DOCSLIB.ORG

Environmental Risks to Sino-Russian Transboundary Cooperation Download

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Environmental Risks to Sino-Russian Transboundary Cooperation Download Cover Russia-China ENGLISH:Layout 1 12/29/11 12:52 PM Page 1 ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS TO SINO - RUSSIAN TRANSBOUNDARY COOPERATION: from brown plans to a green strategy Edited by Evgeny Shvarts, Eugene Simonov, Lada Progunova WWF’s mission is to stop the degradation of the planet’s natural environment and to build a future in which humans live in harmony with nature, by: – conserving the world’s biological diversity WWF-Russia – ensuring that the use of renewable natural www.wwf.ru resources is sustainable WWF-Germany – promoting the reduction of pollution www.wwf.de and wasteful consumption. WWF-South Africa www.wwf.org.za Edited by Evgeny Shvarts, Eugene Simonov, Lada Progunova ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS TO SINO- RUSSIAN TRANSBOUNDARY COOPERATION: from brown plans to a green strategy English edition 2011 Environmental risks to Sino-Russian transboundary cooperation: from brown plans to a green strategy. WWF’s Trade and Investment Programme report. Evgeny Simonov, Evgeny Shvarts, Lada Progunova (Eds.). Moscow-Vladivostok: WWF, 2011 Authors (in alphabetical order): Yury Darman, Ph.D. Andrey Dikarev, Ph.D. Vasiliy Dikarev Ivetta Gerasimchuk, Ph.D. Vladimir Karakin, Ph.D. Natalya Lomakina, D.Sc. Alexander Moiseyev Lada Progunova, Ph.D. Nina Pusenkova, Ph.D. Evgeny Shvarts, D.Sc. Evgeny Simonov Svetlana Simonova-Zozulya Denis Smirnov Konstantin Tatsenko, Ph.D. Alexey Vaisman Alexander Voropayev Evgeny Yegidarev Oksana Yengoyan This study aims to identify environmental economic issues of Sino-Russian transboundary cooperation and to initiate a broad discussion with the purpose of finding solutions for the many acute environmental issues associated with economic cooperation between the two countries. It also aims to facilitate the coop- eration between governmental economic agencies and environmentalists with respect to the greening of “brown” regional development plans and the development of “green” strategies in order to guide Russia’s transition to a more sustainable economic system in the post-crisis period – as is occurring already in other rapidly growing economies, including China. The study analyzes development strategies and programs of the border regions; programs of transboundary cooperation between Russia and China; environmental risks associated with individual resource-intensive sectors; as well as approaches to the greening of economies and natural resource management in both countries. It also provides practical recommenda- tions aimed at the governments of Russia and China, as well as at the environmental and business commu- nities in these two countries. This publication is part of a series of reports by WWF’s Trade and Investment Programme. The objective of the series is to identify the factors of the greening of growth in the key emerging economies (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa etc.), including their participation in international trade and investments, and to establish cooperation amongst the respective actors. ISBN 978-5-7640-0044-2 Reviewers (in alphabetical order): Irina Glazyrina — Doctor of Sciences (Economics), Professor, Head of the Ecological Economics Laboratory, Insti- tute of Natural Resources, Ecology, and Cryology of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Chita) Alexander Lukin — Doctor of Sciences (History), Professor, Head of the Center for East Asian Studies and the SCO (Shanghai Cooperation Organization) of the Moscow State Institute of International Relations (University) of the MFA of Russia Olga Smirnova — PhD (Economics), Assistant Professor, Head of the Strategic Planning and Regional Development Department of the Ministry for Regional Development of the Russian Federation (Moscow) Any full or partial reproduction of this publication requires a reference to WWF. art and design: This report is distributed free of charge. Graphic Lab Studio [email protected] www.graphiclab.ru CONTENT Introduction Editor’s Note to the 2011 English edition (Evgeny Shvarts, Doctor of Sciences (Geography), Conservation Policy Director, WWF Russia) . 