Transboundary water management in countries of EECCA – present and future
Prof. Dr. of Science Viktor A.Dukhovniy (Uzbekistan) Merzlikina Iuliia B.(Russia) International Summit on Water Security, Marrakesh 30th of September 2019 FOOD ECOLOGICAL SECURITY SECURITY WATERSUPPLY SECURITY GUARANTEE OF WATER = GUARANTEE WATER RIGHTS Transboundary water cooperation in Central Asia The Aral Sea Basin The Soviet Heritage
Positive Negative 8 mln ha irrigated lands Disregard to the environment: 70 large dams & reservoirs annual damage from the Aral Sea 93% population had access to disaster 210 mln USD, incl. 150 water supply mln USD in Uzbekistan, Largest in the world canals desertification 5 mln ha system (the Karakum) & pumping Ignoring water users’ opinion cascades (Karshi) High cost of waterworks Qualified staff & high scientific operation potential Cross-coordination of aims of Experience & practice of republics centralized water management Water-hydropower conflict The Basic Indicators of Water and Land Resources Development in the Aral Sea Basin
Forecast (2030) Indicator Unit 1960 1980 1990 2010 Optimistic Pessimistic 48.5 Population million 14.4 26.8 33.6 54.0 70.0 thousand 8201 Irrigated area 4510 6920 7600 9330 9300 hectares Irrigated area per capita ha/capita 0.32 0.26 0.23 0.17 0.17 0.12 109.5 Total water withdrawal km3/year 60.61 120.69 116.27 104.5 117.0 91.6 Including for irrigation km3/year 56.15 106.79 106.4 86.8 96.7 Specific withdrawal m3/ha 12450 15430 14000 11171 9300 10400 per 1 hectare Specific withdrawal m3/capita 4270 4500 3460 2259 1935 1670 per capita GNP bln.USD 16.1 48.1 74.0 76.7 109 77.0 Comparative indicators of Central Asia states
States Area, Population, GNP per Water resources, Irrigated Power th.km2 mln.persons capita, mln.m3 area, productio USD own used mln. ha n, mln. kWt/h Kazakhstan 2724.9 17.42 12626.3 64.35 21.14 1695.9 94634.2
Kyrgyzstan 199.9 5.89 1258.1 48.93 8.33 1023.8 14011.3 Tajikistan 143.1 8.32 1110.6 63.46 11.69 759.2 17115.0 Turkmenistan 491.21 6.15 7793.5 1.41 27.13 1571.0 18200.0 Uzbekistan 448.97 31.02 2020.9 16.34 48.55 4291.0 55000.0 Afghanistan 652.2 31.28 666.2 47.15 20.28 1624 827.0 Evaluation of water resources available for use in the Aral Sea Basin, km3 Combination of climatic and water management scenarios Principal challenges in the region
• Climate change impact: reduced flow, glaciers melt, prevalence and severity of extreme events • Demographic pressure – population growth 1.2 – 1.8% per year • Weakness of economic base • Poor water management • Hydro egoism • Ongoing restructuration of economy and especially agrarian farming • Instability of market and prices. Different water use priorities
Kazakhstan 100 80 60 Uzbekistan 40 Kyrgyzstan 20 Irrigation 0 Hydropower
Turkmenist Tajikistan an
Population growth, food security, Planned hydropower facilities in environmental requirements, climate Tajikistan & Kyrgyzstan: Rogun on Vaksh change Dashtidjumn on Pyandzh Kambarata I & II on the Naryn Principles of ICWC activities
• ICWC was established in 1992 to manage Amudarya and Syrdarya rivers in a coordinated way. • ICWC members meet four time per year and reach all water management decisions by consensus. • ICWC has executive bodies to implement and control implementation of its decisions • Water is allocated according to rules and principles agreed in the Soviet time that were validated in 1992 Almaty Agreement • Countries agreed to “refrain from actions on their respective territories that might affect interests of other contracting parties and cause harm to them, lead to deviation from agreed volumes of water discharges and pollution of water sources”. Achievements
• System of annual planning and operation • Water allocation & daily operational management helped to avoid conflicts, even in extreme low & high water years • Regional information system & portal: more than 4000 persons per day (cawater-info.net) • Regional training system (assistance from CIDA, McGil University, UNESCO- IHE, World Bank, the Moscow State University) towards e-learning • Average water delivery for irrigation reduced from 14,0 ths m3/ha in 1990 to 10,3 ths m3/ha in 2013 • Implementation of IWRM on the area more 0.5 mln ha, most part in Uzbekistan • Automation of head water facilities Fergana Valley Achievements in the region
250 mln.m3 RESULTS OF PRODUCTIVITY WATER SAVING OF LANDS IN CREASED PER YEAR IWRM FERGHANA ON 116-127%
7000 PERSONS TRAINING LEVEL OF UNDERSTANDING MORE THAN 15 THOUSAND PERSONS IMPROVEMENT OF WATER USE 138 th.ha NWO EECCA - www.eecca-water.net CAWater-Info www cawater-info.net Transboundary water cooperation of Russian Federation Review of current Russian agreements
1. Estonia 2. Finland • Norway 1. Ukraine 2. Belarus 3. Abkhazia 4. Azerbaijan 5. Kazakhstan 6. China 7. Mongolia 8. DPRK
19 Russian-Kazakhstan transboundary water cooperation
Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Government of the Russian Federation on joint use and protection of transboundary water bodies signed at September 2010 • Rivers Ural, Tobol, Irtysh, Ishim, Volga, Bolshoi and Maly Uzen Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan on the conservation of the ecosystem of the transboundary Ural River (October 5, 2016, Astana) Russian-Kazakhstan transboundary water cooperation
Russian-Kazakhstan commission for the joint use and protection of transboundary water bodies
Working groups
Bolshoi Ural Tobol Irtysh Ishim river channel and Maly Kigach Uzen (Volga) Last events
