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Chapter 2 Drainage Basins of the Sea of Okhotsk and Sea of Japan 99 CHAPTER 2 DRAINAGE BASINS OF THE SEA OF OKHOTSK AND SEA OF JAPAN This chapter deals with the assessment of transboundary rivers, lakes and groundwaters, as well as selected Ramsar Sites and other wetlands of transboundary importance, which are located in the basins of the Sea of Okhotsk and the Sea of Japan. Assessed transboundary waters in the drainage basins of the Sea of Okhotsk and the Sea of Japan Transboundary groundwaters Ramsar Sites/wetlands of Basin/sub-basin(s) Recipient Riparian countries Lakes in the basin within the basin transboundary importance Amur Sea of Okhotsk CN, MN, RU Middle Heilongjian-Amur River Basin (CN, RU) - Argun/Hailaer Amur CN, RU Daurian Wetlands: (CN, MN, RU) - Ussuri/Wusuli Amur CN, RU Lake Khanka/ Xingkai Lake National Nature Xingkai Reserve — Lake Khanka: (CN, RU) Sujfun/Razdolnaya Sea of Japan CN, RU Tumen/Tumannaya Sea of Japan CN, KP, RU Note: Transboundary groundwaters in italics are not assessed in the present publication. Long-term mean annual flow (km³) of rivers discharging to the Sea of lakes in the basin; among them the transboundary Lake Xing- Okhotsk and the Sea of Japan kai/Khanka (in the sub-basin of the Ussuri/Wusuli River) and River, Station, Buirnuur/Beier (in the sub-basin of Argun/Hailaer River). In Time series the Russian part of the Amur Basin, lakes and reservoirs make Amur, Bogorodskoye, up some 0.6% of the area. 1962-1987 323.392 Basin of the Amur River Tumen, mouth, 1934-2000 10.15 Country Area in the country (km2) Country’s share (%) China 902 300 43 Ussuri, Kirovsky, 7.01 1965-1984 Mongolia 195 263 9 Russian Federation 1 003 000 48 Sujfun/Razdolnaya, 2.26 1936-2009 Total 2 100 563 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 Note: The share of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea of the basin in the Lake Tianchi watershed at the Source: GRDC, Koblenz. km3 source of the Sungari/Songhua is extremely small (0.005%). Sources: Chinese Academy of Engineering (2007); Statistical Yearbook of Mongolia 2010 (preliminary), Office of National Statistics, Mongolia. AMUR RIVER BASIN1 Hydrology and hydrogeology The 2,824-km long Amur River is taken to begin at the con- Surface water resources in the Amur Basin at the level of fluence of the Argun/Hailaer and Shilka rivers. For most of its Khabarovsk are estimated at 253 km3/year (average for the length it forms the border between China and the Russian Fed- years from 1963 to 2005). Depending on the year, the Russian eration. Mongolia’s share of the basin is comparatively small. Federation estimates 25 to 42% of this amount to flow from outside its territory. The most important transboundary tributaries of the Amur are the Argun/Hailaer and the Ussuri/Wusuli. The Sungari/ Groundwaters are in alluvial aquifers connected to the river Songhua River, which flows entirely on China’s territory, is which forms the State border; there is consequently little trans- the biggest tributary of the Amur. There are more than 61,000 boundary flow. 1 Based on information provided by the Russian Federation and the First Assessment. 100 | PART IV 55o 140o R SEA OF U S Zeya OKHOTSK S I A Reservoir N F E D E R A T I O N A m un u g Ulan-Ude Chita r ilka m Sh A ur 1 m da o ya A g n e In u a o Onon g Z y 110 r re A Bu 1 n e Ulaanbaatar N 2 4 Khabarovsk MONGOLIA Qiqihar i a r Ramsar Sites u u h s g s 1 Daurian Wetlands n C H I N A o U 2 Xingkai Lake/Lake Khanka S Lake Khanka 3 N Harbin 45o 2 A Sapporo Su Changchun jf SEA OF Jilin u n P en 5 JAPAN m Vladivostok u T Kilometres A o 120 Shenyang 0 200 400 600 The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map Ch’ongjin J do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. Fushun KP130o UNEP/DEWA/GRID-Geneva 2011 DISCHARGES, POPUlatioN AND laND coVER IN THE AMUR RIVER BASIN 100000 10000 80 1% Qav Qav Country information/other 70.0 1% 10000 1000Qmax 5780 Qmax 70 2% 25500 21000 Qmin Qmin 8360 60 (logarithmic scale) 4440 4360 1000 (logarithmic scale) 100 ) ) -1 71 20% 19% 1344 s -1 3 s 50 3 100 361 10 217 204 90 40 ge (m 10 ge (m 1 0.25 30 2 57% Dischar Dischar 1 opulation (in millions) ) ) 0.1 P a o 20 un ov mur) mur) rg ovsk ovsk (A (A (A (Ussuri (Sujfun) ehovk 10 r ashk 1 Olocha 3 Kir 3.8 Cultivated Te 2 P 0.0 5 0 4 Khabar Forest Grassland/Shrubland China Mongolia ederation Surface with little or no vegetation Water bodies Urban/Industrial areas (<1%) Sources: UNEP/DEWA/GRID-Europe 2011; Chinese Academy of Engineering, 2007; Office of National Statistics, Mongolia, 2010. Russian F Others Wetlands (<1%) Note: Population in the Mongolian part of the