6 Preface (Eugene Simonov, Doctor of Nature Conservation (博士), Coordinator of the Rivers Without Boundaries Coalition, Consultant of the WWF Amur River Program) . 7 Introduction (Lada Progunova, PhD (economics), Project manager and editor of the collected volume, WWF Russia) . 12 Executive Summary . 15 List of abbreviations . 23 Chapter 1. Programs on Sustainable Development and Transboundary Cooperation in the Border Areas between Russia and China 1.1. State programmes for the prospective development of “peripheral” regions of Russia and China: imperatives of industrial modernization (N. Lomakina) . 26 1.2. Accountability of environmental factors in regional development strategies, programmes, and plans in Russia and China: a case study of the Russian Far East and Northeast China (A. Dikarev, V. Dikarev) . 30 1.3. The Russian-Chinese Transboundary Cooperation Programme — a Case of “Business as Usual” (O. Yengoyan, E. Simonov) . 40 1.4. Approaches to ensuring environmental safety in shared ecosystems along the eastern section of the Sino-Russian border (Vladimir P. Karakin) . 51 Chapter 2. Environmental Costs of Industrial Cooperation between Russia and China 2.1. The Potential and Risks of Transforming the Russian Mining Industry into a Sustainable Economic Sector of the Russian Far East (based on an analysis of projects presented in the Russian-Chinese 2009—2018 Cooperation Programme) (N. Lomakina) . 58 2.2. Russian-Chinese Cooperation in the Oil and Gas Sector: Prospects and Challenges (Nina Poussenkova) . 66 2.3. Analysis of the prospects of Russian Far East and Northwestern Chinese economic transboundary cooperation within the power industry (Tattsenko, K.V.) . 80 2.4. Transboundary water resources management on the Amur River: competition and cooperation (Vladimir P. Karakin) . 86 2.5. Hydropower and water resource management in the Amur River basin (Eugene Simonov, Coordinator International Coalition "Rivers without Boundaries”) . 95 2.6. Russian-Chinese cooperation in harvesting and processing of fish and seafood (А. R. Moiseev) . 106 2.7. Illegal trade in wild animals and plants between the Russian Far East and Northeast China (Alexey Vaisman) . 120 2.8. Development of tourism — a way towards a more sustainable economy in border regions (Svetlana Simonova-Zozulya) . 126 Chapter 3. Current Approaches to Green Economy in Russia and China 3.1. Approaches to the Formation of Environmentally Sustainable Economies, and Development and Implementation of State Environmental Policies in China and Russia (A. Dikarev) . 140 3.2. System of protected natural territories in the basin of the Amur River as a factor of development of ecosystems management within the border area (Yu. Darman, E. Simonov, E. Egidarev/ . 151 3.3. Forest Certification as Means to Ecologize Forest Products Trade between Russia and China (Voropayev A., Smirnov D.) . 154 3.4. Responsible Finance as an Instrument for Greening Russian-Chinese Cooperation (I. Gerasimchuk, L. Progunova (with a contribution from experts of Eurasia Strategics Limited) . 163 Chapter 4. Recommendations for the greening of Sino-Russian transboundary cooperation (E. Simonov, E. Shvarts, L. Progunova, WWF Russia) . 176 Annexes Annex 1. Agreements on environmental issues and harvesting of natural resources between Russia and China . 186 Annex 2. Maps . 