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Mummy Portraits and Related

[Book] Decorated surfaces on ancient Egyptian objects: , deterioration and conservation: proceedings of a conference held in Cambridge, UK on 7-8 September 2007. Dawson, J.; Rozeik, C. and Wright, M. (Editors). Archetype Publications Ltd., London, pp. 106-121 (2010)

Includes: Rowe, S., Siddall, R., and Stacey, R. “Roman Egyptian gilded cartonnage: technical study and conservation of a mask from Hawara.”

Bender Jørgensen, L. “Clavi and Non-clavi: Definitions of Various Bands on Roman Textiles,” Purpureae Vestes III. Textiles y Tintes en la ciudad antiqua. Actas del III Symposium Internacional sobre Textiles y Tintes del Mediterráneo en el mundo antiguo (Naples 2008). pp. 75-81 (2011)

Bierbrier M.L., Editor, Portraits and Masks: Customs in Roman Egypt, (1997)

Bierbrier, M., Cartwright, C.R., Filer, J., Humphrey, S., Middleton, A. & Walker, S. “New light on ancient faces,” British Museum Magazine 27; 36-39 (1997)

Borg, B., Mumienportraits: Chronologie und kultureller Kontext, Deutsches Archäologisches Institut. Mainz (1996)

Borg, B., Painted Funerary Portraits. UCLA Encyclopedia of , Los Angeles. http://escholarship.org/uc/item/7426178c (2010)

Brown, H. “Looking at Paintings,” American Artist, pp 56-98 (November 1981)

Buck, R. D. “The Examination and Treatment of a Fayum Portrait,” IIC Conservation of Paintings and the Graphic Arts, pgs. 801-807 (October 9-14, 1972)

Cartwright, C., Spaabæk, L. R., and Svoboda, M. “Portrait mummies from Roman Egypt: ongoing collaborative research on wood identification,” British Museum Technical Research Bulletin 5 pp. 49-58. (2011)

Cartwright, C. and Middleton, A. “Scientific aspects of ancient faces: mummy portraits from Egypt,” British Museum Technical Research Bulletin 2 pp. 59-66 (2008) http://www.britishmuseum.org/pdf/BMTRB%202%20Cartwright.pdf

Cooney, J. D. “Portraits from Roman Egypt,” The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art , Vol. 59, No. 2 pp. 51-55 (Feb. 1972) http://www.jstor.org/stable/25152416

Corcoran, L.H., Svoboda, M., Herakleides: A Portrait Mummy from Roman Egypt. J. Paul Getty Trust. (2010)

Corcoran, L.H., Portrait Mummies from Roman Egypt (I-IV Centuries A.D.) with a catalogue of portrait mummies in Egyptian Museums, The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago (1995) Davies, E. "Mummy Mania" (Archaeological analysis). Chemistry World. pp. 48-51 (February 2011)

Doxiadis, E. The Mysterious Fayum Portraits: Faces from , Harry N. Abrams, Inc. (1995)

Fewkes, J. Walter, “The Graf Collection of Greek Portraits,” in the New England Magazine, pp. 612-625. (1894)

Freccero, A. Fayum Portraits: Documentation and Scientific Analysis of Mummy Portraits Belonging to Nationalmuseum in Stockholm, Acta Universitatis Gothoburgensis (2000)

Frel, J., Recent Acquisitions. Ancient Art, The J. Paul Getty Museum. Exhibition catalogue. (1974-1975)

Geoffroy-Schneiter, B., Fayum Portraits, Thames and Hudson Ltd., London (1998)

Graf, T., Ebers, G., The Hellenic Portraits from the Fayum at Present in the Collection of Herr Graf. Nabu Press D. Appleton and Co. Press, NY.1893. (2010)

Graf, T., Richter F. H., von Ostini, F., Catalogue of the Theodor Graf collection of unique ancient Greek portraits, 2,000 years old: Recently Discovered and Now on View in Old Vienna, Midway Plaisance, at the World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago (1893)

