Old French– English Dictionary

ALAN HINDLEY FREDERICK W. LANGLEY BRIAN J. LEVY PUBLISHED BY THE PRESS SYNDICATE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK http://www.cup.cam.ac.uk 40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011–4211, USA http://www.cup.org 10 Stamford Road, Oakleigh, Melbourne 3166, Australia Ruiz de Alarcón 13, 28014 Madrid, Spain

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First published 2000

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Hindley,A. Old French–English dictionary / Alan Hindley,Frederick W.Langley,Brian J. Levy. p. cm. ISBN 0 521 34564 2 (hardback) 1. French language – To 1500 – Dictionaries – English. I. Langley,Frederick William, 1938– II. Levy,B. J. (Brian Joseph) III. Title.

PC2891.H56 2000 477′.01′03–dc21 99–056328

ISBN 0 521 34564 2 hardback Contents

Acknowledgements vii

Introduction ix

I From database to dictionary ix

II The dictionary entries ix

III How to use the dictionary x

IV Conclusion xi

List of abbreviations xii

Select bibliography xiv

The dictionary 1

v A

a interj ah!, oh!, woe!; a las, lasse, alas!; hah! sous a., be under-age, under the legal age limit, a prep (a) (local) to; at, in; on: a cheval; through: a minor; venir en a., come of age; de juene a., cheoir a la fenestre, fall out of, through the young; d’a., of full age, adult; avoir passé a., window; (b) (temporal) at: a deus heures,at be fully grown; le temps d’a., olden days; two o’clock; au premier an, in the first year; par a., for a long time; sanz, desoz a.,in au tierz jor, on the third day; in, at the end infancy,childhood; d’a., aged, stricken in years; of: a une quinzaine, in, after two weeks; (c) daerrain a., old age; prodom de son a., heroic (instrumental) with; by means of; (made) of; for his age. (adorned) with; (living) on: a pain et a eaue aagié a of age, major; mature, ready to cut (of vivre, live on bread and water; by (the evidence wood). of); according to: a sun dit, according to what he aagier vt declare of age. said; (d) (modal) with, characterised by: aaidier v see aidier. Guillelme al cort nés; in: au langage de cest aaige sm and f see aage. pais, in the language of this country; by,with: aaignier vi tussle; squabble. prendre a force, take by force; with, in the aaignier vt dog, harass. company of; at, in accordance with: a son aairier vir nest, nestle; set up home, take up plaisir, at one’s pleasure; like, in the manner of: residence, be resident (at); install o.s., settle a larron, like a thief; (e) (denotes amount, rate, (down). measure); at, costing: a deus deniers la livre, aaise a and adv see aise. at two pence per pound; to the number: venir a aaisement sm comfort, convenience; prosperity; deus cenz, come two hundred in number; (f) (pl.) household articles. (final) for (the purpose of); (suitable) for; for (the aaisié a at ease, happy; able to, in a position (to cure of), against: a cel mal, prenez . . ., to cure do sth.). that illness, take . . .; (g) (dative) to: soiez a Dieu aaisieement adv with ease. comandé!; a mort abandoné; for (the benefit aaisier vr take one’s ease, pleasure; derive of); (away) from: loinz a, far from; (h) (agential) pleasure, benefit from. by; (i) (possessive) of, belonging to: uns fils a aaisier vt put at ease, reassure; comfort, ease; conte, a count’s son; (j) (predicative) as, for, in provide the necessary,satisfy,fulfil; a. son cors, the capacity of: prendre a feme, take as a wife; have something to eat and drink. clamer a seigneur, claim as one’s lord; (k) aaisiez a see aaisié. (with infinitive) (in order) to, for the purpose of; aamant sm see adamant. to (with subject infinitive): nus covient a venir, aamé pp see amer. we must come; (with object infinitive): l’argent aamer v see amer. qu’il a promis a paier, the money he has aamplement sm see aemplement. promised to pay; avoir a, have to, be obliged to; aamplir v see aemplir. estre a, be engaged in, occupied in; faire a,be aan sm see an. worthy of; (il) fait a, it is necessary,appropriate aancrer vr anchor o.s., establish o.s., get a to. foothold. a sm (the letter) A. aancrer vt anchor, moor. a- see also under ha-. aanglé pp as a forced into a corner. a ce conj because, since; while; in such a way aangler vt force into a corner. that; so that; until; to the point that. aase a see aise. a ço adv at this, thereupon. aasier v see aaisier. a ço que conj see a ce. aasmance sf moroseness; sadness. a la que conj until. aasme sm see aesme. aa see also ae-. aasmer v see aesmer. aa interj see a. aate1 a apt, appropriate. aace sf magpie. aate2 a swift, nimble, agile; ready,prepared. aache sf see asche. aati pp as a keen, eager, passionate; prepared, aachie sf torment, anguish. ready for. See also aatir. aachier v see aacier. aatie sf eagerness; passion; fight, battle, struggle; aacier vt gnash; put on edge (of teeth). hostility; par a., in rivalry,emulation. aage sm and f age; life, lifetime, life-span; aatin sm see aatine. maturity; majority (full age); estre, demourer aatine sf hostility; hatred.

