Mussel farming in Baltic coastal waters Application of a System Approach Framework Part 1 Greifswalder Bodden (bay)
Gerald Schernewski
Leibniz-Institute for Baltic Sea Research [email protected] www.baltcoast.net
A SYSTEM APPROACH FRAMEWORK FOR COASTAL RESEARCH & MANAGEMENT
BONUS-BaltCoast received funding from BONUS (Art 185), funded jointly by the EU and Baltic Sea national funding institutions Baltic Sea - Greifswalder Bodden (Bay)
Sweden
Baltic Sea Denmark Curonian Lithuania Lagoon
Greifswalder Bodden Szczecin (Oder) Lagoon Germany Poland Source: www.google.de/maps Landscape and uses
Coast, Lubmin Natur reserve, Gager, Rügen
Gager, Rügen
Protected coast, Rügen Spatial Planning Region - Vorpommern
Population 463,178 Baltic Sea Area (km²) 7,137 Pop. Density (/km²) 65 Tourism Overnight stays 15 Mio. Bed capacity 103,000
http://www.rpv-vorpommern.de/ Seaside resorts > 40 The Spatial Development Plan - replacing ICZM?
Tourism priority Nature priority Nature precaution Tourism development Urban center Harbours Greifswalder Bodden Industrial area
Coastal protection precaution Agriculture Raw material precaution (e.g. sand, gravel)
Source: RREP Vorpommern, 2009 Old industrial areas - a burden for Lubmin?
Nuclear power plant with cooling water channel
Source: Google Earth New industries – a brighter future for Lubmin
Example from the German Baltic: Greifswalder Bodden
Gas cavern Industrial area & harbour near Lubmin
Source: Google maps Sport-boat harbour developments
Harbour berths: 2960 (2003) (demand) 4619 (2015)
Stage harbour for visitors Base harbour Complementary harbour for larger boats Complementary harbour for small boats (<1.8 m) 2004 „Die Förderung des Wassersporttourismus durch die Erweiterung oder den Neubau von Sportboothäfen ist aus ökonomischer Sicht sinnvoll, da der Wassersport für die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung des Ostseeküstenraumes Mecklenburg-Vorpommerns aufgrund seines weiteren Wachstums und nicht ausgeschöpfter Potenziale weiter an Bedeutung gewinnen kann.“ Nature protection of sea and coast
Baltic Sea Legend Rügen island Bird sanctuary Biosphere reserve FFH area FFH coastal area
Greifswalder Bodden
Lubmin Freest
Greifswald
Data source:LUNG-MV Coast west of Lubmin Nature protection & water-sports management
„Auf Initiative des WWF wurden intensive Gespräche zwischen Wassersport- und Anglervereinen der Region sowie zuständigen Behörden geführt, die eine freiwillige Vereinbarung zur Nutzung des Gebietes erbracht haben“ (WWF)
Greifswalder Bodden
Map: http://www.wwf.de/ Fisheries – does it have a future?
About 50 fishermen! Smoking, frying and fish- restaurants help to increase local benefits from fisheries Species composition of fish catches (2000-2006)
Greifswalder Bodden Catches of fish species [%] Herring 1.0 1.5 1.1 0.4 herring
flounder
garfish
freshwater fish 96 Flounder others
Garfish 13 marine, 11 freshwater and 7 migrating fish species are comercially used
Data: IfAÖ 2007, Fachgutachten Fischerei Greifswalder Boden – Fish catches (1992-1998)
10000 Herring catches are largly stable but show a high inter-annual variability 8000 ] 6000 year / 4000 Hering Total [ tons 2000
0 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
120 100 ] 80 year
/ 60 40
[ tons 20 0 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 Data: Halbeck & Perch Flounder Garfish Pikeperch Pike Gröhsler, 1999) Herring – seasonal catches
] month / tons [
(Source: Gröhsler 2003) Herring: Spatial distribution and spawning areas
Distribution area Grazing area Spawning area
(Vietinghoff, 1994) (Scabell, 1988) Greifswalder Bodden – a shallow coast water
•Surface area: 514 km² •Diameter: 25 km •Average depth: 5.8 m •Maximum depth: 13.5 m •Water exchange rate 8-17 times/year
Burchard & Schernewski (2008) 17 Temperature and salinity
18°C
Month
Source: LUNG Küstengewässermonitoring 2002. Water quality: Importance for tourists
70 60 50 40 Baltic Sea % 30 Baltic lagoons 20 & bays 10 0 Very important Not important
Data: Dolch (2002) Water quality - Bathing waters (2010-2015)
Source: http://maps.eea.europa.eu/ New risk for bathing waters?
