DOCSLIB.ORG

Handbook for Integrated Water Resources Management in Transboundary Basins of Rivers, Lakes and Aquifers

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Handbook for Integrated Water Resources Management in Transboundary Basins of Rivers, Lakes and Aquifers THE HANDBOOK FOR INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT IN TRANSBOUNDARY BASINS OF RIVERS, LAKES AND AQUIFERS March 2012 GWP / INBO The drafting of this handbook was coordinated by The French Development Agency gave advice, did Christophe Brachet and Daniel Valensuela of the proofreading and financed the translation and International Office for Water (Permanent publication of this handbook. Technical Secretariat of the International Network of Basin Organizations) in partnership with The English translation was provided by Gisèle Patricia Wouters (GWP Technical Committee and Sine (IOWater/INBO). Dundee UNESCO-HELP Centre), Nataliya NIKIFOROVA (UNECE), Jose Luis Martin Bordes, The handbook can be downloaded from the Alice Aureli, Raya Marina Stephan, Neno Kukuric following websites: (UNESCO), Ivan Zavadsky (GEF) and Elisa Vargas Amelin (EVREN). www.inbo-news.org www.gwp.org The case studies were collected through INBO www.iowater.org and GWP networks, and from examples provided by the partners. Published in 2012. Traduction : Gisèle Sine. Mise en page et design : Scriptoria, FGgraphic/Franck Guihard. ISBN : 978-91-85321-85-8 (March 2012). THE HANDBOOK FOR INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT IN TRANSBOUNDARY BASINS OF RIVERS, LAKES AND AQUIFERS www. inbo-news .org | www. gwp .org TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................6 ACRONYMS ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................7-8 1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................9 1.1 Context .................................................................................................................................................................................................................9 1.2 How to use this Handbook .................................................................................................................................................................9 1.3 Key concepts and definitions ........................................................................................................................................................10 2 Establishing transboundary cooperation for water resources management .................................................15 2.1 Interstate Political Will ........................................................................................................................................................................15 2.2 International Water Law - Conventions ................................................................................................................................22 2.3 International Water Law – How it works .............................................................................................................................28 2.4 Legal agreements as foundations for transboundary water resource management .....................30 3 Governance of transboundary River Basin Organizations ...............................................................................................39 3.1. Types of organizations ........................................................................................................................................................................39 3.2. Types of functions of transboundary basin organizations ...................................................................................44 3.3 Operation of transboundary basin organizations .........................................................................................................46 4 Information Systems and transboundary monitoring ..........................................................................................................51 4.1 Stakes related to information systems .................................................................................................................................51 4.2 Methodology for implementation of information systems ..................................................................................52 4.3 Some types of transboundary information systems .................................................................................................57 4.4 Flood warning systems ......................................................................................................................................................................61 4.5 Performance Indicators .....................................................................................................................................................................63 5 Integrated management of transboundary aquifers ..............................................................................................................67 5.1 Joint management of surface and ground waters ......................................................................................................67 5.2 UN Resolution on Transboundary Aquifer Management .......................................................................................69 5.3 Application of the UNECE Water Convention to groundwaters ........................................................................70 6 Stakeholders’ participation at transboundary level ..............................................................................................................73 6.1 Identification and representativeness of stakeholders ............................................................................................73 6.2 Participation at transboundary level .......................................................................................................................................75 6.3 Public consultations ..............................................................................................................................................................................77 7 Strategy and planning in transboundary basins .......................................................................................................................79 7.1 Transboundary diagnostic analysis ..........................................................................................................................................79 7.2 Transboundary planning tools ......................................................................................................................................................81 7.3 Transboundary master plan ............................................................................................................................................................83 7.4 Planning of investments ....................................................................................................................................................................85 7.5 Implementation and follow-up .....................................................................................................................................................86 7.6 Climate change and water-related risks ...............................................................................................................................86 8 Financing of transboundary basin organizations .....................................................................................................................89 8.1 Various systems for financing transboundary basin organizations .............................................................90 8.2 Contribution from the Member States to the basin organization ...................................................................91 8.3 Access to regional community funds ....................................................................................................................................92 8.4 Tax of the “user-polluter / pays” kind ....................................................................................................................................93 8.5 Payment for project management performed by the transboundary basin organization ..................94 8.6 Payment for services provided ....................................................................................................................................................95 9 Transboundary challenges ............................................................................................................................................................................97 9.1 Inland navigation .....................................................................................................................................................................................97 9.2 Transboundary hydraulic infrastructures ............................................................................................................................99 9.3 Ecosystems, climate change and green infrastructure ........................................................................................102 10 Capacity Building and Development ................................................................................................................................................107
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Chapter 3 Transboundary River Basins Indicator Assessment © USDA/Flickr
    TRANSBOUNDARY RIVER BASINS INDICATOR ASSESSMENT Chapter 3 Transboundary River Basins Indicator Assessment © USDA/flickr 23 TRANSBOUNDARY RIVER BASINS: STATUS AND TRENDS Chapter 3.1 Socioeconomics Lead Authors Alex de Sherbinin (Center for International Earth Science Information Network, Columbia University). Contributing Authors Valentina Mara, Malanding Jaiteh, Marc Levy (Center for International Earth Science Information Network, Columbia University). Chapter Citation: de Sherbinin, A., Mara, V., Jaiteh, M., Levy, M. (2016). Chapter 3.1: Socioeconomics. In UNEP-DHI and UNEP (2016). Transboundary River Basins: Status and Trends. United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi, pp. 25–46. Chapter 3.2 Water Quantity Lead Authors Martina Flörke, Christof Schneider (Center for Environmental Systems Research, University of Kassel); Pamela Green, Charles Vörösmarty (Environmental CrossRoads Initiative, City University of New York) Chapter Citation: Flörke, M., Green, P., Schneider, C., Vörösmarty, C. (2016). Chapter 3.2: Water Quantity. In UNEP-DHI and UNEP (2016). Transboundary River Basins: Status and Trends. United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi, pp. 47–72. Chapter 3.3 Water Quality Lead Authors Sybil Seitzinger (International Geosphere Biosphere Programme); Emilio Mayorga (University of Washington); Maija Bertule (UNEP-DHI). Contributing Authors Carolien Kroeze (Wageningen UR); Paul Glennie (UNEP-DHI). Chapter Citation: Seitzinger, S., Bertule, M., Mayorga, E., Kroeze, C., Glennie, P. (2016). Chapter 3.3: Water Quality. In UNEP-DHI and UNEP (2016). Transboundary River Basins: Status and Trends. United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi, pp. 73–86. Chapter 3.4 Ecosystems Lead Authors Pamela Green, Charles Vörösmarty (Environmental CrossRoads Initiative, City University of New York); Kevin Smith, Stefano Barchiesi (IUCN). Contributing Authors David Allen, James Dalton, William Darwall, (IUCN); Irina Dopson (City University of New York) Chapter Citation: Green, P., Smith, K., Barchiesi, S., Vörösmarty, C., Darwall, W., Allen, D., Dalton, J., Dopson, I.