187 5 ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ РИСКИ РОССИЙСКО-КИТАЙСКОГО ТРАНСГРАНИЧНОГО СОТРУДНИЧЕСТВА INTRODUCTION EDITOR’S NOTE TO THE 2011 ENGLISH EDITION China is an economy that maintains stable and rapid growth, while aiming to globalize its investment flows and pro- duction operations. The nature of the economic relations between China and Russia, which is currently changing not in favor of the latter, raises concerns amongst Russian sustainability experts and environmentalists. One of the most concerning trends is the transfer of polluting technologies, which are banned in China, to Russia. It is noted that, until recently, China faced a similar situation in that it received and hosted polluting industrial operations, which were being transferred to China from developed countries. However, concerns about Russia’s cooperation with China often prevent us from seeing the opportunities which exist as regards learning from China’s positive experience in areas such as: changing attitudes towards the envi- ronment at the highest levels of government; attempting to overcome adverse trends in the country’s environmen- tal situation; and developing a national environmental policy aimed at the transition of China’s economy towards a path of sustainable low-carbon development. China is gradually taking the lead in providing energy efficient and renewable energy equipment both to European developed countries and, particularly important, to the African developing countries, which have low purchasing power. It seems that, while talking a lot about the need for the modernization of the Russian economy, we do not pay enough attention to the potential opportunities that exist in technology cooperation with our Southeastern neighbor for purposes of the effective modernization of our economy and the transition to a low-carbon develop- ment scenario. China views the expansion of its presence in the border regions of Russia very seriously. In principle, this process also conforms to the national interests of our country, and is being supported by its government and major state- controlled corporations. However, the planning of Russian-Chinese economic cooperation, particularly in the raw materials
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Attention Wal-Mart Shoppers How Wal-Mart’S Sourcing Practices Encourage Illegal Logging and Threaten Endangered Species Contents © Eia
    ATTENTION WAL-MART SHOPPERS HOW WAL-MART’S SOURCING PRACTICES ENCOURAGE ILLEGAL LOGGING AND THREATEN ENDANGERED SPECIES www.eia-global.org CONTENTS © EIA ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Copyright © 2007 Environmental Investigation Agency, Inc. No part of this publication may be 2 INTRODUCTION: WAL-MART IN THE WOODS reproduced in any form or by any means without permission in writing from the Environmental 4 THE IMPACTS OF ILLEGAL LOGGING Investigation Agency, Inc. Pictures on pages 8,10,11,14,15,16 were published in 6 LOW PRICES, HIGH CONTROL: WAL-MART’S BUSINESS MODEL The Russian Far East, A Reference Guide for Conservation and Development, Josh Newell, 6 REWRITING THE RULES OF THE SUPPLIER-RETAILER RELATIONSHIP 2004, published by Daniel & Daniel, Publishers, Inc. 6 SQUEEZING THE SUPPLY CHAIN McKinleyville, California, 2004. ENVIRONMENTAL INVESTIGATION AGENCY 7 BIG FOOTPRINT, BIG PLANS: WAL-MART’S ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT 7 THE FOOTPRINT OF A GIANT PO Box 53343, Washington DC 20009, USA 7 STEPS FORWARD Tel: +1 202 483 6621 Fax: +1 202 986 8626 Email: [email protected] 8 GLOBAL REACH: WAL-MART’S SALE OF WOOD PRODUCTS Web: www.eia-global.org 8 A SNAPSHOT INTO WAL-MART’S WOOD BUYING AND RETAIL 62-63 Upper Street, London N1 ONY, UK 8 WAL-MART AND CHINESE EXPORTS 8 THE RISE OF CHINA’S WOOD PRODUCTS INDUSTRY Tel: +44(0)20 7354 7960 Fax: +44(0)20 7354 7961 10 CHINA IMPORTS RUSSIA’S GREAT EASTERN FORESTS Email: [email protected] 10 THE WILD WILD FAR EAST 11 CHINA’S GLOBAL SOURCING Web: www.eia-international.org 10 IRREGULARITIES FROM FOREST TO FRONTIER 14 ECOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS 15 THE FLOOD OF LOGS ACROSS THE BORDER 17 LONGJIANG SHANGLIAN: BRIEFCASES OF CASH FOR FORESTS 18 A LANDSCAPE OF WAL-MART SUPPLIERS: INVESTIGATION CASE STUDIES 18 BABY CRIBS 18 DALIAN HUAFENG FURNITURE CO.
