DOCSLIB.ORG

CAN the DRAGON and BEAR DRINK from the SAME WELL? Examining Sino-Russian Cooperation on Transboundary Rivers Through a Legal Lens

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
CAN the DRAGON and BEAR DRINK from the SAME WELL? Examining Sino-Russian Cooperation on Transboundary Rivers Through a Legal Lens VINOGRADOV : SINO-RUSSIAN COOPERATION ON TRANSBOUNDARY RIVERS ± LEGAL ISSUES : 23 WATER LAW 95 CAN THE DRAGON AND BEAR DRINK FROM THE SAME WELL? Examining Sino-Russian cooperation on transboundary rivers through a legal lens DR SERGEI VINOGRADOV Centre for Energy, Petroleum and Mineral Law and Policy, University of Dundee OUTLINE basins or aquifers), which cross administrative or inter- national borders.2 Part 1 Introduction Management and utilisation of transboundary water Sino-Russian transboundary water cooperation resources is a multi-dimensional phenomenon where Hydrological and economic context ± Environmental economic and environmental factors are intertwined context ± History of Sino-Russian water cooperation ± with geopolitical and legal concerns. At the heart of Current state of and challenges to cooperation this tangle is the problem of how to resolve the The use and management of Sino-Russian transboundary inherent contradiction between the physical integrity waters: an international legal perspective of an international watercourse (basin) and the Principle of cooperation in international watercourses law sovereign right to use its waters by each state sharing Multilateral environmental agreements relevant to it. The evident reduction in the amount and decline of Sino-Russian transboundary waters the quality of freshwater resources intensifies compe- Sino-Russian transboundary water cooperation: tition between various uses and users across borders, examining bilateral legal practice which creates the potential to turn it into open rivalry. Evolution of the Sino-Russian regime for transboundary waters: Soviet period Interstate tensions and disputes over water resources Evolution of the Sino-Russian regime for transboundary are becoming increasingly common in different geo- waters: post-Soviet period graphical regions, such as the Middle East, Northern Africa and Southeast Asia, and are now considered as a Part 2 new emerging threat to regional and even global The Sino-Russian regime for transboundary waters: security. Water controversies usually arise either from a legal analysis water shortage, where existing and projected needs Objectives and scope ± Substantive rules ± Procedural cannot be satisfied by available resources, or from rules ± Dispute settlement ± Institutional mechanisms transboundary impacts, first and foremost pollution. In Russia, China and their neighbours: towards a multilateral order to prevent such conflicts it is important to strike approach to shared waters? Tumen River Basin: China, North Korea and Russia ± a balance between the competing interests of different Shilka and Argun transboundary sub-basins: China, states sharing an international watercourse, while also Russia and Mongolia ± Irtysh Basin: China, Kazakhstan taking into account the requirements of ecosystems. and Russia This objective can be achieved only through interstate Observations and future challenges cooperation, with appropriate legal and institutional frameworks being its central piece. It is within this context that the article explores an INTRODUCTION* important issue for Northeast Asia: how China and Russia `cooperate' in the management of their shared Water security is rapidly becoming one of the most water resources. While over the last two decades pressing global issues and it is increasingly evident Russia and China have been able to achieve substantial that the world's capacity to respond meaningfully to progress in many areas of common interest ± one of water security risks is in serious doubt. The growing these being the boundary delimitation, serious prob- tension over access to water resources manifests itself lems remain. The utilisation and management of at all levels ± local, national and international1 ± with the potential for water-related conflicts most apparent in transboundary (or shared) water systems (rivers, 2 International legal instruments and literature on the topic employ a variety of terms designed to define so-called `shared water resources', ie water resources that cross international boundaries. They vary from traditional terms such as `international (or transboundary) rivers' and `international (transboundary) watercourses' to more comprehensive * This article is a short version of a paper to be published in the terms such as `international basins'. However, in practice the Stockholm Papers series of the Institute for Security and Development differences