1 aatin aatiner vt harass, dog; torment; irritate. abandun sm see abandon. aatir vr become angry; excite o.s.; rival, challenge; abanduner v see abandoner. oppose (in war); pledge o.s., promise; compare abaque sm see abac. o.s. abas sm see abbe, abbé. aatir vt provoke, incite; rival, challenge, defy; abassé a early (of time of day). attack; compare; prepare, arrange (battle); abastardir vt bastardise. hasten; assert, maintain. abastir vtr start off, set in motion; begin. aatise sf violence, vigour. Cf. aatie. abastoné a armed with a stick. aatison sf wager; challenge; ardour, passion, abat sm beating (of wings). Cf. esbatement. impetuosity. abatage sm slaughter (of domestic animals). aaun sm see an. abateiz sm slaughter, carnage. aaust sm see aost. abatement1 sm overthrowing; felling, un- ab- see also under enb-. horsing; reduction, diminution. ab prep see a,prep. abatement2 sm see esbatement. aba sm see abai. abatison sf slaughter (of domestic animals). abaater vi spy on; be on the watch for. See also abatre1 vi fall, drop. baater. abatre1 vt strike down, cast down, fell; destroy; abac sm board covered in dust on which numbers overturn, upset; remove, abolish; reduce (price, were traced; arithmetic; calculation. debt); lower (veil, etc.); cut (a path, road in a abaeor sm spy. forest); banish, expel. abaer vt wait for, await; desire, lust after. See also abatre2 v see embatre, esbatre. abeer. abaubir vr be astonished, startled, disconcerted, abaeresse sf greedy,lustful woman. puzzled; frightened. abaesse sf see abeesse. abaubir vt astonish, startle, disconcert, puzzle; abagu sm see aubagu. frighten. abai sm bark, barking; (cyn.) abay (act, occasion abaubis pp as a see abaubir. of keeping a hunted animal at bay by barking abaudir v see esbaudir. dogs). abaundoner v see abandoner. abaie sf abbey. abaveter v see abeveter. abaié pp as a see abeé. abaye sf see abaie. abaiement sm bark, barking. abayer v see abeer. abaieor sm see abaeor. abb- see also under ab-. abaier v see abaiier, abeer. abbas sm see abbé. abaiete sf small abbey. abbe sm see abbé. abaignier vr bathe, take a bath. abbé sm abbot. abaiier vi bark. abbeye sf see abaie. abaiier vt bark at. abbié sm see abbé. abaise- see also under abaisse-. abc sm the ABC, the alphabet. abaissier vir bend, lean down; lower o.s.; drop (of abe sf see aube. wind); lie, sit down. abe sm see abbé. abaissier vt diminish, lower in value, status. abé sm see abbé. abait sm see abet. abé sm strong, powerful desire; estre en a., lie in abalbir v see abaubir, esbaubir. wait for, be on the watch for; desire, long for. abaldir v see esbaudir. abeance sf strong, powerful desire. abaleste sf see arbaleste. abecé sm alphabet. abandon sm abandonment; permission; a a.,in abecedé sm se abecé. complete freedom, fully; en a., in abundance; abecelaire sm alphabetical list. metre en a., abandon, give up; metre en a. de, abechier vr feed o.s. expose to, to danger of; laissier a a., forget, abechier vt feed (a young bird); tempt, entice, abandon. allure. abandoné pp as a zealous, eager, without abechir vt lure; trick. See also abechier. reserve. abecoi sm the ABC, the alphabet. abandoneement adv freely,without reserve; abeé pp as a gaping, wide open; gaping aghast; wholeheartedly. amazed, astonished. Cf. esbai. abandonement sm abandonment; permission; abeenge sf see abenge. doner a., consent. abeer vi gape. Cf. beer, esbair. abandoneor sm one who abandons, hands over. abeer vr marvel, be astonished. Cf. beer, abandoner vr abandon o.s., devote o.s., give o.s. esbair. over. abeer vt open wide; engulf, swallow up; strike abandoner vt abandon, surrender, release; give terror into. Cf. beer, esbair. freely; leave, permit. abeescher v see abechier. abandouneement adv see abandoneement. abeesse sf abbess. abandouner v see abandoner. abeie sf see abaie.

2 abonde abeier v see also abaiier, abeer. abis sm see abisme. abeiesse sf see abeesse. abisme sm and f chasm, abyss; dusqu’en a., abeille sf bee. into a chasm; Hell; depths of the ocean. abeissier v see abaissier. abismer vt make deeper, more profound. abeit sm see abet. abit1 sm dwelling, abode. abelir vi be pleasing, agreeable to; become pretty, abit2 sm clothing, (ecclesiastical) habit; conduct, beautiful. habit. abelir vr be pleased, please o.s.; adorn o.s. abitacion sf habitation, dwelling. abelir vt please, be agreeable to; embellish, make abitacle sm and f dwelling; habitacle. pretty,beautiful. abitage sm habitation, dwelling. abenge sf coin of small value. abitance sf habitation, dwelling. abenguete sf dimin. of abenge q.v. abitant sm inhabitant. abenoier v see esbanoiier. abitement sm habitation, dwelling. abeor sm one who barks. abiteor sm inhabitant. aberc sm see hauberc. abiter vi live, inhabit; remain; a. a, copulate aberter v see abeter. with. abes sm abbot. abiter vr live, dwell. abesoignié pp as a in need, necessitous. abiter vt people, populate; draw nearer; bring abesoignier v impers be necessary. nearer; approach. abesoignier vi be necessary; a. de, be in need abitoison sf habitation, dwelling. of. abituer vt dress, clothe. abesse sf abbess. abjurer v abjure, renounce (on oath). abessier v see abaissier. ablai sm wheat; harvest, crop; wheat-field. abestande sf (lapid.) asbestos. ablaiier vt sow with wheat. abestir vt reduce to the level of an animal. ablandir vt flatter; persuade, talk over, seduce; abesto sm asbestos, amianthus. Cf. abestos, cajole; take in. abeston. ablatif sm (gram.) ablative case. abeston sm see abestos. able a capable; fitting, suitable, appropriate; abestos sm asbestos. skilful; agile, nimble; seaworthy (of ship); a. a, abet sm ruse, trickery,deception. fit, qualified to hold (office, etc.). abeteor sm deceiver; inciter (of discord etc.); able sm (ichth.) bleak. abettor. ablé sm see ablai. abeter vi intrigue; conspire. ableté sf ability to inherit. abeter vt deceive, dupe; incite, abet (discord etc.). abobé pp as a inexpert, unskilled. abeuvreouer sm see abevreoir. abober vt trick, deceive; lead astray.Cf. bober. abeverer v see abevrer. abochier vi fall, slump. abeveter vi watch; spy. abochier vr meet, come together (in battle). abeveter vt watch, watch out for; spy,spy on. aboeter vi lie in wait. abevrage sm giving of a drink, watering (of aboeter vt lie in wait for; be on the watch for; animals). look out for. abevrement sm see abevrage. abofer vt render breathless. Cf. abufer. abevreoir sm watering-place, trough (for aboiter v see abeter. animals); drinking vessel. aboivrage sm drink; (poisoned) drink; poison. abevrer vr slake, quench one’s thirst. Cf. abevrage. abevrer vt give a drink to, slake, quench the aboivre vt quench (of thirst); drink. thirst of; give drink to (person), water (animals); aboivrement sm (the act of) drinking; trial by wet, saturate. water; tax on wine and other drinks. Cf. abevron sm see abevreoir. abevrement. abhom see abom-. abome sm (object of) horror, abomination. abi sm Hell. Cf. abisme. abominable a abominable; disgusted, outraged, abicee sm alphabet. repulsed. abie sf see abaie. abominacion sf abomination, horror, abiee sm see abiet. repugnance, disgust; abominable action. abiet sm pine-tree; fir tree. abominer vti abominate, hold in disgust. abigerie sf see aubigerie. abonacier vt calm, render meek. abile a able, skilful, agile. abonage sm setting of boundaries, limits; abilité sf state of being capable, able (-bodied). setting of taxes, dues. Cf. aboner. abiliter vt prepare, train (s.o. for, to do sth.); abondable a abundant, plentiful. qualify,enable (s.o. to do sth.). abondance sf abundance; d’a., heedlessly. abillement sm equipment; clothing. abondanment adv abundantly. abillier vi run up, arrive. abondant a abundant; plentiful; powerful; abillier vr prepare o.s., dress o.s. mighty. abillier vt equip, prepare. abonde sf abundance, fullness.