    [Show full text]
  • 0001465212.Pdf(1.32
    1 2 Geopolitics of the Russo-Korean Gas Pipeline Project and Energy Cooperation in Northeast Asia Printed 0D\ Published 0D\ Published by.RUHD,QVWLWXWHIRU1DWLRQDO8QLILFDWLRQ .,18 Publisher3UHVLGHQW.RUHD,QVWLWXWHIRU1DWLRQDO8QLILFDWLRQ Editor([WHUQDO&RRSHUDWLRQ7HDP'LYLVLRQRI3ODQQLQJDQG&RRUGLQDWLRQ Registration number1R $SULO AddressUR 6X\XGRQJ *DQJEXNJX6HRXO.RUHD Telephone Fax HomepageKWWSZZZNLQXRUNU Design/Print+\XQGDL$UWFRP ISBN &RS\ULJKW.RUHD,QVWLWXWHIRU1DWLRQDO8QLILFDWLRQ $OO.,18SXEOLFDWLRQVDUHDYDLODEOHIRUSXUFKDVHDWDOOPDMRUERRNVWRUHVLQ.RUHD $OVRDYDLODEOHDWWKH*RYHUQPHQW3ULQWLQJ2IILFH6DOHV&HQWHU 6WRUH 2IILFH The Geopolitics of Russo-Korean Gas Pipeline Project Geopolitics of the Russo- Korean Gas Pipeline Project and Energy Cooperation in Northeast Asia 7KHDQDO\VHVFRPPHQWVDQGRWKHURSLQLRQVFRQWDLQHGLQWKLVPRQRJUDSKDUHWKRVH RIWKHDXWKRUV DQGGRQRWQHFHVVDULO\UHSUHVHQWWKHYLHZVRIWKH.RUHD,QVWLWXWHIRU 1DWLRQDO8QLILFDWLRQ Geopolitics of the Russo- Korean Gas Pipeline Project and Energy Cooperation in Northeast Asia 1. Introduction ···················································································· 8 2. The Geopolitics of Competition and Conflict since the halt of the Russo-Korean Pipeline ························································· 16 A. Chinese proposal for Russo-Sino-Korean gas pipeline cooperation ·· 18 B. Likelihood of changes in Russia’s position ······························ 26 C. Expansion of the Japanese factor ············································ 32 D. Internal conflicts in South Korea and the
    [Show full text]
  • Catalogue of Exporters of Primorsky Krai № ITN/TIN Company Name Address OKVED Code Kind of Activity Country of Export 1 254308
    Catalogue of exporters of Primorsky krai № ITN/TIN Company name Address OKVED Code Kind of activity Country of export 690002, Primorsky KRAI, 1 2543082433 KOR GROUP LLC CITY VLADIVOSTOK, PR-T OKVED:51.38 Wholesale of other food products Vietnam OSTRYAKOVA 5G, OF. 94 690001, PRIMORSKY KRAI, 2 2536266550 LLC "SEIKO" VLADIVOSTOK, STR. OKVED:51.7 Other ratailing China TUNGUS, 17, K.1 690003, PRIMORSKY KRAI, VLADIVOSTOK, 3 2531010610 LLC "FORTUNA" OKVED: 46.9 Wholesale trade in specialized stores China STREET UPPERPORTOVA, 38- 101 690003, Primorsky Krai, Vladivostok, Other activities auxiliary related to 4 2540172745 TEK ALVADIS LLC OKVED: 52.29 Panama Verkhneportovaya street, 38, office transportation 301 p-303 p 690088, PRIMORSKY KRAI, Wholesale trade of cars and light 5 2537074970 AVTOTRADING LLC Vladivostok, Zhigura, 46 OKVED: 45.11.1 USA motor vehicles 9KV JOINT-STOCK COMPANY 690091, Primorsky KRAI, Processing and preserving of fish and 6 2504001293 HOLDING COMPANY " Vladivostok, Pologaya Street, 53, OKVED:15.2 China seafood DALMOREPRODUKT " office 308 JOINT-STOCK COMPANY 692760, Primorsky Krai, Non-scheduled air freight 7 2502018358 OKVED:62.20.2 Moldova "AVIALIFT VLADIVOSTOK" CITYARTEM, MKR-N ORBIT, 4 transport 690039, PRIMORSKY KRAI JOINT-STOCK COMPANY 8 2543127290 VLADIVOSTOK, 16A-19 KIROV OKVED:27.42 Aluminum production Japan "ANKUVER" STR. 692760, EDGE OF PRIMORSKY Activities of catering establishments KRAI, for other types of catering JOINT-STOCK COMPANY CITYARTEM, STR. VLADIMIR 9 2502040579 "AEROMAR-ДВ" SAIBEL, 41 OKVED:56.29 China Production of bread and pastry, cakes 690014, Primorsky Krai, and pastries short-term storage JOINT-STOCK COMPANY VLADIVOSTOK, STR. PEOPLE 10 2504001550 "VLADHLEB" AVENUE 29 OKVED:10.71 China JOINT-STOCK COMPANY " MINING- METALLURGICAL 692446, PRIMORSKY KRAI COMPLEX DALNEGORSK AVENUE 50 Mining and processing of lead-zinc 11 2505008358 " DALPOLIMETALL " SUMMER OCTOBER 93 OKVED:07.29.5 ore Republic of Korea 692183, PRIMORSKY KRAI KRAI, KRASNOARMEYSKIY DISTRICT, JOINT-STOCK COMPANY " P.