between these terms are subtle and they are often used Policy (Sweden). The article is in two parts and part 2 will appear in the interchangeably. One should also add that, according to S McCaffrey: next issue of The Journal of Water Law. The author would like to `Historically, a distinction has been drawn between ``contiguous'' and express his gratitude to Professor Patricia Wouters for her valuable ``successive'' international watercourses. These terms refer respec- contribution to the preparation of this article. tively to watercourses that form or traverse boundaries between 1 See eg P Wouters, S Vinogradov and B-O Magsig `Water security, states'. Contiguous rivers (watercourses) are often called boundary hydrosolidarity and international law: a river runs through it . .' (2009) rivers; see S McCaffrey The Law of International Watercourses: Non- Y'book of Int'l Env'l Law 97±138. navigational Uses (2nd edn Oxford University Press 2007) 41. THE JOURNAL OF WATER LAW PUBLISHED BY LAWTEXT PUBLISHING LIMITED WWW.LAWTEXT.COM 96 23 WATER LAW : VINOGRADOV : SINO-RUSSIAN COOPERATION ON TRANSBOUNDARY RIVERS ± LEGAL ISSUES transboundary waters across this region is a significant in the legal area that might contribute to strengthening challenge for a number of reasons. cooperation and dispute avoidance, and thus enhance water security in the transboundary context. China and Russia are key players in the international arena, with China now emerging as the world's second strongest economy and Russia home to significant SINO-RUSSIAN TRANSBOUNDARY WATER natural resources. The two countries are close neigh- COOPERATION bours geographically, and have a long history of Hydrological and economic context bilateral relations, spanning several centuries. While their bilateral diplomacy has had its ups and downs The border separating the territories of China and over the past 50 years, it has been elevated to the level Russia is the sixth longest international boundary in of strategic partnership between the two nations, the world, composed of two sections ± the short evidenced through their participation as the two key western segment in the Altai Mountains, which divides members in the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation China's Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and and at the bilateral level, and propelled by regular Russia's Altai Republic and the long eastern section. high-level diplomatic meetings. Sino-Russian ties cover The eastern segment, which starts at the eastern China a broad range of issues ± from trade and energy to ± Mongolia ± Russia tripoint, is almost entirely formed environmental protection, including cooperation on by the contiguous rivers:3 the Argun (Ergun),4 the Amur transboundary water resources. (Heilongjiang) and the Ussuri (Wusuli). The Argun flows for about 950 km to the point of its confluence The two states share one of the largest river basins in with the Shilka River, where they together form the the world ± the Amur River (Heilongjiang), which is Amur. traversed by their common boundary, as well as some smaller but important basins with other countries. The Argun-Amur system is the fourth longest river in Although the total amount of shared waters between Russia and the tenth longest river in the world.5 It is them is substantial, the availability of the resource is worth noting that the Amur River is unique in many becoming increasingly inadequate both in terms of respects, including that it is the only major river in the quality and quantity. Given the scale and pace of eco- world that has no dams or reservoirs on the main stem. nomic development in China, the rising scarcity of The Amur Basin6 is formed by several rivers flowing water resources is already adversely affecting its ambi- both from Russian territory ± left tributaries Zeya, tious development plans. Constantly growing demand Bureya and Amgun, and from Chinese territory ± right for water required to meet its economic and social tributaries Songhua (Sungari) and Huma rivers. Its needs amplifies the potential for international tensions catchment area is located within territories of Russia across all of China's borders. While the current situation (995,000 km, or around 54 per cent of the catchment), with transboundary water resources shared by China China (44.2 per cent) and Mongolia (1.8 per cent).7 and Russia remains stable, existing and new water The final, most eastward stretch of the border also security challenges in the Northeast Asia are mounting. runs along several rivers ± the Ussuri River,8 its Significant transboundary pollution, water transfers and growing abstraction of water for food production and urban development increase the risk of serious 3 Detailed information concerning these and other water systems interstate tensions in the future. Such potential in Northeast Asia can be found in UNECE Second Assessment of conflicts can be avoided and resolved only through Transboundary Rivers, Lakes and Groundwaters (ECE/MP.WAT/33, NY collaborative efforts of both parties at various levels ± and Geneva 2011) 99±107. 4 The upper reaches of the Argun
