The Moroccan Diaspora and Its Contribution to the Development of Innovation in Morocco

CHAPTER 8 123

The Moroccan Diaspora and its Contribution to the Development of Innovation in Morocco

Nour-Eddine Boukharouaa, Moroccan Industrial and Commercial Property Office (OMPIC), chapter coordinator Marwan Berrada, Ministry in Charge of Moroccans Living Abroad and Migration Affairs 8: The Moroccan Diaspora Moroccan The 8: Abdelhak Chaibi, Association R&D Morocco Salma Dinia, National Centre for Scientific and Technical Research (CNRST) Abdesselam El Ftouh, Hassan II Foundation for Moroccans Living Abroad Adil El Maliki, Karima Farah, and Ilham Bennani, Moroccan Industrial and Commercial Property Office (OMPIC) Omar Elyoussoufi, Ministry of Higher Education, Scientific Research and Executive Training Yassine Ouardirhi, Ministry of Industry, Trade, Investment and the Digital Economy

Morocco has always been a cross- has worked in Morocco that can be MLAs shows a strong predominance roads, a place where people are applied to other countries at a similar of young and working-age people.1 mobile and aware of other cultures. level of development. Men comprise 55% of this group, Its location on the borders of three The examples given here are with women making up 45% (see distinctive worlds—the Arab world, presented to demonstrate some Figure 1a, 1b). This gender distri- North Africa, and Europe—and approaches that have been successful bution represents the feminization alongside both the Atlantic Ocean for Morocco in the hopes that they of migration over time. Although and the Mediterranean Sea has will prove useful for other develop- these data are from 2005 (no newer meant that its people can embrace ing countries confronting the same data are available), nevertheless they international contact and cultural, issues. These examples are offered indicate a trend. economic, and scientific exchange. in the same spirit of exchange that is Highly skilled Moroccans (those Today the mobilization of a found to be so useful and necessary with a tertiary or graduate degree) highly educated workforce is an to the successful implementation of make up 15% of the Moroccan important part of international innovation strategies. Diaspora (Figure 1c). This comes migration strategies. However, the to more than 400,000 Moroccans lack of qualified human resources living abroad who have either a in a globalized and competitive Moroccans throughout the world bachelor’s or graduate degree. The marketplace that requires knowl- In 2012, about 4.5 million trans-generational socioeconomic edge and know-how generates new Moroccans—15% of its total popula- ascent of the immigrant population, reasons for Morocco’s population to tion—were living abroad. Although especially considering the flow of be mobile. Indeed, the expertise of this group was originally comprised graduates of Moroccan higher edu- Moroccans living abroad can answer of men who migrated on their own cation out of the country, is poised to specific needs of the nation’s emerg- after World War II, when Europe create a high concentration of highly ing sectors. needed manpower for reconstruc- skilled workers among those living This chapter aims to describe tion, a recent move towards family abroad. It should be noted that these some of the programmes that have reunification has meant that wives people consist not only of MLAs who been put in place to assist Moroccans have now joined their husbands. The had already received their bachelor’s Living Abroad (MLAs) in order to feminization of the group of MLAs degrees in Morocco when they emi- enhance the development of innova- has continued, with the migration grated, but also includes a generation tion in Morocco. The chapter exam- of single women reflecting the of their children who were educated ines the production of intellectual evolving emancipation of women in in the new country of residence. It is property, with a focus on patents Moroccan society. especially noteworthy that the share by the MLA population as a proxy According to a survey conducted of persons with a university diploma for the development of innovation, in 2005 by the High Commissioner is twice as high among the MLAs as and draws some lessons about what for the Plan, the age pyramid among it is among the domestic Moroccan THE GLOBAL INNOVATION INDEX 2014 124

Figure 1: Characteristics of Moroccans living abroad, 2005

1a: Age distribution 1b: Gender distribution 1c: Educational attainment 8: The Moroccan Diaspora Moroccan The 8:

n Under 15 (29%) n Men (55%) n No formal education (18%) n 15–60 (68%) n Women (45%) n Primary school (22%) n Over 60 (3%) n Secondary school (25%) n Tertiary education: less than 2 years (20%) Tertiary or graduate degree (15%)

Source: High Commissioner for the Plan, 2005.