    [Show full text]
  • China Russia
    1 1 1 1 Acheng 3 Lesozavodsk 3 4 4 0 Didao Jixi 5 0 5 Shuangcheng Shangzhi Link? ou ? ? ? ? Hengshan ? 5 SEA OF 5 4 4 Yushu Wuchang OKHOTSK Dehui Mudanjiang Shulan Dalnegorsk Nongan Hailin Jiutai Jishu CHINA Kavalerovo Jilin Jiaohe Changchun RUSSIA Dunhua Uglekamensk HOKKAIDOO Panshi Huadian Tumen Partizansk Sapporo Hunchun Vladivostok Liaoyuan Chaoyang Longjing Yanji Nahodka Meihekou Helong Hunjiang Najin Badaojiang Tong Hua Hyesan Kanggye Aomori Kimchaek AOMORI ? ? 0 AKITA 0 4 DEMOCRATIC PEOPLE'S 4 REPUBLIC OF KOREA Akita Morioka IWATE SEA O F Pyongyang GULF OF KOREA JAPAN Nampo YAMAJGATAA PAN Yamagata MIYAGI Sendai Haeju Niigata Euijeongbu Chuncheon Bucheon Seoul NIIGATA Weonju Incheon Anyang ISIKAWA ChechonREPUBLIC OF HUKUSIMA Suweon KOREA TOTIGI Cheonan Chungju Toyama Cheongju Kanazawa GUNMA IBARAKI TOYAMA PACIFIC OCEAN Nagano Mito Andong Maebashi Daejeon Fukui NAGANO Kunsan Daegu Pohang HUKUI SAITAMA Taegu YAMANASI TOOKYOO YELLOW Ulsan Tottori GIFU Tokyo Matsue Gifu Kofu Chiba SEA TOTTORI Kawasaki KANAGAWA Kwangju Masan KYOOTO Yokohama Pusan SIMANE Nagoya KANAGAWA TIBA ? HYOOGO Kyoto SIGA SIZUOKA ? 5 Suncheon Chinhae 5 3 Otsu AITI 3 OKAYAMA Kobe Nara Shizuoka Yeosu HIROSIMA Okayama Tsu KAGAWA HYOOGO Hiroshima OOSAKA Osaka MIE YAMAGUTI OOSAKA Yamaguchi Takamatsu WAKAYAMA NARA JAPAN Tokushima Wakayama TOKUSIMA Matsuyama National Capital Fukuoka HUKUOKA WAKAYAMA Jeju EHIME Provincial Capital Cheju Oita Kochi SAGA KOOTI City, town EAST CHINA Saga OOITA Major Airport SEA NAGASAKI Kumamoto Roads Nagasaki KUMAMOTO Railroad Lake MIYAZAKI River, lake JAPAN KAGOSIMA Miyazaki International Boundary Provincial Boundary Kagoshima 0 12.5 25 50 75 100 Kilometers Miles 0 10 20 40 60 80 ? ? ? ? 0 5 0 5 3 3 4 4 1 1 1 1 The boundaries and names show n and t he designations us ed on this map do not imply of ficial endors ement or acceptance by the United N at ions.
    [Show full text]
  • Highland Gold Mining Limited
    HIGHLAND GOLD MINING LIMITED IMPORTANT NOTICE This document, comprising a draft admission document, is being distributed by W.H. Ireland Limited ("W.H. Ireland"), which is regulated by the Financial Services Authority, as nominated adviser to Highland Gold Mining Limited (the "Company") in connection with the proposed placing of Existing Ordinary Shares and New Ordinary Shares of the Company that are to be traded on the Alternative Investment Market of London Stock Exchange plc ("AIM”) and admission of the issued and to be issued Ordinary Shares of the Company to trading on AIM ("Admission”). The information in this document, which is in draft form and is incomplete, is subject to updating, completion, revision, further verification and amendment. In particular, this document refers to certain events as having occurred which have not yet occurred but are expected to occur prior to publication of the final admission document or any supplemental prospectus relating to the Company. Furthermore, no assurance is given by the Company or W.H. Ireland that any New Ordinary Shares in the Company will be issued, Existing Ordinary Shares sold or that Admission will take place. No representation is made by W.H. Ireland or the Company or any of their advisers, representatives, agents, officers, directors or employees as to, and no responsibility, warranty or liability is accepted for, the accuracy, reliability, reasonableness or completeness of the contents of this document. No responsibility is accepted by any of them for any errors, mis-statements in, or omissions from, this document, nor for any direct or consequential loss howsoever arising from any use of, or reliance on, this document or otherwise in connection with it.