3 abondé abondé pp as a abundant; widespread. repurchase of a fief, at a price less than a year’s abondement sm abundance, fullness. income. abonder vir to abound, be abundant; come abrejance sf see abregance. together in great numbers; be powerful, mighty. abreteschier vt protect with brattices. abondir vi bound (towards). Cf. bretesche. abondos a abundant. abrever vt water, give drink to; saturate, drench, abonement sm setting (of limits, frontiers); soak. payment (of tax, etc.). abreviation sf shortening; abbreviation. aboner vr set o.s. a target, a task. abreviier v see abregier. aboner vt establish, set (limits, boundaries, abri sm shelter; house, lodging. frontiers); set (tax, payment); a. de, free s.o. abriconer vt dupe, trick; cheat. from an obligation; allot, assign (a possession) to abriement sm shelter; house, lodging. s.o. abrievé a see abrivé. abonir vi be, appear good. abriever1 vt write down. abonir vr agree, consent to. abriever2 v see abriver. abonir vt declare, estimate sth. to be good. abriier vr alight, set down, take up one’s position; abonner v see aboner. shelter, take refuge. abooter vt wait for. Cf. aboeter, abeveter. abriier vt shelter, protect (from cold, rain etc.); aborder1 vi land, make land. defend; cover, dress. aborder1 vt board (ship). abrivé a impetuous, eager, spirited (of horse); aborder2 vt trick, dupe. Cf. behorder. hasty,precipitate. aborgesir vt a. en + inf., habituate, make used to. abrivement sm eager, impetuous rush, attack. aborissement sm abhorrence, horror. abriver vi draw near (of event). aborrement sm abhorrence, horror. abriver vr hurl o.s., dash forward; attack. aborrer vt abhor. abriver vt hasten; bring forward (event); expedite; aborter v see avorter. (fig.) besiege, assail, afflict. abortif sm see avortif. abrochement sm broaching; (fig.) initiative, abortir v see avortir. instigation. abosme a horrified, indignant. abrochier1 vr broach. Cf. brochier. abosme sm abomination; indignation. abrochier2 vi ride (this way,to here). abosmé pp as a dejected, dismayed, distressed, Cf. brochier. overcome. abroie sf see arbroie. abosmement sm abomination; indignation. abroiier v see abriier. abosmer vr be out of countenance, dismayed, abroti a weighed down (with grief, unhappiness). distressed; demean o.s. abruver v see abrever. abosmer vt loathe, detest, abominate; dismay, abscondir v see asconser. overwhelm. abscondre vr hide. Cf. asconder, asconser. abosmir vi dismay,distress. absconse sf see asconse. abot sm boundary,limit; mortgaged land. absconser v see asconser. abotement sm boundary,limit. absence sf absence. aboter1 vi touch, be close to; lead to. absent a absent. aboter1 vr touch upon; lead to, end in. absentacion sf absence, act of absenting o.s. aboter1 vt touch, strike. absentement sm absence, act of absenting o.s. aboter2 vt deceive, trick. Cf. abeter. absenter vr absent o.s. aboti a see abotif. absicte sm (lapid.) apsyctos. abotif a stubborn, headstrong. absictos sm see absicte. abouter v see aboeter, abooter. absince sf (bot.) absinth. abouti a see abotif. absoldre vt absolve, pardon, forgive. abovrer v see abevrer. absolu a see assolu. abracier vt embrace, hug; a. l’escu, take up one’s absolucion sf see assolucion. shield. absorbir vt absorb, engulf, swallow up. abrander vir shine, gleam; become inflamed. absorde a absurd. abrasement sm inflaming, setting light to. absort a absurd. abraser vt inflame, set light to. Cf. embraser. absoudre v see assoudre. abre sm see arbre. abstinance sf see astenance. abregance sf shortening, abbreviation; abstine sf abstinence. abridgement. abstiner vi abstain. abregement sm shortening; abbreviation; abstractif a attractive. abridgement; a. de fief, right to repurchase a abstraire vr retire, withdraw. fief, by settlement or agreement, at a price less abstraitif a see abstractif. than a year’s income. abufer vt deceive, trick. abregier vt abridge, diminish, shorten; a. un abuisoner vt wrong, do harm to. fief, fix by settlement or agreement the abuissail sm stumbling-block; deceit, trickery.