    [Show full text]
  • Troubled Waters: Climate Change, Hydropolitics, And
    Troubled Waters Climate Change, Hydropolitics, and Transboundary Resources David Michel Amit Pandya Editors Copyright © 2009 The Henry L. Stimson Center ISBN: 978-0-9821935-2-5 Cover photos: Les Penuries D’eau Pourraient Tripler Avec le Rechauffement, India © 2006 STRDEL/AFP/Getty Images; 2007-BG-Noorani-0505, Bangladesh, River Bleeds Black Series © 2007 Shehzad Noorani Cover design by Free Range Studios Book design/layout by Nita Congress All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior written consent from The Henry L. Stimson Center. The Henry L. Stimson Center 1111 19th Street, NW, 12th Floor Washington, DC 20036 Telephone: 202.223.5956 Fax: 202.238.9604 www.stimson.org Contents Preface ..................................................................................................................................v Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................. vii Introduction ........................................................................................................................ ix Climate Change and Water: Examining the Interlinkages ...................................................1 Jayashree Vivekanandan and Sreeja Nair Perspectives from the Regions South Asian Perspectives on Climate Change and Water Policy .......................................17 Ashok Jaitly Climate Insecurity in Southeast Asia: Designing Policies to Reduce Vulnerabilities .......33 Khairulmaini
    [Show full text]
  • Memorial for the European Union
    Memorial on Behalf of the European Union (EU) INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE REQUEST FOR AN ADVISORY OPINION CONCERNING FRESHWATER RIGHTS UNDER INTERNATIONAL LAW IN RELATION TO THE POTENTIAL LEGAL PERSONALITY OF RIVERS AND THE CLIMATE CRISIS MEMORIAL FOR THE EUROPEAN UNION THE 1st WCEL INTERNATIONAL WATER JUSTICE MOOT COURT AT THE CONFERENCE OF JUDGES AND PROSECUTORS ON WATER JUSTICE DURING THE 8th WORLD WATER FORUM IN BRASÍLIA, BRAZIL MARCH 2018 AGENT FOR THE EUROPEAN UNION: MATIJA KAJIĆ, LL.M, UTRECHT UNIVERSITY ADVISOR: ANOESKA BUIJZE 1st WCEL International Water Justice Moot Court – 8th World Water Forum – Brasília The agents and organizations in this moot court are participating for educational purposes only and have no actual attorney client relationship. 1 Memorial on Behalf of the European Union (EU) ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Anoeska Buijze, Assistant Professor of Administrative Law at Utrecht University, the Netherlands. Hendrik Schoukens, Post-Doc staff member at the University of Ghent, assisting with the courses ‘Moot Court Public International Law’ and ‘Diplomatic Law’. Work of researchers at the Utrecht Centre for Water, Oceans and Sustainability Law. Work of researchers at RENFORCE (the Utrecht Centre for Regulation and Enforcement in Europe). 1st WCEL International Water Justice Moot Court – 8th World Water Forum – Brasília The agents and organizations in this moot court are participating for educational purposes only and have no actual attorney client relationship. 2 Memorial on Behalf of the European Union (EU) I. TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS 3 INDEX OF AUTHORITIES 4 II. STATEMENT OF JURISDICTION 7 III. PROBLEM PRESENTED 8 IV. IN CONTEXT: EUROPEAN UNION 10 V.
    [Show full text]
  • Climate Change Implications on Transboundary Water Management
    Master thesis in Sustainable Development 281 Examensarbete i Hållbar utveckling Climate change implications on transboundary water management in the Jordan River Basin: A Case Study of the Jordan River Basin and the transboundary agreements between riparians Israel, Palestine and Jordan Maisa Young DEPARTMENT OF EARTH SCIENCES INSTITUTIONEN FÖR GEOVETENSKAPER Master thesis in Sustainable Development 281 Examensarbete i Hållbar utveckling Climate change implications on transboundary water management in the Jordan River Basin: A Case Study of the Jordan River Basin and the transboundary agreements between riparians Israel, Palestine and Jordan Maisa Young Supervisor: Ashok Swain Evaluator: Neil Powell Copyright © Maisa Young and the Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University Published at Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University (www.geo.uu.se), Uppsala, 2015 Content 1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Climate change and water scarcity ................................................................................................................ 1 1.1.1. Transboundary Water Management ............................................................................................................ 2 1.1.2. The Middle East .......................................................................................................................................... 2 1.1.3. The Jordan River Basin ..............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Transboundary Water Conflict Resolution Mechanisms
