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British Moroccans – CITIZENSHIP in ACTION British Moroccans – CITIZENSHIP IN ACTION A RUNNYMEDE COMMUNITY STUDY BY MYRIAM CHERTI RUNNYMEDE BRITISH MOROCCANS – CITIZENSHIP IN ACTION About Runnymede Community Studies In reflecting on the changing nature of ethnic diversity in Britain, it becomes increasingly clear that we have to move beyond binary notions of white and non-white to explain the ways in which racisms operate, identities are formed and people live out their lives. The societies in which we live are becoming more diverse and will continue to diversify as migration patterns change, and the impacts of globalization are reflected in labour markets as well as in transnational movement of capital. This series of community studies aims to promote understanding of the diversity within and between different ethnic groups. Our intention is to build up a collection of studies which focus on communities; their demography, links to civil society, and key political and social issues. We hope that over time this will provide a rich resource for understanding how diversity is lived and experienced away from the necessarily crude ethnic monitoring form, in a vital and dynamic multi- ethnic society. To find out more about the Runnymede Community Studies series, please visit: www.runnymedetrust.org ISBN-13: 978-1-906732-20-2 (online only) EAN: 9781906732202 (online only) Published by Runnymede in January 2009 in electronic version only, this document is copyright © 2009 the Runnymede Trust. This community study is based on an abridged version of Myriam Cherti’s doctoral dissertation, published in 2008 as Paradoxes of Social Capital: A Multi-Generational Study of Moroccans in London by Amsterdam University Press (ISBN: 978 90 5356 032 7 and http://www.aup.nl/do.php?a=show_visitor_ book&isbn=9789053560327&l=2. Permission has been kindly granted for Runnymede to publish the report online as part of Runnymede’s Community Studies series. Reproduction of this report by printing, photocopying or electronic means for non-commercial purposes is permitted. Otherwise, it is not permitted to store or transmit the electronic version of this report, nor to print, scan or photocopy any paper version for dissemination or commercial use, without the prior permission of the publisher. Researchers and commentators may quote from this document without charge provided they cite the author, title and the publishers when they acknowledge the source of the material quoted. The publisher would prefer that no individual quotation should exceed 400 words, and that the total material quoted should not exceed 800 words. BRITISH MOROCCANS – CITIZENSHIP IN ACTION British Moroccans – Citizenship in Action MYRIAM CHERTI Moroccans in London at a Glance Population and Geography Networks and Cohesion • The exact size of the Moroccan community in • Partly as a result of marginalisation, Moroccans Britain is not known, although some unofficial have become a very ‘close-knit’ community, sources suggest the number of 65,000 to 70,000. especially in North Kensington, and a strong and • A large part of the British Moroccan population proud Moroccan identity continues to be one of lives in London. However, Moroccans have the hallmarks of the community, even amongst settled in other parts of Britain as well, such the second and third generations. as Edinburgh, Slough, St Albans, Crawley and • Largely as a response to unmet needs, numerous Trowbridge. Moroccan community organisations have • Within London, the largest Moroccan settlement emerged to fill gaps in mainstream service is to be found in the Royal Borough of Kensington provision. and Chelsea. • Formal involvement of Moroccans in • Moroccans were among the pioneers in organisations is heavily concentrated in the North Manchester where they made up a sizable Kensington area, mostly through educational proportion of the Sephardic community in its groups and other Moroccan organisations. early years.* Civic Engagement Migration • Moroccans in North Kensington display high levels of civic activity and community • Moroccan migration to Britain can be divided involvement. into four phases. • Barriers to participation in the wider society – • The first started in the 1960s and consisted because of prejudice, hostility or institutional of unskilled workers, mostly from northern discrimination – may lead Moroccans to search Morocco. out social capital within their own minority • The second phase – family reunification – community. followed from the early 1970s onwards. A large • Interview data suggests that British Moroccans number of women also came as independent are engaged with political processes, particularly migrants. Often they were pioneers of migration on a local level. Voting is common, and amongst and the main breadwinners, yet this