Graf, T., Catalogue of Theodor Graf's gallery of antique portraits from the Hellenistic times. Berlin (Published by their possessor I, Spiegelgasse 3, Vienna) (1889)

Grimm-Stadelmann, I., “Crossing Borders Egyptian Mummy Portraits and Christian Icons,” Artists and Colour in ancient Egypt. Angenot, V., and Francesco Tiradritti, F. Eds. Proceedings of the colloquium held in Montepulciano, August 22nd – 24, 2008 (2016)

Hart, M.L., “A Portrait of a Bearded Man Flanked by and Serapis,” Icon, Cult and Context: Sacred Spaces and Objects in the Classical World. UCLA Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Press. Chapter 7 pp, 79- 90 (2016)

Hillyer, L. “The Conservation of a Group of Painted Mummy Cloths from Roman Egypt,” Studies in Conservation , Vol. 29, No. 1 pp. 1-9 (Feb., 1984) http://www.jstor.org/stable/1505937

Newman, N., Harrison, L., Thomas, D., Dyer, J., Taylor, J. “The Study and Conservation of Four Ancient Egyptian Funerary Portraits: Provenance, Conservation History and Structural Treatment.” British Museum Technical Research Bulletin 7 pp. 1-14 (2013)

Parlasca, K. und Seemann, H. Augenblicke: Mumienporträts und ägyptische grabkunst aus römischer zeit, Klinkhardt & Biermann, München (1999)

Parlasca,K. Ritratti di Mummie, Repertorio d'arte dell'Egitto greco-romano, Serie B, Vol. I L'Erma di Bretschneider (1969) Parlasca,K. Ritratti di Mummie, Repertorio d'arte dell'Egitto greco-romano, Serie B, Vol. II L'Erma di Bretschneider (1977)

Parlasca,K. Ritratti di Mummie, Repertorio d'arte dell'Egitto greco-romano, Serie B, Vol. III L'Erma di Bretschneider (1980)

Parlasca,K. Ritratti di Mummie, Repertorio d'arte dell'Egitto greco-romano, Serie B, Vol. IV L'Erma di Bretschneider (2003)

Petrie, F. The Hawara Portfolio: Painting of the Roman Age, British School (1911)

Picton, J. Quirke, S., Roberts, P. (editors) Living Images: Egyptian Funerary Portraits in the Petrie Museum, Left Coast Press, Inc. Walnut Creek, CA. (2007)

Pitthard, V., Vak, B., Griesser, M., Stanek, S., and Laubenberger, M. “Fayum Portraits from the Collection of Greek and Roman Antiquities, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna: Conservation Treatment and Research into their Composition,” Technologische Studien 4 pp. 156-175 (2007)

Ramer, B. “The Technology, Examination and Conservation of the Fayum Portraits in the Petrie Museum,” Studies in Conservation , Vol. 24, No. 1 pp. 1-13 (Feb., 1979) http://www.jstor.org/stable/1505918

Riggs, C. (editor) The Oxford Handbook of Roman Egypt, Includes: many contributors. (2012)

Riggs, C., “Facing the Dead: Recent Research on the of Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt,” American Journal of Archaeology 106 85-101 (2002)

Rondot, V., “Graeco-Roman Fayum pantheons as documented by 2nd century painted wooden panels,” Van der Pharaanenzeit bis zur Spätantike. Kulturelle Vielfalt im Fayum Akten def 5. Internationalen Fayum-Konfefenz, 29. Mai bis 1. Juni 2013, Leipzig. pp. 145-162 (2015)

Root, M. C., Faces of : Egyptian Mummy masks, Painted Portraits and Canopic Jars in the Kelsey Museum of Archaeology, University of Michigan (1979)

Salvant, J., et. al “A Roman Egyptian Painting Workshop: Technical Investigation of the Portraits from Tebtunis, Egypt,” Archaeometry (Forthcoming)

Shore, A.F., Portrait painting from Roman Egypt, The Trustees of the British Museum London (1962)