population. It is important to point over the years, when considered in Professionals and the innovative output out here that all programmes put conjunction with the change in the of the Moroccan Diaspora in place in Morocco aim to involve numbers of highly skilled MLAs, Identifying the skilled members highly educated MLAs in contribut- reveals that the MLAs file more of the Diaspora who contribute ing to the development of Moroccan patents, especially in recent years. actively to innovation is extremely innovation. According to this analysis, 876 difficult because the data are often More than 32,000 MLAs are patent applications published under simply not available. For example, senior executives or professionals in the PCT have been filed by MLA scientific publications do not men- the private sector. They are mainly inventors at international locations tion the nationality of the authors, researchers, research and develop- in the 16 years from 1995 through and some authors have more than ment (R&D) managers, university 2011 (Figure 3). one nationality. professors, and business people. This large number of Moroccans However, Patent Cooperation The Moroccan Diaspora is filing for patents abroad illustrates Treaty (PCT) patent applications mainly located in France (32%), the important role that research present a unique feature: they Spain (20%), Italy (12%), and other laboratories in developed countries specify the place of residence and European countries, Arab countries play in stimulating creativity and nationality of applicants. Thus an

(6%), the United States of America invention among Moroccan scien- analysis of patents issued under the (USA) and Canada (together 3%), tists abroad. PCT enables the identification of and some African and Asian coun- The geographical distribution patents by inventors who belong to tries (Figure 2). It would be useful of the patents of the Moroccan the Moroccan Diaspora, which can to look at data about the skill level Diaspora shows that they are concen- serve as a proxy for determining of the MLAs for each country, but trated in the three countries: France, MLA inventors. An analysis of the these data are unfortunately not the USA, and Spain. This finding change to PCT patent applications available. illustrates the correlation between THE GLOBAL INNOVATION INDEX 2014 125

Figure 2: Geographic distribution of Moroccans living abroad, 2013

30 Diaspora Moroccan The 8:

Percent 15

France Spain Italy Belgium Arab countries Netherlands Germany Canada USA Others

Source: Ministry in Charge of Moroccans Living Abroad and Migration Affairs, 2013a.

Figure 3: PCT patents of inventors of the Moroccan Diaspora, 1995–2011

30 Number of patents of Number

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Source: Patent Scope Database available at http://www.wipo.int/patentscope/en/. Note: It should be noted that, starting in 2012, information on the nationality of the inventors of PCT patents is no longer available through the Patents Scope Database. THE GLOBAL INNOVATION INDEX 2014 126

Figure 4: Regional mapping of patents of the Moroccan Diaspora

8: The Moroccan Diaspora Moroccan The 8: 35

15 Percent of patents of Percent

France USA Spain Switzerland Germany Netherlands Belgium Canada Italy UK Japan Korea, Rep. Sweden Others

Source: The patent database of the European Patent Office, available at http://ep.espacenet.com/

the number of Moroccan students This research looks only at Moroccan few Moroccan emigrant inventors— in these countries who became inventors living abroad, not all only 2.39%—return to their home researchers and the number of patent Moroccan inventors (Figure 4). country to file patents at home.4 applications they file. Indeed, most A breakdown of the PCT pat- Two conclusions can be drawn Moroccan migrant students settle in ents of inventors from the Moroccan from these data: the country of their studies. Diaspora by technical field shows 1. Moroccan competencies—pro- From Figures 2 and 4, we can that 20% of the patents belong fessional workers, organizations, conclude that the geographic distri- to medical sciences, followed by and academic institutions— bution of MLAs and the geographic organic chemistry with a share of abroad contribute to innovation distribution of Moroccan patent 10% and then biochemistry with 8%. at a global level. applications are correlated—see, for Moroccan inventors oper- example, the data for France and ate in research centres that range 2. MLAs constitute a scientific po- Spain. Note, however, that very few from university research laborato- tential of creativity and innova- MLAs are living in the USA, but that ries and those of private companies tion for Morocco through mo- country has a very high percent of to national scientific research cen- bilization programmes of the MLA inventors. This is because the tres. Inventors from the Moroccan Moroccan Diaspora skills.

