Material Culture and Spaces of Remembrance a Study Of

0DWHULDO&XOWXUHDQG6SDFHVRI5HPHPEUDQFH $6WXG\RI&HPHWHULHVLQ/X[HPERXUJ LQWKH&RQWH[WRIWKH*UHDWHU5HJLRQ

ªTIVUUFSTUPDL The Greater Region 8 ,, & ( ,&" 2,% (,0 / %/ 9 0

DQG6XPPDU\

)RQG1DWLRQDOGHOD5HFKHUFKH+ FNR / 6, rue Antoine de Saint-Exupéry / B.P. 1777 / L-1017 Luxembourg / T +352 26 19 25 1 / F +352 26 19 25 35 / www.fnr.lu

& +

' +

!" % % )!%*+ #$ "%&

+ * +,,

! &"+ ')---))-.)

% / !+ -/ ,0,1.-

& + 2,% (,0

& + #$ 3&,2,% (,0

% + 5 ! 5,

0" , + / 677/ ,,

! 2

2 + 5

2 3 + $XJXVW'

2 % ) !*+ -

! &

5 ! ! ?/ / ,& * ,& // "= ! + &, & = (,00 *@ &0 / 0 2,% (,0 %/ 0 , / ,, , (, 0 &$&, = , = , @ & & ?/ ,&" ,, & ,, "@ ( / = / & " " 0 0 / & & / @ & ( ,& &0/ & &&, * & / A/" B& =0( &0 5 &&=/ , ( &,( & $ = " ,& 00 / 0 & ( $ ( / ,

2 3

9 0 ! ! "= /"=0 0 /"= ,, / 0"= "= , / ,, =&$&, C = ! 2 + & "=/" & "= ,, "

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

3 % ! ! 2 +

&!, 5,=I , =E &E / $, ?/ ,&"/ !,

Project Description

1. Description of the Proposed Research Project

1.1 Introduction

Graves and grave finds count among the most important historical and archaeological sources. For some ancient cultures they are even the only one. Paradoxically, however, modern 'living' cemeteries are less well known, as older tombs are abandoned and de- stroyed, while new ones are being constructed, rendering a continual scientific documentation of graveyards from their origins up to the present day highly challenging. Combining adequate survey tools and interdisciplinary cooperation, this project seeks to investigate the material culture of contemporary cemeteries (archaeology of contemporaneity / “l’archéologie de l’époque contemporaine”) as well as related cultural practices.

This project seeks to develop such a methodology, based on the case-study of Luxembourg, in the context of the so-called ‘Greater Region’ (Luxembourg, Saarland, Rheinland-Pfalz, Wallonia, Lorraine). Today, a typical Luxembourgish graveyard is a highly regulated place concentrating individual sepulchral signs in well-arranged lines of single gravesites. Historically speaking, such a regrouping of (a) individual graves in an organized form, (b) under the provisions of a centralized state, (c) as an exclusive area for individual commemoration and (d) as a collective space for (almost) all the dead of a certain time is a relatively young phenotype. In the Greater Region the evolution of this type of cemetery may be traced back to the early nineteenth-century. The social and political transformations of the French Revolution initiated a new spatial arrangement of the burial sites. Under the impetus of etatization (“Durchstaatlichung“, Franz 2006), state institutions gradually took over from the Catholic Church in organizing these places. They established a new administrative framework on the basis of scientific, medical, hygienic and legal arguments. This project seeks to examine the historical evolution of funeral mourning and sepulchral cults since the early nineteenth century until today. The focus is on the materiality of remembering and paying one’s tribute to the dead: the changing layout of graveyards and the emergence of alternative sites, new designs of tombs1 and practices of grave tending. To examine the impact of materiality on social processes of individualization, pluralization, de- and resacralization etc. (and vice-versa), we will combine archival investigations with spatial analysis and ethnographic research.

1.2 Relevant state-of-the art and our own contribution to it

In Luxembourg funeral sites have only been explored by ‘amateur’ historians in a local context or with regards to iconography or genealogy (see: Bibliography – Luxembourg). By contrast, there has been great scientific (archaeological and art historical) interest in graveyards and tombs dating from prehistorical, Gallo-Roman,

1 An analysis of the tomb design includes that of the tomb slab. Contrary to most British and Northern American cemeteries the grave site is not limited to a tomb stone.

