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Andrzej Wajda'nin Kadrajindan Polonya
TÜRKİYE CUMHURİYETİ ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ SLAV DİLLERİ VE EDEBİYATLARI ANABİLİM DALI POLONYA DİLİ VE KÜLTÜRÜ BİLİM DALI ANDRZEJ WAJDA’NIN KADRAJINDAN POLONYA EDEBİYATI Doktora Tezi Aybike Kılık Ankara, 2018 TÜRKİYE CUMHURİYETİ ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ SLAV DİLLERİ VE EDEBİYATLARI ANABİLİM DALI POLONYA DİLİ VE KÜLTÜRÜ BİLİM DALI ANDRZEJ WAJDA’NIN KADRAJINDAN POLONYA EDEBİYATI Doktora Tezi Aybike Kılık Tez Danışmanı Prof. Dr. Neşe M. Yüce Ankara, 2018 İÇİNDEKİLER İÇİNDEKİLER ……………………………………………………………………..i GİRİŞ ……………………………………………………………………………….1 I. BÖLÜM Sinema ve Uyarlama Üzerine…………………………………………………….11 II. BÖLÜM İkinci Dünya Savaşı Sonrası Polonya Sineması ………………………………...26 III. BÖLÜM Andrzej Wajda Kimdir?.........................................................................................61 III.1. Sinema Geçmişi ……………………………………………………...61 III.2. Tiyatro Geçmişi ………………………………………………….…..70 IV. BÖLÜM Romantizm Dönemi ………………………………………………………………72 IV.1. Bay Tadeusz …………………………………………………………74 IV.2. İntikam ……………………………………………………………….81 V. BÖLÜM Genç Polonya Dönemi ……………………………………………………………91 V.1. Genç Polonya Döneminde Drama ……………………………………93 V.2. Genç Polonya Döneminde Roman ……………………………………95 V.3. Düğün …………………………………………………...……………96 V.4. Vaat Edilmiş Toprak ……………………………..…………………122 VI. BÖLÜM İki Savaş Arası Dönem ………………………………………………………….139 VI.1. Wilkolu Kızlar ……………………...………………………………140 VI.2. Danton .………………………………………………………..……155 i VII. BÖLÜM Savaş Konulu Filmler ………………………………………………...…………164 VII.1. Muharebe -
American Heritage Center
UNIVERSITY OF WYOMING AMERICAN HERITAGE CENTER GUIDE TO ENTERTAINMENT INDUSTRY RESOURCES Child actress Mary Jane Irving with Bessie Barriscale and Ben Alexander in the 1918 silent film Heart of Rachel. Mary Jane Irving papers, American Heritage Center. Compiled by D. Claudia Thompson and Shaun A. Hayes 2009 PREFACE When the University of Wyoming began collecting the papers of national entertainment figures in the 1970s, it was one of only a handful of repositories actively engaged in the field. Business and industry, science, family history, even print literature were all recognized as legitimate fields of study while prejudice remained against mere entertainment as a source of scholarship. There are two arguments to be made against this narrow vision. In the first place, entertainment is very much an industry. It employs thousands. It requires vast capital expenditure, and it lives or dies on profit. In the second place, popular culture is more universal than any other field. Each individual’s experience is unique, but one common thread running throughout humanity is the desire to be taken out of ourselves, to share with our neighbors some story of humor or adventure. This is the basis for entertainment. The Entertainment Industry collections at the American Heritage Center focus on the twentieth century. During the twentieth century, entertainment in the United States changed radically due to advances in communications technology. The development of radio made it possible for the first time for people on both coasts to listen to a performance simultaneously. The delivery of entertainment thus became immensely cheaper and, at the same time, the fame of individual performers grew. -
New Polish Films 20082 0 0 8 NPF 2008 Okladka S II:Layout 1 28/1/08 11:22 Page 1 New Polish Films 2008