IX (XXVII) meeting of the Joint Russian- Kazakhstan Commission on the joint use and protection of transboundary water bodies (Atyrau, Republic of Kazakhstan; September 25-27, 2019) Working groups: • 2018 – Irtysh: March 13-16 (Pavlodar, RK) July 17 - 19 (Omsk, RF) Tobol: March 14 -16 (Kostanay, RK) July 03 - 05 (Chelyabinsk, RF) Ishim: June 21 (Tyumen, RF) • 2019 - Irtysh: April (Pavlodar, RK) August 13-15 (Omsk, RF) Tobol: July 10-12 (Kurgan, RF) March (Kostanay, RK) Ishim: June 19 -21 (Borovoe, RK) Russian-Chinese transboundary water cooperation Rivers Ob, Irtish, Amur, Argun, Ussury, Hanka lake etc. Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the People's Republic of China on the rational use and protection of transboundary waters (dated January 29, 2008) The agreement provides: • development of joint schemes (plans) for the use and protection of transboundary waters • development of common standards and indicators for the quality of transboundary waters, monitoring programs for transboundary waters • development of plans for the prevention of emergency situations on transboundary waters, response to them and liquidation, or mitigation of their consequences • information exchange within the framework of agreed substantive, quantitative and temporal parameters • creation of warning systems and the exchange of necessary information on the prevention of emergencies on transboundary waters and ensuring their effective functioning • Creation of working groups on cross-border cooperation Russian-Chinese transboundary water cooperation
Joint Russian-Chinese Commission on the Rational Use and Protection of Transboundary Waters
Working groups
Monitoring the quality of Integrated water transboundary waters resources management and their protection Challenges
Construction of hydraulic structures, changing river beds problems of fixing the borders of states Change of water resources in large river basins Water pollution Water allocation problems Joint monitoring and information sharing Technological equipment of laboratories Lack of a compatible measurement methodology Russian-Mongolian transboundary water cooperation
Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of Mongolia on the protection and use of transboundary waters (Ulan Bator, February 1995)
The XV Meeting of the Commissioners of the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of Mongolia on the implementation of the Agreement on the protection and use of transboundary waters (August 6 to 7, 2019; Yekaterinburg, Russia) Last event
Agenda: - climate change and the impact on the water security of our countries - exchange of relevant information on the water management situation in the basins of the transboundary rivers Selenga and Onon - discussion of the quality of transboundary waters and the implementation of water protection measures - innovation in the water monitoring Challenges
The Selenga basin > 30% of the annual water supply to Lake Baikal The annual electricity generation 117 mln - 870 mln kWh
Shuren HPS (245 MW) Aegiyn-gol HPS (315 MW) Orkhon HPS (100 MW) ) “Charge” HPS (25 MW) Russian-Finland transboundary water cooperation
Vuoksa River, lake Sayma etc.
Agreement Between The Republic Of Finland And The Union Of Soviet Socialist Republics Concerning Frontier Watercourses (Helsinki, April 24, 1964 ) General information
hydro fisheries eliminate the power Government floods and droughts risks timber regulatory Science rafting regimes assess impacts from climate water const change Public sector trans ruction port water improve the Business conser condition of vation water bodies Important aspects of cooperation
achieving a balance between the negative impact on the upstream side with the benefits of the downstream side maintaining the natural status and associated water level in Lake Saimaa, rather than generating hydroelectricity wide separation of effects in order to maximize the receipt of joint benefits and minimize joint damage, both on both sides of the border and across sectors the bilateral compensation mechanism was officially established and debugged in the framework of cooperation on Vuoksa Russian-Finnish cross-border cooperation
Positive factors of cooperation
1. Well-established regulatory framework and organizations, where formal and informal cooperation complement each other 2. A long, step-by-step process of building trust and strengthening cooperation 3. Focus on technical aspects, not taking into account broader policies 4. Emphasis on broad benefit-sharing and minimization of shared damage, as well as clearly defined compensation mechanisms 5. Engaging key stakeholders (including the private sector) at various levels Perspective of cooperation
We need to develop jointly: climate change scenarios general strategy to prevent the occurrence of threatening situations readiness to implement coordinated emergency response. Perspective of cooperation
Rehabilitate open sources of information on the base of common information field. Renovate institutional structure of regional water and environment bodies. Establishment strong proceedings of TBWs management for each rivers. Create Public body (Water Council) for each TBW basin. Perspective of cooperation
Arise new input of political will. Attempt to find new forms of collaboration with including economic tools. Expert cooperation and joint professional development courses Road map for increase collaboration between States in frame of ICWC and IFAS (water saving, public awareness and participation, IWRM implementation). Bi-lateral works with donors should take into account interests of all riparian countries. Thank you for attention !
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