DRAWING OVER TIME This Thematic Time Chart Features Various Drawing Sites, Methods, Techniques, Materials, Disciplines, Functions, and Cross-Sections Over Time

Home , Drawing, Mummy

Studio: Drawing DRAWING OVER TIME This thematic time chart features various drawing sites, methods, techniques, materials, disciplines, functions, and cross-sections over time. “A line is a dot that went for a walk.” – Paul Klee

What do walking, weaving, observing, singing, storytelling, drawing, and writing all have in common? The answer is that they all proceed along lines of one kind or another” (Ingold, 2016). – Paul Klee

COMMUNICATING ACROSS THE AGES

71,000 BCE Oldest Known Drawing Cross-hatched lines made with a red ochre crayon on a rock fragment. 40,000 BCE Blombos Cave, South Africa Kakadu Rock Art Line drawings communicate a relationship between people, the land, 30,000 BCE and their spiritual heritage. Chauvet Cave Kakadu National Park, Australia Some of the best-preserved prehistoric art featuring linear drawings of horses with shading. 1630 BCE Ardèche, France Carnarvon Gorge The negative space of arms, hands, feet, and other forms are made with stencils Ptolemaic Period: on rock walls by Aboriginal people. 305–30 BCE Queensland, Australia Inscribed mummy bandages Drawings are intended to provide protection for the dead. Wei & Tang Dynasties: Drawn on linen with ink, bandages up to 386–535, 618–907 26’ long were used to wrap mummies. Chinese Ink Painting Fayum, Egypt Characteristic paintings on silk and paper emerged as a cultural art form. By the 7th century, narrative albums of 11th Century drawings emerge on paper. Hindi and Buddhist paintings In Sri Lanka and India, a focus on movement, rhythm, and gesture is 13th Century inscribed on palm leaves to depict Miniature Painting mythological stories. With the introduction of paper, Persian and Moghul miniature painting traditions emerge. 18th–19th Century Fine lines are used to depict detailed Katsushika Hokusai scenes. Japanese printmaker utilizes prominent These traditions continue today. linework in his ukiyo-e art artwork. Notable works include the woodcut series of Mt. Fuji, which document the famous volcanic mountain from many perspectives.

DRAWING MATERIALS & TECHNOLOGY

Artists have utilized an array of materials and technologies in their work over time. This is a sampling of some supports and tools used in the past.

2nd Millenium BCE Early Drawings Monochromatic ink and brushwork may have been used in China as early 200 AD as this time. Paper From Pulp Handmade paper from pulp emerges in China. Slowly, it becomes Han Dynasty: introduced to artisans. 25–220 AD Wall Paintings Linear drawings feature in fresco Mid-8th Century (wet) and secco (dry) plaster paintings. Greece A pointed, metal stylus is used to inscribe lines on a tablet made of wax- coated wood for writing and drawing. 1276 Paper Mills The first paper mills are 14th Century established in Europe.

Paper Manufacturing Paper is produced and 14th–15th Century manufactured in China. Flanders Artists draw with fine metal tools made of silver, gold, or copper to trace and rub lines onto paper 1550 covered in gesso. A “Pencil” is Born This technique is called silverpoint A large deposit of graphite is or metalpoint. discovered in England, and its usefulness is revealed. Simonio and Lyndiana Bernacotti 1790s create the first graphite pencil design: a hollowed piece of wood with Pencil Technology graphite inserted in the middle. Britain bans exports to France 1560: This new invention leads to Napoleon desires a replacement for more precision in drawing. solid graphite, which is only mined in Britain. Nicolas-Jacques Conté mixes powdered graphite with clay and heats the mixture to create different levels of softness and values in the lead.

GENERATING IDEAS THROUGH DRAWING

Middle Ages: 5th–15th Century Draftsmanship Drawing is used as a method for sketching out ideas to plan out larger-scale works such as mosaics, murals, sculptures, and architectural Renaissance: structures. 14th–mid-16th Century Model drawings were drafted for the Emerging as an Artform detailed illuminated manuscripts of European monasteries. In Northern Italy, sketching in notebooks becomes personalized and stylized. Drawing becomes the foundation for Late 16th–17th Century most artwork. Mannerist Movement Drawings are also inscribed in plaster Artists draw with pen and develop a as the foundational layer for fresco graphic style through contouring. paintings.

In the Netherlands Drawings in Italy Drawing is a document of a finished Function as sketches and preparatory painting and stands alone as an studies. artwork. Probe and investigate creative ideas. Academic Drawing Serve as teaching tools and as documentation. Drawing becomes a key aspect of students’ art practice and Albrecht Dürer experimentation. A notable draftsman from Germany French Landscape Drawings with a rigorous, detailed, technical approach to drawing. Drawing outdoors paves the way for plein air studies. Materials include chalk, ink, watercolor, and charcoal. Late 18th–early-19th Century Francisco de Goya Furthers the use of drawing with gestural brush and sanguine action scenes, in contrast to court painters.

Caricatures and social satire imagery Rely heavily on the use of line drawings to depict relatable concepts.

Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres Elevates drawing as a recognizable art form. His use of nuanced lines is a distinguishing feature.

EPHEMERAL DRAWING

Sand Mandalas: 14th Century Tibetan Mandala Bright pigments and sand are mixed and poured into floor drawings. Then the mandala sand is systematically dismantled and Zen Gardens: returned to water. 14th–15th Century The ephemeral drawing is a Kyoto, Japan representation of the transitory nature of life. Rectangular in shape, these gardens are dry and traditionally located within Buddhist monasteries. Small pebbles or sand are raked and Site-Specific Art: drawn into patterns that reference 1960s–70s water or the ocean. Richard Long Long walks through an English field covered by dew to make a drawing in the landscape, A Line Made by Walking (1967). Vèvè Drawings: Ongoing Robert Smithson A Haitian Vodou Ritual Spiral Jetty (1970) is a site-specific Practiced in Haiti, tracing back to earthwork made of a coil of rocks in the Benin. Great Salt Lake. This temporal piece changes with the seasons and time. This ground-drawing uses geometric designs and temporal materials like ash and cornmeal.

MOVEMENT AND MARK MAKING

Late 19th Century Impressionism & Post- Impressionism Drawing features prominently in the loose linework of painters like Edward Degas, Mary Cassatt, Vincent Van Gogh, and Henri de Early 20th Century Toulouse-Lautrec. Drawing for Drawing’s Sake Drawing is celebrated as its own entity in the artwork of many artists and movements. Art Nouveau: the decorative line work of Alphonse Mucha Abstract Expressionism: Cubism: the implied lines of 1943–mid-1950s Pablo Picasso Abstraction and Gesture German Expressionism: Helen Frankenthaler’s fluid paint- Käthe Kollwitz for her use of pours create linear, gestural elements. delineation Robert Motherwell explores non- Der Blaue Reiter: the expressive traditional drawing techniques by lines of Wassily Kandinsky & lengthening his ink brushes. Paul Klee Cy Twombly’s drawings and paintings feature strong, gestural lines and vibrant compositions. Ongoing Mbuti Bark Cloth Found in Cameroon, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and Madagascar. Striking, dark geometric lines and patterns on cloth made of local bark. Dot Art: 1970–Present Contemporary Aboriginal Painting Tribal elders decide to share their communities’ stories in the new form of abstract dot painting. These works expand upon an undocumented tradition of drawings made in the sand and soil.

POST-MODERNISM: AN “EXPANDED FIELD”

1979 Art Criticism Art critic Rosalind Krauss discusses how context informs reading of 3D forms in Sculpture in the Expanded Field. This influential essay shifts the Sculptural Installation as Drawing critical art dialogue for other art Judy Pfaff forms like drawing. This American artist creates The “Expanded Field” is inclusive whimsical installation environments and diverse. Drawings acquire new with a combination of found functions, contextual meanings, and materials and painted objects. intersections with other media. Hassan Echair Referencing materials native to the Morrocan landscape, Echair uses Moving Drawings minimal materials to create abstract William Kentridge compositions. This South African artist innovates with charcoal, utilizing erasure Cecilia Vicuña methods to reveal a moving image in Creates sculptural drawings as his animated film series. gestures, often incorporating refuse. Uses knotted linear forms to Sun Xun references the Chilean method of Utilizes and distorts Chinese counting called “Quipu.” traditional ink painting in expressionistic, stop-motion animations.

References

Art history: The history of drawing | beginner’s school. (n.d.). Retrieved April 12, 2021, from http://www.beginnersschool.com/2015/05/04/history-of-drawing/

Cathill, P. (2017, June 27). A pencil. Medium. https://medium.com/interesting-histories/a-pencil-2acb47dc06e5

Drawing down spirits: Sacred ground markings of vodou in San Francisco. (2009, September 22). Open Space. https://openspace.sfmoma.org/2009/09/drawing-down-spirits-sacred-ground-markings-of-vodou-in-san-francisco/

Drawing—History of drawing. (n.d.). Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved April 12, 2021, from https://www.britannica.com/art/drawing-art

In dialogue with the forest: Barkcloth paintings from congo | Minneapolis Institute of Art. (n.d.). Retrieved April 14, 2021, from https://new.artsmia.org/exhibition/in-dialogue-with-the-forest-barkcloth-paintings-from-congo

Ingold, T. (2016). Lines. Routledge.

Krauss, R. (1979). Sculpture in the Expanded Field. October, 8, 31-44. doi:10.2307/778224

Larkins, K. (n.d.). The tranquil zen garden of kyoto. Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved April 14, 2021, from https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/the-tranquil-zen-garden-of-kyoto-11696765/

Mummy bandage of Hepmeneh, born of Tasheritentaqeri, inscribed with text and vignette from the Book of the Dead. (n.d.). Retrieved April 14, 2021, from https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/557894

“Oldest known drawing” found on tiny rock in South Africa. (2018, September 12). BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-45501205

Thorp, C. L. (2017). Tibetan Sand Mandalas. In World History Encyclopedia. https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1052/tibetan-sand-mandalas