Sörries, R. Das Malibu - Tryptychon: Ein Totengefenkbild aus dem römischen Ägyoten und verwandte Werke der spätantiken Talfelmaleri, Verlag J.H. Roll, (2003)

Thompson, D. L., Mummy Portraits in the J. Paul Getty Museum, J. Paul Getty Museum (1982) Thompson, D. L., Classes and hands Painted Funerary Portraits from Antinoopolis. University of North Carolina Chapel Hill. Ph.D. Dissertation (1972)

Walker, S., Bierbrier, M. Ancient Faces: Mummy Portraits from Roman Egypt, British Museum Press 1997 and Routeldge, New York (2000)

Ganio, M., Walton, M., Salvant, J., Williams, J., Lynn, L., Cossairt, O. “Investigating the use of Egyptian blue in Roman Egyptian portraits and panels from Tebtunis, Egypt,” Applied Physics A (2015)

Zaloscer, H. -Portrait: an Interpretation. Apollo No. 24, Vol 79 London, pp 101-107 (Feb. 1964)

Pigments

Balfour-Paul, J. Indigo in the Arab World Curzon Press (1997)

Berry, M. “A study of from a Roman Egyptian shrine,” AICCM Bulletin 24. pp. 1-9. (1999) http://aiccm.org.au/docs/Bulletin1999/Berry_Bulletin_1999_Vol24.pdf

Claro, A.et al. “The use of microspectrofluorimetry for the characterization of lake pigments,” Talanta 74 pp.922-929 (2008)

Clementi, C., et al. “Vibrational and electronic properties of painting lakes,” Applied Physics A (2008) DOI: 10.1007/s00339-008-4474-6

Colinart, S., Pagès-Camagna, S. and Delange, E. “Le bleu et le vert égyptiens (Egyptian blue and Egyptian green),” Technè: la science au service de l'histoire de l'art et des civilisations. Centre de recherche et de restauration des musées de France, Paris, France. No. 7. pp. 35-38. (1998) http://www.c2rmf.fr/pages/page_id18433_u1l2.htm

Cottica, D., Mazzocchin, G.A. “Pots with Coloured Powders from the Forum of Pompeii,” Vessels: Inside and Outside. EMAC 9th European Meeting on Ancient Ceramics. (2007) pp. 151-158

Daniels, V., Deviese, T., Hacke, M., Higgit, C. “Technological insights into madder production in antiquity,” The British Museum Technical Research Bulletin, Volume 8 pp. 13-28 (2014)

Daniels, V. “Analyses of Copper- and Beeswax- Containing Green Paint on Egyptian Antiquities,” Studies in Conservation, Vol. 52, No. 1 pp. 13-18. (2007) http://www.jstor.org/stable/20619475

David, R., Edwards, H.G.M., Farwell, D.W., De Faria, D.L.A., “Raman Spectroscopic Analysis of Ancient Egyptian Pigments,” Archaeometry 43, 4 pp. 461-473 (2001)

Davy, H., “Some Experiments and Observations on the Colours Used in Painting by the Ancients,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 105. Royal Society (1815), pp. 97-124 http://www.jstor.org/stable/107361 Delamare, F. “Les terres vertes et leur utilisation en peinture murale romaine. (Green earth and its use in Roman mural painting.),” PACT 17 pp. 345-373 European Study Group on Physical, Chemical and Mathematical Techniques Applied to Archaeology, Rixensart, Belgium [French] (1987)

Feller, R.L., Artists’ Pigments: A Handbook of their History and Characteristics, Volume 1 Red Lead and Minium Cambridge University Press (1994)

Kirby, J. Spring, M., Higgit, H. “The Technology of Red Lake Pigment Manufacture: Study of the Dyestuff Substraight,” National Gallery Technical Bulletin, Vol. 26 (2005).

Miliani, C. et al. “Blanching of red lake paints in encaustic mummy portraits,” Applied Physics A, published on-line 21 May (2010).