4 acerter abuissement sm stumbling-block; deceit, accidie sf see accide. trickery. accidios sm slothful person. abuisser vr knock against, trip over (an accion sf action; lawsuit, case; a. de graces, obstacle). thanksgiving. abuiter v see abuter. accoeuillir v see acueillir. abuitier v see abuter. accointer v see acointier. abundant a see abondant. accoison sf see achoison. abunde sf see abonde. accorder v see acorder. abunder v see abonder. accouder v see acoter. abus a puzzled, confused. accouter v see acoter. abusage sm abuse; improper practice. acee sf see acie. abuschier v see abuisser. aceindre vt surround, enclose, encircle, abuser vt deceive; abuse, misuse. encompass. abusif a abusive. aceindre vt surround, gird. abusion sf abuse, misuse; wrong, impropriety; aceint sm enclosure. trickery,deceit; error, illusion. aceinte sf enclosure. Cf. aceintriere. abut a upright. aceintriere sf enceinte, enclosure, outer walls, abuté a upright. circumference (of fortress, etc.). Cf. aceinte, abuter vir run up (against); a. a, arrive at, come enceinte. upon (decision, etc.). aceleement adv secretly,surreptitiously. abuter v see aboter1, aboter2, abeter. acembeler vt charm; entice. abuvrement sm see abevrement. acemé pp as a see acesmé. abuvrer v see abevrer. acemer v see acesmer. abuvroir sm see abevreoir. acemeure sf see acesmeure. ac- see also under ach-, ak-, aqu-. acenement sm sign, signal; beckoning; acabler v see achabler. invitation. acachier v see achacier. acener vt make a sign, signal to; beckon, call, acaindre v see aceindre. summon. Cf. cener2. açainte sf see aceinte, enceinte. acenerie sf beckoning; invitation. acali a see achali. acengler vt encircle. acanlé pp as a having many clients, customers. acens sm see cens. acanler vr come together, gather together. acense sf land held under a cens, q.v. Cf. açanler, assembler. acensement sm act of leasing land under a açanler v see assembler. cens, q.v. acasie sf throne. acenseor sm lessor. Cf. cens. acasser vt extinguish; smash; destroy. acenser vi take a lease. Cf. cens. acastoner v see achastoner. acenser vti let, lease (land). Cf. cens. acat sm see achat. acensie sf (amount of) duty (on land). Cf. cens. acate sf see agate. acension sf Ascension; Ascension Day; acater v see achater. Assumption of the Virgin Mary. acati a mercenary; easily bought. acensir vt let, lease (land): cf. acenser; appoint acatoner v see aquastroner. (to an office, position); subject (to tax, rent, acator sm see achator. tribute). acc- see also under ac-. acensissement sm act of leasing land under a accede sf see accide. cens, q.v. accens sm pl (mil.) orderlies. acensoir v see acenser. accent sm see acent. acent sm accent. accenter vt see acenter. acenter vt accentuate, stress. accepcion sf distinction (between). acentuer vt accentuate, stress. acceptable a acceptable; suitable; pleasant, aceptable a pleasant, agreeable. agreeable. acer sm see acier. acceptacion sf acceptance. acerbe a acerbic. acceptance sf acceptance. aceré1 a made of steel; firm, inflexible (as steel); acceptement sm acceptance. steel-shod. accepteor sm acceptor. aceré2 pp as a sharp. accepter vt accept. acerer vt steel; sharpen. accés sm attack, onset (of illness). acerin a of steel; sharp. accesseur sm see assessor. acerin sm steel; sword. accide sf accidie, sloth (one of the seven deadly acerois a see aceré. sins). acertefiier vt assure, certify. accident sm accident (opposed to the substance). acertener vt assure, certify. accidentaument adv accidentally. acerter vr reassure o.s., make sure. accidentel a accidental. acerter vt assure, certify; recognise; acknowledge.

