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Amur-Heilong River Basin Reader Download: 15 Mb | *.PDF Ecosystems Ltd. Wetlands at confluence of Gorin and Amur-Heilong Rivers © WWF-Russia / Y. Darman Amur-Heilong River Basin Reader Edited by Eugene A. Simonov and Thomas D. Dahmer February 2008 Copyright © 2008 by WWF, Copyright © 2008 by Ecosystems Ltd., Copyright © 2008 by Eugene A. Simonov, Thomas D. Dahmer Maps Copyright © : Evgeny Egidarev, Andrey Purekhovsky, Eugene Simonov, WWF-Russia Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorized without prior written permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged. Recommended citation: Simonov, E. A. and T. D. Dahmer, editors. 2008. Amur-Heilong River Basin Reader. Ecosystems Ltd., Hong Kong. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication data. Amur-Heilong River Basin Reader / edited by Eugene A. Simonov and Thomas D. Dahmer includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-988-17227-1-3 1. Amur River 2. Heilongjiang / Heilong River 3. River basin management 4. Biodiversity conservation 5. Natural resource conservation Printed on recycled, acid-free paper Design by Kathy Harestad, Selah, Washington, USA, www.kathyart.com Manufactured in Hong Kong by Power Digital Printing Co. Ltd. ii — Amur-Heilong River Basin Reader Contents Preface ............................................................................................................................................................................................... v Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................................................................................vii Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................................... xi Part One: Natural Setting of the Amur-Heilong River Basin Chapter 1 General Description ..............................................................................................................................................3 Chapter 2 Climate and Weather .........................................................................................................................................11 Chapter 3 Hydrology ..............................................................................................................................................................19 Chapter 4 Soils ...........................................................................................................................................................................31 Chapter 5 Biodiversity and biogeographic zones .......................................................................................................32 Chapter 6 Boreal Zone Ecoregions ....................................................................................................................................41 Chapter 7 Temperate Zone Forest Ecoregions ............................................................................................................48 Chapter 8 Global Daurian Steppe .....................................................................................................................................58 Chapter 9 Global 200 Russian Far East Rivers and Wetlands Ecoregion ..............................................................64 Part Two: Socio-Economics and Natural Resources Chapter 10 Land Resources and Land Use Patterns ......................................................................................................75 Chapter 11 Socio-Economic Conditions in the Southern Russian Far East ...........................................................80 Chapter 12 Socio-Economic Conditions in Northeast China .................................................................................. 108 Chapter 13 Socio-Economic Conditions in Eastern Mongolia ............................................................................... 132 Chapter 14 Trade, International Investment and Tourism ....................................................................................... 146 Chapter 15 Case Study: Russia-China Cooperation in Forestry ............................................................................. 152 Chapter 16 Case Study: China-Russia Cooperation in Energy ................................................................................ 160 Chapter 17 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................................... 168 Amur-Heilong River Basin Reader — iii Part Three: Threats to Biodiversity Chapter 18 This Review and Previous Threats Analyses ........................................................................................... 173 Chapter 19 Water use and Water Infrastructure .......................................................................................................... 178 Chapter 20 Water Pollution ................................................................................................................................................. 212 Chapter 21 Transport Infrastructure ................................................................................................................................ 237 Chapter 22 Conversion of Wildlands to Farmlands .................................................................................................... 246 Chapter 23 Logging and Fires ............................................................................................................................................ 255 Chapter 24 Global Climate Change .................................................................................................................................. 267 Chapter 25 Exploitation and Trade in Biological Resources .................................................................................... 270 Chapter 26 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................................... 278 Part Four: Options for the Future Chapter 27 Essay Number One: Future economic development and nature conservation in the transboundary ecoregion .......................................................................................................... 283 Chapter 28 Essay Number Two: International Nature Conservation and River Basin Management ........ 295 Chapter 29 Essay Number Three: Amur-Heilong River Pollution: A Downstream Perspective for Understanding and Managing Environmental Risks ............................................................. 320 Chapter 30 Essay Number Four: An Ecological Network Approach to Biodiversity Conservation ........... 328 Chapter 31 Case Study Number One: Hinggan Gorge International Conservation Area – High potential yet to be realized ......................................................................................................... 368 Chapter 32 Case Study Number Two: Dauria International Protected Area (DIPA) ........................................ 376 Appendices Appendix One: Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................................. 383 Appendix Two: References ................................................................................................................................................... 385 Appendix Three: Glossary ..................................................................................................................................................... 398 Appendix Four: Map References ........................................................................................................................................ 409 Appendix Five: Administrative Jurisdictions .................................................................................................................. 418 iv — Amur-Heilong River Basin Reader Preface By Yury Darman It is strange that the Amur-Heilong River is still unknown to the modern world, being one of the ten largest rivers on Earth. Even its name conveys mystique and legend from historic times. European world maps use the name Amur, whereas China uses the name Heilongjiang, or “Black Dragon River”, for the same river. Russians believe the name “Black Dragon” has negative connotation related to its often unpredictable tendency to flood, but for Chinese the Black Dragon is an important and positive symbol, a “good critter”! In Russia, the name “Amur” is used only downstream from the confluence of the Shilka and Argun Rivers, after these main tributaries have covered about ¼ of the overall river length. From this confluence the Amur flows under its controversial name and unimpeded by dams several thousand kilometers to the Tatar Strait. Each of these two main tributary rivers has its own mystery. The northern source of the Amur, the Shilka River, starts from Sokhondo Ridge on the Great Con- tinental Divide. From this one ridge, the rivers flow either northward to the Arctic Ocean through Lake Baikal, or eastward to the Sea of Japan. While the southern source, the Argun River, collects its flows from endless steppe of Chingis Han’s (Genghis Khan) motherland. In fact, the Amur is the only river in Siberia which runs not from south to north, but from west to east. Thus it forms the natural border between the severe boreal taiga and broadleaf temperate forests. Moreover,
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