is rarely those who do not vote, this was due to political acknowledged. disillusionment rather than apathy. • The third phase started in the 1980s, and was • The level of individuals’ knowledge of, and made up of young semi-skilled professionals and interaction with, the local authorities was highest entrepreneurs, mostly from Casablanca and other amongst Moroccans living in North Kensington. larger cities. • The fourth and most recent migration wave started in the early 1990s with the emigration of highly skilled Moroccan professionals, both from Morocco itself and from France. * Collins (2006) 1 BRITISH MOROCCANS – CITIZENSHIP IN ACTION Introduction There is a long-standing and well established mostly from Casablanca and other larger cities. economic and diplomatic relationship between The fourth and most recent migration wave Morocco and Britain that goes back to the started in the early 1990s with the emigration of thirteenth century.1 Thus, it should come as no highly skilled Moroccan professionals, both from surprise that Moroccan migration to Britain has Morocco itself and from France. Many of these a long history, and dates back to at least the recent immigrants currently work in the finance nineteenth century.2 However, this migratory sector in London. movement, along with its stories and lived The first phase of Moroccan migration remains experiences, remains one of the most ‘invisible’ the most significant in terms of numbers. This and least researched in Western Europe. Indeed, was driven largely by individual initiatives and little is actually known about British Moroccans. encouraged by social networks of friends and Yet a walk down Golborne Road in London – relatives. This illustrates one of the first distinctive commonly known as ‘little Morocco’ – reveals traits of Moroccan migration to Britain in contrast a myriad of Moroccan-owned cafés, restaurants, to other Western European countries with bilateral grocery stores, mosques, supplementary schools labour movement agreements, such as France, and community organisations. The presence the Netherlands or Belgium. Family ties and of a thriving Moroccan community could not social networks thus played a key part in shaping be more evident. Nonetheless, this community the migration of many individuals who came to remains officially and statistically invisible. The Britain in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Partly exact size of the Moroccan community in Britain as a result of this, Moroccans created ‘close-knit’ is not known, although some unofficial sources communities throughout the UK. In London, a suggest they might number 65,000 to 70,000. significant number of Moroccans settled in North In this sense, Moroccans are part of Britain’s Kensington, in the Royal Borough of Kensington invisible migrant groups, unidentified by the and Chelsea. The boroughs of Westminster, British Office of National Statistics in the 1991 and Hammersmith, Lambeth and Croydon also have a 2001 censuses, which collapses ethnic, racial and sizeable presence of Moroccans. national identities.3 What is clear, however, is that In the early 1970s the Moroccan community Moroccans have made a permanent impression was relatively small. There were no community on parts of the UK with their presence that spans centres, or even a mosque, for Moroccans. decades. However, many of those who made a home in Interview data gathered for this study indicate London had known each other back in Morocco, that Moroccan migration to Britain can be divided or knew someone who knew someone. Piccadilly into four phases. The first started in the 1960s Circus and Trafalgar Square became their meeting and consisted of unskilled workers, mostly from points, where they would usually gather to help northern Morocco – specifically the Jbala region, each other write letters, meet friends, exchange especially Larache, Tetouan, Tangier and the news about Morocco and welcome recent arrivals. surrounding areas, with a smaller community Ever since the first major wave of Moroccan from Meknes and Oujda. The majority of these migrants in the 1960s, Moroccans have worked immigrants settled in cities such as London and hard to establish their own religious and social Edinburgh, with smaller concentrations in towns facilities, such as mosques, Koranic and Arabic like Slough, St Albans, Crawley and Trowbridge. classes for the younger generation, and spaces The second phase – family reunification – followed for various community activities. These efforts from the early 1970s onwards. The third phase have not been fruitless. In London alone there started in the 1980s, and was made up of young are now more than fifteen Moroccan community semi-skilled professionals and entrepreneurs, organisations catering for the needs of their local
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