During This Step, the Dead Body Is Washed with Good Smelling Palm Wine and Water from the Nile

Step 1: Embalming the body During this step, the dead body is washed with good smelling palm wine and water from the Nile. Step 2: Removing the internal organs A cut is made on the left side of the body to remove the organs. The organs are washed and stuffed with natron, a special salt that would dry them out. Fun fact about Step 2: The heart was not removed because Ancient Egyptians believed it was the center of intelligence and feelings. Meanwhile, the brain was pulled out through the nose using a long hook. Dead serious. Step 3: Covering the body in natron The body itself is then covered in natron to dry out. Step 4: Washing the body After 40 days of drying out, the body is then washed with water from the Nile and oils to keep it looking realistic. Step 5: Stuffing the body Remember those dried out organs? They’re back. In fact they’re covered in linen and stuffed back into the body along with sawdust, leaves, and more linen. Step 6: Wrapping the body And that’s a wrap! The body is wrapped in linen while a priest reads spells aloud from an Egyptian Book of the Dead. Step 7: Opening of the Mouth Oops, almost forgot this mouthful. The Opening of the Mouth ceremony is performed that allows the dead to eat and drink in the after life. Step 8: Stored in a sarcophagus Lastly, the mummy is stored in a large, decorated, stone sarcophagus inside a tomb..

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Bibliography Many books were read and researched in the compilation of Binford, L. R, 1983, Working at Archaeology. Academic Press, The Encyclopedic Dictionary of Archaeology: New York. Binford, L. R, and Binford, S. R (eds.), 1968, New Perspectives in American Museum of Natural History, 1993, The First Humans. Archaeology. Aldine, Chicago. HarperSanFrancisco, San Francisco. Braidwood, R 1.,1960, Archaeologists and What They Do. Franklin American Museum of Natural History, 1993, People of the Stone Watts, New York. Age. HarperSanFrancisco, San Francisco. Branigan, Keith (ed.), 1982, The Atlas ofArchaeology. St. Martin's, American Museum of Natural History, 1994, New World and Pacific New York. Civilizations. HarperSanFrancisco, San Francisco. Bray, w., and Tump, D., 1972, Penguin Dictionary ofArchaeology. American Museum of Natural History, 1994, Old World Civiliza Penguin, New York. tions. HarperSanFrancisco, San Francisco. Brennan, L., 1973, Beginner's Guide to Archaeology. Stackpole Ashmore, w., and Sharer, R. J., 1988, Discovering Our Past: A Brief Books, Harrisburg, PA. Introduction to Archaeology. Mayfield, Mountain View, CA. Broderick, M., and Morton, A. A., 1924, A Concise Dictionary of Atkinson, R J. C., 1985, Field Archaeology, 2d ed. Hyperion, New Egyptian Archaeology. Ares Publishers, Chicago. York. Brothwell, D., 1963, Digging Up Bones: The Excavation, Treatment Bacon, E. (ed.), 1976, The Great Archaeologists. Bobbs-Merrill, and Study ofHuman Skeletal Remains. British Museum, London. New York. Brothwell, D., and Higgs, E. (eds.), 1969, Science in Archaeology, Bahn, P., 1993, Collins Dictionary of Archaeology. ABC-CLIO, 2d ed. Thames and Hudson, London. Santa Barbara, CA. Budge, E. A. Wallis, 1929, The Rosetta Stone. Dover, New York. Bahn, P.
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Mummies and Mummification Practices in the Southern and Southwestern United States Mahmoud Y
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Karl Reinhard Papers/Publications Natural Resources, School of 1998 Mummies and mummification practices in the southern and southwestern United States Mahmoud Y. El-Najjar Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan Thomas M. J. Mulinski Chicago, Illinois Karl Reinhard University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/natresreinhard El-Najjar, Mahmoud Y.; Mulinski, Thomas M. J.; and Reinhard, Karl, "Mummies and mummification practices in the southern and southwestern United States" (1998). Karl Reinhard Papers/Publications. 13. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/natresreinhard/13 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Natural Resources, School of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Karl Reinhard Papers/Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Published in MUMMIES, DISEASE & ANCIENT CULTURES, Second Edition, ed. Aidan Cockburn, Eve Cockburn, and Theodore A. Reyman. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998. 7 pp. 121–137. Copyright © 1998 Cambridge University Press. Used by permission. Mummies and mummification practices in the southern and southwestern United States MAHMOUD Y. EL-NAJJAR, THOMAS M.J. MULINSKI AND KARL J. REINHARD Mummification was not intentional for most North American prehistoric cultures. Natural mummification occurred in the dry areas ofNorth America, where mummies have been recovered from rock shelters, caves, and over hangs. In these places, corpses desiccated and spontaneously mummified. In North America, mummies are recovered from four main regions: the south ern and southwestern United States, the Aleutian Islands, and the Ozark Mountains ofArkansas.