    [Show full text]
  • Cretaceous Deposits and Flora of the Muravyov Amurskii Peninsula
    ISSN 08695938, Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation, 2015, Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 281–299. © Pleiades Publishing, Ltd., 2015. Original Russian Text © E.B. Volynets, 2015, published in Stratigrafiya. Geologicheskaya Korrelyatsiya, 2015, Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 50–68. Cretaceous Deposits and Flora of the MuravyovAmurskii Peninsula (Amur Bay, Sea of Japan) E. B. Volynets Institute of Biology and Soil Science, Far East Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. 100letiya Vladivostoka 159, Vladivostok, 690022 Russia email: [email protected] Received August 21, 2013; in final form, March 24, 2014 Abstract—The Cretaceous sections and plant macrofossils are investigated in detail near Vladivostok on the MuravyovAmurskii Peninsula of southern Primorye. It is established that the Ussuri and Lipovtsy forma tions in the reference section of the Markovskii Peninsula rest with unconformity upon Upper Triassic strata. The continuous Cretaceous succession is revealed in the Peschanka River area of the northern Muravyov Amurskii Peninsula, where plant remains were first sampled from the lower and upper parts of the Korkino Group, which are determined to be the late Albian–late Cenmanian in age. The taxonomic composition of floral assemblages from the Ussuri, Lipovtsy, and Galenki formations is widened owing to additional finds of plant remains. The Korkino Group received floral characteristics for the first time. The Cretaceous flora of the peninsula is represented by 126 taxa. It is established that ferns and conifers are dominant elements of the Ussuri floral assemblage, while the Lipovtsy Assemblage is dominated by ferns, conifers, and cycadphytes. In addition, the latter assemblage is characterized by the highest taxonomic diversity. The Galenki Assemblage is marked by the first appearance of rare flowering plants against the background of dominant ferns and coni fers.
    [Show full text]
  • The European Fortifications on the Coast of the Pacific Ocean
    Scientific Journal of Latvia University of Agriculture Landscape Architecture and Art, Volume 10, Number 10 The European fortifications on the coast of the Pacific Ocean Nikolay Kasyanov, Research Institute of Theory and History of Architecture and Urban Planning of the Russian Academy of Architecture and Construction Sciences, Moscow, Russia Abstract. In the Russian Empire during XIX and early XX centuries, fortresses were built and strengthened along the frontiers. We studied the architecture of the Far Eastern Russian cities-fortresses using as examples Nikolaevsk-on-Amur, Port Arthur (now Luishun) and mainly Vladivostok. Coastal fortresses significantly influenced the urban development of the Far Eastern cities. The architectural peculiarity of the fortress architecture at that period was associated with the transition from the brick and stone fortifications to the complex systems of monolithic reinforced concrete. In 1860, a military post with the expressive and geopolitically ambitious name "Vladivostok" ("Possess the East") was established. By the beginning of the XX century, Vladivostok became a rapidly growing city of the European culture and one of the most powerful marine fortresses in the world. The Vladivostok Fortress was an innovative project in early XX century and has distinctive features of the modern style (Art Nouveau), partly of the Russian and classical style in architecture, as well as an organic unity with the surrounding landscape. Plastic architectural masses with their non-linear shape are typical of the fortifications of Vladivostok. Vast and branching internal communication spaces link fort buildings, scattered on the surface and remote from each other. Huge, monumental forts located on the tops of mountains and fitted perfectly in the landscape are successful examples of landscape architecture.
    [Show full text]
  • Trans-Baykal (Rusya) Bölgesi'nin Coğrafyasi
    International Journal of Geography and Geography Education (IGGE) To Cite This Article: Can, R. R. (2021). Geography of the Trans-Baykal (Russia) region. International Journal of Geography and Geography Education (IGGE), 43, 365-385. Submitted: October 07, 2020 Revised: November 01, 2020 Accepted: November 16, 2020 GEOGRAPHY OF THE TRANS-BAYKAL (RUSSIA) REGION Trans-Baykal (Rusya) Bölgesi’nin Coğrafyası Reyhan Rafet CAN1 Öz Zabaykalskiy Kray (Bölge) olarak isimlendirilen saha adını Rus kâşiflerin ilk kez 1640’ta karşılaştıkları Daur halkından alır. Rusçada Zabaykalye, Balkal Gölü’nün doğusu anlamına gelir. Trans-Baykal Bölgesi, Sibirya'nın en güneydoğusunda, doğu Trans-Baykal'ın neredeyse tüm bölgesini işgal eder. Bölge şiddetli iklim koşulları; birçok mineral ve hammadde