innovation ecosystem in the USA is Diaspora operate primarily in com- more efficient and flexible. panies such as France Telecom, Data from the Espacenet data- Procter & Gamble Company, Mobilizing the Moroccan Diaspora: base of the European Patent Office, PHILIPS, Institut Pasteur, and Strategy and programmes which includes patents published in NOVARTIS, among others.3 Aware of the Moroccan Diaspora’s more than 90 countries, shows 778 New research on return migra- role in the development of innova- patents for which one of the invention by the World Intellectual tion in Morocco, since the 1990s the tors is originally from Morocco.2 Property Organization shows that government of Morocco has made THE GLOBAL INNOVATION INDEX 2014 127 major efforts to involve the MLAs a mechanism to encourage investors This strategy consists of four directly. These efforts have been in Moroccan enterprises. It is built strategic areas: focused on both national politi- around providing three basic pos- • Governance and Regulatory cal strategy and strategy targeted sibilities for funding. MDM invest Framework, towards MLAs. can provide: • Infrastructure and Clusters, • equity (in foreign currency) Diaspora Moroccan The 8: Elements of the national strategy of at least 25% of the projected • Funding and Support, and In addition to political measures amount of the project, undertaken to enhance the involve- • Mobilizing Talents. ment of MLAs, particularly through • a state subsidy of 10% of the The first three of these are out specific elements that aim to foster start-up costs (with a ceiling of 5 of the scope of this chapter, but we such involvement in the Moroccan million dirhams), and/or consider here the mobilization of Constitution of 2011, actions target- • a bank loan (if necessary) that talent, which includes members of ing the Moroccan Diaspora and that can reach 65% of the start-up the worldwide Moroccan commu- aimed to facilitate their mobilization costs. nity of innovation. In this context, and contribute to the development the Moroccan Office for Industrial of Morocco were carried out. A third example is the United and Commercial Property, in Nations programme entitled partnership with the Ministry of Mobilization strategies TOKTEN (Transfer of Knowledge Industry, established the Moroccan One example of a successful strategy through Expatriate Nationals).6 Innovation club—a virtual platform is the programme for the mobiliza- Since 1993, Morocco has organized dedicated to innovation—to net- tion of highly skilled MLAs called several meetings of the Moroccan work Moroccan innovation actors ‘Mobilization Program Skills’.5 This Diaspora as part of the TOKTEN both in Morocco and abroad. The programme calls upon Moroccan programme. TOKTEN aims pri- web platform (available at http:// professionals who are ready to marily at mobilizing national profes- www.marocinnovation.ma) was contribute with their expertise, sionals living abroad to contribute, launched during the country’s 2nd experience, and know-how to the through missions and scientific National Innovation Summit in development of Morocco. It aims to support, for the development of March 2011. Although the formal provide a framework for these pro- Morocco. evaluation of this programme has fessionals that will inform them of These TOKTEN meetings not yet taken place, the platform is opportunities in Morocco and allow brought together Moroccan profes- likely to prove useful to Moroccan them to develop partnerships with sionals from all backgrounds to dis- innovation worldwide. Moroccan public and private actors cuss the possibilities of mobilization and support professionals abroad who without, however, leading to real The Moroccan Association for Scientific establish projects in Morocco. This programmes and without choosing Innovation and Research (MAScIR) strategy is based on the compilation to move to the institutionalization The Ministry of Industry, Trade, of networks of MLA competencies, of a sustainable mechanism in the Investment and the Digital the organization of preparatory framework of a national strategy of Economy established the Moroccan meetings to inform MLAs about mobilization of Moroccan profes- Association for Scientific Innovation the needs for competencies in sec- sionals living abroad. and Research (MAScIR) Foundation tors that attract them in Morocco, in 2007. The foundation’s mission the encouragement of proposals for Innovation strategy is to promote and develop a centre entrepreneurship and partnership In June 2009, Morocco created of innovation and competitiveness projects by the network that meet the a national innovation strategy based on the needs of the market. needs of Morocco, the organization entitled ‘Innovation Morocco’ to MAScIR leads projects that are posi- of a forum with Moroccan counter- build a favourable ecosystem for the tioned on technological and applica- parts interested in these projects, and development of innovation within tion niches with a high added value the establishment of partnerships for Moroccan companies and research in the areas of advanced technology their implementation. organizations. Innovation Morocco such as nanotechnology, biotechnol- A second example is a programme was made operational