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The Global History of Paleopathology
OUP UNCORRECTED PROOF – FIRST-PROOF, 01/31/12, NEWGEN TH E GLOBA L H ISTORY OF PALEOPATHOLOGY 000_JaneBuikstra_FM.indd0_JaneBuikstra_FM.indd i 11/31/2012/31/2012 44:03:58:03:58 PPMM OUP UNCORRECTED PROOF – FIRST-PROOF, 01/31/12, NEWGEN 000_JaneBuikstra_FM.indd0_JaneBuikstra_FM.indd iiii 11/31/2012/31/2012 44:03:59:03:59 PPMM OUP UNCORRECTED PROOF – FIRST-PROOF, 01/31/12, NEWGEN TH E GLOBA L H ISTORY OF PALEOPATHOLOGY Pioneers and Prospects EDITED BY JANE E. BUIKSTRA AND CHARLOTTE A. ROBERTS 3 000_JaneBuikstra_FM.indd0_JaneBuikstra_FM.indd iiiiii 11/31/2012/31/2012 44:03:59:03:59 PPMM OUP UNCORRECTED PROOF – FIRST-PROOF, 01/31/12, NEWGEN 1 Oxford University Press Oxford University Press, Inc., publishes works that further Oxford University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education. Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With o! ces in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland " ailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Copyright © #$%# by Oxford University Press, Inc. Published by Oxford University Press, Inc. %&' Madison Avenue, New York, New York %$$%( www.oup.com Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press. CIP to come ISBN-%): ISBN $–%&- % ) * + & ' ( , # Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 000_JaneBuikstra_FM.indd0_JaneBuikstra_FM.indd iivv 11/31/2012/31/2012 44:03:59:03:59 PPMM OUP UNCORRECTED PROOF – FIRST-PROOF, 01/31/12, NEWGEN To J.
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Human Cremation in Mexico 3,000 Years Ago
Human cremation in Mexico 3,000 years ago William N. Duncan*†, Andrew K. Balkansky‡, Kimberly Crawford‡, Heather A. Lapham‡, and Nathan J. Meissner‡ *Department of Anthropology, St. John Fisher College, Rochester, NY 14618; and ‡Department of Anthropology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901 Edited by Joyce Marcus, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, and approved February 22, 2008 (received for review November 10, 2007) Mixtec nobles are depicted in codices and other proto-historic ological contexts and osteological analyses of the burials, and documentation taking part in funerary rites involving cremation. evaluate the evidence based on known aspects of the Mixtec The time depth for this practice was unknown, but excavations at mortuary program. These early examples of cremation, along the early village site of Tayata, in the southern state of Oaxaca, with other factors, could reflect the emergence of ranked Mexico, recovered undisturbed cremation burials in contexts dat- society in the ancient Mixteca Alta and indicate that proto- ing from the eleventh century B.C. These are the earliest examples historic methods of marking social status had precursors of a burial practice that in later times was reserved for Mixtec kings extending back 3,000 years from the present. and Aztec emperors. This article describes the burial contexts and human remains, linking Formative period archaeology with eth- Archaeological Context nohistorical descriptions of Mixtec mortuary practices. The use of Survey and excavation indicate that Tayata was among the cremation to mark elevated social status among the Mixtec was largest villages of the preurban Formative period in the established by 3,000 years ago, when hereditary differences in Mixteca Alta of Oaxaca, Mexico (18, 19).
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Ötzi the Iceman Worksheets
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Ancient Egypt – How Were Mummies Made?
Notes for teachers Ancient Egypt – How were mummies made? Aims To help students understand the process of mummification To provide students with initial information suggesting why bodies were mummified To encourage students to consider a range of sources in their enquiries Description A sequence of 10 slides to explore an overall question: ‘How were mummies made?’ Slide 2 is a quote from Herodotus describing mummification Slides 3 to 9 describe the process of mummification Teaching ideas The presentation can be used on a whiteboard with the whole class or could be followed by individual students or groups. Use slide 2, Herodotus’ description of mummification, to break the process into stages. These could be supported and linked to images of objects used during each process. Explore the types of evidence used to show the process of mummification in this presentation. Discuss the use of written evidence and evidence derived from objects. Use the presentation as a starting point for understanding why mummification and the survival of the body was important to the ancient Egyptians. Explore the Mummification chapter of the British Museum’s Ancient Egypt website: www.ancientegypt.co.uk which provides information on mummification, a virtual mummy and coffin to explore and a challenge to journey through the underworld. Notes on the pictures Slide 3: Removal of the organs (images listed below in the order they appear) Bronze probe from Egypt, after 664 BC. Hooks such as this were used to remove the brain. X-rays of mummies sometime show small broken bones in the naval cavity caused when removing the brain.
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Prehistoric Art
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A Child's Mummy
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Painted Funerary Portraits
UCLA UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology Title Painted Funerary Portraits Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7426178c Journal UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology, 1(1) Author Borg, Barbara E. Publication Date 2010-09-25 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California PAINTED FUNERARY PORTRAITS الصور الجنائزية الملونة Barbara E. Borg EDITORS WILLEKE WENDRICH Editor-in-Chief Area Editor Material Culture University of California, Los Angeles JACCO DIELEMAN Editor University of California, Los Angeles ELIZABETH FROOD Editor University of Oxford JOHN BAINES Senior Editorial Consultant University of Oxford Short Citation: Borg, 2010, Painted Funerary Portraits. UEE. Full Citation: Borg, Barbara E., 2010, Painted Funerary Portraits. In Willeke Wendrich (ed.), UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology, Los Angeles. http://digital2.library.ucla.edu/viewItem.do?ark=21198/zz0021bx22 1133 Version 1, September 2010 http://digital2.library.ucla.edu/viewItem.do?ark=21198/zz0021bx22 PAINTED FUNERARY PORTRAITS الصور الجنائزية الملونة Barbara E. Borg Mumienporträts Portraits Funéraires Peints The term “painted funerary portraits” used here encompasses a group of portraits painted on either wooden panels or on linen shrouds that were used to decorate portrait mummies from Roman Egypt (conventionally called “mummy portraits”). They have been found in cemeteries in almost all parts of Egypt, from the coastal city of Marina el-Alamein to Aswan in Upper Egypt, and originate from the early first century AD to the mid third century with the possible exception of a small number of later shrouds. Their patrons were a wealthy local elite influenced by Hellenistic and Roman culture but deeply rooted in Egyptian religious belief.
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Ancient Egyptian Architecture
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