi River 2,315 3,726 Volga Valdai plateau, Russia Caspian Sea 2,291 3,687 Madeira Confluence of Beni and Maumoré rivers, Bolivia–Brazil boundary Amazon River 2,012 3,238 Purus Peruvian Andes Amazon River 1,993 3,207 São Francisco Southwest Minas Gerais, Brazil Atlantic Ocean 1,987 3,198 Yukon Junction of Lewes and Pelly rivers, Yukon Territory, Canada Bering Sea 1,979 3,185 St. Lawrence Lake Ontario Gulf of St. Lawrence 1,900 3,058 Rio Grande San Juan Mts., Colorado Gulf of Mexico 1,885 3,034 Brahmaputra Himalayas Ganges River 1,800 2,897 Indus Himalayas Arabian Sea 1,800 2,897 Danube Black Forest, Germany Black Sea 1,766 2,842 Euphrates Confluence of Murat Nehri and Kara Su rivers, Turkey Shatt-al-Arab 1,739 2,799 Darling Central part of Eastern Highlands, Australia Murray River 1,702 2,739 Zambezi 11°21'S, 24°22'E, Zambia Mozambique Channel 1,700 2,736 Tocantins Goiás, Brazil Pará River 1,677 2,699 Murray Australian Alps, New South Wales Indian Ocean 1,609 2,589 Nelson Head of Bow River, western Alberta, Canada Hudson Bay 1,600 2,575 Paraguay Mato Grosso, Brazil Paraná River 1,584 2,549 Ural Southern Ural Mts., Russia Caspian Sea 1,574 2,533 Ganges Himalayas Bay of Bengal 1,557 2,506 Amu Darya (Oxus) Nicholas Range, Pamir Mts., Turkmenistan Aral Sea 1,500 2,414 Japurá Andes, Colombia Amazon River 1,500 2,414 Salween Tibet, south of Kunlun Mts. Gulf of Martaban 1,500 2,414 Arkansas Central Colorado Mississippi River 1,459 2,348 Colorado Grand County, Colorado Gulf of California 1,450 2,333 Dnieper Valdai Hills, Russia Black Sea 1,419 2,284 Ohio-Allegheny Potter County, Pennsylvania Mississippi River 1,306 2,102 Irrawaddy Confluence of Nmai and Mali rivers, northeast Burma Bay of Bengal 1,300 2,092 Orange Lesotho Atlantic Ocean 1,300 2,092 Orinoco Serra Parima Mts., Venezuela Atlantic Ocean 1,281 2,062 Pilcomayo Andes Mts., Bolivia Paraguay River 1,242 1,999 Xi Jiang (Si Kiang) Eastern Yunnan Province, China China Sea 1,236 1,989 Columbia Columbia Lake, British Columbia, Canada Pacific Ocean 1,232 1,983 Don Tula, Russia Sea of Azov 1,223 1,968 Sungari China–North Korea boundary Amur River 1,215 1,955 Saskatchewan Canadian Rocky Mts. Lake Winnipeg 1,205 1,939 Peace Stikine Mts., British Columbia, Canada Great Slave River 1,195 1,923 Tigris Taurus Mts., Turkey Shatt-al-Arab 1,180 1,899 Approx. length River Source Outflow mi. km Nile Tributaries of Lake Victoria, Africa Mediterranean Sea 4,180 6,690 Amazon Glacier-fed lakes, Peru Atlantic Ocean 3,912 6,296 Mississippi-Missouri- Source of Red Rock, Montana Gulf of Mexico 3,710 5,970 Red Rock Chang Jiang (Yangtze) Tibetan plateau, China China Sea 3,602 5,797 Ob Altai Mts., Russia Gulf of Ob 3,459 5,567 Huang Ho (Yellow) Eastern part of Kunlan Mts., West China Gulf of Chihli 2,900 4,667 Yenisei Tannu-Ola Mts., western Tuva, Russia Arctic Ocean 2,800 4,506 Paraná Confluence of Paranaiba and Grande rivers Río de la Plata 2,795 4,498 Irtish Altai Mts., Russia Ob River 2,758 4,438 Zaire (Congo) Confluence of Lualab and Luapula rivers, Congo Atlantic Ocean 2,716 4,371 Heilong (Amur) Confluence of Shilka (Russia) and Argun (Manchuria) rivers Tatar Strait 2,704 4,352 Lena Baikal Mts., Russia Arctic Ocean 2,652 4,268 Mackenzie Head of Finlay River, British Columbia, Canada Beaufort Sea 2,635 4,241 (Arctic