kaynağı; ormanların ve tarım arazilerinin varlığı ile karakterize edilir. Rusya Federasyonu'nun Uzakdoğu Federal Bölgesi’nin bir parçası olan on bir kurucu kuruluşu arasında bölge, alan açısından altıncı, nüfus açısından dördüncü, bölgesel ürün üretimi açısından (GRP) altıncı sıradadır. Bölge topraklarından geçen Trans-Sibirya Demiryolu yalnızca Uzak Doğu ile Rusya'nın batı bölgeleri arasında bir ulaşım bağlantısı değil, aynı zamanda Avrasya geçişini sağlayan küresel altyapının da bir parçasıdır. Bölgenin üretim yapısında sanayi, tarım ve ulaşım yüksek bir paya sahiptir. Bu çalışmada Trans-Baykal Bölgesi’nin fiziki, beşeri ve ekonomik coğrafya özellikleri ele alınmıştır. Trans-Baykal Bölgesinin coğrafi özelliklerinin yanı sıra, ekonomik ve kültürel yapısını incelenmiştir. Bu kapsamda konu ile ilgili kurumsal raporlardan ve alan araştırmalarından yararlanılmıştır. Bu çalışma sonucunda 350 yıldan beri Rus gelenek, kültür ve yaşam tarzının devam ettiği, farklı etnik grupların toplumsal birliği sağladığı, yer altı kaynaklarının bölge ekonomisi için yüzyıllardır olduğu gibi günümüzde de önem arz ettiği, coğrafyasının halkın yaşam şeklini belirdiği sonucuna varılmıştır.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 5. Project Environmental Impact 63 5.1
    E1188 TRANSLATION FROM RUSSIAN Preparation stage for the Project on Fire Management in High Conservation Value Forests of the Amur-Sikhote-Alin Ecoregion Grant GEF PPG TF051241 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized F I N A L R E P O R T Project on Fire Management in High Conservation Value Forests of the Amur- Sikhote-Alin Ecoregion Environmental Impact Assessment Public Disclosure Authorized EIA Leader D.Biol. B.A. Voronov Public Disclosure Authorized Khabarovsk – February 2005 2 Summary Report: 125 pages, figures 4, tables 12, references 70, supplements 2 AMUR-SIKHOTE-ALIN ECOREGION, HIGH CONSERVATION VALUE FORESTS, MODEL TERRITORIES, RESERVES, FOREST FIRE MANAGEMNT, CONSERVATION, BIODIVERSITY Analysis and assessment of Project on Fire Management in High Conservation Value Forests of the Amur-Sikhote-Alin Ecoregion Goals: assessment of Project environmental impact and contribution to the implementation of the program on forest fire prevention, elimination and control in the Amur-Sikhote-Alin ecoregion. Present-day situation, trends and opportunities for developing a fire prevention, elimination and control system were in the focus of attention. Existing data and materials have been studied to reveal forest fire impact on environment as well as Project environmental impact. Project under consideration is aimed at improving current fire management system and strengthening protection of ecoregion forests from degradation, which make it extremely socially and ecologically valuable and important. 3 List of Specialists Senior researcher, C.Biol.Sc. A.L. Antonov (Chapter 3) Senior researcher, D.Biol. B.A. Voronov (Introduction, Chapters 2,5,6) Senior researcher, C.Agr.Sc. A.K. Danilin (Chapter 4) Senior researcher, C.Biol.Sc.
    [Show full text]
  • Newell, J. 2004. the Russian Far East
    Industrial pollution in the Komsomolsky, Solnechny, and Amursky regions, and in the city of Khabarovsk and its Table 3.1 suburbs, is excessive. Atmospheric pollution has been increas- Protected areas in Khabarovsk Krai ing for decades, with large quantities of methyl mercaptan in Amursk, formaldehyde, sulfur dioxide, phenols, lead, and Type and name Size (ha) Raion Established benzopyrene in Khabarovsk and Komsomolsk-on-Amur, and Zapovedniks dust prevalent in Solnechny, Urgal, Chegdomyn, Komso- molsk-on-Amur, and Khabarovsk. Dzhugdzhursky 860,000 Ayano-Maysky 1990 Between 1990 and 1999, industries in Komsomolsky and Bureinsky 359,000 Verkhne-Bureinsky 1987 Amursky Raions were the worst polluters of the Amur River. Botchinsky 267,400 Sovetsko-Gavansky 1994 High concentrations of heavy metals, copper (38–49 mpc), Bolonsky 103,600 Amursky, Nanaisky 1997 KHABAROVSK zinc (22 mpc), and chloroprene (2 mpc) were found. Indus- trial and agricultural facilities that treat 40 percent or less of Komsomolsky 61,200 Komsomolsky 1963 their wastewater (some treat none) create a water defi cit for Bolshekhekhtsirsky 44,900 Khabarovsky 1963 people and industry, despite the seeming abundance of water. The problem is exacerbated because of: Federal Zakazniks Ⅲ Pollution and low water levels in smaller rivers, particular- Badzhalsky 275,000 Solnechny 1973 ly near industrial centers (e.g., Solnechny and the Silinka River, where heavy metal levels exceed 130 mpc). Oldzhikhansky 159,700 Poliny Osipenko 1969 Ⅲ A loss of soil fertility. Tumninsky 143,100 Vaninsky 1967 Ⅲ Fires and logging, which impair the forests. Udylsky 100,400 Ulchsky 1988 Ⅲ Intensive development and quarrying of mineral resourc- Khekhtsirsky 56,000 Khabarovsky 1959 es, primarily construction materials.