3 CORE MULTI-ANNUAL THEMATIC RESEARCH PROGRAMME medieval and early modern times. Modern and contemporary history (that is, since the French Revolution) of cemeteries in Luxembourg has been neglected, with the exception of some references in Philippart’s dissertation (2006). In France, there is a strong tradition of cultural history of death since Ariès (1975 – see Bibliography 6.4), but there is little systematic research of the social-spatial dimension of cemeteries. In the late 1970s, Michel Vovelle initiated a program at the University of Aix- Marseille (Vovelle & Bertrand 1983) to survey the material culture and infrastructures of the Provence. This project with its time-consuming method based on ‘check-lists’ has produced three PhD dissertations. Based on these findings, one of the researchers, Madeleine Lassère (1995), wrote her standard work on France’s urban cemeteries, while Frédéric Thébault (2004) authored a work on Alsace, which is specifically relevant to the focus area of the present proposal. In Germany, the Museum and Central Institute for Sepulchral Culture is the leading center for this research agenda, pooling different aspects of material sepulchral culture, commemoration, the history of specific cemeteries and the modern evolution of graveyards in Germany. The bias for documenting (and ‘commemorating’) Jewish graveyards is a post-war specificity of Germany (Raum für Tote 2003; Sörries 2009). British research on the topic has a broader, thanatological and interdisciplinary, focus (Metcalf & Huntington 1991; Mortality 2003; The Cemetery Research Group - online). Highly innovative in terms of research on death and changing “deathscapes” (Maddrell & Sidaway 2010), studies are less systematically concerned with the spatial and material dimension of burial sites, which are far less regulated in Britain than on ‘the continent’. To this date there has been no systematic study of the cemetery culture of Luxembourg. More generally speaking, there has not yet been any attempt of a systematic analysis of cemeteries on an internationally comparative level. To our knowledge, neither spatial analysis nor ethnographic methodology have been used to investigate the materiality of graveyards ‘in use’. “Necrogeographies” (Francaviglia 1971, Harvey 2006) have been drawn up for the U.S.A., but those studies are either focusing on specific cemeteries and their catchment area, or provide a general history of cemeteries (e.g. Sloane 1991). The connection between women and the material culture of death has also attracted little research so far (Goggin & Fowkes 2013). Luxembourg has the advantage of being a small-scale state with a limited number of cemeteries, yet at the same time open to influences from its neighboring countries and thus a particularly interesting area of analysis of transition and possible cultural transfers. To examine the material indicators and catalysts of social transformations in Luxembourg and the Greater Region functions as a test bed to develop new methodological tools and encourage international comparisons to test their validity while remaining directly relevant at a local level.

1.3 Hypotheses, project objectives and contribution to knowledge development in the research field

The original and pioneering contribution the project intends to make to the research field is (1) to apply computer-aided geographical methods to the research of cemeteries to overcome the inherent limitations of surveying (Vovelle & Bertrand 1983, 154f.; cf. Carol 2010). These empirical findings will (2) contribute to the new paradigm of “Rematerializing Social and Cultural Geography” (Jackson 2000; cf. Kazig & Weichhart 2009), based on the hypothesis that the analyzed (sepulchral) material has a performative and integrative capacity, which helps to shape society. This hypothesis and the question how materiality shapes mentalities will be examined by ethnographic research into current practices of grave design and maintenance. (3) The accompanying historical research will help to investigate the relationship between “people and things” (Skibo & Schiffer 2009) and determine continuities and changes in a distinctly Catholic region since the nineteenth century. The following

4 CORE MULTI-ANNUAL THEMATIC RESEARCH PROGRAMME hypotheses reflect current scholarship, but are conceived as flexible tools to explore alternative interpretations. Hypothesis 1: In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries the cultural landscapes of cemeteries (necrogeographies) form a contested field between modernization and tradition, industrial and rural societies - particularly visible and observable in a heterogeneous microstructure such as Luxembourg. This transformation appears to have gained a new dynamic in the past twenty years. Until the late eighteenth-century, stone crosses or other visible and permanent markings of individual gravesites for ‘common people’ were rare exceptions. Graveyards were furnished rather sparsely: Commemoration had no ‘place’ but was realized more as collective acts of memory in prayer groups, during church service with requiem, intercession or – with moralizing purpose and as artistic expression – the memento mori. As building units, cemeteries remained God´s Acres (Gottesacker).2 In the first half of the nineteenth-century this changed considerably towards a predominant visual- monumental mode: in the age of the emerging bourgeoisie funeral cults no longer focused on the rituals before the burial but on lasting material markers of mostly individual grave designs. The new materiality is related to a new form of individualization (or personalization) of the commemoration of the dead. This points at changes in sepulchral and thanatological mentalities that have further material ramifications (e.g. the construction of cemetery walls as a visual barrier to ‘hide’ death and to prevent desecration of graves or the integration of cemeteries in urban recreational areas, as green zones). Further questions in this regard are: • As the location of cemeteries extra muros becomes mandatory and burial sites part of the municipality’s town planning agenda, does ecclesiastical control over the cemetery come to an end? • How are rituals before and after death replaced or reshaped by medical, legal and administrative measures? To what extent are former actors (such as neighbors or priests) incorporated in the new system of rules, partly ousted or marginalized? • How are these changes linked to other social processes, such as urbanization and migration3? • What impact does the individualization process of modernity and hypermodernity have on sepulchral design and rituals? Has the collective dimension (the implication of family, village or church community) vanished altogether? • To what degree is grave tending and maintenance ‘outsourced’ to professional funeral and undertaker businesses and to what extent are the latter able shape trends in grave design? Does the material diversification mean that ‘anything goes’ or is there a new standardization due to mass production and global commodity chains (marble from India)? • What are institutional responses to the individualization process? Are the laws and regulations regarding burial getting tighter or more permissive?