    water Review Transboundary Water Conflict Resolution Mechanisms: Substitutes or Complements Ahmed Tayia Centre for Environmental Policy (CEP), Imperial College London, London SW7 1NE, UK; [email protected]; Tel.: +44-7493095757 Received: 21 May 2019; Accepted: 21 June 2019; Published: 28 June 2019 Abstract: This paper examines the transboundary water resources conflict resolution mechanisms. Various academic fields have provided conflict resolution mechanisms that could be used to analyse transboundary water conflicts. These mechanisms include social planner, water market, game theory, static and dynamic systems engineering models, and negotiation analyses. These mechanisms share some common characteristic features. This similarity has led to a general belief that these mechanisms are competitive substitutes. However, closer examination by this research reveals that these mechanisms have more complementarity than similarity. This complementarity permits researchers and practitioners to combine any two or more of them to develop more comprehensive mechanisms with stronger analytical capacity to analyse the different elements of the process of transboundary water conflict resolution. Keywords: transboundary water conflict resolution mechanism; hydro-diplomacy; systems engineering models; social planner; water market; game theory; hydropolitics and critical hydropolitics; hydro-hegemony; Transboundary Waters Interaction Nexus (TWINS); Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR); virtual water 1. Introduction Management of Transboundary water resources is expected be one of the biggest challenges facing human development over the next decades [1]. In general, transboundary water resources can describe water shared across political, economic, or social boundaries [2]. Shared water resources have been always a potential source of competition. The English language, as well as many other Latin-rooted languages, reflects this historical relation between shared rivers and competition, as it uses the word “rival” to refer to a competitor against others.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Testimony Before the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review
    Date of the hearing: January 26, 2012. Title of the hearing: China’s Global Quest for Resources and Implications for the United States Name of panelist: Brahma Chellaney Panelist’s title and organization: Professor of Strategic Studies, Center for Policy Research, New Delhi. Testimony before the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission China has pursued an aggressive strategy to secure (and even lock up) supplies of strategic resources like water, energy and mineral ores. Gaining access to or control of resources has been a key driver of its foreign and domestic policies. China, with the world’s most resource-hungry economy, is pursuing the world’s most-assertive policies to gain control of important resources. Much of the international attention on China’s resource strategy has focused on its scramble to secure supplies of hydrocarbons and mineral ores. Such attention is justified by the fact that China is seeking to conserve its own mineral resources and rely on imports. For example, China, a major steel consumer, has substantial reserves of iron ore, yet it has banned exports of this commodity. It actually encourages its own steel producers to import iron ore. China, in fact, has emerged as the largest importer of iron ore, accounting for a third of all global imports. India, in contrast, remains a major exporter of iron ore to China, although the latter has iron-ore deposits more than two-and-half times that of India. But while buying up mineral resources in foreign lands, China now supplies, according to one estimate, about 95 per cent of the world’s consumption of rare earths — a precious group of minerals vital to high- technology industry, such as miniaturized electronics, computer disk drives, display screens, missile guidance, pollution-control catalysts, and advanced materials.
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix 6.2: Responses to Transboundary Environmental Challenges Within the Europe and Central Asia Region (Chapter 6, Section 6.3.3)
    IPBES Regional Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services Appendix 6.2 for Europe and Central Asia Appendix 6.2: Responses to transboundary environmental challenges within the Europe and Central Asia region (Chapter 6, Section 6.3.3) Table 6.2.1 shows a number of bilateral agreements between Mongolia, Russia and China related to water management and nature conservation relevant to transboundary Amur River basin. Table 6.2.1: Bilateral water and nature conservation agreements between Mongolia, Russia and China Title Description Sino-Soviet Agreement on Agreement between the USSR and China on joint research operations on 1956 development of “Grand planning and survey operations to prepare a scheme for the multi- Amur Scheme” purpose exploitation of the Argun River and the Upper Amur River. Sino-Russian Agreement Bilateral overview of developments planned by the water and energy 1986 on development of “Joint authorities of China and Russia led by the Song-Liao Water Resource Comprehensive Scheme Commission of China and Sovintervod Hydro-engineering Institute of for Water Management on USSR Water Resources Ministry. Amur and Argun Rivers” Mongolia-China – 1994 Agreement on Use and Agreement on the protection and utilization of transboundary waters Protection of including aquatic biota Transboundary Waters Russia-China Agreement Protects 25 fishes, two crustaceans, one turtle, one mollusk, three 1994 on protection of aquatic aquatic plants. Regulates size limits for fish, net mesh sizes and lengths, bio-resources in seasonal fishing bans, closure of waters to fishing, and permitted fishing transboundary Amur- and gear. Does not cover Argun river and Khanka Lake. Ussuri Rivers Agreement on Dauria Trilateral agreement was signed by China, Mongolia, and Russia to 1994 International Protected establish Dauria International Protected Area (DIPA) to protect globally Area important grasslands in the headwaters of the Amur-Heilong basin.
