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Variation and Text Type in Old Occitan Texts Dissertation Presented In Variation and Text Type in Old Occitan Texts Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Christin Michelle Laroche Wilson, M. A. Graduate Program in Linguistics The Ohio State University 2012 Dissertation Committee: Brian Joseph, Adviser Daniel Collins Hope Dawson Dieter Wanner Copyright by Christin Michelle Laroche Wilson 2012 Abstract Although there is a fairly large corpus of Old Occitan texts, the majority of the linguistic analysis on the language has been done using only one type of text: the lyric poetry of the troubadours, though the lyric poetry accounts for only about ten percent of the total Old Occitan corpus. Our understanding of the language and its development is thus less complete and accurate than it could be if all of the types of texts that constitute the full corpus were considered more fully. This study seeks to bridge that gap by considering whether analyzing the understudied prose and non-lyric poetry texts uncovers the same variants and patterns as the lyric poetry, or to what extent these vary between text types. The publication of the Concordance de l’Occitan Médiéval (COM), which includes the entirety of the Old Occitan corpus for the first time, allows the prose and non-lyric poetry texts to be searched and analyzed digitally. Very little quantitative work has been done concerning the patterns of variation within the Old Occitan texts, but the creation of the COM makes such studies possible. Using this corpus and taking previous research on the language as a starting point (e.g. Jensen 1976, Anglade 1977), this study compares the attestations and patterns of the use of phonological and morphological features between the three major types of text in Old Occitan: the lyric poetry texts, the non-lyric poetry texts, and the prose texts. By considering these features both quantitatively and qualitatively, I seek to further understand the relationship between ii variation and text type, particularly in reference to the representation of sound change in progress. Three aspects of the Old Occitan language are investigated: the use of analytic and synthetic comparative adjective forms, the formation of adjectives using various derivational suffixes, and the development of the glide-initial diphthongs. My findings show that the text type plays an important role in the patterns of variation found within the texts; the patterns of variation of all three features investigated were significantly different in each type of text. For example, the synthetic comparative formation of some adjectives is far more common in the lyric poetry than in either the non-lyric poetry or in the prose. Similarly, the diphthong variants of the front mid vowels are significantly more common in the lyric poetry than in the other types of texts. The type of text, however, is not the only feature to influence the use of these aspects of the language. Instead, text type differences interact with differences based on the date of the text, the dialect or geographic location of the text, and other parameters to create a complex web of associations and tendencies to which Old Occitan writers were sensitive. iii Dedication In memory of my grandmother, Anna iv Acknowledgements I owe a great debt of gratitude to many people for their guidance and support in the course of my doctoral studies and, more specifically, in the course of this project. First, I would like to thank my advisor, Brian Joseph. I have continuously benefitted from his patience, his guidance, his generosity, and his insight. He has always been available and willing, no matter the hour or the location, to discuss the big ideas, the fussy little details, and anything in between. I would also like to thank my committee, Dieter Wanner, Dan Collins, and Hope Dawson, for their feedback and encouragement during this study. I would especially like to thank Hope for her encouragement and her insightful and detailed feedback not only on this dissertation but also on my teaching; I have greatly benefitted from her generosity and attention to detail. I also owe Peter Ricketts a great debt; I would like to thank him for his generosity, his time, his knowledge, and his willingness to share his library and the texts of the unpublished COM3 with me. Without his assistance, this study would not have been possible. I would also like to thank Massimiliano de Conca for sharing his work and the side-by-side manuscript variants with me. v In addition, I would like to thank the OSU Linguistics Department, which has provided a rich environment in which I have grown as a linguist, a scholar, and a teacher. I am deeply thankful for the many linguists at OSU who have taught and encouraged me, for my fellow graduate students with whom I have had wonderful conversations and among whom I have made some very dear friends, and for my students, from whom I have learned, as well. On a more personal level, I would like to thank my family and friends, who have been a diverse but constant source of support over the years. Their prayers, conversations, celebrations, and laughter have helped me in countless ways on countless occasions. Specifically, I want to thank my mother and Lacey, for their unwavering support and encouragement even when they didn’t understand what I was going through or what I was talking about. Finally, I want to thank my husband, Jon, for everything. vi Vita 2006…………………………………………………B.A., University Scholars, Baylor University 2006…………………………………………………Graduate School Fellowship, The Ohio State University 2010…………………………………………………M.A., Linguistics, The Ohio State University 2007 to present………………………………………Graduate Teaching Associate, Department of Linguistics, The Ohio State University Publications Mihalicek, V. & Wilson, C. (Eds.). 2011. Language files: materials for an introduction to language and linguistics. 11th ed. Columbus, OH: The Ohio State University Press. Fields of Study Major Field: Linguistics vii Table of Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................... ii Dedication .......................................................................................................................... iv Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................. v Vita .................................................................................................................................... vii Table of Contents ............................................................................................................. viii List of Tables .................................................................................................................... xii List of Figures ................................................................................................................... xv Chapter One: Introduction .................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Focus of Previous Research on Old Occitan ............................................................. 3 1.3 The Old Occitan Corpus ............................................................................................ 4 1.3.1 The Manuscript Tradition ................................................................................. 5 1.3.2 Previous Editions and Availability ................................................................... 6 1.3.3 The Concordance de l’Occitan Médiéval ......................................................... 7 1.4 Text Types and Linguistic Analysis .......................................................................... 9 1.5 Text Types in Old Occitan ...................................................................................... 11 1.5.1 Lyric Poetry .................................................................................................... 12 1.5.1.1 Genre in Old Occitan ................................................................................ 14 viii 1.5.2 Non-lyric Poetry.............................................................................................. 15 1.5.3 Prose ................................................................................................................ 17 1.6 Why Study the Prose Texts? ................................................................................... 18 1.7 Other Methods of Classifying Old Occitan Texts ................................................... 21 1.7.1 Date ................................................................................................................. 22 1.7.2 Dialect ............................................................................................................. 28 1.8 Challenges in Studying a Historically Attested Language ...................................... 37 1.8.1 Concerns when Studying Written Texts ......................................................... 39 1.8.2 Authenticity..................................................................................................... 42 1.9 Variation in Old Occitan Texts ............................................................................... 45 1.10 Dissertation Overview ..........................................................................................
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