The burial rite and practice, dominantly shaped by the Roman Catholic tradition and Christian religion is now only one of many forms to lay someone’s physical remains to eternal rest. Among the factors for the gradual change the impact of cremation is the most visible indicator. In 1910 the first Luxembourger was cremated: his dead body still had to be ‘expatriated’ to and his ashes ‘repatriated’ from the crematorium of Mayence in imperial Germany.4 Only in 1972 cremation was put on a par with inhumation by Luxemburgish law.

2 A remarkable example in the Greater Region is the cemetery (Cimetière Saint-Hilaire) of Marville (Meuse/Lorraine) – a “cimetière-fossile” (Lassère 1997, 20; Thill 2000). 3 The percentage of non-nationals has increased from 2.8% in 1871 to 44.5% in 2013, Le Portail des statistiques, Population et emploi, URL: http://www.statistiques.public.lu (last accessed on 12 April 2014). 4 Pitiful and disgusted at the same time, a leading catholic intellectual and historian, pastor Martin Blum commented: “Ihm ward – gemäß seinem ausdrücklichen Willen – als Mitglied des Hollericher Feuerbestattungs=Vereines – das traurige Privileg, der erste Luxemburger zu sein, dessen Leichnam im Mainzer Crematorium verbrannt wurde. Seine

5 CORE MULTI-ANNUAL THEMATIC RESEARCH PROGRAMME

For decades, Luxembourgers had reservations regarding this form of funeral. In the first year after the inauguration of the first crematory in Luxembourg-Hamm in 1995, however, 25 percent (of total 3,797 deceased persons) chose incineration. In 2013 already more than 50 percent were cremated. A hypothesis is, that the mere availability of a crematorium in Luxembourg led to or accelerated a change in mentalities.5 Hypothesis 2: This specific aspect of convenience, what might be defined as ‘proximity factor’, is a central element of our project, namely that the physical presence of ‘objects’ (things, infrastructure, “stuff”, cf. Miller 2010) has a ´tacit’ effect on behaviour and practice. An effect, which the anthropologist Daniel Miller has characterized as the “humility of things”: “Objects don’t shout at you like teachers, or throw chalk at you […], but the lesson of material culture is that the more we fail to notice them, the more powerful and determinant of us they turn out to be” (Miller 2010: 50, 54). In dealing with the material side of funeral cults, different practices may be observed: reducing maintenance (marble grave stones); personalizing the stones (inscriptions, commemorative tablets and objects); decorating the graves (floral arrangements, particularly for certain feasts); opting for alternative burial sites (columbaria, green burials, ash scattering fields); virtual commemoration of the dead (websites and new social media). The latter aspect does not negate the importance of materiality, but poses new questions regarding the interaction between people and things. Interviews with people tending to the graves may reveal how mourning and remembrance is not limited to “necrogeographies” (designated spaces for death), but includes other kinds of “deathscapes” in the private sphere, the cyberspace, the places where death occurred etc. Hypothesis 3: Cemeteries uphold and reinforce social status, but also allow a creative appropriation of space. Grave designs can act as silent reminders of peer pressure or serve as sources for inspiration for others. To investigate the relationships between objects, the ‘tacit communication between graves’ in cemetery space is a central aim of the project and the analytical starting point for further investigation of structure and agency. Exploratory data collection (see 1.4.1) has shown a clear evolution in grave design in Luxembourg with a trend from tall cross stones with an enclosed, yet unbuilt surface to flat monuments entirely made of marble stone (‘petrification’ of the graveyard), as well as a marked trend towards diversification and personalization (representations of the deceased hobbies or favourite items). The question is whether such choices may be linked to the social milieu of the grave owners and/or to the – (sub)urban, rural and (post)industrial – setting of the cemetery. Further questions in this regard are:

• How free are the grave owners to design their burial sites? • What role do religious traditions and beliefs play when people chose to ornate their grave with a crucifix and holy water stoup? • Do they have pragmatic reasons (less maintenance work) to favour a particular style? • Are some choices (size, colour etc.) dictated by bureaucratic prescriptions? • Is it possible to identify certain trendsetting cemeteries (e.g. urban influence on rural environments) or graves (of particular prestigious members of the community)?

Asche wurde nach deren Zurücksendung ziviliter auf dem Kirchhofe von Hollerich beigesetzt“, in: Ons Hémecht 1/1916, p. 25. 5 For the Grand-Duchy, the figures have to be revised upwards due to cremation of Luxembourgers abroad in Thionville (France) and Liege (Belgium) on a regular base. Paradoxically inhumation remains more popular in the capital-city with 66 percent in 2012, though this proportion is declining as well from 77 percent in 2009 (figures according to S.I.C.E.C., Syndicat de communes ayant pour objet la construction, l’entretien et l’exploitation d’un crématoire sur base intercommunal).