Ocean) Niger Guinea Gulf of Guinea 2,600 4,184 Mekong Tibetan highlands South China Sea 2,500 4,023 Mississippi Lake Itasca, Minnesota Gulf of Mexico 2,348 3,779 Missouri Confluence of Jefferson, Gallatin, and Madison rivers, Montana Mississippi River 2,315 3,726 Volga Valdai plateau, Russia Caspian Sea 2,291 3,687 Madeira Confluence of Beni and Maumoré rivers, Bolivia–Brazil boundary Amazon River 2,012 3,238 Purus Peruvian Andes Amazon River 1,993 3,207 São Francisco Southwest Minas Gerais, Brazil Atlantic Ocean 1,987 3,198 Yukon Junction of Lewes and Pelly rivers, Yukon Territory, Canada Bering Sea 1,979 3,185 St. Lawrence Lake Ontario Gulf of St. Lawrence 1,900 3,058 Rio Grande San Juan Mts., Colorado Gulf of Mexico 1,885 3,034 Brahmaputra Himalayas Ganges River 1,800 2,897 Indus Himalayas Arabian Sea 1,800 2,897 Danube Black Forest, Germany Black Sea 1,766 2,842 Euphrates Confluence of Murat Nehri and Kara Su rivers, Turkey Shatt-al-Arab 1,739 2,799 Darling Central part of Eastern Highlands, Australia Murray River 1,702 2,739 Zambezi 11°21'S, 24°22'E, Zambia Mozambique Channel 1,700 2,736 Tocantins Goiás, Brazil Pará River 1,677 2,699 Murray Australian Alps, New South Wales Indian Ocean 1,609 2,589 Nelson Head of Bow River, western Alberta, Canada Hudson Bay 1,600 2,575 Paraguay Mato Grosso, Brazil Paraná River 1,584 2,549 Ural Southern Ural Mts., Russia Caspian Sea 1,574 2,533 Ganges Himalayas Bay of Bengal 1,557 2,506 Amu Darya (Oxus) Nicholas Range, Pamir Mts., Turkmenistan Aral Sea 1,500 2,414 Japurá Andes, Colombia Amazon River 1,500 2,414 Salween Tibet, south of Kunlun Mts. Gulf of Martaban 1,500 2,414 Arkansas Central Colorado Mississippi River 1,459 2,348 Colorado Grand County, Colorado Gulf of California 1,450 2,333 Dnieper Valdai Hills, Russia Black Sea 1,419 2,284 Ohio-Allegheny Potter County, Pennsylvania Mississippi River 1,306 2,102 Irrawaddy Confluence of Nmai and Mali rivers, northeast Burma Bay of Bengal 1,300 2,092 Orange Lesotho Atlantic Ocean 1,300 2,092 Orinoco Serra Parima Mts., Venezuela Atlantic Ocean 1,281 2,062 Pilcomayo Andes Mts., Bolivia Paraguay River 1,242 1,999 Xi Jiang (Si Kiang) Eastern Yunnan Province, China China Sea 1,236 1,989 Columbia Columbia Lake, British Columbia, Canada Pacific Ocean 1,232 1,983 Don Tula, Russia Sea of Azov 1,223 1,968 Sungari China–North Korea boundary Amur River 1,215 1,955 Saskatchewan Canadian Rocky Mts. Lake Winnipeg 1,205 1,939 Peace Stikine Mts., British Columbia, Canada Great Slave River 1,195 1,923 Tigris Taurus Mts., Turkey Shatt-al-Arab 1,180 1,899 1.The average width and depth of the channel 2.The channel gradient 3.The average velocity of the water 4.The discharge, which is the quantity of water passing a point during a given interval of time 5.The sediment load
Waimakariri River New Zealand
Relationship between bed-load grain size and velocity in a section of meandering channel. The coarsest sediment is associated with the zone of highest velocity; on the outside of a bend, both coarse grains and fast-moving water lie adjacent to the stream bank, but between bends both lie in the center of the channel. The finest sediment is associated with the zone of lowest velocity which lies on the inside of a bend. At such places, sediment accumulates to form point bars.
