Annex 1 INVENTORY of TRANSBOUNDARY RIVERS and LAKES
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Testimony Before the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission
“China’s Global Quest for Resources and Implications for the United States” January 26, 2012 Testimony before the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission Elizabeth Economy C.V. Starr Senior Fellow and Director, Asia Studies Council on Foreign Relations Introduction China’s quest for resources to fuel its continued rapid economic growth has brought thousands of Chinese enterprises and millions of Chinese workers to every corner of the world. Already China accounts for approximately one-fourth of world demand for zinc, iron and steel, lead, copper, and aluminum. It is also the world’s second largest importer of oil after the United States. And as hundreds of millions of Chinese continue to move from rural to urban areas, the need for energy and other commodities will only continue to increase. No resource, however, is more essential to continued Chinese economic growth than water. It is critical for meeting basic human needs, as well as demands for food and energy. As China’s leaders survey their water landscape, the view is not reassuring. More than 40 mid to large sized cities in northern China, such as Beijing and Tianjin, boast crisis- level water shortages.1 As a result, northern and western cities have been drawing down their groundwater reserves and causing subsidence, which now affects a 60 thousand kilometer area of the North China Plain. 2 According to the director of the Water Research Centre at Peking University Zheng Chunmiao, the water table under the North China Plain is falling at a rate of about a meter per year.3 -
Empires in East Asia
DO NOT EDIT--Changes must be made through “File info” CorrectionKey=NL-A Module 3 Empires in East Asia Essential Question In general, was China helpful or harmful to the development of neighboring empires and kingdoms? About the Photo: Angkor Wat was built in In this module you will learn how the cultures of East Asia influenced one the 1100s in the Khmer Empire, in what is another, as belief systems and ideas spread through both peaceful and now Cambodia. This enormous temple was violent means. dedicated to the Hindu god Vishnu. Explore ONLINE! SS.912.W.2.19 Describe the impact of Japan’s physiography on its economic and political development. SS.912.W.2.20 Summarize the major cultural, economic, political, and religious developments VIDEOS, including... in medieval Japan. SS.912.W.2.21 Compare Japanese feudalism with Western European feudalism during • A Mongol Empire in China the Middle Ages. SS.912.W.2.22 Describe Japan’s cultural and economic relationship to China and Korea. • Ancient Discoveries: Chinese Warfare SS.912.G.2.1 Identify the physical characteristics and the human characteristics that define and differentiate regions. SS.912.G.4.9 Use political maps to describe the change in boundaries and governments within • Ancient China: Masters of the Wind continents over time. and Waves • Marco Polo: Journey to the East • Rise of the Samurai Class • Lost Spirits of Cambodia • How the Vietnamese Defeated the Mongols Document Based Investigations Graphic Organizers Interactive Games Image with Hotspots: A Mighty Fighting Force Image with Hotspots: Women of the Heian Court 78 Module 3 DO NOT EDIT--Changes must be made through “File info” CorrectionKey=NL-A Timeline of Events 600–1400 Explore ONLINE! East and Southeast Asia World 600 618 Tang Dynasty begins 289-year rule in China. -
Assessing Opportunities and Threats in Kazakhstan's Wild Liquorice Root Trade
April 2021 SWEET DREAMS ASSESSING OPPORTUNITIES AND THREATS IN KAZAKHSTAN’S WILD LIQUORICE ROOT TRADE Nadejda Gemedzhieva, Artyom Khrokov, Elise Heral, Anastasiya Timoshyna JOINT REPORT ABOUT US TRAFFIC is a leading non-governmental organisation working globally on trade in wild animals and plants in the context of both biodiversity conservation and sustainable development. Reproduction of material appearing in this report requires written permission from the publisher. The designations of geographical entities in this publication, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS whatsoever on the part of TRAFFIC or its supporting This report was completed under a project implemented between organisations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, 2019-2022 by TRAFFIC and the Association for the Conservation of or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or Biodiversity of Kazakhstan (ACBK), under the support of the Keidanren boundaries. Nature Conservation Fund (KNCF). Complementary funds were also gratefully received from Aktionsgemeinschaft Artenschutz (AGA) e.V. Lead author The project aims to reduce unsustainable commercial harvest, which Nadejda Gemedzhieva poses a threat to biodiversity conservation, and to scale up successful sustainable wild liquorice root production from which local people and Published by: nature benefit. We extend our thanks to KNCF for their support. TRAFFIC International, Cambridge, United Kingdom. During the course of this study, many individuals contributed their time, SUGGESTED CITATION expertise, original research and professional advice and the authors Gemedzhieva, N., Khrokov, A., Heral. E., Timoshyna, would like to thank the staff of the following institutions: Forestry A. -