6 CORE MULTI-ANNUAL THEMATIC RESEARCH PROGRAMME

1.4 Methods and approach

1.4.1 Exploratory data collection

The working hypotheses mentioned above have been derived from exploratory data collection, undertaken in the context of three courses held at the University of Luxembourg: two seminars6 involved students doing field work in cemeteries, archival investigations at the National Archives in Luxembourg, as well as interviews with representatives of public institutions and other actors in the funeral domain (cemetery administration, funeral undertakers etc.). The third course, a cycle of conferences,7 allowed to broaden the spatial and temporal context and to exchange ideas with colleagues working on similar issues at other research institutions. These test runs regarding the potential of the proposed project were very promising, especially with regards to the material and archival situations. They encouraged a more systematic and comprehensive analysis in a regional and supraregional context.

1.4.2 Spatial analysis

The ‘tacit communication between graves’, i.e. to what extent the profile of a cemetery may be explained by the imitation of certain elements of neighbouring graves (‘face-to-object interaction’), will be investigated by the PhD candidate and Master students, who have received training in spatial analysis techniques (Master in Geography and Spatial Development) – as part of their Master dissertation and/or as paid student assistants, under the guidance of Ass.-Prof. Dr. Caruso. The project proposes to analyze spatial information with the help of the computer application GIS (Geographic Information System), a tool that allows users to create interactive queries (user-created searches), edit data in maps, and present the results of these operations (Maliene et al. 2011). We will examine ‘spatial dependency’ (auto-correlation) of and within cemeteries with geostatistical data, that is, interrelate different scales of space and of social interactions (cf. Bahrenberger et al. 1987; Fotheringham et al. 2000). The analytical starting point of this project is a systematic survey of all graves of a representative sample of cemeteries. Locations and attributes of graves will be georeferenced using a mobile GIS application in order to automate mapping and classification. Each grave will be profiled with an ‘electronical file card’ of the artefacts (shape, size, name, position, inscriptions, ornament etc.). This expansive data set constitutes the basis for a spatial analysis, made with the help of statistical procedures (auto- agglomeration to identify non- or intentional forms for example). The size of the sample is provisionally fixed at 15 cemeteries in Luxembourg and the Greater Region:

6 Entitled “Von der Wiege bis zur Bahre. Lebenswelten, Strukturen und Debatten, 15. bis 21. Jahrhundert“ (From the Cradle to the Grave. Living environments, structures and debates, 15th to 21st century), these seminars were held by Prof. Dr. Jean-Paul Lehners, Dr. Sonja Kmec and Thomas Kolnberger in the summer semester 2009 and by Prof. Dr. Jean-Paul Lehners and Thomas Kolnberger in the winter semester 2010/11 (Bachelor en Cultures Européennes / Histoire). 7 “Wem die Stunde schlägt ... Jenseitsvorstellungen, Totengedenken und Grabkultur im Wandel der Zeit“ (For Whom the Bell Tolls … Changing notions of afterlife, commemorations of the dead and sepulchral cultures), organized by Thomas Kolnberger and Ass. Prof. Dr. Andrea Binsfeld in the summer semester 2012 (Bachelor en Cultures Européennes / Open Course).

3 3 CORE MULTI-ANNUAL THEMATIC RESEARCH PROGRAMME

Setting Luxembourg France Belgium Germany Total (post)industrial 2 sites (in the south) 1 site 1 site 1 site (Saarland) 5 2 sites (in the capital 1 site 1 site 1 site (sub)urban city and the Nordstad 5 (Thionville) (Arlon) (Trier) agglomeration) rural 2 sites (in the north) 1 site 1 site 1 site 5 Total 6 3 3 3 15

The exact locations of these sites will be determined in the first work package. An example of possible (post)industrial sites are grave yards situated in Esch/Alzette (Luxembourg), Audun- le-Tiche and Villerupt/Thil (just across the border, in France) that display spatial proximity and similarities in terms of social milieu and cultural origins (a large proportion of grave owners with Italian heritage), yet very distinct ‘phenotypes’ of sepulchral design. While spatial analysis allows for a broader transnational comparison, the archival investigation and ethnographic analysis of social practices will be limited to Luxembourg.

1.4.3. Historical analysis

Covering a time period that will be derived from dates of the graves of the cemeteries under consideration (presumably ca. 1880-2015), the historian in our team (Dr. Kolnberger) will explore relevant archival funds (held by the National Archives, municipal archives, cemetery administrations and/or funeral parlors) regarding the historical development of the 6 Luxembourgish cemeteries of our sample. The aim is to document changes and persistencies of the physical appearance of cemeteries and their institutional orderings. In addition, expert interviews with (a) communal/municipal and public head administrators or staff of burial institutions, (b) commercial undertakers (stonemasons, morticians etc.) will collect necessary background information.

