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Kherlen River the Lifeline of the Eastern Steppe

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Kherlen River the Lifeline of the Eastern Steppe Towards Integrated River Basin Management of the Dauria Steppe Transboundary River Basins Kherlen River the Lifeline of the Eastern Steppe by Eugene Simonov, Rivers without Boundaries and Bart Wickel, Stockholm Environment Institute Satellite image of Kherlen River basin in June 2014. (NASA MODIS Imagery 25 August 2013) Please, send Your comments and suggestions for further research to Eugene Simonov [email protected]. 1 Barbers' shop on Kherlen River floodplain at Togos-Ovoo. Photo-by E.Simonov Contents Foreword ................................................................................................................................................................... 6 Executive summary ................................................................................................................................................... 8 PART I. PRESENT VALUES AND STATUS OF KHERLEN RIVER .................................................................................... 18 1 Management challenges of Mongolia’s scarce waters. .................................................................................. 18 2 The transboundary rivers of Dauria – "water wasted abroad"? ..................................................................... 21 3 Biodiversity in River basins of Dauria .............................................................................................................. 23 4 Ecosystem dynamics: Influence of climate cycles on habitats in Daurian Steppe .......................................... 26 5 Conservation efforts in Dauria and river basin management. ........................................................................ 29 5.1 Dauria International Protected Area (DIPA) ............................................................................................ 30 5.2 Kherlen River Basin Managers ................................................................................................................. 31 6 Kherlen river – stronghold of nomadic culture and economy ........................................................................ 35 7 Hydrology in a variable climate ....................................................................................................................... 37 8 Climate change and the path to adaptation ................................................................................................... 41 PART II. EXISITING AND PLANNED DEVELOPMENT AND ITS POSSIBLE IMPACTS .................................................... 46 9 Human impacts on the Kherlen and adjacent river basins today ................................................................... 46 9.1 Impacts in Kherlen River valley ................................................................................................................ 46 2 9.2 Kherlen river basin in comparison with other rivers of Dauria steppe................................................. 49 10 Planned industrial water supply projects .................................................................................................... 55 10.1 Prestige Group Designs ........................................................................................................................... 55 10.2 “Monhydroconstruction” Sainshand Water Supply Design .................................................................... 60 10.3 JETRO Study Design ................................................................................................................................. 63 11 Water Supply to Gobi – potential impacts and risks ................................................................................... 66 11.1 Deep groundwater .................................................................................................................................. 66 11.2 Alluvial water intake from the Kherlen River valley. ............................................................................... 67 11.3 Water diversion from the Kherlen River ................................................................................................. 69 11.4 Impacts of water conveyance infrastructure .......................................................................................... 72 12 Impacts from Coal Industry and other sectors ............................................................................................ 74 12.1 World-wide environmental impacts of coal industry .............................................................................. 74 12.2 Coal Mining and Water ............................................................................................................................ 76 12.3 Coal-based Chemical Industry ................................................................................................................. 78 13 . Future Water Balance and Climate risk ..................................................................................................... 82 13.1 Possible human use of Kherlen water resources by 2030 ...................................................................... 82 13.2 Possible climate change impacts on Kherlen water balance .................................................................. 85 13.3 Consequences of dual impacts from excessive withdrawal and climate change .................................. 87 PART III. ENVIRONMENTAL SAFEGUARDS FOR KHERLEN RIVER ............................................................................. 88 14 Cumulative and Strategic Impact Assessment ............................................................................................ 88 14.1 Cumulative impact assessment ............................................................................................................... 88 14.2 . Strategic Environmental Assessment for Kherlen-Gobi Water Transfer Project .................................. 90 15 . Water management alternatives in the light of climate adaptation. ..................................................... 98 15.1 Thorough assessment of Gobi groundwater and environmental limits to its use. ................................. 98 15.2 Limiting development in Gobi, moving industries to water. ................................................................. 101 15.3 Water Supply in fluctuating climate of Mongolia: infiltration water intakes vs reservoirs .................. 103 15.4 Water Supply adaptation measures in fluctuating climate ................................................................... 106 15.5 Ecosystem-Based Adaptation Planning ................................................................................................. 109 16 Transboundary river issues in Dauria. ....................................................................................................... 118 17 Conclusion. ................................................................................................................................................ 130 APPENDIX 1. IMPACTS CHECKLIST ......................................................................................................................... 143 3 TABLE OF FIGURES Figure 1 MODIS satellite composite of Mongolia, ................................................................................................... 19 Figure 2: Kherlen river basin and other 28 river basins management units of Mongolia ....................................... 21 Figure 3: Kherlen river basin and adjacent transboundary river basins of Mongolia ............................................. 23 Figure 4 Kherlen from Mongolian Border to Dalai lake has no dams and reservoirs-exceptional situation for China (MODIS Imagery 2013) ............................................................................................................................................ 25 Figure 5: Protected areas of Dauria ......................................................................................................................... 29 Figure 6: Organizational Structure of Mongolia's Water Management .................................................................. 31 Figure 7 Annual distribution of the Kherlen river flow at Baganuur, Underkhaan and Kherlen-Toono(million cubic meters) (Monhydroconstruction 2014) ................................................................................................................... 37 Figure 8 Cyclical change in Kherlen river discharge ( Oyunbaatar et al 2011) ....................................................... 38 Figure 9 Annual mean runoff distribution in the Kherlen river basin in Mongolia (D. Oyunbaatar et al 2011) ..... 39 Figure 10 Decrease in average annual flow volume along Kherlen river from Baganuur(1) ,via Kherlen-Toono(2) and Underkhaan(3) , to Choibalsan(4) (in million cubic meters) (Monhydroconstruction 2014) .......................... 39 Figure 11 Fluctuation in level of terminal lakes in transboundary basins: Dalai lake (left scale-black squares) and Barun-Torey lake (right scale white circles) (by V.Obiazov 2011) ........................................................................... 41 Figure 12 Long-term changes in average annual air temperature for the Onon-Argun inter-river area in the period 1951 – 2009. 1 original series, 2 linear trend (from Dauria 2013 graph by V.Obiazov) .............................. 41 Figure 13. Trends in annual mean precipitation in Mongolia (anomalies to the long-term average, 1940-2007) (Source: Natsagdorj, 2008) .....................................................................................................................................
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