NNPFPF 22008008 ookladkakladka s I.aiI.ai 28/1/0828/1/08 11:57:1811:57:18 NewPolish Films 20082008 C M Y CM MY CY CMY K 2008 Sponsor of PISF: NPF 2008 okladka s II:Layout 1 28/1/08 11:22 Page 1 New Polish Films 2008 New Polish Films 2008 1 2 New Polish Films 2008 Introduction Dear Ladies and Gentleman, We begin the third year of the Polish Film Institute's activity and the second year after the Act on Cinematography was approved by European Commission in May 2006. For last two years the situation of Polish cinema has changed favourably. In 2005 with the introducing the parliamentary act, Polish cinema received a great opportunity. The Polish Film Institute, created according to world's best standards, has become an institution supporting artists at every stage of film production. The PFI also subsidizes film festivals and retrospectives, supports the infrastructure of cinemas' renewal, promotes Polish cinema abroad, grants professional advancement of filmmakers as well as film schools. We are always trying to be where something important is happening in cinema. The new law and establishing the PFI resulted not only in multiplying the State's expenses on cinema – here I would like to remind that in the worst in this case year of 2002 Ministry of Culture assigned 4.3 million zloty for film production, while only this year the Institute assigned almost 80 million zloty for film production and development. The number of last year's feature film production increased up to 37 titles and in 2007 – 39 feature films have been made. -
1. Polsko a Andrzej Wajda…………………………………………………………10 1
JANÁČKOVA AKADEMIE MÚZICKÝCH UMĚNÍ V BRNĚ Divadelní fakulta Ateliér Rozhlasové a televizní dramaturgie a scenáristiky Rozhlasová a televizní dramaturgie a scenáristika Andrzej Wajda: hrdinství, romantismus a polská historie Diplomová práce Autor práce: BcA. Iryna Shkaruba Vedoucí práce: prof. Pavel Švanda Oponent práce: MgA. Hana Slavíková, Ph.D. Brno 2011 Bibliografický záznam SHKARUBA, Iryna. Andrzej Wajda: hrdinství, romantismus a polská historie. [Andrzej Wajda: heroism, romanticism and Polish history]. Brno: Janáčkova akademie múzických umění v Brně, Divadelní fakulta, Ateliér rozhlasové a televizní dramaturgie a scenáristiky, 2011. 89 s. Vedoucí diplomové práce: prof. Pavel Ńvanda Anotace Práce se zabývá hrdiny Andrzeje Wajdy, které vzeńli z polských tradic, kulturního romantismu, mýtických hrdinských činů předků a vědomí tíhy vlastních dějin, kdy bylo Polsko děleno, okupováno, zneuņíváno, ale: i přes veńkeré křivdy a poráņky, neztratili hluboké patriotické cítění, víru ve spásu a naději, ņe Polsko – jakkoliv zneuctěné zásahy zvenčí, bude jednou svobodné. Prostřednictvím analyticko- esejistické analýzy postav z POKOLENÍ, KANÁLŮ, POPELU A DÉMANTU, LOTNY, KATYNĚ, VESELKY, ZEMĚ ZASLÍBENÉ, POPELŮ, SAMSONA, KRAJINY PO BITVĚ, ČLOVĚKA Z MRAMORU, ČLOVĚKA ZE ŅELEZA, DANTONA, VŃE NA PRODEJ je kaleidoskopicky vyobrazen svět Wajdových hrdinů. Ve snaze o komplexní uchopení tématu je přihlíņeno k historii Polska, symbolickým a náboņenským motivům. Annotation This thesis deals with the heroes of Andrzej Wajda, who came of the Polish traditions, cultural romanticism, mythical heroic deeds of ancestors and an awareness of heaviness of their own history, when Poland was divided, occupied, exploited, but: despite all the injustices and defeats, they didn’t lose the deep patriotic feelings, beliefs of salvation and hope that Poland - though defiled interventions from outside – will be one day free. -
Andrzej Wajda Photography by / Photos De Czesław Czapliński