in March ogy, and microelectronics. called ‘MDM invest’. This provides 2011. THE GLOBAL INNOVATION INDEX 2014 128 THE GLOBAL INNOVATION INDEX 2014 8: The Moroccan Diaspora riculum vitae online to participate participate to online vitae riculum cur put their who professionals 73 had platform Maghribcom the launch, its after ayear exactly maghribcom.gov.ma/. http://www. at accessible is platform This basis. permanent or temporary ona hand, other onthe abroad als profession Moroccan and one hand, on Morocco in institutions research and universities, operators, nomic eco between partnerships win-win establish to a springboard as serve to is objective Its employment. and investment, collaboration, hoc ad opportunities, business of terms in framework information appropriate an professionals Moroccan offers It Abroad. Living Moroccans of Charge in Ministry the of policies and initiatives the encounter to MLAs for aplace 2013. It provides on31 January inaugurated was Maghribcom web platform The The Maghribcom platform creation. its since MAScIR by published been have 176 papers Furthermore, scientific date. to MAScIR by filed patents 44 the of 50% in participated have MLAs MAScIR. by conducted ties activi R&D the of expansion the to dynamic anew inception, its since provided, have MLAs Former USA. the and Spain Arabia, Saudia Germany, France, Canada, Belgium, including MAScIR, in participate to countries many from comes Diaspora The research. basic and electronics, industry, chemical tive, automo biotechnology, green and medical including sectors, of range awide in engineers and researchers, managers, project directors, centre directors, platform as working other specialities, in experts and students, PhD researchers, are They specialties. all in MAScIR in ing By 20 January 2014, almost 2014, almost January By 20 work are 17 MLAs far, former So ------of partial funding to support expert expert support to funding partial of promise the and amechanism ing creat thus CNRST, by launched is innovation developing for Morocco onin carried be to activities cific spe for proposals for call annual cnrst.ma/. http://www.fincome. platform the on tenders open innovation—via ness enterprises established to boost busi of association private-sector Maroc—a R&D Association the and (CNRST) Research Scientific for Centre National country’s the by own. their of initiatives investment or consultancy, expertise, research, training, of terms in Morocco of development cultural and social, economic, the supporting in abroad residing professionals Moroccan involve to aims programme Abroad) Competences International of Forum (Moroccan FINCOME The The FINCOME programme sectors. economy’s priority Moroccan of demands the satisfy to competencies of supply the guide to plans sector each for investment and expertise, training, research, in needs skill of segmentation and identification the for means and efforts of mobilization the for called Maghribcom To end, Morocco. this within posts to abroad based rently cur are who professionals Moroccan appoint to Morocco’s of dence desire evi is one year just in Maghribcom partnerships. these to parties all by determined be can offer and demand of suitability the that so by transparency maintaining and updating continued includes which involvement, total to mitting com stakeholders onall depends MLAs. by offered competencies 860 listed and projects Moroccan in Since FINCOME began, an an began, FINCOME Since implemented was FINCOME enjoyed by success The programme this of success The ------tions, and academic institutions—are institutions—are academic and tions, organiza Diaspora—professionals, Moroccan the of competencies The abroad Competencies networks ofMoroccans living projects. such of implementation ful success the hinder that links missing has still Morocco in innovation of chain the stakeholders, economic socio all and government the of efforts considerable the despite that, countries. home their to returned have enterprises two other The active. still one is only but Morocco, in companies of creation the to led 2011: these of two in accepted were projects three Only MLAs. the to it attractive make not does subject is centre this which to procedures financial and tive administra Cumbersome goal. its yet reached not has projects of flow the and infancy, its in still is ment experi The abroad. living fessionals pro Moroccan the from companies innovative create to developers ect proj hosts that Incubation’ ‘Morocco called incubator business innovative an adopted 2011,In CNRST the professionals livingabroad Innovative entrepreneurship for Moroccan Diaspora. Moroccan the from experts 384 mobilizing by businesses) new and projects, meetings, tions, consulta (expert accomplishments 330 supported has programme Figure 5. in shown are 2006, December in launch its since year. this in ties activi more in resulted this business; new of development the include to enlarged was programme this for ties activi of 2010, scope In the research. and education of field the in cially espe abroad, residing professionals Moroccan on by carried activities This finding is related to the fact fact the to related is finding This FINCOM the inception, its Since programme, this of results The ------129