Miliani C., et al. “Acidichromic effects in 1,2-di- and 1,2,4-trihydroxyanthraquinones. A spectrophotometric and fluorimetric study,” Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 13 pp. 141-150. (2000)

Mouri c., Laursen, R. “Identification of anthraquinone markers for distinguishing Rubia species in madder-dyed textiles by HPLC,” Microchimica Acta 179 pp. 105-113. (2012)

Pagès-Camagna, S.; and Guichard, H., “Egyptian colours and pigments in French collections: 30 years of physicochemical analyses on 300 objects,” Archetype Publications in association with The Fitzwilliam Museum and Icon Archaeology Group (London) pp. 25-31 (2010)

Rogers, P.W., Jorgensen, L. B., Rast-Eicher, A. editors The Roman Textile and its influence: A birthday Tribute to John Peter Wild. Oxbow (2001)

Scott, D. A. “Greener shades of pale: a review of advances in the characterization of ancient Egyptian green pigments,” Archetype Publications in association with The Fitzwilliam Museum and Icon Archaeology Group (London) pp. 32-45 (2010)

Saunders D., Spring, M. and Higgitt, C., “Colour change in red lead-containing paint films,” ICOM Committee for Conservation, ICOM-CC: 13th Triennial Meeting, Rio de Janeiro, 22-27 September 2002 : preprints pp. 455-463 (2002) van Bommel, M. et al. “An investigation of organic red pigments used in paintings by Vincent van Gogh (November 1885 to February 1888),” ArtMatters 3 pp. 111-127. (2002)

Walton, M., Trentelman, K. “Romano-Egyptian Red Lead Pigment: A Subsidiary Commodity of Spanish Silver Mining and Refinement,” Archaeometry 51 (2009)

Ancient Painting

Baines, J., “Color Terminology and Color Classification: Ancient Egyptian Color Terminology and Polychromy,” American Anthropologist, New Series, Vol. 87, No. 2. pp. 282-297. (Jun., 1985) http://www.jstor.org/stable/678562 Davies, W.V., (editor) Colour and Painting in Ancient Egypt. The British Museum Press. (2001)

Duell, P., “Evidence for Easel Painting in Ancient Egypt,” Tech Studies Field of Fine Arts, Vol. VIII pp. 175-191 (1939/40)

Dunn, J., Roman Era Funerary Portrait Painting (internet: http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/mportarticle.htm

Freccero, A., Encausto and Ganosis: Beeswax as Paint and Coating during the Roman Era and its applicability in Modern Art, craft and conservation, Gotenborg Studies and Conservation 9. (2002)

Granzotto, C., Arslanoglu, J., “Revealing the binding medium of a Roman Egyptian painted mummy shroud,” Journal of Cultural Heritage. (2017) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2017.04.005

Laurie, A.P., Greek and Roman painting Methods: Some comments on the Statements made by Pliny and Vitruvius about Wall and Panel Painting, Cambridge University Press (1910)

Masschelein-Kleiner, L. Ancient Binding Media, Varnishes and Adhesives. ICROM Rome (1985)

Mazurek, J. Svoboda, M., Maish, J., Kawahara, K., Fukakusa, S., Nakazawa, T., Taniguchi, T. “Characterization of binding media in Egyptian Romano portraits using Enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay and Mass spectrometry,” e-Preservation Science. (2014) 11, 76-83

Imaging of pigments or portraits

[Book] Conservation and the eastern Mediterranean: contributions to the Istanbul Congress, 20-24 September 2010. Rozeik, C., Roy, A., and Saunders, D. (Editors). International Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works, London, United Kingdom (2010)

Includes: Verri, G., Saunders, D., , J., and Sweek, T., “Digital mapping of Egyptian blue: conservation implications,” pp. 220-224

Cosentino, A. “Infrared technical photography for art examination,” e-Preservation Science. (2016) 13, 1-6