Andrzej Wajda Photography by / Photos de Czesław Czapliński 28 European Economic and Social Committee Comité économique et social européen The EESC’s mission Committed to the building of Europe, the EESC contributes to strengthening the democratic legitimacy and effectiveness of the European Union by enabling civil society organisations from 28 the Member States to express their views at European level. It fulfils three key missions: • Advising the European Parliament, the Council and the European Commission so as to ensure that EU policies and legislation match economic, social and civic realities • Building a more participatory EU, closer to its citizens • Promoting EU values and civil society organizations globally This publication is part of a series of catalogues published in the context of the exhibitions organized by the EESC. La présente publication fait partie d’une collection Mission du CESE de catalogues édités dans le cadre des expositions organisées par le CESE. Engagé dans la construction européenne, le CESE contribue au renforcement de la légitimité démocratique et de l’efficacité de l’Union européenne (UE) en permettant aux organisations de la société civile des États membres d’exprimer leur avis au niveau européen. Le CESE accomplit trois missions essentielles: • assiste le Parlement européen, le Conseil et la Commission européenne afin que les politiques et la législation européennes soient mieux adaptées aux réalités économiques, sociales et civiques; • favorise le développement d’une UE plus participative et plus proche de ses citoyens; • promeut les valeurs de l’UE et les organisations de la société civile globalement. Cover: Andrzej Wajda directs a production of Zemsta (The Revenge) for the Stary Teatr (Old Theatre) at the Nowodworski Colegium in Cracow, Andrzej Wajda June 1986. -
Informator ASP W W Arszawie ASP in W Arsaw Prospectus
Informator ASP w Warszawie ASP in Warsaw Prospectus Spis treści 2 Contents 4 Słowo od Rektora / A Word from the Rector 14 Obiekty ASP w Warszawie / ASP in Warsaw Locations 18 Kalendarium / Timeline 40 Doktoraty honoris causa / Honorary Doctorates 48 Wydziały / Faculties 50 Wydział Malarstwa / Faculty of Painting 54 Wydział Rzeźby / Faculty of Sculpture 58 Wydział Grafiki / Faculty of Graphic Arts 62 Wydział Konserwacji i Restauracji Dzieł Sztuki / Faculty of Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art 72 Wydział Architektury Wnętrz / Faculty of Interior Design 76 Wydział Wzornictwa / Faculty of Design 80 Wydział Sztuki Mediów / Faculty of Media Art 84 Wydział Scenografii / Faculty of Stage Design 88 Wydział Zarządzania Kulturą Wizualną / Faculty of Management of Visual Culture 92 Osiągnięcia wybranych nauczycieli akademickich / Selected achievements of the academic staff 118 Wybitni młodzi naukowcy, stypendyści Ministra Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wyższego / Outstanding young academics, holders of the Minister of Science and Higher Education scholarships 126 Osiągnięcia studentów / Student Achievements 140 Działalność naukowo-badawcza / Research Activities 146 Współpraca międzynarodowa / International Collaborations 156 Galerie ASP w Warszawie / Galleries of the ASP in Warsaw 166 Projekty europejskie / European Projects 174 Partnerzy ASP w Warszawie / Partners of the ASP in Warsaw Słowo od Rektora 4 A Word from the Rector 6 Akademia Sztuk Pięknych w Warszawie The Academy of Fine Arts in Warsaw to najstarsza i największa uczelnia arty- is the oldest and largest art school styczna w Polsce. Uczy się tutaj najwięcej in Poland. It has the lagest number studentek i studentów oraz doktorantek of students and doctoral students as i doktorantów oraz pracuje najwięcej well as academic teachers among all nauczycielek i nauczycieli akademickich Polish art schools. -
Ïvivilcinema 1-09 Layout 1