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Testimony Before the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission
    “China’s Global Quest for Resources and Implications for the United States” January 26, 2012 Testimony before the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission Elizabeth Economy C.V. Starr Senior Fellow and Director, Asia Studies Council on Foreign Relations Introduction China’s quest for resources to fuel its continued rapid economic growth has brought thousands of Chinese enterprises and millions of Chinese workers to every corner of the world. Already China accounts for approximately one-fourth of world demand for zinc, iron and steel, lead, copper, and aluminum. It is also the world’s second largest importer of oil after the United States. And as hundreds of millions of Chinese continue to move from rural to urban areas, the need for energy and other commodities will only continue to increase. No resource, however, is more essential to continued Chinese economic growth than water. It is critical for meeting basic human needs, as well as demands for food and energy. As China’s leaders survey their water landscape, the view is not reassuring. More than 40 mid to large sized cities in northern China, such as Beijing and Tianjin, boast crisis- level water shortages.1 As a result, northern and western cities have been drawing down their groundwater reserves and causing subsidence, which now affects a 60 thousand kilometer area of the North China Plain. 2 According to the director of the Water Research Centre at Peking University Zheng Chunmiao, the water table under the North China Plain is falling at a rate of about a meter per year.3
    [Show full text]
  • Empires in East Asia
    DO NOT EDIT--Changes must be made through “File info” CorrectionKey=NL-A Module 3 Empires in East Asia Essential Question In general, was China helpful or harmful to the development of neighboring empires and kingdoms? About the Photo: Angkor Wat was built in In this module you will learn how the cultures of East Asia influenced one the 1100s in the Khmer Empire, in what is another, as belief systems and ideas spread through both peaceful and now Cambodia. This enormous temple was violent means. dedicated to the Hindu god Vishnu. Explore ONLINE! SS.912.W.2.19 Describe the impact of Japan’s physiography on its economic and political development. SS.912.W.2.20 Summarize the major cultural, economic, political, and religious developments VIDEOS, including... in medieval Japan. SS.912.W.2.21 Compare Japanese feudalism with Western European feudalism during • A Mongol Empire in China the Middle Ages. SS.912.W.2.22 Describe Japan’s cultural and economic relationship to China and Korea. • Ancient Discoveries: Chinese Warfare SS.912.G.2.1 Identify the physical characteristics and the human characteristics that define and differentiate regions. SS.912.G.4.9 Use political maps to describe the change in boundaries and governments within • Ancient China: Masters of the Wind continents over time. and Waves • Marco Polo: Journey to the East • Rise of the Samurai Class • Lost Spirits of Cambodia • How the Vietnamese Defeated the Mongols Document Based Investigations Graphic Organizers Interactive Games Image with Hotspots: A Mighty Fighting Force Image with Hotspots: Women of the Heian Court 78 Module 3 DO NOT EDIT--Changes must be made through “File info” CorrectionKey=NL-A Timeline of Events 600–1400 Explore ONLINE! East and Southeast Asia World 600 618 Tang Dynasty begins 289-year rule in China.
    [Show full text]
  • Sea of Japan a Maritime Perspective on Indo-Pacific Security
    The Long Littoral Project: Sea of Japan A Maritime Perspective on Indo-Pacific Security Michael A. McDevitt • Dmitry Gorenburg Cleared for Public Release IRP-2013-U-002322-Final February 2013 Strategic Studies is a division of CNA. This directorate conducts analyses of security policy, regional analyses, studies of political-military issues, and strategy and force assessments. CNA Strategic Studies is part of the global community of strategic studies institutes and in fact collaborates with many of them. On the ground experience is a hallmark of our regional work. Our specialists combine in-country experience, language skills, and the use of local primary-source data to produce empirically based work. All of our analysts have advanced degrees, and virtually