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Puerto Rico & Coqui [Frog]

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Puerto Rico & Coqui [Frog] continuing THREADS – LOOK AT THEM AS ULTIMATE INTERCONNECTORS to keep ecosystems resilient CASE STUDIES: Animal species dependent upon forests for some phase of their survival, not generalist species that can live anywhere, some are keystone species important in the recovery rate of forest landscapes impacted by disturbances, they are important interconnectors of structures/functions in forests Last week: Mammals and bats – adapted to disturbances & different phases of forest growth, utilize the entire landscape and not just a few habitats, greatly impacted by land use, some are on endangered species lists, some are part of human mythology TODAY: Coqui – Lunar cycles, hurricanes, adapted to human/natural disturbances, helps forests recover when calling for mates, loved in Puerto Rico going back to original Taino people and hated in Hawaii [too noisy!!], human disturbance footprint eliminated by natural disturbances & coqui love disturbances tomorrow: Salmon – keystone species that is also a cultural symbol, fertilizes forests with ocean nutrients Mycorrhizas – allow forests to grow in nutrient poor and toxic environments, symbionts that nitrogen enrichment kills, humans eat their fruiting bodies (mushrooms) 1 Puerto Rico & Coqui [frog]: How a Disturbance Maintains a Frog and How frogs Make these Forests Resilient Photos: Dan Vogt Coqui Puerto Rico <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Un20E7thDcM" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> 1 https://annexx51.files.wordpress.com/2010/10/puerto-rico-map-physical.jpg Taino – indigenous people of the Caribbean who valued this little frog & drew images on cave walls “The caves are the heart of the Taino,” says Domingo Abreu Collado. Shown here are the Pomier Caves in the Dominican Republic. (Maggie Steber) http://www.smithsonianmag.com/people-places/what-became-of-the-taino- 73824867/?all http://www.smithsonianmag.com/people-places/what-became-of-the- taino-73824867/?all Homeland rich with cave drawings, testify to hallucinogens that fueled otherworldly visions, i.e., leader sniffs cohoba power (Maggie Steber) Puerto Rico - On the way to Aguadilla and Rincon you see this guy- La cara del Indio en Isabela, Puerto Rico; https://www.pinterest.com/morganalafae/favorite- places-spaces/ Taino carving 2 Coqui = Recorded on petroglyphs so important for indigenous communities (Tainos) No charismatic megafauna in Puerto Rico so this little frog has that role Note: When an indigenous community includes a http://artid.com/members/blanco/art/43974-coqui/ species in its stories, what does it tell you about the importance of that species in Many Taíno Indian myths surround the their survival?? coquí. Coquíes are found in much of the Taíno art like pictographs and pottery. http://www.elboricua.com/coqui.html TO UNDERSTAND WHY THIS FROG IS SO IMPORTANT IN PUERTO RICO: 2 FACTS YOU NEED TO KNOW: [1] The ‘Stage’ or forest where the Coqui Lives since explains why this frog is important and humans are less important [2] How their Mating Habits and their Condo house preferences Contribute to Forest RESILIENCY COMMENT: Coqui are interconnected to: • Leaf chemical quality controlled by lunar cycles and insect populations • Forest nutrient cycles through its urination and eating a lot of insects high in nutrients • They are not keystone species because so many other animals like to eat them. Keystone - link structures and functions of these forests recovering from disturbances Coqui’s Live in the Tabonuco Forest (so tropical forests are its home) 3 LETS GET BACK to the Tabonuco Tree or look at it’s other name ‘turpentine trees’ The oil from this tree really smells good Look at all the other things LETS GET BACK to the you get from this tree!! Tabonuco Tree or ‘turpentine trees’ • Wood used for building railway sleepers, heavy construction, cabinetwork, boat construction & boxes, flooring, violin bows, and billiard cues • Sap used medicinally by early settlers & for making candles, incense • Sap used by Amerindian tribes to coat torches & start fires, caulking materials for boats What is sap and where do you get it? http://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/ethnobotany/resins.shtml Pre-1900, Tabonuco Forests almost ALL cut down BUT post-1900 - International markets stopped buying SUGAR CANE (mostly to make rum), no one wanted Puerto Rico’s sugar or coffee SO Sugar cane fields abandoned, forests started to come back FACTS: 1900 - >90 deforested 1936 - 40% deforested, so forests growing back 4 This shows the extensive forest cover in Puerto Rico [62.2% forested today] – our story takes place in the forest that is circled http://www.scscb.org/programs/Program_resources/cebf-2008-caribbean-forest-maps.htm; http://rainforests.mongabay.com/deforestation/2000/Puerto_Rico.htm Eda Melendez Colom and Ariel E. Lugo. 2006. LTER publication Closed Forests BUT in dark green FORESTS are coming back Used to be forests, which is our converted story for today to agricultural fields or pastures, houses KEY POINT: Forest surrounded by Human land-uses but doesn’t degrade KEY POINT: Natural disturbances eliminate human land-use impacts – human footprint eliminated by nature FACT: Nature is resilient to Invasive exotic animal species who are not adapted to common disturbances Most other cases, invasive species push ecosystems to tipping point and degradation But these forests still need the little coqui frog!! 5 Look at exotic invaders!! Monkey Island (Cabo Santiago) - 10 minute boat ride from Naguabo, PR [39-acre island just off coast, cannot land on it, is a research center] Research colony for testing AIDS vaccines (Brennan Linsley/AP) Rhesus monkeys also used in psychological, behavioral studies; Photo: Alexander http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/ff/DangerMonkeySign.jpg/220pxMazurkevich- /Shutterstock DangerMonkeySign.jpg; http://repeatingislands.com/2014/12/30/rhesus-monkeys- in-puerto-rico-remain-vital-to-research/ Monkey Island (Cabo Santiago) • In 1960’s and 70’s - descendants of individuals who escaped from research centers 30 years ago now running wild in PR • 1,000 - 2,000 rhesus and patas monkeys exist in ~11 separate colonies since escaped “the escapees and their progeny are raising concern among public health and environmental officials…When an automobile in an urban area near San Juan …hit an adult rhesus monkey, a number of emergency personnel were exposed to Life couldn’t get any better the monkey’s body fluids. The except for the cat!! monkey subsequently tested positive for antibodies to B- virus (Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1)” BUT http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p mc/articles/PMC3322806/ 6 Puerto Rico Lays Traps for Marauding Monkeys, Wednesday, June 13, 2007, http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,282094,00.html “SAN JUAN, Puerto Rico — Authorities in Puerto Rico are using cages and mangos to try to trap hundreds of marauding monkeys — descendants of escaped research on the island of Cavo Santiago, off Puerto Rico; Local farmers blame monkeys for devastating melon, pepper and pumpkin crops over the last decade” OKAY What does forest resiliency have to do with coqui’s?? Or Considering HISTORICAL LAND-USES cutting and removing 90% of PRs forests, why do we even have any tropical forests on the island of Puerto Rico?? QUESTION: What do you have a lot of in Puerto Rico and you have to be adapted to if you want to live in the forests? One of the ANSWERS: https://soundcloud.com/user6380197/tropical-thunderstorm- with?utm_source=soundcloud&utm_campaign=share&utm_m edium=email Play for 1 minute 7 Water everywhere Photo: Dan Vogt; https://photos.travelblog.org/Photos/176949/55014 5/f/5671451-tropical_rainstorm-0.jpg Signature of excess water visible in this landscape Landslides common – whole hillslopes flow down Rocks as big as cars move with a storm Photos: Dan Vogt; http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/VolkswagenBeetle- 001.jpg Animals adapted to high water: Less water, Plants adapted to get coquis smaller rid of the excess & less able to water: attract mates • Foliage drip lines to (common get rid of water situation along • Aerenchyma – edges of modified roots - to get forests where oxygen to roots under drier) anaerobic conditions http://luq.lternet.edu/data/lterdb09/data/CTE-photos/coqui10.JPG 8 Exotic & Invasive plants without aerenchyma not survive in these environments with high rainfall Aerenchyma - secondary respiratory tissue or modified periderm, found in many aquatic plants and distinguished by the large intercellular spaces http://www.mnwetlands.umn.edu/tour/tour_images/vege1.jpg All adapted to lots of snails water and mostly active at night time!! You become a ‘night owl’ if you research these guys!! frogs shrimp http://luq.lternet.edu/data/lterdb09/data/CTE-photos/coqui10.JPG shrimp All adapted to lots of water!! live part of life in fresh water streams but then go into the ocean According to scientists, may take several years for juveniles to crawl back up to the head water streams http://luq.lternetedu/data/lterdb09/data/CTE-photos/coqui10.JPG; http://www.scielo.cl/fbpe/img/lajar/v41n4/art02-figura01.jpg 9 Another FACT – the other part of the story to understand why coqui are important for Puerto Rico’s forests are the disturbances! Major Hurricanes - frequency of hitting Puerto Rico • Once/20 yrs • Hurricane Hugo 1989 – once/40 year return frequency http://www.photolib.noaa. Puerto Rico gov/htmls/wea00451.htm 6 Hurricanes during Vogt’s 10 yr study in PR: • Sept 1989 – Hugo • early-mid Sept 1995 – Luis & Marilyn • Jul 1996 – Bertha Hurricane Georges hits Puerto Rico on September 21, 1998. Image by Dennis • Sept 1996 –Hortense Chesters, Marit Jentoft-Nilsen, Craig Mayhew, and Hal Pierce, Laboratory for Atmospheres, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center from data derived • Sept 1998 - Georges from NOAA GOES-8 satellite. Image from "http://rsd.gsfc.nasa.gov/rsd/images/Georges.html". 10 Puerto Rico Take home message: ecosystems and hurricanes adapted to lots of hurricanes (if not adapted not survive in since 1980s environment where hurricanes hit frequently) Each number is a hurricane that went over Puerto Rico – at least 15!! Eda Melendez Colom and Ariel E.
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