numero1 2009 Bimestrale d’informazione cinematografica edito dalla FICE - Federazione Italiana Cinema d’Essai Speciale Berlinale MarMar Neronero Tutti i film di Federico Bondi Riccardo Scamarcio Gus van Sant ANNO IX - NUOVA SERIE - N.1 - GENNAIO/FEBBRAIO 2009 - Euro 3,00 - SPED. ABBONAMENTO POSTALE 70% - FILIALE DI ROMA SERIE - N.1 GENNAIO/FEBBRAIO 2009 Euro 3,00 SPED. ABBONAMENTO POSTALE ANNO IX - NUOVA interviste anteprime Fausto Brizzi Giulia non esce la sera Aronofsky - Amenta di Giuseppe Piccioni De Biasi - Gansel Huppert - Panini Due partite Shanley - Wajda di Enzo Monteleone n.1/2009 editoriale Cover story 24 Mar Nero di Federico Bondi La cultura e il mercato (Barbara Corsi) In copertina: Ilaria Occhini e Dorotheea Petre In un 2009 di crisi e di tagli giova ricordare qualche punto fermo nel sostegno alla cultura. Con il conforto dei dati Speciale Oscar 2009 del 2008: nelle sale d’essai il cinema italiano è al 40%! 6 Le candidature (Mario Mazzetti) •••D’accordo, la crisi economica è forte e il 2009 appena iniziato, lo si sapeva, Speciale Berlino 2009 sarò un anno di calo della spesa e dell’investimento pubblico, nella cultura e nello 8 Tutti i film (Mario Mazzetti) spettacolo come e più degli altri settori. Permetteteci però di sottolineare il “più”, a 12 Riccardo Scamarcio (Federico Pontiggia) nostro avviso questo sì immotivato, come se la cultura fosse un bene effimero, un inutile 13 Gus van Sant (Marco Spagnoli) fronzolo o peggio una zavorra di cui liberarsi nei momenti difficili. La consapevolezza del momento e un senso di dignità ben radicato non debbono tuttavia impedirci di Interviste sottolineare ancora una volta il ruolo tradizionale delle sale d’essai, all’interno di un 14 John Patrick Shanley (Marco Spagnoli) sistema che va salvaguardato e valorizzato in toto: un ruolo di aggregazione, diffusione 15 Andrzej Wajda (Federico Pontiggia) della cultura cinematografica, uno sguardo sulla varietà di linguaggi, su culture e paesi 16 Fausto Brizzi (Anna Maria Pasetti) diversi dal nostro. -
THE VIRTUOSO and the TRUTH LIES ELSEWHERE: an Encounter with the Past Through a Reading of W.G. Sebald's AUSTERLITZ a Creative P
THE VIRTUOSO and THE TRUTH LIES ELSEWHERE: An Encounter with the Past through a Reading of W.G. Sebald's AUSTERLITZ A creative project (novel) and exegesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Sonia Orchard BA BAppSc (Hons) School of Creative Media Portfolio of Design and Social Context RMIT University January 2007 Declaration I certify that: • except where due acknowledgement is made, all work submitted is my own; • the work has not been submitted previously, in whole or in part, to qualify for any other academic award; • the content of this doctorate is the result of work which has been carried out since the official commencement date of the approved research program; • any editorial work, paid or unpaid, carried out by a third party is acknowledged. Signed Sonia Orchard, January 2007 11 Acknowledgments This project would not have been possible without the support and assistance of many people and organisations. This research has been partially funded through a Commonwealth Government Australian Postgraduate Award. In June-July 2003, I spent 8 weeks in London researching for the novel. I am extremely grateful to all those who agreed to be interviewed about Noel Mewton-Wood: Dr John Amis, John Dalby, Dr Patrick Trevor-Roper, Lady Pauline Del Mar, Margaret Kitchin, Tim Gordon, Bryce Morrison and Denys Gurvault. In addition, John Amis gave me access to his collection ofMewton-Wood concert programmes and was of enormous assistance during my stay in London. I would also like to acknowledge the following British organisations and institutions, and their very helpful staff: the British Library (including the British Sound Archives), the British National Archives, the BBC Written Archives, the Britten-Pears Library, the Lambeth Archives, the National Gallery (Archives dept), the British Music Information Centre, the English National Opera, Wigmore Hall, the Royal Albert Hall, the Royal Festival Hall, the Royal College of Music and the Royal Academy of Music. -