5 acertes acertes adv certainly,definitely.Cf. certes. achatois sm agate. Cf. acate, agate. acesmant prp as a decorated, ornamented; achator sm buyer, purchaser. elegant, graceful, pleasing. achavessoz sm (ichth.) chub. Cf. chavessot, acesmé pp as a decorated, ornamented; elegant, chevesne. graceful, pleasing. ache sf wild celery,smallage. acesmeement adv richly,with rich ornaments; ache sm name of the letter H. becomingly; fittingly; skilfully. acheison sf see achoison. acesmement sm adornment, finery. acheisun sf see achoison. acesmer vr prepare o.s.; adorn o.s. acheisuner v see achoisoner. acesmer vt dress, prepare, arm, equip; decorate, acheminer subst inf departure. embellish, adorn. acheminer vr set out, set off (for); go on one’s acesmeure sf dress, clothing; dressing up; faire way. a., dress up, titivate. acheminer vt direct guide; set s.o. on the road, acesser vr cease, put an end to. send s.o. on their way; a. sa voie, set out. acesser vt stop, put an end to. achené a fierce, unrelenting; set against, hostile acetable a see acceptable. to. Cf. achenir. achabler vt knock down. acheni pp as a fierce, unrelenting. achachier v see achacier. achenir vr dog, go at sth., s.o. unrelentingly. achacier vt push, drive; smother, put out achenuir vr go grey. (fire). achés sm pl chess. Cf. eschec. achaillir vi become heated. achesmer v see acesmer. achaillir vt heat. acheson sf see achoison. achainte sf see aceinte. achetable a see achatable. achaintriere sf see aceintriere. acheteir v see achater. achaison sf see achoison. achetement sm see achatement. achaisoner v see achoisoner. acheter v see achater. achaisun sf see achoison. achetiver v see achaitiver. achaitiver vi be imprisoned; reduced to slavery, achevauchier vi ride up. servitude. achevement sm completion. achaitiver vt make prisoner; reduce to slavery, acheveor sm completer; one who finishes off, servitude; a. de, make miserable because of the concludes. lack, want of sth. achever vi conclude, come to an end, finish. achalandé a having numerous customers. achever vr end, draw to a close; succeed in doing achali a slow, dilatory; insensible; stupefied. sth. achamaillier vt engage in hand to hand combat. achever vt conclude, finish; accomplish, achieve. achan sm see ahan. achevir vt end, complete, conclude. achant a accidental. achie sf see haschiee. achant sm side, edge; tilt, lurch: prendre a., list, achiee sf see haschiee. capsize (of ship). achier sm swarm (of bees); bee-hive. achanteler vr lean over, to one side. achier v see hachier. achanteler vt lean to one side, set on the side; achiever v see achever. knock over, (fig.) disturb, unhinge, unsettle; achiminer v see acheminer. carry (shield) turned to one side: cf. chantel. achison sf see achaison. achanter vr lean over, to one side. achocher v see acouchier. achanter vt place sth. on its edge, side; a. la achoison sf reason; cause; motive; occasion; lance, couch the lance. purpose, aim; opportunity; circumstances, state acharder vt peel, skin, scale; smash, splinter. of affairs; accusation; de, par, pur a. de,on Cf. escharder. account of, by reason of; par l’a. si, lest, in case; achariier vt cart, convey,transport, carry. sanz a., without reason, cause; prendre a a., acharner vr become, be bloodthirsty. take to task, blame. Cf. ochaison. acharner vt feed with meat (hounds, hawks). achoisonement sm molestation; harassment. acharoier v see achariier. achoisoner v blame; reproach; occasion, bring acharrer v see achariier. about; importune (in court). achasser v see achacier. achoisoner vt see ochoisoner. achasteler vr take up one’s abode. achoisonos a litigious; quibbling. achastoner vt set (gem, precious stone). achoisson sf see achoison. achat sm act of buying, purchase; purchase achopail sm stumbling-block, obstacle. price. achopement sm stumble, trip; prejudice; harm, achatable a purchasable. damage. achate sf see agate. achoper vir stumble, trip. achatement sm purchase, act of buying. achoper vt strike against, stumble over; stop, achater vt buy,purchase, acquire, procure, halt; overwhelm, subjugate. obtain, earn; pay for, make amends for. achoucier v see acouchier.

6 acomunier achouper v see achoper. acointence sf see acointance. acicier vt incite, persuade. acointer v see acointier. acide sf Cf. accide. acointier vr make o.s. known; make the acidios a lazy; prone to accidie. Cf. accide. acquaintance of. acie sf (orn.) woodcock. acointier vt meet, make s.o.’s acquaintance; acier sm steel; cutting weapon, tool; blade (of meet, clash (in battle); to acquaint, make known; sword). inform; learn, learn of; engage in, enter into. acieser v see acesser. acointise sf acquaintance; social relations. aciever v see achever. acointison sf acquaintanceship; familiarity; aclariier vi clear, loosen; thin, thin out (of crowd ilk. etc.). acoir v see aqueir. aclariier vt clear, empty. acoisier vir grow quiet, silent, calm; calm down. aclarir vi become lighter (of day); thin, thin out acoisier vt calm, pacify,quieten (down), assuage, (of crowd etc.). Cf. aclariier. appease. aclarir vt thin, thin out (crowd etc.). Cf. aclariier. acoison sf see achoison. aclaroier v see aclariier. acolchier v see acouchier. aclasser vir rest, relax; dose, drowse. acolee sf embrace, hug. aclin a submissive; subservient, under the acoleiz sm embrace, hug. control of; subjugated; benevolent, well acoler subst inf hug, embrace. disposed. acoler vr s’a. a, embrace, hug. aclinant prp as a submissive. Cf. aclin. acoler vt embrace, hug, fling arms about s.o.’s acliné pp as a submissive. Cf. aclin. neck; strike (on the neck). aclineoir sm resting-place. acolite sm acolyte. acliner vi be in decline. acolter v see acoter. acliner vir bow, bend, lean; decline. acomblement sm acme, summit. acliner vt bend, bow. acombler vt accumulate, heap up, amass. acliqueter vi click, make a clicking sound. acomencier vti begin, commence. aclore vt enclose. acomengier v see acomenier. aclos sm enclosure. acomenier vir receive communion. aclosagier vt enclose (land). acomenier vt give, administer communion to. acluchier vr lock o.s. in. acomminger v see acomenier. acoarder vir become cowardly,frightened, timid. acompagnance sf the action of accompanying; acoardi pp as a cowardly,frightened, fearful, something which accompanied, is joined to sth.; timid. outbuilding. acoardir vr become cowardly,fearful, timid. acompagnement sm association, fellowship, acoardir vt frighten, render faint-hearted, timid, partnership; act of association; induction into turn into a coward. the share of a fief. acochier v see acouchier. acompagnier vr associate, join together. acoder v see acoter2. acompagnier vt associate; take, give as a acoent sm see acoint. companion, spouse; accompany; rally (troops). acoentier v see acointier. acomparagier1 vi appear (before a court). Cf. acoignienture sf sediment, residue. comparoir, comparagier. acoil sm see acueil. acomparagier2 vt compare. acoillir v see acueillir. acomparer1 vr compare, be the equal of. acoilloit sm welcome. acomparer1 vt compare. acoilloite sf harvest, bringing in (of crops). acomparer2 vt pay for. Cf. comparer2. acoint sm welcome; meeting; acquaintance; acompasser vt surround. Cf. compasser. familiarity,friendship; good manners; sexual acompli pp as a full, complete; a. de, having full intercourse. possession of sth. acointable a affable, sociable, pleasant. acompliment sm completion, accomplishment; acointaison sf acquaintance; ilk. execution (of task). acointance sf acquaintance, friendship, acomplir vi fill up, become full. familiarity; welcome; meeting; knowledge; acomplir vt accomplish, fulfil, carry out; grant sexual intercourse; d’a., at first meeting. fully; satisfy,give satisfaction to (s.o.). acointanche sf see acointance. acomplissable a capable of filling, fulfilling sth. acointant prp as a faire a. a, enter into relations acomplissement sm completion, accomplish- with. See also acointier. ment; execution (of task). acointe a friendly,familiar, intimate (with s.o.); acomunaison sf communion. se faire a. de, make o.s. known to. acomuner1 v see acomenier. acointe sf friend; confidant; sweetheart, lover; acomuner2 vt associate, join with, together; hold sexual relations. (land) in common. acointement sm friendship, acquaintance; acomungier v see acomenier. relations, intercourse. acomunier v see acomenier.