Balkatach Hypothesis: a New Model for the Evolution of the Pacific, Tethyan, and Paleo-Asian Oceanic Domains
Research Paper GEOSPHERE Balkatach hypothesis: A new model for the evolution of the Pacific, Tethyan, and Paleo-Asian oceanic domains 1,2 2 GEOSPHERE, v. 13, no. 5 Andrew V. Zuza and An Yin 1Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA 2Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1567, USA doi:10.1130/GES01463.1 18 figures; 2 tables; 1 supplemental file ABSTRACT suturing. (5) The closure of the Paleo-Asian Ocean in the early Permian was accompanied by a widespread magmatic flare up, which may have been CORRESPONDENCE: avz5818@gmail .com; The Phanerozoic history of the Paleo-Asian, Tethyan, and Pacific oceanic related to the avalanche of the subducted oceanic slabs of the Paleo-Asian azuza@unr .edu domains is important for unraveling the tectonic evolution of the Eurasian Ocean across the 660 km phase boundary in the mantle. (6) The closure of the and Laurentian continents. The validity of existing models that account for Paleo-Tethys against the southern margin of Balkatach proceeded diachro- CITATION: Zuza, A.V., and Yin, A., 2017, Balkatach hypothesis: A new model for the evolution of the the development and closure of the Paleo-Asian and Tethyan Oceans criti- nously, from west to east, in the Triassic–Jurassic. Pacific, Tethyan, and Paleo-Asian oceanic domains: cally depends on the assumed initial configuration and relative positions of Geosphere, v. 13, no. 5, p. 1664–1712, doi:10.1130 the Precambrian cratons that separate the two oceanic domains, including /GES01463.1. the North China, Tarim, Karakum, Turan, and southern Baltica cratons. -
Warfare in a Fragile World: Military Impact on the Human Environment
Recent Slprt•• books World Armaments and Disarmament: SIPRI Yearbook 1979 World Armaments and Disarmament: SIPRI Yearbooks 1968-1979, Cumulative Index Nuclear Energy and Nuclear Weapon Proliferation Other related •• 8lprt books Ecological Consequences of the Second Ihdochina War Weapons of Mass Destruction and the Environment Publish~d on behalf of SIPRI by Taylor & Francis Ltd 10-14 Macklin Street London WC2B 5NF Distributed in the USA by Crane, Russak & Company Inc 3 East 44th Street New York NY 10017 USA and in Scandinavia by Almqvist & WikseH International PO Box 62 S-101 20 Stockholm Sweden For a complete list of SIPRI publications write to SIPRI Sveavagen 166 , S-113 46 Stockholm Sweden Stoekholol International Peace Research Institute Warfare in a Fragile World Military Impact onthe Human Environment Stockholm International Peace Research Institute SIPRI is an independent institute for research into problems of peace and conflict, especially those of disarmament and arms regulation. It was established in 1966 to commemorate Sweden's 150 years of unbroken peace. The Institute is financed by the Swedish Parliament. The staff, the Governing Board and the Scientific Council are international. As a consultative body, the Scientific Council is not responsible for the views expressed in the publications of the Institute. Governing Board Dr Rolf Bjornerstedt, Chairman (Sweden) Professor Robert Neild, Vice-Chairman (United Kingdom) Mr Tim Greve (Norway) Academician Ivan M£ilek (Czechoslovakia) Professor Leo Mates (Yugoslavia) Professor -
China's Looming Water Crisis
CHINADIALOGUE APRIL 2018 (IMAGE: ZHAOJIANKANG) CHINA’S LOOMING WATER CRISIS Charlie Parton Editors Chris Davy Tang Damin Charlotte Middlehurst Production Huang Lushan Translation Estelle With special thanks to China Water Risk CHINADIALOGUE Suite 306 Grayston Centre 28 Charles Square, London, N1 6HT, UK www.chinadialogue.net CONTENTS Introduction 5 How serious is the problem? 6 The problem is exacerbated by pollution and inefficient use 9 Technical solutions are not sufficient to solve shortages 10 What are the consequences and when might they hit? 14 What is the government doing? 16 What is the government not doing and should be doing? 19 Can Xi Jinping stave off a water crisis? 25 Global implications 28 Global opportunities 30 Annex - Some facts about the water situation in China 32 About the author 37 4 | CHINA’S LOOMING WATER CRISIS SOUTH-NORTH WATER TRANSFER PROJECT (IMAGE: SNWTP OFFICIAL SITE) 5 | CHINA’S LOOMING WATER CRISIS INTRODUCTION Optimism or pessimism about the future success of Xi Jinping’s new era may be in the mind of the beholder. The optimist will point to the Party’s past record of adaptability and problem solving; the pessimist will point out that no longer are the interests of reform pointing in the same directions as the interests of Party cadres, and certainly not of some still powerful vested interests. But whether China muddles or triumphs through, few are predict- ing that problems such as debt, overcapacity, housing bubbles, economic rebalancing, the sheer cost of providing social security and services to 1.4 billion people will cause severe economic disruption or the collapse of Chi- na. -
Mekong River Waters: Our Is Ours, Yours Is Ours Too