Figure 5: Results of the FINKOM programme

100

n Number of accomplishments Diaspora Moroccan The 8: 80 n Number of skills mobilized

20 Number of accomplishments/skills mobilized accomplishments/skills of Number

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Source: National Centre for Scientific and Technical Research (CNRST), 2013.

organized into networks to coordi- socio-economic development of • the establishment of a double nate efforts and create synergies in Morocco and the Moroccan com- degree programme that confers relation to their contributions to munity in the US.’7 It advances this a master in Computer Science the development of Morocco. The mission in several ways, including from the Technical University of following sections provide details holding conferences for members, Munich (TUM) and Al Akha- about some of these networks. among other activities.8 wayn University in Ifrane (AUI); • the establishment of a counsel- The Moroccan Competencies Forum DMK Network ling centre in Frankfurt run by (MCF) Established in 2009, the German- Moroccans living in Germany;9 Among these networks, the Moroccan network of competencies and Moroccan Competencies Forum DMK (Deutsch-Marokkanisches (MCF) aims to increase the involve- Kompetenznetzwerkev) now • the promotion of the transfer of ment of the Moroccan Diaspora in includes more than 700 German knowledge in medicine: the net- the socioeconomic development of and Moroccan experts working in work has arranged for medical Morocco. These networks exist in different disciplines. devices provided by the Univer- Europe, Canada (http://www.fcmrc. The main objectives of this sity of Göttingen to be received net), and the USA (http://www.amc- network are to improve relations by the Faculty of Medicine in nusa.org). The stated mission of the between the two countries in terms Marrakech, and organized a American Moroccan Competencies of technology transfer and to facili- training course on new tech- Network, for example, is to ‘mobi- tate the integration of Moroccans niques in the field. lize and catalyse the engagement of living in Germany. US-based Moroccan professionals, The DMK network has been organizations, and academic insti- involved with several projects. tutions in the advancement of the Among them are: THE GLOBAL INNOVATION INDEX 2014 130 THE GLOBAL INNOVATION INDEX 2014 8: The Moroccan Diaspora aged highly qualified individuals to to individuals qualified highly aged encour strongly have leaders their of opinions public The abroad. living those with a rapprochement fostered have government Moroccan decade. last the during momentum gain innovation and creativity to contribution their seen have MLAs 400,000 than more the and tencies, compe qualified highly to elevated been have and achievement cational edu seen have MLAs 1990s. late the in began abroad countries to sionals profes Moroccan of migration The Conclusion year. that in increase a net applications, 47 patent filed UIR the 2013 alone, In teachers-researchers. 70 patents and chapters book and books, tions, publica scientific 100 than more recorded has 2010, UIR the in ation cre its Since environment. scientific Moroccan the in RDI promoting in involved deeply are they Diaspora; Moroccan scientific and academic the from derived them—are of 30 researchers— UIR of majority The country. the of needs socioeconomic the meet to order in component market-oriented innovative a strong, with research applied of establishment the of (RDI)—consists innovation and development, UIR—research, Morocco. in education higher of field the in partnership public-private first the is project This (UIR). Rabat of University International the create to Diaspora Moroccan scientific and academic the from researchers and teachers mobilized Mouaddib Noureddine Professor France, in career ascience in years 20 than more for working after 2006, In the International University ofRabat Public-private partnership: The creation of The efforts on the part of the of part onthe efforts The the of orientation strategic The applications by its faculty faculty its by applications 10 ------

in the world marketplace for highly highly for marketplace world the in ends. specific towards policy tailor to opportunity an provide would Diaspora, Moroccan the of migrants innovative mobilizing towards Morocco in taken actions different the of impact the about data more as well as countries, other from uted contrib have they innovations the and research their about information More abroad. living Moroccans skilled highly the regarding tors indica specific and data updated provide to difficult it is tools, ing announcements. than much more not were above noted programmes different the programme, FINCOME the of action direct the from apart that, clear It is effect. alimited only have may country home their to return to competencies other and sionals profes inviting campaign nication commu Ageneral efficiency. their of weakness relative the of because failing are far so place put in tools the resources. human skilled of pool its to boost aserious requires economy, which Moroccan the of needs the to adequate yet fully not are actions and policies development, this encourage to government the by Morocco. in taken under being before abroad rience expe out their of built and designed were that projects innovative often are economy, the of and sectors ent differ in are Morocco to returned have who those of projects The businesses. own their have thirds two- than more and old, years 54 81% Morocco, under to are returned decade. last the in age working of migrants of return asteady 2012 revealed in Foundation Training European the by conducted Astudy Morocco. in projects create In order to compete successfully successfully compete to order In monitor of lack the of Because out and carried operations The taken been has action Although Of those who those 11 Of ------Notes area. this in research further for need a great is There needed. are data better and more that, do to But step. early important an is migrants these to attractive more becomes home country the that ing ensur countries, developing other for As workers. educated highly its of potential innovative the realize to more do to needs but ways, some means: This abroad. now who contribute those to tive attrac country home the make to urgent increasingly it is business, and markets of globalization the for vide pro to and professionals, qualified