all have lived and worked abroad. Similarly, our strategists and military/naval operations experts have either active duty experience or have served as field analysts with operating Navy and Marine Corps commands. They are skilled at anticipating the “problem after next” as well as determining measures of effectiveness to assess ongoing initiatives. A particular strength is bringing empirical methods to the evaluation of peace-time engagement and shaping activities. The Strategic Studies Division’s charter is global. In particular, our analysts have proven expertise in the following areas: The full range of Asian security issues The full range of Middle East related security issues, especially Iran and the Arabian Gulf Maritime strategy Insurgency and stabilization Future national security environment and forces European security issues, especially the Mediterranean littoral West Africa, especially the Gulf of Guinea Latin America The world’s most important navies Deterrence, arms control, missile defense and WMD proliferation The Strategic Studies Division is led by Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • China's Looming Water Crisis
    CHINADIALOGUE APRIL 2018 (IMAGE: ZHAOJIANKANG) CHINA’S LOOMING WATER CRISIS Charlie Parton Editors Chris Davy Tang Damin Charlotte Middlehurst Production Huang Lushan Translation Estelle With special thanks to China Water Risk CHINADIALOGUE Suite 306 Grayston Centre 28 Charles Square, London, N1 6HT, UK www.chinadialogue.net CONTENTS Introduction 5 How serious is the problem? 6 The problem is exacerbated by pollution and inefficient use 9 Technical solutions are not sufficient to solve shortages 10 What are the consequences and when might they hit? 14 What is the government doing? 16 What is the government not doing and should be doing? 19 Can Xi Jinping stave off a water crisis? 25 Global implications 28 Global opportunities 30 Annex - Some facts about the water situation in China 32 About the author 37 4 | CHINA’S LOOMING WATER CRISIS SOUTH-NORTH WATER TRANSFER PROJECT (IMAGE: SNWTP OFFICIAL SITE) 5 | CHINA’S LOOMING WATER CRISIS INTRODUCTION Optimism or pessimism about the future success of Xi Jinping’s new era may be in the mind of the beholder. The optimist will point to the Party’s past record of adaptability and problem solving; the pessimist will point out that no longer are the interests of reform pointing in the same directions as the interests of Party cadres, and certainly not of some still powerful vested interests. But whether China muddles or triumphs through, few are predict- ing that problems such as debt, overcapacity, housing bubbles, economic rebalancing, the sheer cost of providing social security and services to 1.4 billion people will cause severe economic disruption or the collapse of Chi- na.
    [Show full text]
  • Annex 1 INVENTORY of TRANSBOUNDARY RIVERS and LAKES
    362 363 ANNEXES 364 Annex 1 INVENTORY OF TRANSBOUNDARY RIVERS AND LAKES 372 Annex 2 LIST OF COUNTRY CODES 373 Annex 3 LIST OF ACRONYMS AND UNITS OF MEASUREMENT Annex 1 364 INVENTORY OF TRANSBOUNDARY RIVERS AND LAKES INVENTORY OF TRANSBOUNDARY RIVERS AND LAKES This inventory contains major transboundary rivers, including their major transboundary tributaries, discharging into the basins of the following seas: the White Sea, the Barents Sea and the Kara Sea; the Sea of Okhotsk and the Sea of Japan; the Aral Sea and other transboundary surface waters in Central Asia; the Caspian Sea; the Black Sea; the Mediterranean Sea; the North Sea and Eastern Atlantic; and the Baltic Sea. The inventory also includes lakes located within the basins of these seas. The selection of water bodies included in this inventory and analysed in this first Assessment was made on the basis of submissions by the concerned countries and reflects countries’ priorities. The first order rivers are presented in bold. The assessment of water bodies in italics was not included in the present publi- cation due to lack of available information. TRANSBOUNDARY WATERS IN THE BASINS OF THE BARENTS SEA, THE WHITE SEA AND THE KARA SEA Basin/sub-basin(s) Total area (km2) Recipient Riparian countries Lakes in the basin Oulanka …1 White Sea FI, RU … Kola Fjord > Tuloma 21,140 FI, RU … Barents Sea Jacobselv 400 Barents Sea NO, RU … Paatsjoki 18,403 Barents Sea FI, NO, RU Lake Inari Näätämö 2,962 Barents Sea FI, NO, RU … Teno 16,386 Barents Sea FI, NO … Yenisey 2,580,000 Kara Sea MN, RU … Lake Baikal > - Selenga 447,000 Angara > Yenisey > MN, RU Kara Sea Ob 2,972,493 Kara Sea CN, KZ, MN, RU - Irtysh 1,643,000 Ob CN, KZ, MN, RU - Tobol 426,000 Irtysh KZ, RU - Ishim 176,000 Irtysh KZ, RU 1 5,566 km2 to Lake Paanajärvi and 18,800 km2 to the White Sea.
    [Show full text]
  • Summary for Us? Do You Have Any Prescriptions Left?