Biografía D'flndrzej Ulajda
26 Biografía d'flndrzej Ulajda onsiderat el director po lonés mes seminal, respon sable de liderar F'escola polonesa" de direcció, re- conegut després del desgel polític de 1956. BIO GRAFÍA DE L'ENCI- CLOPÉDIA DEL CINEMA DE LEONARD MALTIN. Un deis directors mes impor- tants de l'Europa de l'Est i del món, Wajda ha narrat els canvis polítics i socials de la seva Polonia natal amb sensibilitat i passió. Wajda es va unir a la resistencia polonesa quan era només un ado- lescent durant la Segona Guerra Mundial, després va estudiar pin Zbingniew Cybulski tura i,eventualment, va assistir a l'Escola Estatal de Cinema de Lodz. Va fer d'assistent del veterá director polonés Aleksander Ford • abans de rodar la seva primera peblícula, Ageneration (1954), so bre la resistencia polonesa. A aquesta, va seguir Kanal (1956) i Ashes and diamonds (1958), que conformen una remarcable trilogia sobre els efectes de la Segona Gue rra Mundial a Polonia, i que li do naren reconeixament internacio nal. També varen convertir en es trella factor Zbigniew Cybulski, el James Dean polonés, que va morir el 1967 i va esdevenir focus de la posterior peblícula de Wajda, Everything for sale (1968). Ashes and diamonds també li va propor cionar el seu primer xoc amb el go- Man of iron va guanyar la Palma d'Or a Cannes i va ser nominada als Oscar a la niillor peblícula en llengua no anglesa, però per culpa de la caiguda del govern polonés, Wajda va haver d'anar a Franga a rodar la seva segiìent obra, Danton (1982), vern polonés, que va retardar l'ex- ralelisme amb la situaciö polftica (episodi "Milosc dwudziestolat hibició del film per descriure Tas- de la seva terra natal. -
Lipiec-Sierpień 7-8/2000
Lipiec-Sierpień 7-8/2000 Prof, dr hab. margin Drzewiecki Książka i inne formy przekazu treści w środowisku edukacyjnym Wakacje z biblioteką Andrzej Wajda - życie i twórczość Specjalny dodatek Edukacja czytelnicza i m e d i a l n a Miesięcznik Stowarzyszenia Bibliotekarzy Polskich INDEKS 369594 ISSN 0032-4752 bciotekaĘ SŹKOLNAy \ l W L § JEDYNY KOMPUTEROWY PROGRAM BIBLIOTECZNY zalecany przez Ministerstwo Edukacji Narodowej dla bibliotek szkolnych • w zestawie zalecanych środków dydaktycznych nr 0140 WYKONANY SPECJALNIE DLA BIBLIOTEK SZKOLNYCH POSMDJł kKSZVSTKfE FUNKCJE POTRZEBNE W BIBLIOTECE SZKOLNEJ PONAD 1700 SZKÓŁ «-dEäfeMl I« KORZYSTA Z PROGRAMU MOL Sp.^ VULCAN ZARZĄDZANIE OŚWIATĄ 81-340 Gdynia 51-657 Wrocław ul. Hryniewickiego 10 ul. Kazimierska 15 tel./fax (058) 661 15 83 tel. (071) 348 01 01 tel./fax (058) 620 39 53 fax (071) 348 01 03 e-mail: [email protected] e-mail; [email protected] Dodatek do „Poradnika Bibliotekarza” JADWIGA ANDRZEJEWSKA 7-8/2000 EDUKACJA CZYTELNICZA I MEDIALNA W SZKOLE PODSTAWOWEJ Zestawienie bibliograficzne konspektów lekcji bibliotecznych prowadzonych przez bibliotekarzy oraz bibliotecznych lekcji przedmiotowych realizowanych przez nauczycieli różnych przedmiotów nauczania Cz. 1. KONSPEKTY LEKCJI BIBLIOTECZNYCH Niniejsze zestawienie stanowi kontynuację cyklu publikowanego sukcesywnie co pięć lat od 1986 r. w .poradniku Bibliotekarza” Część pierwsza zawiera scenariusze lekcji opublikowane w latach 1994-1998 oraz kilka pozycji z lat wcześniejszych, nie ujętych w poprzednim zestawieniu z powodu trudności w dotarciu do wydawnictw lokalnych. Układ tematów zajęć jest dostosowany do obowiązującej jeszcze do czerwca 1999 r. wersji programu przysposobienia czytelniczego i informacyjnego w szkole podstawowej z 1990 r. W niektórych przypadkach w celu dostosowania się do programu musiała nastąpić zmiana adresu konspektów, co P. -