• • • 1 2 3 4 Morocco has been successful in in successful been has Morocco Morocco. in innovation of development the further to now abroad are who professionals of tribution con the to favourable ronment envi and conditions the creating and projects, these earmarking and manner atargeted in resources human these mobilizing projects, technology major around centred paigns cam return specific considering html. des-Marocains-residant-a-l-etranger_a102. socio-economique-dans-les-pays-d-accueil- hcp.ma/Enquete-de-2005-sur-l-insertion- for thePlan,2005,availableathttp://www. See the2005surveyatHighCommission en_EP&DB=EPODOC. =false&ST=advanced&IN=[MA]&locale= espacenet.com/searchResults?compact Patent Office,availableathttp://worldwide. search engineEspacenetoftheEuropean This researchwascarriedoutonthepatent jsf?query=ana:ma%20-an:%28pct/ma*%29. http://patentscope.wipo.int/search/fr/result. be foundinthePatentScopeDatabaseat Data onorganizationsthatemployMLAscan Breschi etal.,2014. ------131

5 Details of the programme are available Ministry in Charge of Moroccans Living Abroad at http://www.marocainsdumonde.gov. and Migration Affairs. 2013a. ‘MRE in figures’. ma/le-minist%C3%A8re/programmes- Available at http://www.marocainsdumonde. du-minist%C3%A8re/programme-de- gov.ma/le-minist%C3%A8re/mre-en-chiffres. mobilisation-des-comp%C3%A9tences.aspx. aspx.

6 Belguendouz, 2010. ———. 2013b. ‘Mobilization Program Skills’. Available at http://www.marocainsdumonde. 7 AMCN, no date.

gov.ma/le-minist%C3%A8re/programmes- Diaspora Moroccan The 8: 8 For an announcement of such a conference, du-minist%C3%A8re/programme-de- see Lemag: English, 2013. mobilisation-des-comp%C3%A9tences.aspx.

9 For details about the counselling centre, see UIR (UniversitéInternationale de Rabat). No date. http://www.dmk-online.org/. ‘Patents’. Available at http://www.uir.ac.ma/ en/recherche/les-brevets/patents. 10 See ‘Patents’ on the UIR website at http:// www.uir.ac.ma/en/recherche/les-brevets/ WIPO (World Intellectual Property Organization). patents. No date. Patent Scope Database.Available at http://www.wipo.int/patentscope/en/. 11 This study was carried out from a field survey by the European Training Foundation (ETF) with the assistance of AMERM (Moroccan Association for Studies and Research on Migration), and published in March 2013 (EFT, 2013).

References AMCN (American Moroccan Competencies Network). No date. ‘Mission Statement’. Available at http://www.amcnusa.org/.

Belguendouz, A. 2010. ‘Compétences marocaines expatriées: Quelles politiques de mobilisation suivies pour le développement du Maroc? Du TOKTEN au FINCOME’. CARIM Notes d’analyse et de synthèse 2010/21. Institute universitaire européen, Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies. Available at http://cadmus. eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/13675/CARIM_ ASN_2010_21.pdf?sequence=3.

Breschi, S., F. Lissoni, and G. Tarasconi. 2014. ‘Inventor Data for Research on Migration and Innovation: A Survey and a Pilot’. WIPO Economics & Statistics Series, Economic Research Working Paper No. 17, January. Available at http://www.wipo.int/export/ sites/www/econ_stat/en/economics/pdf/ wp17.pdf.

EFT (Fondation européenne pour la formation). 2013. Migration et compétences [Migration and Skills]. Available at http://www.etf.europa. eu/webatt.nsf/0/94199E6A3A9FEB1AC1257 B1E0030827F/$file/Report%20Migration%20 and%20skills_Morocco.pdf.

High Commission for the Plan. 2005. ‘2005 Survey on the Socio-Economic Integration in the Host Country of Moroccans Residing Abroad’. Available at http://www.hcp.ma/Enquete-de- 2005-sur-l-insertion-socio-economique-dans- les-pays-d-accueil-des-Marocains-residant-a-l- etranger_a102.html.

Lemag: English. 2013. ‘6th Forum of Moroccan Competences in North America in October in Montreal’. Available at http://www.lemag. ma/english/m/6th-forum-of-Moroccan- competences-in-north-America-in-October- in-Montreal_a5000.html. THE GLOBAL INNOVATION INDEX 2014