„Mann stirbt an Infektion Fleischfressende Bakterien! Wird das Baden in der Ostsee bald zur tödlichen Gefahr?“ (2014, FOCUS-Online) „Wie gefährlich das Baden in der Ostsee jetzt ist - Immer wieder sorgen angebliche Killerkeime im Meer für Schlagzeilen. (Welt 2015) „Wie schütze ich mich vor den Killer-Bakterien?“ (Bild 2014)
“…wound infections after contact with the Baltic Sea, Germany” (Eurosurveillance, 2006) “Emerging … risk at high latitudes in response to ocean warming” (Nature, 2012) Ito et al. (2012) Journal of Diabetes Mellitus Vibrions – a recent risk?
11 known wound infections (5 letal) in the German Baltic Sea infections Baltic North Sea Sea wound f o . No
Year Robert Koch Institut (http://www.vibrionet.de/)
Vibrio vulnificus close relative of Vibrio cholerae Vibrio vulnificus is occurring naturally in brackish and sea water Concentration growing rapidly at water temperatures above 20°C Disease characterized by severe infection of wounds and sepsis Greifswalder Bodden – Vibrio vulnificus
Greifswalder Bodden Darss-Zingst Bodden
Böer et al. 2012, BfG Water quality - eutrophication & water transperancy
Low water transparency…. hampers bathing tourism & caused loss of macrophytes and ecosystem degradation !
Source: Munkes 2005 Eutrophication and algae blooms
In summer, cyanobacteria are predominant e.g. Anabaena sp. and Mycrocystis ssp. less often Nodularia spumigena Cyanaobacteria – events, species and toxicity
Time Location Toxic species Victim Reference Kleiner Jasmunder Nodularia spumigena, Pankow (1964), July 1963 340 ducks Bodden (Rügen) Microcystis flos-aquae Kalbe and Tiess (1964) 76 young cattle Strelasund (German Aug 1983 Nodularia spumigena ill, 16 died within Gußmann et al. (1985) coast) 12-24 h
Type of toxicity Toxins Accumulation in: Symptoms
Hepatotoxin nodularin, water, (shellfish ?) Stupor, spasm, convulsions, unconscious-ness; death by (HT) microcystin etc. causing blood to pool in the liver. This pooling can lead to circulatory shock within a few hours or lead over several days to death by liver failure. Non-lethal doses might contribute to cancer. Neurotoxin anatoxin water, shellfish Muscle twitching and cramping, followed by fatigue and (NT) paralysis; may cause death within minutes by paralysis of the respiratory muscles.
Wasmund, 2002 What happened?
Lake Neuwarp, Oder Lagoon, August 2016 Greifswalder Bodden – biomass of mussel species
Mytilus Macoma Edulis balthica (blue mussel)
Cerastoderma lamarcki
Arenomya arenaria Vietinghoff (1994) Nature protection – water habitat types
Sand bank Estuary Sand flat Lagoon Bay Reef
Greifswalder Bodden Thank you for your attention !
Gerald Schernewski Leibniz-Institute for Baltic Sea Research [email protected]
A SYSTEM APPROACH FRAMEWORK FOR COASTAL RESEARCH & MANAGEMENT
BONUS-BaltCoast received funding from BONUS (Art 185), funded jointly by the EU and Baltic Sea national funding institutions