Red Sea
Mediterranean Sea Nile Delta MODIS image of The Nile River Delta An astronaut photograph of the SE Mediterranean Sea, viewed from the International Space Station. Image taken on October 28, 2010. Astronaut photograph ISS025-E-9858. Source: NASA-EO Nile Delta. False-color image acquired by Landsat 7 on 17 September 2006. Source: NASA The Three Gorges Dam project in Hubei, China, is the world's largest hydroelectric generating system.
Three Gorges Dam Gezhouba Dam
Colorado River from International Space Station The Salton Sea, shown in this MODIS image, is California’s largest lake. The current Salton Sea formed in 1905 when an irrigation canal ruptured, diverting the Colorado River into the Salton Basin in southeastern California.
MISSISSIPPI RIVER DELTA WITH MODIS MISSISSIPPI RIVER DELTA
TM IMAGE SAR IMAGE OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER DELTA
The Amazon River Basin as observed by ERS-1 Radar Altimeter, including so-called 'wet'radar echoes from rivers, lakes and swamps. Radar altimetry data provides researchers with the means to monitor global river and lake levels. RIVER PLUMES DETECTED WITH OCEAN COLOR SENSORS
Orinoco River
SeaWiFS Sensor Amazon August 2004 River
Watch the YouTube video called “Floods 101” Dessau Flood (Germany) Where the Missouri River joins the Mississippi River at St. Louis, Missouri.
Dry summer with low flows (July 1988). The river during the disastrous flood of July 1993.
Groundwater is all of the subsurface water that lies beneath the land surface, occupying openings in bedrock and regolith in the water- saturated portion of the upper geosphere. Groundwater is less than 1% of the liquid water in the hydrosphere, but it is still 35 times larger than the volume of all the water in freshwater lakes and flowing in streams, and nearly a third as large as the water frozen in all the world’s glaciers and polar sea ice. Nivel Freático
In a typical groundwater system, the water table separates the zone of aeration from the saturated zone and fluctuates in level with seasonal changes in precipitation. Corresponding fluctuations are seen in the water level in wells that penetrate the water table. Lakes, marshes, and streams occur where the water table intersects the land surface. In shape, the water table is a subdued imitation of the overlying land surface.
-A body of rock or regolith sufficiently porous and permeable to store and conduct significant quantities of groundwater. It is any body of inland water of appreciable size that occupies a depression in the Earth's surface.
Lake Superior Caspian Sea Aral Sea Lake Baikal
Lake Titicaca Lake Victoria
Lake Baikal in southern Russia is the world's deepest lake and the largest freshwater lake in the world by volume. It is 5314 feet deep (1637 meters) and it's bottom is at 4215 feet (1285 meters) below sea level. This large lake is located in an active continental rift zone which is estimated to be widening at a rate of about 1 inch (2.5 centimeters) per year.
1989 2008
Watch the YouTube video called “NASA | Earth's Water Cycle”
Water Contamination
36 embalses – 16 grandes (represa > 100 ft de altura) – 4 intermedios (40-100 ft) – 10 pequeños (25-40 ft) – 1 en construcción (Embalse Valenciano, cerca de Juncos) – Algunos sedimentados y en planificación SEARCHING RIVERS IN RADAR IMAGE OF PUERTO RICO
Datos del 2005 publicados en: Cartilla del Agua de Puerto Rico Lugo, A. E. y colaboradores, 2011 MISSION OVER MAYAGUEZ BAY USING THE AIRBORNE OCEAN COLOR IMAGER (AOCI) FOR LAND-SEA INTERFACE STUDIES NASA PROJECT IN THE 1990’s SEAWIFS IMAGES
October 1997 November 1998
January 2000 September 2001 March 8, 2006 Zoom in
white= 26.0 – 50.0 mg/l
By Vilmaliz Rodriguez MAYAGUEZ BAY WITH THEMATIC MAPPER
Yaguez River ATLAS MISSION OVER THE MAYAGUEZ BAY February 12, 2004 HYPERSPECTRAL REMOTE SENSING AVIRIS MISSION OVER PUERTO RICO AUGUST 19, 2004
MAYAGUEZ BAY Añasco River IKONOS Culebrinas River IKONOS