1.4.4. Ethnographic analysis of sepulchral practices

To examine the on-going social process of ‘reification’ of sepulchral space, a series of interviews with representatives of relevant actor groups are to be held. Paying particular consideration to the physical-material side, non-intentional outcomes of spatiality and material culture will be investigated in parallel to the spatial and historical analyses. The PhD candidate will examine recent changes in sepulchral culture (individualization, pluralization, de- and resacralization etc.) in Luxembourg through 15 in-depth interviews8, combined with participant observation in All Saints or All Souls commemoration rituals, funerals and other sepulchral practices to be determined, under the guidance of Dr. Boesen. Furthermore, all Ass.-Prof. Dr. Kmec and Dr. Kolnberger will conduct semi-structure investigative interviews with the graves owners and caretakers in all 15 cemeteries based on the results of spatial analysis. The semi-structured interviews and/or questionnaires will focus on the question: Why does the individual grave look the way it does. To sum it up, the methodological approach is similar to that of a historical/archeological analysis of a certain stratum of graves (see Dethlefsen & Deetz 1966 for colonial American graveyards). The difference is that the proposed project will combine a transnational,

8 5 interviews with grave owners and caretakers / cemetery in 3 cemeteries [1 of each setting: (post)industrial, urban, rural] in Luxembourg

8 CORE MULTI-ANNUAL THEMATIC RESEARCH PROGRAMME computer-aided spatial analysis of the last stratum, the one visible today, with diachronical ‘biographies´ of selected graveyards and, within those, of individual grave sites, based on a historical/archival analysis, interviews with relevant actors and participant observation of certain sepulchral rituals in Luxembourg. This interdisciplinary investigation will provide an in- depth analysis of the social presence of the dead amongst the living, highlighting commonalities and differences between countries and regions within Luxembourg, as well as those pertaining to the social milieus, migration histories and gender of the grave owners and care takers.

9 CORE MULTI-ANNUAL THEMATIC RESEARCH PROGRAMME

6 CORE MULTI-ANNUAL THEMATIC RESEARCH PROGRAMME

2. Project Outputs

The main aim of this project is to undertake fundamental research into the interactions of materiality, mentalities and institutional orders, contributing to greater knowledge of social changes in Luxembourg in a transnational context. Changes in sepulchral culture inform us about social transformation processes concerning individualization, pluralization, secularization as well as de- and resacralization. The study of cultural transfers and interculturality will also benefit from this project, as the interdisciplinary analysis of necrogeographies and deathscapes will lead to a better understanding of the transformations of local and national traditions due to interlinked phenomena of (hyper)modernization, globalization and migration. Research in Luxembourg will be made internationally visible by joining the platform “Transmortale” (https://transmortale.wordpress.com/) and organizing its 7th annual conference in Luxembourg in 2017. Apart from 3-4 (individual or collective) scientific articles to be submitted to peer-reviewed journals, the project´s results will be disseminated either in the form of an edited volume aimed at the general public (with the cooperation of a professional photographer), or in the form of a documentary film (in collaboration with filmmaker Tom Alesch), submitted for funding to the Film Fund Luxembourg.

2.1 PhD student supervision and research lines

Working Title: Mortuary Spaces in Luxembourg: changing forms of commemoration, self- expression and social exchange Profile : Master degree in historical archeology Comité d’encadrement de thèse (CET): Ass.-Prof. Dr. Sonja Kmec (supervisor), Dr. Elisabeth Boesen, Prof. Dr. David Petts (University of Durham)

A PhD cand. has been recruited: Christoph Streb. The call for applications has been published widely, using relevant academic online platforms; interviews with and selection of the candidates will be made by the advisory board (see 4.1.1). The PhD researcher will sign an individual work contract with the University of Luxembourg, fixing his/her training plan in accordance with his/her board of supervisors (comité d’encadrement de thèse, CET). Within the project, the PhD candidate will be in constant exchange with the project coordinator, Dr. Thomas Kolnberger. Annual internal workshops will also involve his/her supervisors and selected guestspeakers, offering them individual “master classes”. After a period of preparation and team integration (including a common workshop at the Museum für Sepulchralkultur, Kassel around), the PhD candidate will join the Doctoral School of the Research Unit IPSE (Identités. Politiques, Sociétés, Espace) in September 2015. The primary focus of this type of doctoral training is individual research, accompanied by specialised modules in • disciplinary training (training in the main disciplinary field associated with the research topic), including a seminar on Luxembourgish history, presentation of their preliminary results to their peers and supervisors, and participation in an international conference or summer school of their choice. • interdisciplinary training in at least one of three interdisciplinary research programs of the Doctoral School (sustainable development, intercultural studies and identities, and European and international governance), in this case training in the field of sustainable development (with a focus on urban planning) for the PhD Geo, and training in the field

11 CORE MULTI-ANNUAL THEMATIC RESEARCH PROGRAMME

of interculturality (including methodological training in interview techniques) for the PhD SoSc. • transferable skills training (training in skills relevant to both academic and professional careers, e.g. presentation skills, teaching). The aim of this program of 20 ECTS altogether is to train researchers in the necessary conceptual, methodological, and transferable skills in order to improve the quality of individual research, which remains their core task (see below). In addition, the PhD student will profit from the IPSE Research Unit’s interdisciplinary culture and tie in with academic key areas, such as urban history, identity and memory studies, intercultural studies and transnational Luxembourg area studies. The PhD candidate is also invited to join the Ecole Doctorale Transfrontalière LOGOS, which brings together postgraduate researchers in the humanities and social sciences of the Universities of the Greater Region: Liège (Belgium), Lorraine (France), Luxembourg, Saarland and Trier (Germany). Founded in 2008, LOGOS organizes biannual “Journées doctorales”, which allow for intense interdisciplinary and international scientific exchanges among PhD students regarding their theoretical framework and preliminary results.