    [Show full text]
  • DRAINAGE BASINS of the SEA of OKHOTSK and SEA of JAPAN Chapter 2
    60 DRAINAGE BASINS OF THE SEA OF OKHOTSK AND SEA OF JAPAN Chapter 2 SEA OF OKHOTSK AND SEA OF JAPAN 61 62 AMUR RIVER BASIN 66 LAKE XINGKAI/KHANKA 66 TUMEN RIVER BASIN Chapter 2 62 SEA OF OKHOTSK AND SEA OF JAPAN This chapter deals with major transboundary rivers discharging into the Sea of Okhotsk and the Sea of Japan and their major transboundary tributaries. It also includes lakes located within the basins of these seas. TRANSBOUNDARY WATERS IN THE BASINS OF THE SEA OF OKHOTSK AND THE SEA OF JAPAN1 Basin/sub-basin(s) Total area (km2) Recipient Riparian countries Lakes in the basin Amur 1,855,000 Sea of Okhotsk CN, MN, RU … - Argun 164,000 Amur CN, RU … - Ussuri 193,000 Amur CN, RU Lake Khanka Sujfun 18,300 Sea of Japan CN, RU … Tumen 33,800 Sea of Japan CN, KP, RU … 1 The assessment of water bodies in italics was not included in the present publication. 1 AMUR RIVER BASIN o 55 110o 120o 130o 140o SEA OF Zeya OKHOTSK R U S S I A N Reservoir F E mur D un A E mg Z A e R Ulan Ude Chita y ilka a A a Sh r od T u Ing m n A u I Onon g ya r re A Bu O n e N N Khabarovsk Ulaanbaatar Qiqihar i MONGOLIA a r u u gh s n s o U CHIN A S Lake Khanka N Harbin 45o Sapporo A Suj fu Jilin n Changchun SEA O F P n e JA PA N m Vladivostok A Tu Kilometres Shenyang 0 200 400 600 The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map Ch’ongjin J do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations.
    [Show full text]
  • The Importance of Cooperation Between Transboundary River
    United Nations International Centre Educational, Scientific and for Water Resources and Global Change Cultural Organization under the auspices of UNESCO Jennifer Cruz - Political Science Major at the Notre Dame University of Maryland, USA The Importance of Cooperation Between Transboundary River Countries United Nations International Centre Educational, Scientific and for Water Resources and Global Change Cultural Organization under the auspices of UNESCO The Importance of Cooperation Between Transboundary River Countries This work was composed during an internship at the International Centre for Water Resources and Global Change (ICWRGC) located in Koblenz, Germany, during a span of 3 months, from May to August. Taking up the publication from Molnar, Kata, et al. (2017), this internship work focuses on cooperation between countries. It points out the importance of cooperation especially within transboundary river countries using the Nile and the Rhine River asexamples where cooperation has developed over time. Author: Jennifer Cruz - Political Science Major at the Notre Dame University of Maryland, USA Acknowledgement for Support and Guidance: Harald Köthe, Supervisor of the internship Director of the International Centre for Water Resources and Global Change (ICWRGC), located in Koblenz, Germany. Dr. Susanne Schmeier Senior Lecturer in Water Law, Diplomacy and Transboundary Water Management at the IHE Delft Institute for Water Education, the Netherlands. Heide Jekel Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety, located in Bonn, Germany. Head of Division WR I 4 - Cooperation in International River Basins, Freshwater Management Conventions, International Freshwater Protection Law. Dr. Tabea Stötter and Dr. Laura Gangi International Commission for the Protection of the Rhine (ICPR) located in Koblenz, Germany.