7 aconbrer aconbrer vt harm, hurt; inconvenience. acoragié a determined (to do sth.), intent (on Cf. encombrer. sth.); courageous. aconcoillir v see aconcueillir. acoragieement adv courageously. aconcueillir vt pick up, gather. acoragier vr turn one’s mind, attention to. acondire v see escondire. acoragier vt strengthen courage of; put heart aconduer v see aconduire. into; encourage. aconduire vt bring, lead; accompany,escort. acorber vi become bent, crooked. aconforter vt comfort; strengthen. acorber vt a. a, bend, incline (towards). aconit sm (bot.) aconite. acorbi a bent, crooked (of body,limbs). aconite sf (bot.) aconite. acorbir vi become bent, crooked. aconjurer vt swear. acorcement sm shortening; diminution. aconoistre vt recognise; confess (sins). acorcier vi shorten, grow shorter. aconpaigner v see acompagnier. acorcier vt shorten, abbreviate; curtail; aconpaignier v see acompagnier. diminish (size, value). aconplir v see acomplir. acorcir v see acorcier. aconpte sm see aconte. acord sm accord; agreement, convention; d’a.,in aconqueltiz a rag-tag, indiscriminate agreement; alliance; opinion; will, resolve. (collection, troop). See also aconcueillir, acordable a in tune (voices, musical conqueutiz. instruments); in accord with. aconquerre vt win, acquire. acordablement adv unanimously. aconqueste sf gain, profit. acordance sf reconciliation, harmony,accord; aconseillier vi take advice, counsel. agreement; accordance. aconseillier vt advise, give counsel. acordanment adv harmoniously; aconseu pp as a convinced (of). See also correspondingly; in like manner. aconsivre. acordant a favourable; corresponding; aconsievir v see aconsivre. harmonious; in agreement; a. a, in accordance aconsiurre v see aconsivre. with. aconsivir v see aconsivre. acorde sf concord, harmony,peace, aconsivre vt catch, catch up with; reach; strike. reconciliation. acont sm account (financial); reckoning; terminal acordee sf accord, harmony. payment. acordement sm reconciliation; agreement. acontable a accountable. acorder vir reconcile; agree, be in harmony,in acontage sm account, story,tale. tune. aconte sm account, bill; reckoning; payment; acorder vr consent, agree to, assent to; be in derain a., grant aconte, Last Judgement; de agreement, of like mind. quel a., on what grounds, for what reason. acorder vt reconcile; win over; put right, adjust, acontement sm account, story,tale. alter; harmonise (voices), tune (instrument). aconteor sm accountant; auditor. acorderesse sf one who reconciles. aconter subst inf enumeration. acordialement adv cordially,warmly. aconter vi render account; be current (of acordoison sf accord, harmony. money); a. de, account for. acore sf pain, hurt. aconter vt count; enumerate; reckon up; value; acoré1 a good-hearted; courageous. a. a, take account of sth.; consider; describe, acoré2 a hurt, harmed; afflicted, troubled. See tell, relate. also acorer. acontre sf meeting. Cf. encontre. acorement sm running up, to. acontrer vt meet. acorer vir be hurt, wounded, troubled, afflicted. aconvenancier v see acovenancier. acorer vt tear out (the heart, entrails), disem- aconvenir v see acovenir. bowel; pierce to the heart; wound, kill; afflict, açopail sm see achopail. trouble. açopart sm pagan, Saracen. acorner vt call, summon (by sounding a horn). acopaudir vt cuckold. acorneter vt feed baby from a bottle. açopement sm see achopement. acorre vir run, run up, come running, rush up; açoper v see achoper. flock. acoper1 vt cut, cut down. acors sm crowd, concourse; group, party. acoper2 vt cuckold. acorsé pp as a swift, fleet of foot. acoper3 v see acouper2. acorser1 vr run, rush. acoperie sf condition of cuckoldry. acorser1 vt make to run, gallop. acopir vt cuckold; corrupt, seduce (a woman). acorser2 v see acourser. acopler vr join battle with s.o. acort sm see acord. acopler vt couple (hounds, draught animals, acorter vti shorten; make, become shorter. etc.); join, fasten together. acortiner vt hang, drape with curtains, acoqueté a foolish, silly. tapestries. acor sm flap of a cloak. acortir vti make, become shorter.