CENTRE FOR LAND WARFARE STUDIES ISSUE BRIEF No. 101 May 2017 Mekong River Waters: Our is Ours, Yours is Ours Too Praggya Surana is a Research Assistant at the Centre for Land Warfare Studies (CLAWS), New Delhi. She completed her BA, LLB (Hons.) from National Law School of India University, Bangalore. Her research interests include Chinese military modernization and political strategy. hina is the point of origin for over ten major China and the South-East Asian Nations trans-boundary rivers1 and shares 110 rivers The Mekong river is the longest river in South-East Asia and lakes which flow into 18 downstream and the twelfth longest in the world.7 The Lankang Jiang C 2 countries. China has 14 land neighbours out of which (as it is known in China) originates in the Tanggula Shan 13 are riparian neighbours.3 This upper riparian position Mountains of Tibet, and flows through the eastern part of gives it immense strategic power. It has not entered the Tibet Autonomous Region and the Yunnan province into a single water sharing agreement.4 After saturating before forming the international border between exploitation of its internal rivers, China has shifted Myanmar and Laos and then a large part of the border focus towards the trans-boundary rivers. Despite the between Laos and Thailand. After that, the river flows environmental backlash faced after the construction of through Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam before draining the Three Gorges Dam on the Yellow River, it is going into the South China Sea. The river is often divided into ahead with -
Evaluating Vulnerability of Central Asian Water Resources Under Uncertain Climate and Development Conditions: the Case of the Ili-Balkhash Basin
water Article Evaluating Vulnerability of Central Asian Water Resources under Uncertain Climate and Development Conditions: The Case of the Ili-Balkhash Basin Tesse de Boer 1,*, Homero Paltan 1,2, Troy Sternberg 1 and Kevin Wheeler 3 1 School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK; [email protected] (H.P.); [email protected] (T.S.) 2 Institute of Geography, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito 170901, Ecuador 3 Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The Ili-Balkhash basin (IBB) is considered a key region for agricultural development and international transport as part of China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). The IBB is exemplary for the combined challenge of climate change and shifts in water supply and demand in transboundary Central Asian closed basins. To quantify future vulnerability of the IBB to these changes, we employ a scenario-neutral bottom-up approach with a coupled hydrological-water resource modelling set-up on the RiverWare modelling platform. This study focuses on reliability of environmental flows under historical hydro-climatic variability, future hydro-climatic change and upstream water demand development. The results suggest that the IBB is historically vulnerable to environmental shortages, and any increase in water consumption will increase frequency and intensity of shortages. Increases in precipitation and temperature improve reliability of flows downstream, along with water demand Citation: de Boer, T.; Paltan, H.; reductions upstream and downstream. Of the demand scenarios assessed, extensive water saving is Sternberg, T.; Wheeler, K. -
Transboundary Management of the Irtysh River Basin
RUSSIAN FEDERATION REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN Transboundary Management of the Irtysh River Basin Supported by the French Fund for Global Environment Legal and financial basis of the project Q The project is carried out in accordance with a Memorandum on co-operation between Russia- Kazakhstan and France, signed in Paris in 2000. Q Project financing for an amount of 1 000 000 Euro by the FFEM (Fonds Français pour l’Environnement Mondial) Project area Irtysh river, from the Upper Irtysh on the border between China and Kazakhstan (Buran) to the first station downstream Omsk (Krasnoyarka), which is approximately 1300 km. Objectives of Irtysh project XContribution to the development of the monitoring system for the Irtysh river between Kazakhstan and Russia XDevelopment of a model for water resource management in the basin XOrganization of institutional arrangements for cooperation and data exchanges between both States Specific Objectives Y Creation of experts ’ groups, work plan and organizations of meetings Y Assistance with the follow-up, standardization and collection of water-related data Y Set up of a « Basin Information System » (IRBIS) Y Design of a tool for resource management Y Legal and institutional assistance Means X Part time secondment of French experts X Organization of meetings for dialogue and follow-up (Irtysh Sub-Commission) X Capacity building of the concerned institutions X Financing of monitoring campaigns X Light equipment and local consultants Organization MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT MINISTRY OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND NATURAL RESOURCES Russian Federation Supervision Kazakhstan Committee Delegate Pavlodar Coordinator Coordinator Russia Russian - Kazak Commission Kazakhstan (1992) Delegate Oust Ka. Irtysh Sub-Commission Group of French consultants Russian Kazak IOWater– Antea - Safege Working groups Working groups Omsk Pavlodar+Oust Ka. -
1 Testimony Before the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review
