\W>' Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924029914714 — — WORKS BY MARQUIS DE NADAILLAC. Prehistoric America. By the Marquis de Nadaillac. Translated, with the permission of the Author, by Nancy Bell (N. D'Anvers), author of "History of Art." Edited, with notes, by W. H. Dall. Large octavo, with 219 illustrations . $5 00 Popular edition 2 25 Chief Contents.—Man and the Mastodon—The Kjokken- moddings and Cave Relics — Mound-Builders — Pottery — Weapons and Ornaments of the Mound-Builders—Cliff-Dwellers and Inhabitants of the Pueblos—People of Central America Central American Ruins—Peru—Early Races—Origin of the American Aborigines, etc., etc. "The best book on this subject that has yet been published, . for the reason that, as a record of facts, it is unusually full, and because it is the first comprehensive work in which, discarding all the old and worn-out nostrums about the existence on this continent of an extinct civilization, we are brought face to face with conclusions that are based upon a careful comparison of architectural and other prehistoric remains with the arts and industries, the manners and cus- toms, of l * the only people, except the whites, who, so far as we know, have ever held the regions in which these remains are found." Nation. The Customs and Monuments of Prehistoric Peoples. By the Marquis de Nadaillac. Translated, with the permission of the Author, by Nancy Bell (N. D'Anvers). Fully illustrated. 8vo. Chief Contents.—The Stone Age, its Duration, and its Place in Time—Food, Cannibalism, Mammals, Fish, Hunting and Fishing, Navigation —Weapons, Tools, Pottery ; Origin of the Use of Fire, Clothing, Ornaments ; Early Artistic Efforts Caves, Kitchen-Middings, Lake Stations, " Terremares," Cran- noges, Burghs, " Nurhags," " Talayoti," and " Truddhi " Megalithic Monuments—Industry, Commerce, Social Organiza- tion Fights, ; Wounds and Trepanation—Camps, Fortifications, Vitrified Forts; Santorin; the Towns upon the Hill of Ilissarlik —Tombs—Index. G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS, Publishers, NEW YORK AND LONDON. MANNERS AND MONUMENTS OF PREHISTORIC PEOPLES THE MARQUIS DE NADAILLAC CORRESPONDENT OF THE INSTITUTE AUTHOR OF "l'aMERIQUE PREHISTORIQUE," m LES PREMIERS HOMMES ET LES TEMPS PREHISTORIQUES," ETC. WITH 113 ILLUSTRATIONS TRANSLATED BY NANCY BELL (N. D'Anvers) AUTHOR OF "THE ELEMENTARY HISTORY OF ART," u THE LIFE-STORY OF OUR EARTH," " THE STORY OF EARLY MAN," ETC. G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS A- ^3070 srzrrr %UBRAPY^/ HTi892 ' ' " %'|- ' ' >i" « ' BY NANCY BELL Electrotyped, Printed, and Bound by Ube ftniclietbocftet ptcee, «ew Jffort G. P. Putnam's Sons TRANSLATOR'S NOTE The present volume has been translated, with the author's consent, from the French of the Marquis de Nadaillac. The author and translator have carefully brought down to date the original edition, embodying the discoveries made during the progress of the work. The book will be found to ' be an epitome of all that is known on the subject of which it treats, and covers ground not at present occupied by any other work in the English language. Nancy Bell (N. D'Anveks). SOTITHBOUKN'E-ON-SEA, 1891. CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. The Stone Age, its Duration, and its Place in Time i II. Food, Cannibalism, Mammals, Fish, Hunt- ing and Fishing, Navigation . 47 III. Weapons, Tools, Pottery ; Origin of the Use of Fire, Clothing, Ornaments Early Artistic Efforts 79 IV. Caves, Kitchen-Middings, Lake Stations ; " Terremares," Crannoges, Burghs " Nurhags," " Talayoti," and " Trud DHI " 127 V. Megalithic Monuments . -174 VI. Industry, Commerce, Social Organiza- tion ; Fights, Wounds and Trepana- tion 231 VII. Camps, Fortifications, Vitrified Forts; Santorin; the Towns upon the Hill of Hissarlik 279 VIII. Tombs 343 Index 383 ILLUSTRATIONS. Fossil man from Mentone .... Frontispiece i. Stone weapons. described by Mahudel in 1734 . 8 2. Copper hatchets found in Hungary and now in national museum of Budapest .... 20 3. Copper beads from Connett's Mound, Ohio (natural size) . 21 4. Stone statues on Easter Island . • • 37 5. Fort-hill, Ohio 39 6. Group of sepulchral mounds ..... 40 7. Ground plan of a pueblo of the Mac-Elmo valley . 41 8. Cliff-house on the Rio Mancos .... 42 9. House in a rock of the Montezuma canon . 43 1. Fragments of arrows made of reindeer horn from the Martinet cave (Lot-et-Garonne). 2. Point of spear or harpoon in stag-horn (one third natural size). 10. < 61 3. and 4. Bone weapons from Denmark. 5. Harpoon of stag-horn from St. Aubin. 6. Bone fish-hooks pointed at each end, from Waugen. 