8 acrochier acosdre vt attach, join (by sewing). acourtir v see acortir. acosiner vr treat so as a cousin, be in alliance acoust- see acost-. with s.o. acouster v see also under acoter2. acost sm proximity,nearness. acoustumance sf see acostumance. acostable a accessible. acoustumeement adv see acostumeement. acosteier v see acoster. acoustumer v see acostumer. acoster vr a. a, accost, go up to; approach, draw acoustumierement adv see acostumierement. alongside (of); be beside, accompany; associate acouter v see acoter. with, consort with; be adjacent to, lie alongside; acoutrer v see acostrer. lean against. acouveté pp see acoveter. acoster vt draw near to; bring near to; support, acouveter v see acoveter. prop up (on either side); adjoin; lie alongside of; acouvrir v see acovrir. sail by,pass the coast of. acovenancier vt engage (worker). acosteveure sf constipation. Cf. costivure. acovenir1 v impers be agreed. acostoier v see acoster. acovenir1 vi decide, determine. acostrer vr arrange, place o.s. acovenir1 vt agree. acostrer vt arrange, dispose; put on (clothing). acovenir2 v impers see covenir. acostumance sf custom, habit, practice. acoventer vt agree; grant (by covenant). acostumé pp as a usual, customary. Cf. coventer. acostumee sf custom; a l’a., customarily, acovert pp as a covered. ordinarily. acoverter vt cover. acostumeement adv customarily,ordinarily; acovertir vt cover. habitually. acoveter vr cover o.s. acostumement sm custom; habit, practice; a a., acoveter vt cover; cover (sexually); hide, usually,customarily. dissimulate. acostumer vr become accustomed. açovir v see achevir. acostumer vt bring into use, into custom; acovrir vt cover, hide. accustom; avoir a., have the habit, custom; acq see also under aq-. clothe. acquest sm see aquest. acostumier a accustomed to, familiar with; acquiter v see aquiter. usual, customary. acrampeli pp as a crouching, huddled. See also acostumierement adv customarily. acrampelir. acoté pp as a leaning on one’s elbows. See also acrampelir vt bend, curve; cramp. Cf. crampir. acoter2. acraper v see agraper. acotement sm lying down; setting (of sun). acrassement sm see acroissement. acoter1 v see acoster. acraventer vt strike down, throw down, fell; acoter2 vir lie down; lean, lean on. crush, shatter; demolish. Cf. cravanter. acou see also under aco-. acraventer vr fall, crash to the ground. acouchié pp as a bed-ridden. Cf. cravanter. acouchier vir take to one’s bed, go to bed; be acraventie sf ruin. confined, give birth. acre sm acre. acouchier vt a. une femme, lie with a woman. acreantement sm promise; consent. acouder v see acoter2. acreanter vt sanction, consent to; promise, acoudre v see acosdre. guarantee; grant. acouller vt pour out; shed, cast out. Cf. coler1. acrebades sf pl entertainment, spectacle, acounter v see aconter. show. acoup sm sudden blow. acreeor sm creditor. açouper v see achoper. acreire v see acroire. acouper1 v see achoper, acoper. acreis see also under acrois-. acouper2 vt inculpate, charge, accuse. acrempelir v See acrampelir. acouperie sf see acoperie. acresser v see agresser. acoupir v see acopir. acreue sf what has grown on a piece of land. See acoupler v see acopler. also acroistre. acourcher v see acorcier. acreventer v see acraventer. acourchier v see acorcier. acroc sm something horrible, frightful, acourcier v see acorcier. terrifying; misfortune; accident; avoir mauvais acourer v see acorer. a., undergo a painful experience. acoursé pp as a prevalent, current; (of acrochement sm seizure, usurpation; merchant, shopkeeper) much frequented, encroachment. having numerous customers. acrocheter vt catch (with a hook). acourser vr get one’s course. Cf. acorser. acrochier vi hang; catch, be caught (on hook, acourser vt set on course. Cf. acorser. thorn etc.). acourter v see acorter. acrochier vr hang, be caught (on hook, etc.).

9 acrochier acrochier vt hang (on hook); catch (with a hook); acuer vt sharpen. catch hold of; seize, usurp. acueson sf see acueison. acroicher v see acrochier. acufarder vr become lazy,indolent. acroichier v see acrochier. acufardi pp as a lazy,indolent. acroiement sm trust, confidence; faith; reliance. acufardir vt make lazy,indolent, idle. acroire vr trust, rely (on), depend (upon), have acuillable a welcome; mal a., unwelcome. faith (in). acuillir v see acueillir. acroire vt trust, rely,depend upon, believe; lend; acuint- v see also under acoint-. borrow; buy on credit. acuiser v see aguisier. acrois sm increase; enlargement; aggregate, acuit sm see aquit. total; de a., in addition, besides. acuiter v see aquiter. acroissance sf increase. acuitier v see aquiter. acroissement sm increase; growth; incre- aculer vr lean back, with one’s back against. ment. aculer vt force back, drive back; turn one’s back acroistre vir increase, grow bigger. on. acroistre vt increase, make bigger, augment. aculper v see acouper2. acroper vr stoop, squat. aculverter vt enslave; reduce to servitude. acroper vt degrade, debase. aculvertir vt enslave; reduce to servitude. acropi pp as a crippled. acumbler v see acombler. acropie sf faire une a., bow down, humble o.s. acumenier v see acomenier. (in reverence). acuminjer v see acomenier. acropir vr crouch, squat. acumpanier v see acompagnier. acropir vt degrade, debase. acumparer v see acomparer. acros a horrible, frightful. acumtur sm see aconteor. acros sm see acroc. acun a and pron see aucun. acrouper v see acroper. acunte sm see aconte. acroupir v see acropir. acunter v see aconter. acrous a and sm see acros. acuper v see acouper. acruir vti harden. acurcier v see acorcier. act see also under at-. acurer1 vt take care of. actainer v see atainer. acurer2 v see acorer. acte sf (official) document. acurre v see acorre. actefier vi grow (of plants). acurser v see acourser. acteor sm author; originator; creator; instigator; acusacion sf accusation, charge, indictment. (legal) plaintiff. acusance sf accusation; confession. acter vi draw up, date acts, bills, deeds etc. acusatif a (gram.) accusative. actere sm see acteor. acusatif sm (gram.) accusative case. acteur sm see acteor. acusatorie a (self-)accusatory. actichement sm see atisement. acusement sm accusation, charge, indictment. actif a active. acuseor sm accuser. actif sm active (voice of verb). acuser vr reveal o.s., show up, come to light. action sf see accion. acuser vt accuse; indict; reveal; denounce; actoriser v see autoriser. betray. actrempance sf see atemprance. acuseres sm accuser, denouncer, arraigner. actrempé pp as a see atempré. acuson sf see achoison. actrempeement adv see atempreement. acustumer a see acostumier. actremper v see atemprer. acutement sm see acotement. actuauté sf actuality. acuter v see acoster. actuel a actual; original (sin). acutir vr hide, hide o.s. away. actuellement adv in effect, actually; pecher a., acuvert pp as a see acovert. sin by action. acuveter v see acoveter. acu a, adv and sm see agu. ad- see also under a-. acube sf see aucube. ad prep see a. acueil sm welcome; meeting; impact; agreement: ad en avant adv henceforth, from this day estre d’un a., be in agreement. forward. acueillir vt collect, assemble, bring together; adaignier vr deign, condescend. welcome; assume, take upon o.s.; feel, conceive adaignier vt hold in high regard, deem worthy of (emotion); pursue, reach; corner (in hunting); respect, deference; honour, show devotion to, take, capture; attack; accost; begin, commence: love; deem worthy of love; accept, approve of a. son chemin, sa voie, set off. (things). acueilment sm reception; welcome. Cf. acueil. adaiier vt irritate; harass. acueison sf sharpening. adaisement sm see adesement. acueldre v see acueillir. adamagier vt damage, harm. Cf. damagier.