Cosentino, A. “Identification of pigments by multispectral imaging; a flowchart method,” Heritage Science 2:8 (2014) http://www.heritagesciencejournal.com/content/2/1/8

Cosentino, A. “Photoshop and Multispectral Imaging for Art Documentation,” e-Preservation Science 11, pp. 91-98. (2014) http://www.morana-rtd.com/e-preservationscience/

Dyer, J., Verri, G., Cupitt, J., Multispectral Imaging in Reflectance and Photo-induced Luminescence modes: A User Manual Version 1 (Oct. 2013) http://www.britishmuseum.org/pdf/charisma-multispectral-imaging-manual-2013.pdf

Verri, G., Saunders, D. “Xenon flash for reflectance and luminescence (multispectral) imaging in cultural heritage applications,” The British Museum Technical Research Bulletin, Volume 8 pp. 83-92 (2014)

Keats Webb, E., Summerour, R,. Giaccai, J., “A case study using multiband and hyperspectral imaging for the identification and characterization of materials on archaeological Andean painted textiles,” Textile Specialty Group Postprints Volume 24: 23-35 (2014)

Scientific Analysis

Baronti, S., Casini, A., Lotti, F., Porcinai, S. “Multispectral imaging system for the mapping of pigments in works of art by use of principal-component analysis,” Applied Optics 37, 1299 (1998)

Berrie, B. “An Improved Method for Identifying Red Lakes on Art and Historical Artifacts,” PNA, Vol. 106 No. 36 (2009) pp. 15095-15096

Birshtein, V. Ya, Tul'chinskii, V. M. “An investigation and identification of polysaccharides isolated from archeological specimens,” Chemistry of Natural Compounds Volume 12, Issue 1, pp. 12-15 (1976)

Bisulca, C., Picollo, M., Bacci, M., Kunzelman, D. “UV-VIS-NIR Reflectance Spectroscopy of Red Lakes in Paintings,” 9th International Conference on NDT of Art (2008)

Buckley, S.A., Clark, K.A., Evershed, R.P., “Complex organic Chemical balms of Pharaonic mummies,” Nature Vol. 431 16. pp. 294-298 (September 2004)

Buckley, S.A., Evershed, R.P., “Organic Chemistry of agents in Pharaonic and Graeco-Roman Mummies,” Nature, Vol. 413, 25. pp. 837-841 (October 2001)

Casadio, Francesca; Leona, Marco; Lombardi, John R.; Van Duyne, Richard, “Identification of Organic Colorants in Fibers, Paints, and Glazes by Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy,” Accounts of Chemical Research 43, No. 6 (June 2010). http://sites.weinberg.northwestern.edu/vanduyne/files/2012/10/2010_Casadio_2.pdf

Clementi, C., et al., “Vibrational and electronic properties of painting lakes,” Applied Physics A 92, 25 (2008).

Colinart, S., and Grappin-Wsevolojsky, S., “Le Cire Punique: Etude critique des recettes antiques et de leur interpretation, application aux portraits de Fayoum,” ICOM committee for Conservation 12th Triennial Meeting, Lyon 29 August – 3, pp. 213-220 (September 1999)

Colombini, M.P. et al., “Characterization of the Balm of an Egyptian Mummy for the Seventh Century B.C.,” Studies in Conservation 45, pp. 19-29 (2000)

Cosentino, A., “FORS Spectral Database of Historical Pigments in Different Binders,” E-Conservation Journal, Issue 2 (2014) pp.53-65 Delaney, J. K., Walmsley, E., Berrie, B. H., Fletcher, C.F., in Sackler NAS Colloquium, “Scientific Examination of Art: Modern Techniques in Conservation and Analysis,” (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Washington) pp. 120-136. (2005)

Fischer, C., Kakoulli, I. “Multispectral and hyperspectral imaging in conservation: current research and potential applications,” Reviews in Conservation 7, 3 (2006).