    ST. PETERSBURG INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC FORUM JUNE 20–22, 2013 Russia’s New Horizons REGIONAL RESILIENCE AND COMPETITIVENESS IN AN ERA OF CHANGE Panel JUNE 22, 2013 09:30–10:45, Pavilion 3, Amphitheatre St. Petersburg, Russia 2013 Moderator: Roman Gerasimov, Presenter, Channel 5 Panellists: Oleg Goshchansky, Chairman, Managing Partner, KPMG in Russia and the CIS Victor Kalashnikov, Minister of Economic Development and Foreign Relations of Khabarovsky Krai Alexander Khodachek, President of Branch in Saint-Petersburg, National Research University Higher School of Economies Vladimir Knyaginin, Director, North-West Strategic Research Center Foundation Svetlana Kogan, Deputy Chair, Committee for Investment, St. Petersburg Government Front row participant: Alexander Smekalin, Minister of Strategic Development and Innovation of the the Ulyanovsk Region R. Gerasimov: Good morning, dear friends. It is my pleasure to welcome all our audience members. Please allow me to introduce the panellists for our discussion. Let us do it this way: we will start with an introduction from St. Petersburg, as the host of this discussion. Please go ahead, Svetlana Kogan, Deputy Chair of the St. Petersburg Committee for Investment. S. Kogan: Hello, honoured guests. I would like to welcome you on behalf of Irina Babyuk, Chair of the St. Petersburg Committee for Investment. We are glad that you were able to find the time on a Saturday morning to come to this session, which concerns a very important topic in the development of St. Petersburg, the Russian regions, and Russia as a whole. Just three or four years ago, it seemed as though there were no serious threats to the sustainable development of the Russian regions or the countries of the European Union.
    [Show full text]
  • WOW! Wakkanai ‒ Hokkaido's Northernmost Town
    The Official Wakkanai City Guidebook things you'll want to d Lots of o! WOW! Wakkanai ‒ Hokkaido's northernmost town. Facing the Soya Strait, You’ll say with the Sea of Okhotsk to the east and Sea of Japan to the west; surrounded by abundant nature in the form of the AKKANAI Rishiri-Rebun-Sarobetsu National Park and the like. _Of W_ onders The W_ With high temperatures from 22-28℃, the climate here is cool, comfortable, and perfect for a pleasant summer trip. WOW! Wakkanai is also the gateway to Sakhalin, which lies 43 km across the Soya Strait. Wakkanai is filled with stories of our predecessors. As well as sightseeing, there are countless activities as well as When you see gastronomic delights and hot springs to be enjoyed. It's an ideal All the fun there is location from which to base your travels in the northern Hokkaido area. So, bring along this guidebook and come in search of To have in Wakkanai! the "!"s that can only be found in Wakkanai. WAKKANAI SAPPORO HAKODATE Average temperatures in the city of Wakkanai (℃) ※Averages from 1981 to 2010 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept Oct. Nov. Dec Highest temperature -2.7 -2.5 1.2 7.2 12.0 15.7 19.7 22.3 19.7 13.7 6.1 0.1 Lowest temperature -6.8 -7.1 -3.5 1.8 6.0 10.1 14.5 17.3 14.0 8.1 1.0 -4.2 What is the CONTENTS "Amazing Northernmost Japan, Hokkaido Route"? pp.03-04 WOW！50 Index pp.05-38 W O W！01～ 5 0 Conveying attractive pp.39-40 Wakkanai Sightseeing Model Course wide-area sightseeing pp.41-44 List of accommodation facilities, routes that incorporate a restaurants and souvenir shops network of tourist spots pp.45-46 Map of the whole of Wakkanai with themes and stories, pp.47-48 Map of downtown Wakkanai overseas.