Date of the hearing: January 26, 2012. Title of the hearing: China’s Global Quest for Resources and Implications for the United States Name of panelist: Brahma Chellaney Panelist’s title and organization: Professor of Strategic Studies, Center for Policy Research, New Delhi. Testimony before the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission China has pursued an aggressive strategy to secure (and even lock up) supplies of strategic resources like water, energy and mineral ores. Gaining access to or control of resources has been a key driver of its foreign and domestic policies. China, with the world’s most resource-hungry economy, is pursuing the world’s most-assertive policies to gain control of important resources. Much of the international attention on China’s resource strategy has focused on its scramble to secure supplies of hydrocarbons and mineral ores. Such attention is justified by the fact that China is seeking to conserve its own mineral resources and rely on imports. For example, China, a major steel consumer, has substantial reserves of iron ore, yet it has banned exports of this commodity. It actually encourages its own steel producers to import iron ore. China, in fact, has emerged as the largest importer of iron ore, accounting for a third of all global imports. India, in contrast, remains a major exporter of iron ore to China, although the latter has iron-ore deposits more than two-and-half times that of India. But while buying up mineral resources in foreign lands, China now supplies, according to one estimate, about 95 per cent of the world’s consumption of rare earths — a precious group of minerals vital to high- technology industry, such as miniaturized electronics, computer disk drives, display screens, missile guidance, pollution-control catalysts, and advanced materials. -
Water Resource Competition in the Brahmaputra River Basin: China, India, and Bangladesh Nilanthi Samaranayake, Satu Limaye, and Joel Wuthnow
Water Resource Competition in the Brahmaputra River Basin: China, India, and Bangladesh Nilanthi Samaranayake, Satu Limaye, and Joel Wuthnow May 2016 Distribution unlimited This document represents the best opinion of CNA at the time of issue. Distribution Distribution unlimited. Specific authority contracting number: 14-106755-000-INP. For questions or comments about this study, contact Nilanthi Samaranayake at [email protected] Cover Photography: Brahmaputra River, India: people crossing the Brahmaputra River at six in the morning. Credit: Encyclopædia Britannica ImageQuest, "Brahmaputra River, India," Maria Stenzel / National Geographic Society / Universal Images Group Rights Managed / For Education Use Only, http://quest.eb.com/search/137_3139899/1/137_3139899/cite. Approved by: May 2016 Ken E Gause, Director International Affairs Group Center for Strategic Studies Copyright © 2016 CNA Abstract The Brahmaputra River originates in China and runs through India and Bangladesh. China and India have fought a war over contested territory through which the river flows, and Bangladesh faces human security pressures in this basin that will be magnified by upstream river practices. Controversial dam-building activities and water diversion plans could threaten regional stability; yet, no bilateral or multilateral water management accord exists in the Brahmaputra basin. This project, sponsored by the MacArthur Foundation, provides greater understanding of the equities and drivers fueling water insecurity in the Brahmaputra River basin. After conducting research in Dhaka, New Delhi, and Beijing, CNA offers recommendations for key stakeholders to consider at the subnational, bilateral, and multilateral levels to increase cooperation in the basin. These findings lay the foundation for policymakers in China, India, and Bangladesh to discuss steps that help manage and resolve Brahmaputra resource competition, thereby strengthening regional security. -
Central Asia's Ili River Ecosystem As a Wicked Problem
water Review Central Asia’s Ili River Ecosystem as a Wicked Problem: Unraveling Complex Interrelationships at the Interface of Water, Energy, and Food Steven G. Pueppke 1,2,3,*, Sabir T. Nurtazin 4, Norman A. Graham 2,5 and Jiaguo Qi 3 ID 1 Department of Plant, Soil, and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, 1066 Bogue Street, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA 2 Center for European, Russian, and Eurasian Studies, Michigan State University, 427 North Shaw Lane, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; [email protected] 3 Center for Global Change and Earth Observations, Michigan State University, 1405 South Harrison Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; [email protected] 4 Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, 71 Al-Farabi Avenue, 050040 Almaty, Kazakhstan; [email protected] 5 James Madison College, Michigan State University, 842 Chestnut Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-269-888-1150 Received: 13 January 2018; Accepted: 17 April 2018; Published: 24 April 2018 Abstract: The Ili River originates in the mountains of Xinjiang, China, and flows across an increasingly arid landscape before terminating in Kazakhstan’s Lake Balkhash, which has no outlet to the ocean. The river has been extensively impounded and diverted over the past half century to produce hydroelectric power and food on irrigated land. Water withdrawals are increasing to the extent that they are beginning to threaten the ecosystem, just as it is becoming stressed by altered inflows as glaciers retreat and disappear. If the Ili River ecosystem is to be preserved, it is crucial that we thoroughly understand the spatial and temporal nuances of the interrelationships between water, energy, and food—and the vulnerability of these components to climate change.