11. Bear's teeth converted into fish-hooks. 62 12. Fish-hook made out of a boar's tusk. A. Large barbed arrow from one side of the Plan- tade shelter (Tarn-et-Garonne). 13 65 B. Lower part of a barbed harpoon from the Plan- tade deposit. J 14. Ancient Scandinavian boat found beneath a tumulus at Gogstadten 73 15. Ancient boat discovered in the bed of the Cher 75 viH ILL US TRA TIONS. F1GUKS of Neuchatel. ( A lake pirogue found in the Lake 16. •] 1. As seen outside. \ 76 I 2. and 3. Longitudinal and transverse sections. Stones used as anchors, found in the Bay of j I 17 Penhouet. > 78 1, 2, 3. Stones weighing about 160 lbs. each. 4. and 5. Lighter stones, probably used for canoes. 18. Scraper from the Delaware valley. [ 19. Implement from the Delaware valley. \ ao. Worked flints from the Lafaye and Plantade shelters (Tarn-et-Garonne) S3 ax. i. Stone javelin-head with handle. 2. Stone hatchet with handle ..'... .89 22. 1. Fine needles. 2. Coarse needles. 3. Amulet. 4 and 6. Ornaments. 5. Cut flints. 7. Fragment of a harpoon. 8. Fragments of reindeer antlers with signs or drawings. 9. Whistle. 10. One end of a bow (?). 11. Arrow-head. (From the Vaehe, Massat, and Lourdes caves) . .91 23. Amulet made of the penien bone of a bear and found in the Marsoulas cave .... 92 24. Various stone and bone objects from California . 93 25. Dipper found in the excavations at the Chassey camp 95 26. Pottery of a so far unclassified type found in the Argent cave (Franee). 98 27. i. Lignite pendant. 2. Bone pendant. (Thayngen cave) 107 28. Round pieces of skull, pierced with holes (M. de Baye's collection) . .... no ( Part of a rounded piece of a human parietal 29. X Stiletto made of the end of a human radius. ' Disk, made of the burr of a stag's antler. 30. Whistle from the Massenat collection . 112 31. Staff of office . .113 32. Staff of office, made of stag-horn pierced with four holes 114 33. Staff of office found at Lafaye. ) 34. Staff of office in reindeer antler, with a horsed 115 engraved on it (Thayngen). ) ILLUSTRATIONS. lx 35. Staff of office found at Montgaudier . .117 36. Carved dagger-hilt (Laugerie-Basse). 37. The great cave-bear, drawn on a pebble found in \ 118 the Massat cave (Garrigou collection). 38. Mammoth or elephant from the L£na cave. 1 19 39. Seal engraved on a bear's tooth, found at Sordes. 40. Fragment of a bone, with regular designs. Frag- ment of a rib on which is engraved a musk-ox, found in the Marsoulas cave .... 120 41. Head of a horse from the Thayngen cave. ) 42. Bear engraved on a bone, from the Thayngen \ 121 cave. ) 43. Reindeer grazing, from the Thayngen cave . 122 44. Head of Ovibos moschatus, engraved on wood, found in the Thayngen cave 123 45. Young man chasing the aurochs, from Laugerie . 124 46. Fragment of a staff of office, from the Madelaine^ cave. I r I2 5 47. Human face carved on a reindeer antler, found in the Rochebertier cave. J 48. The glyptodon . .... 128 49. Mylodon robustus . .129 50. Objects discovered in the peat-bogs of Laybach, A. Earthenware vase. B. Fragment of orna- mented pottery. C. Bone needle. D. Earthen- ware weight for fishing-net. E. Fragment of jaw- bone 152 51. Small terra-cotta figures found in the Laybach pile dwellings 153 52. Small terra-cotta figures from the Laybach pile dwellings. .154 53. Nurhag at Santa Barbara (Sardinia) . 168 " 54. Talayoti " at Trepuco (Minorca) . 170 55. Dolmen of Castle Wellan (Ireland) . 175 56. The large dolmen of Careoro, near Plouharnel . 176 57. Dolmen of Arrayalos (Portugal) . 177 58. Megalithic sepulchre at Acora (Peru) . .178 59. The great broken menhir of Locmariaker with Caesar's table . .186 X ILL USTRA TIONS. PAGE FIGURE 60. Covered avenue of Dissignac (Loire-Inferieure),view of the chamber at the end of the north gallery . 189 61. Covered avenue near Antequera .... 19° 191 62. Ground plan of the Gavr'innis monument . 63. Monoliths at Stennis, in the Orkney Islands . 193 6 64. Cromlech near B5ne (Algeria) .... 19 201 65. Dolmen at Pallicondah, near Madras (India) . 66. Dolmen at Maintenon, with a table about 19\ feet long .204 2 °8 67. Part of the Mane-Lud dolmen .... 68. Sculptures on the menhirs of the covered avenue of Gavr'innis 2I ° 69. Dolmen with opening (India) 211 70. Dolmen near Trie (Oise) 212 71. Bronze objects found at Krasnojarsk (Siberia) . 237 72. Prehistoric polisher near the ford of Beaumoulin, Nemours 2 39 2 2 73. Section of a flint mine 4 2 74. Plan of a gallery of flint mine .... 43 75. Picks, hammers, and mattocks made of stag-horn . 245 76. Cranium of a woman from Cro-Magnon (full face) . 249 77. Skull of a woman found at Sordes, showing a severe wound, from which she recovered . 250 78.