    [Show full text]
  • Communicating the Benefits of Transboundary Water Cooperation
    Communicating the benefits of transboundary water cooperation Peter Easton Peter Easton BSc MSc • MSc Hydrogeology • 30 years experience in Europe, Middle East and Africa • Ministry of Water Resources, Oman 1990-95 • Coca-Cola, Water Resources Manager Europe 2005-2012 • Currently: independent consultant and contributor to Revolve Water Punting on the Okavanga Dec 2017 Revolve Water Communication and Events Special reports Quarterly sustainability magazine Content • Basic principles of good communication • Review of transboundary water bodies: type, scale, issues and risks • Brief real examples on benefits of communication: – Danube – Murray-Darling – Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania – India-Pakistan Communicating on technical subjects to a mixed and non-technical audience • Some: – Clarity – Plain language – Avoid jargon and acronyms (if must use, explain) – Keep it brief – Use clear illustrations and images – Be understood! Transboundary water bodies • Types – River basin – Lakes (and inland seas) – Groundwater bodies • Scale • Understanding issues and risks River basin Impacts mainly travel from upstream to downstream Scale of river basins Blue= transboundary river basin Green = transboundary river basin Lakes (and inland seas) Uganda Kenya Kazakhstan Lake Victoria Georgia Tanzania Tanzania Lake Tanganyika Iran DR Congo Turkmenistan Switzerland Zambia France • Circulation of water (and pollution) Lake Geneva / Lac Léman • Actions in the wider basin • Pollution, over abstraction Mediterranean basin The health of the Sea is dependent on how
    [Show full text]
  • The Threatened and Near-Threatened Birds of Northern Ussuriland, South-East Russia, and the Role of the Bikin River Basin in Their Conservation KONSTANTIN E
    Bird Conservation International (1998) 8:141-171. © BirdLife International 1998 The threatened and near-threatened birds of northern Ussuriland, south-east Russia, and the role of the Bikin River basin in their conservation KONSTANTIN E. MIKHAILOV and YURY B. SHIBNEV Summary Fieldwork on the distribution, habitat preferences and status of birds was conducted in the Bikin River basin, northern Ussuriland, south-east Russia, during May-July 1992,1993, 1995,1996 and 1997. The results of this survey combined with data collected during 1960- 1990, show the area to be of high conservation priority and one of the most important for the conservation of Blakiston's Fish Owl Ketupa blakistoni, Chinese Merganser Mergus squamatus, Mandarin Duck Aix galericulata and Hooded Crane Grus monacha. This paper reports on all of the 13 threatened and near-threatened breeding species of northern Ussuriland, with special emphasis on their occurrence and status in the Bikin area. Three more species, included in the Red Data Book of Russia, are also briefly discussed. Maps show the distribution of the breeding sites of the species discussed. The establishment of a nature reserve in the lower Bikin area is suggested as the only way to conserve the virgin Manchurian-type habitats (wetlands and forests), and all 10 species of special conservation concern. Monitoring of the local populations of Blakiston's Fish Owl, Chinese Merganser and Mandarin Duck in the middle Bikin is required. Introduction No other geographical region of Russia has as rich a biodiversity as Ussuriland which includes the territory of Primorski Administrative Region and the most southern part of Khabarovsk Administrative Region.
    [Show full text]
  • Coal, Water, and Grasslands in the Three Norths
    Coal, Water, and Grasslands in the Three Norths August 2019 The Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH a non-profit, federally owned enterprise, implementing international cooperation projects and measures in the field of sustainable development on behalf of the German Government, as well as other national and international clients. The German Energy Transition Expertise for China Project, which is funded and commissioned by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi), supports the sustainable development of the Chinese energy sector by transferring knowledge and experiences of German energy transition (Energiewende) experts to its partner organisation in China: the China National Renewable Energy Centre (CNREC), a Chinese think tank for advising the National Energy Administration (NEA) on renewable energy policies and the general process of energy transition. CNREC is a part of Energy Research Institute (ERI) of National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC). Contact: Anders Hove Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH China Tayuan Diplomatic Office Building 1-15-1 No. 14, Liangmahe Nanlu, Chaoyang District Beijing 100600 PRC [email protected] www.giz.de/china Table of Contents Executive summary 1 1. The Three Norths region features high water-stress, high coal use, and abundant grasslands 3 1.1 The Three Norths is China’s main base for coal production, coal power and coal chemicals 3 1.2 The Three Norths faces high water stress 6 1.3 Water consumption of the coal industry and irrigation of grassland relatively low 7 1.4 Grassland area and productivity showed several trends during 1980-2015 9 2.
    [Show full text]