Freccero, A. Fayum Portraits: Documentation and Scientific Analysis of Mummy Portraits Belonging to Nationalmuseum in Stockholm, Acta Universitatis Gothoburgensis (2000)

Kirby, J., , R. “The Identification of Red lake Pigment Dyestuff and a discussion of their Use,” National Gallery Technical Bulletin 17. Pp. 56-80 (1996)

Koller J. et al, “Analysis of a Pharaonic embalming tar,” Ancient Materials Nature Vol. 425. p. 784 (October 23, 2003)

Koller J. et al, “Embalming was used in Old Kingdom,” Scientific Correspondence Nature 391, 343-344. pp. 343-346 (22 January 1998)

Kühn, H. “Detection and Identification of Waxes, including Punic Wax, by Infra-Red Spectrography,” Studies in Conservation , Vol. 5, No. 2. pp. 71-81. (May, 1960) http://www.jstor.org/stable/1504955

Leona, M., Hoffmann,R., “Microanalysis of Organic Pigments and Glazes in Polychrome Works of Art by Surface-Enhanced Resonance Raman Scattering,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , Vol. 106, No. 35. pp. 14757-14762 (Sep. 1, 2009) http://www.jstor.org/stable/40484502

Liang, H., “Advances in multispectral and hyperspectral imaging for archaeology and art conservation,” Applied Physics A 106, 309 (2012)

Pozza, G., Ajò, D., Chiari, G., De Zuane, F., Favaro, M. “Photoluminescence of the inorganic pigments Egyptian blue, Han blue and Han purple,” Journal of Cultural Heritage 1, 393 (2000)

Proefke, M.L., Rinehart, K. “Analysis of an Egyptian mummy by mass spectrometry,” Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry, Volume 3, Issue 5 (July 1992)

Regert, M., Colinart, L., Degrand, L., Decavallas, O., “Chemical Alteration and Use of Beeswax Through Time: Accelerated Ageing Tests and Analysis of Archaeological Samples from Various Environmental Contexts,” Archaeometry 43, 4. Pp. 549-569 (2001)

Romani A. et al., “Portable Equipment for Luminescence Lifetime Measurements on Surfaces,” Applied Spectroscopy 62, 1395 (2008).

Romani, A., Clementi, C., Miliani, C., Favaro, G. “Fluorescence Spectroscopy: A Powerful Technique for the Noninvasive Characterization of Artwork,” Accounts of Chemical Research 43, 837 (2010/06/15). Stacey, R.J. “The composition of some Roman : evidence of Pliny’s Punic wax,” Analytical Bioanalytical Chemistry– Online Springer. (June 2011)

Stoll, M., Fengel, D., “Chemical and Structural Studies on Ancient EgyptianLinen,” Berliner Beiträge zur Archäometrie, band 10, pp. 151-172 (1988)

Tobia, S., Sayre, E. An Analytical Comparison of Various Egyptian Soils, Clays,Shales and Some Ancient by Neutron Activation. Conference: 2. solid state conference, Cairo, United Arab Republic, (21 Apr 1973)

Vieillescazes, C., Analytical Chemistry applied to Study of ancient resinous materials – University of Avingnon, France ECTN Working Group on Chemistry and Cultural History, (Sept. 2003)

Weser et al., “Analysis of Pharaonic embalming tar,” Nature, Vol. 425 23. pp. 784 (October 2003)

White, R. “The application of gas-chromotography to the identification of Waxes,” Studies in Conservation 23. pp. 57-68 (1978)

Wouters, J. “Possible future Developments in the Analysis of Organic dyes,” Dyes History Archaeology 20. pp. 23-29(2005)

Wood

Cartwright, C. R. Identification of wood samples for Davies, W.V. “Ancient Egyptian timber imports; an analysis of wooden coffins in the British Museum,” W. Vivian Davies & Louise Schofield (eds.) Egypt, the Aegean and the Levant. Interconnections in the Second Millennium BC British Museum Press, London. pp. 146-156. (1995)