    [Show full text]
  • Asia 24 Supplementary Material
    Asia 24 Supplementary Material Coordinating Lead Authors: Yasuaki Hijioka (Japan), Erda Lin (China), Joy Jacqueline Pereira (Malaysia) Lead Authors: Richard T. Corlett (China), Xuefeng Cui (China), Gregory Insarov (Russian Federation), Rodel Lasco (Philippines), Elisabet Lindgren (Sweden), Akhilesh Surjan (India) Contributing Authors: Elena M. Aizen (USA), Vladimir B. Aizen (USA), Rawshan Ara Begum (Bangladesh), Kenshi Baba (Japan), Monalisa Chatterjee (USA/India), J. Graham Cogley (Canada), Noah Diffenbaugh (USA), Li Ding (Singapore), Qingxian Gao (China), Matthias Garschagen (Germany), Masahiro Hashizume (Japan), Manmohan Kapshe (India), Andrey G. Kostianoy (Russia), Kathleen McInnes (Australia), Sreeja Nair (India), S.V.R.K. Prabhakar (India), Yoshiki Saito (Japan), Andreas Schaffer (Singapore), Rajib Shaw (Japan), Dáithí Stone (Canada/South Africa /USA), Reiner Wassman (Philippines), Thomas J. Wilbanks (USA), Shaohong Wu (China) Review Editors: Rosa Perez (Philippines), Kazuhiko Takeuchi (Japan) Volunteer Chapter Scientists: Yuko Onishi (Japan), Wen Wang (China) This chapter on-line supplementary material should be cited as: Hijioka , Y., E. Lin, J.J. Pereira, R.T. Corlett, X. Cui, G.E. Insarov, R.D. Lasco, E. Lindgren, and A. Surjan, 2014: Asia – supplementary material. In: Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part B: Regional Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmen tal Panel on Climate Change [Barros, V.R., C.B. Field, D.J. Dokken, M.D. Mastrandrea, K.J. Mach, T.E. Bilir, M. Chatterjee, K.L. Ebi, Y.O. Estrada, R.C. Genova, B. Girma, E.S. Kissel, A.N. Levy, S. MacCracken, P.R. Mastrandrea, and L.L. White (eds.)]. Available from www.ipcc-wg2.gov/AR5 and www.ipcc.ch.
    [Show full text]
  • How to Deal with Russia （Cultural Internationalism Rather Than Territorial Dispute）
    How To Deal With Russia （Cultural Internationalism Rather Than Territorial Dispute） Hideaki Kinoshita Introduction Considering relations with Russia, it appears to be imperative among the Japanese people to raise the question of the Northern Territories, which comprises the islands of Habomai, Shikotan, Kunashiri and Etorofu. It is because the issue is perceived by the Japanese people as the apparent act of unprovoked aggression initiated during the final stages of World War II by Russian’s illegal and perfidious attack on the Chishima Islands with a sudden shift from relations of friendship to enmity. Japan was actually courting the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics（USSR） to perform as an intermediary for the armistice with the Allied Forces. Russian’s sudden attack unilaterally abrogating the Soviet-Japanese Neutrality Pact concluded in April, 1941 was baffling for the Japanese government, and aroused the impression to the Japanese that they were duped to the committing to the agreement. The agreement specified mutual respect of territorial integrity and inviolability as well as neutrality should one of the contracting parties become the object of hostilities of any third party（Slavinsky 1996: 129）. The Soviet attack no doubt was executed within the validity period of the pact and after the Japanese notification of accepting the Potsdam Declaration on August 15, 1945, and even continued after concluding the armistice on the Battleship Missouri on September 2, 1945（Iokibe, Hatano 2015: 311）. The concept, advocated by the government, of “inherent” Japanese Northern Territories helped foment the idea of the so called “residual” legal rights to the four islands in the Japanese public psyche.
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix 6.2: Responses to Transboundary Environmental Challenges Within the Europe and Central Asia Region (Chapter 6, Section 6.3.3)
    IPBES Regional Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services Appendix 6.2 for Europe and Central Asia Appendix 6.2: Responses to transboundary environmental challenges within the Europe and Central Asia region (Chapter 6, Section 6.3.3) Table 6.2.1 shows a number of bilateral agreements between Mongolia, Russia and China related to water management and nature conservation relevant to transboundary Amur River basin. Table 6.2.1: Bilateral water and nature conservation agreements between Mongolia, Russia and China Title Description Sino-Soviet Agreement on Agreement between the USSR and China on joint research operations on 1956 development of “Grand planning and survey operations to prepare a scheme for the multi- Amur Scheme” purpose exploitation of the Argun River and the Upper Amur River. Sino-Russian Agreement Bilateral overview of developments planned by the water and energy 1986 on development of “Joint authorities of China and Russia led by the Song-Liao Water Resource Comprehensive Scheme Commission of China and Sovintervod Hydro-engineering Institute of for Water Management on USSR Water Resources Ministry. Amur and Argun Rivers” Mongolia-China – 1994 Agreement on Use and Agreement on the protection and utilization of transboundary waters Protection of including aquatic biota Transboundary Waters Russia-China Agreement Protects 25 fishes, two crustaceans, one turtle, one mollusk, three 1994 on protection of aquatic aquatic plants. Regulates size limits for fish, net mesh sizes and lengths, bio-resources in seasonal fishing bans, closure of waters to fishing, and permitted fishing transboundary Amur- and gear. Does not cover Argun river and Khanka Lake. Ussuri Rivers Agreement on Dauria Trilateral agreement was signed by China, Mongolia, and Russia to 1994 International Protected establish Dauria International Protected Area (DIPA) to protect globally Area important grasslands in the headwaters of the Amur-Heilong basin.