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix 6.2: Responses to Transboundary Environmental Challenges Within the Europe and Central Asia Region (Chapter 6, Section 6.3.3)
    IPBES Regional Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services Appendix 6.2 for Europe and Central Asia Appendix 6.2: Responses to transboundary environmental challenges within the Europe and Central Asia region (Chapter 6, Section 6.3.3) Table 6.2.1 shows a number of bilateral agreements between Mongolia, Russia and China related to water management and nature conservation relevant to transboundary Amur River basin. Table 6.2.1: Bilateral water and nature conservation agreements between Mongolia, Russia and China Title Description Sino-Soviet Agreement on Agreement between the USSR and China on joint research operations on 1956 development of “Grand planning and survey operations to prepare a scheme for the multi- Amur Scheme” purpose exploitation of the Argun River and the Upper Amur River. Sino-Russian Agreement Bilateral overview of developments planned by the water and energy 1986 on development of “Joint authorities of China and Russia led by the Song-Liao Water Resource Comprehensive Scheme Commission of China and Sovintervod Hydro-engineering Institute of for Water Management on USSR Water Resources Ministry. Amur and Argun Rivers” Mongolia-China – 1994 Agreement on Use and Agreement on the protection and utilization of transboundary waters Protection of including aquatic biota Transboundary Waters Russia-China Agreement Protects 25 fishes, two crustaceans, one turtle, one mollusk, three 1994 on protection of aquatic aquatic plants. Regulates size limits for fish, net mesh sizes and lengths, bio-resources in seasonal fishing bans, closure of waters to fishing, and permitted fishing transboundary Amur- and gear. Does not cover Argun river and Khanka Lake. Ussuri Rivers Agreement on Dauria Trilateral agreement was signed by China, Mongolia, and Russia to 1994 International Protected establish Dauria International Protected Area (DIPA) to protect globally Area important grasslands in the headwaters of the Amur-Heilong basin.
    [Show full text]
  • DRAINAGE BASINS of the SEA of OKHOTSK and SEA of JAPAN Chapter 2
    60 DRAINAGE BASINS OF THE SEA OF OKHOTSK AND SEA OF JAPAN Chapter 2 SEA OF OKHOTSK AND SEA OF JAPAN 61 62 AMUR RIVER BASIN 66 LAKE XINGKAI/KHANKA 66 TUMEN RIVER BASIN Chapter 2 62 SEA OF OKHOTSK AND SEA OF JAPAN This chapter deals with major transboundary rivers discharging into the Sea of Okhotsk and the Sea of Japan and their major transboundary tributaries. It also includes lakes located within the basins of these seas. TRANSBOUNDARY WATERS IN THE BASINS OF THE SEA OF OKHOTSK AND THE SEA OF JAPAN1 Basin/sub-basin(s) Total area (km2) Recipient Riparian countries Lakes in the basin Amur 1,855,000 Sea of Okhotsk CN, MN, RU … - Argun 164,000 Amur CN, RU … - Ussuri 193,000 Amur CN, RU Lake Khanka Sujfun 18,300 Sea of Japan CN, RU … Tumen 33,800 Sea of Japan CN, KP, RU … 1 The assessment of water bodies in italics was not included in the present publication. 1 AMUR RIVER BASIN o 55 110o 120o 130o 140o SEA OF Zeya OKHOTSK R U S S I A N Reservoir F E mur D un A E mg Z A e R Ulan Ude Chita y ilka a A a Sh r od T u Ing m n A u I Onon g ya r re A Bu O n e N N Khabarovsk Ulaanbaatar Qiqihar i MONGOLIA a r u u gh s n s o U CHIN A S Lake Khanka N Harbin 45o Sapporo A Suj fu Jilin n Changchun SEA O F P n e JA PA N m Vladivostok A Tu Kilometres Shenyang 0 200 400 600 The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map Ch’ongjin J do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations.
    [Show full text]