Cartwright, C.R. “Egyptian mummy portraits: examining the woodworkers’ craft,” Portraits and Masks. Burial Customs in Roman Egypt. M. Bierbrier (ed.) British Museum Press, London. pp. 106-111 (1997a)

Cartwright, C.R. “Wood identifications,” Ancient Faces: Mummy Portraits from Roman Egypt Walker, S., & Bierbrier M. (ed.) British Museum Press, London (1997b)

Cartwright, C.R. ‘The Bronze Age wooden furniture from Jericho; the microscopical reconstruction of a distinctive carpentry tradition,” Palestine Exploration Quarterly 137. pp. 99–138 (2005)

Cartwright, C.R. & Middleton, A.P. “Piecing together ancient Egypt,” British Museum Magazine 33. pp. 25-26 (1999)

Cartwright, C.R. & Middleton, A.P. “Scientific aspects of ancient faces: mummy portraits from Egypt,” British Museum Technical Research Bulletin 2. pp. 59-66 (2008)

Cartwright, C.R., “The principles, procedures and pitfalls in identifying archaeological and historical wood samples,” Annals of Botany 116 (1). pp. 1-13. (2015) http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/116/1/1.full.pdf+html?sid=4f94de01-bdf1-4496-947b- c9d35981f8da

Gale, R. & Cutler, D. Plants in archaeology, Westbury Publishing, London and Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (2000)

Gale, R., Gasson, P., Hepper, F.N. & Killen, G. “Wood,” Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology, ed. P.T. Nicholson and I. Shaw, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. pp. 334–371. (2000)

Meiggs, Russell, Tree and Timber in the Ancient Mediterranean World, Clarendon Press, Oxford (1982)

Schweingruber, F.H. of European woods, Verlag Paul Haupt, Bern (1990)

Wheeler, E.A., Pearson, R.G., LaPasha, C.A., Zack, T. & Hatley, W. Computer-aided wood identification, North Carolina Agriculture Research Service Bulletin 474 (1986)

Wheeler, E.A., Baas, P. & Gasson, P.E. “IAWA list of microscopic features for hardwood identification,” IAWA Bulletin 10. pp. 219–332 (1989)

Technology

Forbes, R.J., Studies in Ancient Technology, Vol. IV, E.J. Brill () (1987)

Lucas, A., Ancient Egyptian Materials and Industries, Fourth Edition revised, Histories & Mysteries of Man LTD., London, England (1989)

Nicholson and Shaw (editors), Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technologies, Cambridge University Press (2000)

Conservation Related

Jaeschke, R., Jaeschke, H. “The cleaning and consolidation of Egyptian Encaustic Mummy Portraits,” IIC Cleaning, Retouching and Coatings Preprints. pp. 16-18 (Sept. 1990)

Martin, M., Reisman, S. “The Surface and Structural Treatment of a Fayum Portrait,” Conservation of Wood and Painting and Decorative Arts IIC Preprints. pp. 191-198 (1978)

Ramer, B. “The technology, examination and conservation of the Fayum portraits in the Petrie Museum,” Studies in Conservation 24. pp. 1-13 (1979)

Sack, S.P., Tahk, C., Peters jr. T., “A Technical Examination of an Ancient Egyptian Painting on Canvas,” Studies in Conservation 26. pp. 15-23 (1981) Scott, D.A., Dennis, M., Khandekar, N., Joy Keeney, J., Carson, D., and Swartz Dodd, L. “An Egyptian Cartonnage of the Graeco-Roman Period: Examination and Discoveries,” Studies in Conservation, Vol. 48, No. 1. pp. 41-56. (2003) http://www.jstor.org/stable/1506822

Video or other related information

Barrett, S., Ted Talk: TedxCulverCity, August 18, 2013 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bpKEKIsU6Gc

Barber, E., Prehistoric Textiles: The development of Cloth in the and Bronze Ages. Princeton University Press (1990)

Harlow, M., Nosch, M.L. Greek and Roman Textiles and Dress: An interdisciplinary anthology, Oxbow press (2014)