Basin is approximately 10,000. Pressures and status along the river in particular has negatively affected water qual- In China part of the main pressures on the basin are from agricul- ity, with pollution by oil products and their derivatives, phenols, ture (affecting both quality and quantity), industrial pollution, pesticides and herbicides; industrial accidents have added to this. flow regulation by hydropower dams, mining, sewage and waste management in cities, wetland degradation and water withdraw- Responses als in dryer western part of the basin. Pressures are most devel- Management measures related to riverbed stabilization, limiting oped in the Sungari/Songhua sub-basin.2 erosion, restriction of activities in water protection zones, as well as wastewater and storm water treatment, have been identified in the The pollution load from the Argun/Hailaer, Sungari/Songhua Russian Federation as key in achieving good status of waters in the and Ussuri/Wusuli impacts on the status of the Amur the most. Amur Basin. River bank protections are being built on the Amur in 2011 in the town Blagoveshchensk. The waters of the Sungari/Songhua River are the most significant sources of pollution in the middle part of the Amur basin, and In the Russian area of the Amur Basin, there are 651 protected areas water quality has continued to deteriorate. Chemical production — including ones for water protection purposes — with a total area 2 Source: On Some Strategic Questions in water and land resource allocation, environment and sustainable development in North East China. Summary Report. Shen Guo Fang, et al. (eds) Chinese Academy of Engineering. Chinese Academy of Engineering Publishing, Beijing.), 2007. Volume: Water Resources pp 7-8. CHAPTER 2 DRAINAGE BASINS OF THE SEA OF OKHOTSK AND SEA OF JAPAN | 101 Total water withdrawal and withdrawals by sector in the Amur Basin Total withdrawal Country Year ×106 m3/year Agricultural % Domestic % Industry % Energy % Other % China 2003 35 500 69 10 21 a - 2030 53 180 74b 9 17 a - Russian Federation 2010 1 179 21.6 26.8 46.3 38.6a 5.3 a Included in industry. b Expected increase in water for agriculture in China partly related to plans to convert much of upland cropland into irrigated paddy-fields. Note: The share of groundwater of the total water use in the Russian Federation’s part of the basin is about 37%. Source (information on China): Chinese Academy of Engineering. On Some Strategic Questions in water and land resource allocation, environment and sustainable development in North East China. Summary Report. Shen Guo Fang, et al. (eds) Chinese Academy of Engineering. Chinese Academy of Engineering Publishing, Beijing.), 2007. Volume: Water Resources pp 7-8. of 117,224 km2 (11.7% of the Russian area of the basin). In Mon- villages of Molokanka and Kuti. golia protected areas occupy 24,560 km2 and in China 142,630 km2 (about 13% and 16% of the Mongolian and Chinese areas of the Sub-basin of the Argun/Hailaer River basin, respectively).3 Country Area in the country (km2) Country’s share (%) China 164 304 69 Since 2005, when a major accidental spill in the upper Sungari/ Songhua River4 draw attention to pressing problems, China has Russian Federation 49 100 21 implemented a comprehensive programme to reduce industrial and Mongolia 23 443 10 municipal pollution, with considerable investment from central and Total 236 847 local governments. However, up to 2005, a significant share of water Sources: On Some Strategic Questions in water and land resource allocation, environment and sustainable pollution in the Sungari/Songhua came from non-point sources.5 development in North East China. Summary Report. Shen Guo Fang, et al. (eds) Chinese Academy of Engineering, Chinese Academy of Engineering Publishing, Beijing. 2007 Volume: Water Resources pp 7-8; Statistical Yearbook of Mongolia 2010 (preliminary), Office of National Statistics, Mongolia. A Chinese-Russian joint commission operates on the basis of the 2008 Agreement between the countries concerning rational use and protection of transboundary waters. In 2008, a canal was built in China for transferring some 1.05 km3/year from the river into Dalai/Hulun Lake (see box on the Trends Daurian wetlands for details on pressures). Improvement of the ecological and chemical status of the river depends heavily on pollution control in China. Status and responses Compared with the mid-1990s, deterioration of water quality in the Russian Federation downstream from the border with 6 China is demonstrated by increased concentrations of copper, ARGUN/HAILAER SUB-BASIN zinc, phenols and oil products in the river.
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