After 3-4 years, the PhD student is expected to submit his/her work to a jury according to the regulations of the University of Luxembourg. As part of the project output, his/her work will be published in a revised form as a monography with Peter Lang (series “Etudes luxembourgeoises” edited by IPSE), Thalacker Medien (series edited by the Zentralinstitut und Museum für Sepulchralkultur Kassel) or Ashgate (if accepted in their series on “death studies”). During his/her PhD studies, it is expected that the candidate publish at least one article in a journal or collective volume.

The PhD’s task is on the one hand to establish the spatial profile of the 15 cemeteries [5 of each setting: (post)industrial, urban, rural, as described above (see 1.4.2)] and to examine the ‘spatial dependency’ (auto-correlation) of these cemeteries on the one hand, and of the individual graves within these cemeteries on the other hand. The geostatistical data, which is developed to interrelate different scales of space and of social interactions, will be analysed using the computer application GIS (Geographic Information System). At the end of the project, these tools will be placed at the disposal of future researchers (Open Source – similar to CASA/UCL).

On the other hand, the PhD candidate will conduct 15 in-depth interviews with grave owners and caretakers in Luxembourg to determine since when a grave is being tended by a particular family and how attitudes towards grave care in particular and remembrance of the dead in general are changing. The investigation of recent changes in sepulchral culture (individualization, pluralization, de- and resacralization etc.) will pay particular consideration to the physical-material dimension. If possible, participant observation in All Saints or All Souls commemoration rituals, funerals and other sepulchral practices will be undertaken.

12 CORE MULTI-ANNUAL THEMATIC RESEARCH PROGRAMME

4. Project Participants and Management

4.1. Description of the Consortium

Project member: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sonja Kmec (PI, cultural history), UL Dr. Thomas Kolnberger (coordinator, historical geographer), UL Christophe Klaus Streb (PhD candidate), UL Assoc. Prof. Dr. Geoffrey Caruso (geography – spatial analysis), UL Dr. Elisabeth Boesen (social sciences – cultural anthropology), UL

Advisory board: em. Prof. Dr. Jean-Paul Lehners (history), UL Dr. Thorsten Benkel (Sociology, University of Passau) Dr. Julie Rugg (Cemetery Research Group, University of York) Prof. Anne Fornerod (History, Université d’Aix-Marseilles) Prof. Anne Carol (CNRS, Strasbourg) Dr. David Petts (Archaeology, University of Durham)

4.2 Communication

• coordination meetings (PI and coordinator): once a week • project meetings (PI, coordinator and PhD cand.): once a month • supervision board meetings of PhD: once a year • workshops (all project members, advisory board and invited experts): once a year

4.3 Decision-making

Decisions are taken jointly by the PI and the coordinator, following the advice of the advisory board. If there is a disagreement regarding the PhD projects between the PI and coordinator on the one hand, and their Supervision Board on the other hand, the advisory board will decide the course of action.

10 CORE MULTI-ANNUAL THEMATIC RESEARCH PROGRAMME

Annex – Bibliography

Bibliography / References (overview only)