Prezentacja Ok-Compressed.Pdf
DOLCE FINE GIORNATA CONTACTS: World Sales : Films Boutique Köpenicker Str. 184. 10997 Berlin, Germany +49 30 69 53 78 50 contact@filmsboutique.com in Park City: Jean-Christophe Simon, Louis Balsan) FESTIVAL PUBLICIST: MEDIAPLAN PR Tatiana Detlofson: [email protected] Cell: 310-663-3465 Shelby Scoggins: [email protected] Cell: 406-253-7887 PRODUCER: No Sugar Films DOmaniewska 47/10/Warsaw @Sundance Marta Habior, Producer +48603486287 Marta Lewandowska, Producer, +48600457010 nosugarfilms@nosugarfilms.com - I was with this project since the idea. From the beginning I loved it although it was controversial, rather difficult - I like such things to play. It touches on such contemporary and vividly current problems, it seemed really important to me. My character, Maria Linde, is very complex and interesting. Krystyna Janda Title: Dolce Fine Giornata (PL) Runtime: 90 mins Language: Italian, Polish, French Writers: Jacel Borcuch, Szczepan Twardoch Director: Jacek Borcuch Cast: Krystyna Janda, Kasia Smutniak, Vincent Riotta, Antonio Catania, Robin Renucci, Lorenzo de Moor Producer: Marta Habior/NO SUGAR FILMS Distributor: NEXT FILM Worldwide Sales: Films Boutique IN TUSCANY, MARIA'S STABLE FAMILY LIFE BEGINS TO ERODE AS HER RELATIONSHIP WITH A YOUNG IMMIGRANT DEVELOPS AGAINST A BACKDROP OF TERRORISM AND ERODING DEMOCRACY. Synopsis: Maria Linde is a Jewish Nobel Prize winner. Her life follows the quiet rhythms of the Italian countryside, until her world and relation- ships with her husband and daughter begin to erode as she grows fond of a young immigrant, Nazeer. At the crossroads of a free spirit and an aging body, Maria tries to define her role in the fast-changing conditions of her world. -
Film Catalog. University of Southern California, 1965-66
REPOR TRESUMES ED 016385 EN 005 623 FILM CATALOG. UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA, 1965.-66. MCMURRY, GLENN AND OTHERS UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES AUDIO-VISUAL EDUCATION ASSN. OF CALIFORNIA CONTRACT OEC-4-16-.031 EDR3 PRICEMF-30.75 HC -$5.68 140P. DESCRIPTORS- *CATkLOGS, COMPUTERS, AUTOMATION, *FILMS, IBM 1403 PRINTER, IBM .401 COMPUYER THIS CATALOG, PRINTED BY COMPUTER UNDER THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA AUTOMATED CATALOGING PROJECTS) CONTAINS AN ALPHABETICAL LISTING OF ALL FILMS AVAILABLE FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA FILM LIBRARY, (MS) V4 -ic +ri? ,-.;_w AEA AEA . t bt /4' a 54 t4')' t .4 A A' t AEA .10 AEA AEA 1..';"" ,t, -;.: WWI,/ ,11W '.0ww-, , "a ),V"?:3- , -4WI1 A , --;11 f 'V e Ntii'f±ftt,, It V:PNACki, ' iflt.,ilft a , la,Oat'ari......- 4 i 4 d 4 itiri 1 iV IOW... ...' ;SN. II t:,u. : : ' ll .% -10A -$:.: :112" -. "' ''''". ;2 , , I' ',' . ' ''; .s'al f4t c ".W.,Z A oft 8" VI eifi .,'N A*1 It " ;. a , _t : .P-.... -...." I.-.. >,,,....r ',A . 1 ,i--;1-4,,..-,e,...,'" .,, -cr.. A 'ri,.. , . : 1.. 7 , -', -r.qrg "i7 .1.-.24 .." ',3 4 ."' -4 , ,:)1116S A _0. ty, t...;;-br r7404 43., -.- . 1. I ^"R11: :trJM;'?'" t. 1, "tqtr11,-:. "17 ;4 4C4 . '0,4!'4:11V 41, 'rp: ""4 . -11 1 4. I` . I 1 r7. , ...,4t-4,41:0,..t rik.,-r-r yi 4 . 4 . I '11; 1.. - , "1, - ,,--;,;,.. c*P tr; gir .1., e6;,,,,:....-4: ' -31.6,., -:h I :,,At tit, 1. ":4 I I ,z.? . ..,,ii!44,11. (,; , 4A ..1::.. l 4.,,i "..,,I;Z'''''-11.;'a.(0iV1"; "tV4 4+4 r t `.1.;'...kt4., 4- 41.-t -,,,-'' "*."-.