    [Show full text]
  • DRAINAGE BASINS of the SEA of OKHOTSK and SEA of JAPAN Chapter 2
    60 DRAINAGE BASINS OF THE SEA OF OKHOTSK AND SEA OF JAPAN Chapter 2 SEA OF OKHOTSK AND SEA OF JAPAN 61 62 AMUR RIVER BASIN 66 LAKE XINGKAI/KHANKA 66 TUMEN RIVER BASIN Chapter 2 62 SEA OF OKHOTSK AND SEA OF JAPAN This chapter deals with major transboundary rivers discharging into the Sea of Okhotsk and the Sea of Japan and their major transboundary tributaries. It also includes lakes located within the basins of these seas. TRANSBOUNDARY WATERS IN THE BASINS OF THE SEA OF OKHOTSK AND THE SEA OF JAPAN1 Basin/sub-basin(s) Total area (km2) Recipient Riparian countries Lakes in the basin Amur 1,855,000 Sea of Okhotsk CN, MN, RU … - Argun 164,000 Amur CN, RU … - Ussuri 193,000 Amur CN, RU Lake Khanka Sujfun 18,300 Sea of Japan CN, RU … Tumen 33,800 Sea of Japan CN, KP, RU … 1 The assessment of water bodies in italics was not included in the present publication. 1 AMUR RIVER BASIN o 55 110o 120o 130o 140o SEA OF Zeya OKHOTSK R U S S I A N Reservoir F E mur D un A E mg Z A e R Ulan Ude Chita y ilka a A a Sh r od T u Ing m n A u I Onon g ya r re A Bu O n e N N Khabarovsk Ulaanbaatar Qiqihar i MONGOLIA a r u u gh s n s o U CHIN A S Lake Khanka N Harbin 45o Sapporo A Suj fu Jilin n Changchun SEA O F P n e JA PA N m Vladivostok A Tu Kilometres Shenyang 0 200 400 600 The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map Ch’ongjin J do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations.
    [Show full text]
  • Multi-Destination Tourism in Greater Tumen Region
    MULTI-DESTINATION TOURISM IN GREATER TUMEN REGION RESEARCH REPORT 2013 MULTI-DESTINATION TOURISM IN GREATER TUMEN REGION RESEARCH REPORT 2013 Greater Tumen Initiative Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH GTI Secretariat Regional Economic Cooperation and Integration in Asia (RCI) Tayuan Diplomatic Compound 1-1-142 Tayuan Diplomatic Office Bldg 1-14-1 No. 1 Xindong Lu, Chaoyang District No. 14 Liangmahe Nanlu, Chaoyang District Beijing, 100600, China Beijing, 100600, China www.tumenprogramme.org www.economicreform.cn Tel: +86-10-6532-5543 Tel: + 86-10-8532-5394 Fax: +86-10-6532-6465 Fax: +86-10-8532-5774 [email protected] [email protected] © 2013 by Greater Tumen Initiative The views expressed in this paper are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Greater Tumen Initiative (GTI) or members of its Consultative Commission and Tourism Board or the governments they represent. GTI does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. By making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area, or by using the term “country” in this document, GTI does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. “Multi-Destination Tourism in the Greater Tumen Region” is the report on respective research within the GTI Multi-Destination Tourism Project funded by Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH. The report was prepared by Mr. James MacGregor, sustainable tourism consultant (ecoplan.net).
    [Show full text]