1 GENERAL LITERATURE (INCLUDING SELECTED ANGLO-AMERICAN LITERATURE ON CEMETERIES)

ARIES, Philippe, Essais sur l'histoire de la mort en Occident : du Moyen Âge à nos jours, Paris 1975. BAHRENBERG, G., DEITERS, J., et al: Geographie des Menschen. Dietrich Bartels zum Gedenken (= Bremer Beiträge zur Geographie und Raumplanung 11), Bremen 1987. BERTRAND Régis; CAROL, Anne & PELEN, Jean-Noël (Hg.): Les narrations de la mort, (Publications de l’Université de Provence) Aix-en Provence 2005, 241-255. FELDMANN, Klaus: Tod und Gesellschaft – Sozialwissenschaftliche Thanatologie im Überblick (2., überarbeitete Auflage), Wiesbaden 2010. FOTHERINGHAM, A. S.; BRUNSDON, C. & CHARLTON, M.: Quantitative Geography: Perspectives on Spatial Data Analysis, Sage 2000. FRANCAVIGLIA, Richard V.: The Cemetery as an Evolving Cultural Landscape, in: Annals of the Association of American Geographers 61/3/1971, 501-509. FRANZ, Norbert: Durchstaatlichung und Ausweitung der Kommunalaufgaben im 19. Jahrhundert (Tätigkeitsfelder und Handlungsspielräume ausgewählter französischer und luxemburgischer Landgemeinden im mikrohistorischen Vergleich, 1805-1890), Trier 2006. HERMAN, Agatha: Death has a touch of class: society and space in Brookwood Cemetery, 1853-1903, in: Journal of Historical Geography 36/3/2010, 305-314. DETHLEFSEN, Edwin & DEETZ, James: Death's Heads, Cherubs and Willow Trees: Experimental Archaeology in Colonial Cemeteries, in: American Antiquity 31/4/1966, 502-510. DICKSON, Bruce D., OLSEN, Jeffrey, et al.: Where do you go when you die? A cross-cultural test of the hypothesis that infrastructure predicts individual eschatology, in: Journal of Anthropological research 61/2005, 53-79. GERHARDT, Andrea: ‘Ex-klusive’ Orte und normale Räume – Versuch einer soziotopologischen Studie am Beispiel des öffentlichen Friedhofs (= Dissertation i. Fach Gesellschaftswissenschaften, Universität Kassel), Norderstedt 2007. HALLAM, E. & HOCKEY, J.: Death: Memory and Material Culture, Oxford 2001. HARVEY, Thomas: Sacred Spaces, Common Places: The Cemetery in the Contemporary American City, in: The Geographical Review 96/2/2006, 295-312. JACKSON, Kenneth T.: Silent Cities - The Evolution of the American Cemetery, New York 1989. JACKSON, Peter: Rematerializing Social and Cultural Geography, in: Social and Cultural Geography 1/2000, 9-14. KAZIG, Rainer & WEICHHART, Peter: Die Neuthematisierung der materiellen Welt in der Humangeographie, in: Berichte zur deutschen Landeskunde (Vierteljahresschrift zur geographischen Landesforschung in Mitteleuropa) 83/2/2009, 109-128. LEHNERS, Jean-Paul: Historische Annäherung an den Tod, in: Publications de la Section Historique de l’Institut G.-D. de Luxembourg CXVII/Pub. du CLUDEM, t. 18/2006, 15-28. LÖW, Martina: Raumsoziologie, Frankfurt/Main 2001. MADDRELL, Avril & SIDAWAY, James D. (ed.): Deathscapes: Spaces for Death, Dying, Mourning and Remembrance, Farnham 2010. METCALF, Peter & HUNTINGTON, Richard: Celebrations of death. The anthropology of mortuary ritual, (2nd ed.) Cambridge 1991. CORE MULTI-ANNUAL THEMATIC RESEARCH PROGRAMME

MILLER, Daniel: Stuff, Cambridge 2010, MORTALITY: Promoting the interdisciplinary study of death and dying (Journal), Special issue: Cemetery: 8/2/2003. PETTS, David: Variation in the British burial rite: AD400-700, in Mortuary Practices and social identities in the Middle Ages, in: Sayer, Duncan & Williams, Howard (ed.), Exeter 2009, 207- 221. PITTE, Jean-Robert: A short geography of death and the dead, in: GeoJournal 60/4/2004, 345- 351. RUGG, Julie: Churchyard and cemetery: tradition and modernity in rural North Yorkshire, Manchester 2013. SLOANE, D.C: The Last Great Necessity: Cemeteries in American History, Baltimore 1991. THE CEMETERY RESEARCH GROUP: University of York, http://ww.york.ac.uk/chp/crg, retrieved January 2013. VENNE, Martin: Nachfrageorientierte Strategien zur Nutzung städtischer Friedhofsflächen (Kasseler Studien zur Sepulchralkultur Vol. 16), Kassel 2010. WEICHHART, Peter: Entwicklungslinien der Sozialgeographie. Von Hans Bobek bis Benno Werlen, Stuttgart 2008. WERLEN, Benno: Sozialgeographie – Eine Einführung (2nd revised ed.), Bern etc. 2000.

2 LUXEMBOURG

BACKES, Albert: Der Friedhof von Weimerskirch, in: Weimerskirch: Oeuvres paroissiales 1990, 37-39. BANGE, Evamarie: Vom Friedhof zur innerstädtischen Oase, in: Ons Stad 85/2007, 52-53. BULZ, Emmanuel: L’ancien cimetière juif de Clausen, in: Ons Stad 22/1986, 22-23. COLLETTE, Joseph: Der ummauerte Friedhof und die Kapelle der edlen Damen des Zisterzienserinnenklosters "Fontaine Marie" auf dem Kahlenberg in Differdingen (1785), in: Korspronk (Bulletin des Amis de l’histoire Differdange) 13/1991, 35-63. FLAMMANG, Jean: Der alte jüdische Friedhof in Clausen, in: Lëtzeburger Bauere-Kalenner 39/1987, 43-45. KAUFFMANN, Raymond: Le cimetière de Leudelange: monuments, inscriptions, indications généalogiques, Leudelange (Cercle culturel et historique) 2002. KOCKEROLS, Carlo (ed.): Luxembourg entre mémoire et oubli: une découverte de la Province au travers de son patrimoine funéraire, La Roche-en-Ardenne 2002. MARGUE, Paul: Tombes à l’abandon, in: Hemecht: Zeitschrift für Luxemburger Geschichte/Revue d’Histoire Luxembourgeoise 58/2006, 329-334. NEY, Adrien: Les tombes témoignent ... Histoire du cimetière israélite à Grevenmacher, in: 175 Joar Harmonie municipale Grevenmacher (1834-2009), Luxembourg 2010, 138-150. NOESEN, Jean-Pierre: Der Friedhof von Schlindermanderscheid, in: 50 Joer Fräiwelleg Pomjeeën Schlënnermanescht (1953 – 2003) [Schlindermanderscheid]: Sapeurs-pompiers 2003, 77-79. STEPHANY, Jean: Der Friedhof von Niederbesslingen, in: De Cliärrwer Kanton (Clervaux) Jor 20/ 1998), N° spécial, 69-75. THILL, Norbert: Der Friedhof St-Hilaire bei Marville, in: Heimat & Mission 75/8-9/2000,4-10. THILL, René: Der Friedhof von Bergem: Entstehung und Werden, in: 30e anniversaire Chorale Sainte-Cécile Pontpierre-Bergem-Wickrange, Pontpierre 1985, 85-88. WOLWERT, Claude: Der Bonneweger Friedhof, in: Nouvelles de Bonnevoie (= Bouneweger Neiegkeeten - Entente de sociétés de Bonnevoie) 128/2012, 1-3. CORE MULTI-ANNUAL THEMATIC RESEARCH PROGRAMME 3 GERMANY

BECKMANN, Anett: Mentalitätsgeschichtliche und ästhetische Untersuchungen der Grabmalsplastik des Karlsruher Hauptfriedhofes (= Dissertation TH-Universität Karlsruhe), Karlsruhe 2005. BENKEL, Thorsten: Die Verwaltung des Todes - Annäherung an eine Soziologie des Fried- hofs, Berlin 2013 (2nd ed.). DENK, Claudia & ZIESEMER, John (ed.): Der bürgerliche Tod – Städtische Bestattungskultur von der Aufklärung bis zum frühen 20. Jahrhundert (Urban Burial Culture from the Enlightenment to the early 20th Century, ICOMOS, 11.-13. Nov. 2005), Regensburg 2007. FISCHER, Norbert & HERZOG, Markwart (ed.): Nekropolis: Der Friedhof als Ort der Toten und der Lebenden, Stuttgart 2005. GRABKULTUR IN DEUTSCHLAND – Geschichte der Grabmäler, hrsg. v. der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Friedhof und Denkmal/Museum für Sepulkralkultur (Kassel), Berlin 2009. HARENDT, Annegret: Zur alltäglichen Regionalisierung von Todesorten, in: Sozialgeographische Manuskripte (Friedrich Schiller-Universität Jena – Sozialgeographie) 5/2009. RAUM FÜR TOTE – Die Geschichte der Friedhöfe von den Gräberstraßen der Römerzeit bis zur anonymen Bestattung, hrsg. von der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Friedhof und Denkmal/Zentralinstitut und Museum für Sepulkralkultur (Kassel), Braunschweig 2003. SÖRRIES, Reiner: Ruhe sanft – Kulturgeschichte des Friedhofs, Kevelear 2009.

4 FRANCE AND BELGIUM

CAROL, Anne: Pédagogie, hygiène et rationalisation technique: un projet funéraire à la belle Epoque, Aix-en Provence 2007. CAROL, Anne: L’étude des cimetières français contemporains: problèmes de méthodes, in: Traces (Las ciencias sociales y la muerte) 58/2010, 71-81. BERTRAND, Régis: Historique des cimetières. Cimetières mémoire des lieux, Société pour la protection des Paysages et de l’esthétique de la France, Paris 2003, 5-12. BERTRAND, Régis: Que de vertus…. Les épitaphes édifiantes des débuts du XIXe siècle, in: Bertrand, Régis; Carol, Anne & Pelen, Jean-Noël (ed): Les narrations de la mort, Aix-en- Provence 2005, 241-255. CIMETIÈRES ET NÉCROPOLES, Bruxelles 2004. ETLIN, Richard A.: The Architecture of Death – the Transformation of the Cemeteries in Eighteenth-Century Paris, Cambridge-London 1987. KOCKEROLS, Carlo (ed.): Luxembourg entre mémoire et oubli: une découverte de la Province au travers de son patrimoine funéraire, La Roche-en-Ardenne 2002. LASSÈRE, Madeleine, Villes et cimetières en France de l’Ancien Régime à nos jours. Le territoire des morts, Paris 1995. LE NORMAND-ROMAIN, Antoinette: Mêmoire de Marbre. La sculpture funéraire en France 1804- 1914, Paris 1995. MULLER, Catherine: Du lieu au non-lieu. La sépulture des personnes incinérées. Contribution à une géographie de la crémation (PhD thesis), Université Lille 1 2003. RAGON, Michel: L’espace de la mort. Essai sur l’architecture, la décoration et l’urbanisme funéraires, Paris 1981. THEBAULT, Frédéric: Le patrimoine funéraire en Alsace 1804-1939 – Du culte des morts à l’oubli, Strasbourg 2004. VOVELLE, Michel & BERTRAND, Régis: La ville des mots, essai sur l’imaginaire urbain contemporaine d’après les cimetières provençaux, Paris 1983. URBAIN, Jean-Didier: L’archipel des morts – Cimetières et mémoire en Occident, Paris 1989.