10 adevine adamajable a harmful, dangerous. adeprimes adv first of all; in the first place; then Cf. damajable. and not before. adamant sm (lapid.) diamond; lodestone, adequer vt make equal. magnet. Cf. aimant. aderchier v see adrecier. adamantine sf adamant; diamond. adercier v see adrecier. adamas sm diamond; loadstone, magnet. aderer vr stick, adhere. adamer1 vr hurt, injure o.s.; lament; reproach aderere adv see aderrier. o.s. adericion sf adherence, union, connection. adamer1 vt damage, harm, injure; ruin. aderir vr adhere to, connect to, join to. adamer2 vt overcome, master, subjugate. aderrier adv behind, in the rear; in arrears (of adans adv see adenz. payment). Cf. derrier, derrenier. adant adv see adenz. ades adv see adés. adanter vi overturn, capsize (of ship). adés adv at once, immediately; now, at present, at adanter vt overcome, tame; turn upside down, this moment; at the same time; a . . ., a . . .,at overturn. Cf. donter. one time . . ., at another time . . ., sometimes . . ., adanture sf taming; breaking-in (of horse). sometimes . . .; always, without fail; yet, but, at Cf. donteure. the same time. adanz adv see adenz. adesance sf touch. adaviner v see adeviner. adesement sm coming together; marriage; add see also under ad-. union. adderere adv see aderrier. adesentir vt agree with (s.o.’s opinion); put to adebonairier vt assuage; calm, temper. the test. adecertes adv certainly; assuredly; adeser subst inf sexual intercourse. unreservedly; in fact; on the other hand. adeser vi be close to, be touching, approach. adecliner vi lean, bend down. adeser vt touch; reach; approach, draw close(r) adeés adv see adés. to, bring close(r) together; seize; handle; have adefier v see edefiier. carnal knowledge of. adefuers prep outside of. adesertir vi become desolate. adegner v see adaignier. adesouz adv and prep see adesuz. adeisement sm see adesement. adesseement adv always; unceasingly adeiser v see adeser. constantly. adelgier vt make thinner, slimmer. adessement sm see adesement. adeliier vt make thinner, slimmer. adestiner vt destine, allot; assign. ademander vt ask. adestre a favourable, generous; skilful, adroit. ademesse sf see ademise. adestrer vt lead, accompany,escort, guide, walk ademestir v see adomestir. beside; walk, stand at s.o.’s right hand. ademetre vi decline, sink low. adesus adv above; on top, thereon; uppermost, in ademetre vr rush headlong, fling o.s.; rush, control. Cf. desus. charge, press forward; s’a. a, condescend, adesuz adv below; at the bottom; in subjection; submit to; s’a. de, separate from. estre a., be down, laid low. ademetre vt push down, lower; set, fix (day,date). adesuz prep under; a. pié, underfoot; (fig.) in ademis pp as a eager, keen, quick, prompt, subjection. headlong. adeti pp as a devoted to, given over to. ademise sf charge, attack; tourney,tournament; adetir vr give o.s. up to sth., devote o.s. to sth. practice strokes, displays of ability before Cf. adentir. contest, tournament. adeugier v see adelgier. ademplir v see aemplir. adeuller v see adoler. adenerer vt evaluate (cash worth); convert (into adevaler vi go, come down; descend; hang down. cash); sell (for cash). adevaler vr go, come down; descend. adens adv see adenz. adevaler vt bring down. adentee sf (the act of) falling on one’s face; a adevancie sf short-cut. punch in the mouth. adevancier vi lie, be in front of, before. adenter1 vir lie face down; fall face down; be adevancier vt overtake, overhaul, go before. knocked flat on one’s face. adevancir vr advance, go forward. adenter1 vt place face downwards, turn upside adevancir vt precede, go before. down; knock (s.o.) flat on (their) face; humble. adevant adv before(hand), previously. adenter2 vt indent; inlay. adevenir vr happen, come to pass. adenter3 v see adanter. adevinail sm act of guessing, predicting; riddle, adenti pp as a given over to, attached to. puzzle, enigma; conjecture, suspicion. adentir vr become attached to, given over to. adevinaille sf see adevinail. Cf. adetir. adevinal sm see adevinail. adenz adv prone; face downwards, flat on one’s adevine sf act of guessing, predicting; conjec- stomach. ture, suspicion.

11 adevinement adevinement sm augury,soothsaying; puzzle, adodeminer vt pet, pamper. riddle; guess. adoer1 vir pair, mate (of birds). adevineor sm augur, soothsayer; sorcerer. adoer2 vt endow. Cf. doer. adeviner vi imagine, foresee; predict; guess; be adois prep en a. de, near, close to. Cf. ados, uncertain. adeser. adeviner vt imagine, foresee; predict; guess; look adoise sf see ardoise. for, seek. adolé1 pp as a angry; distressed, upset; adevineur sm augur, soothsayer; sorcerer. sorrowful, grieving; sad; troubled; afflicted. adevinier sm augur, soothsayer; sorcerer. Cf. doloir. adiabli a possessed of the devil. adolé2 a smoothed; polished. Cf. doler1. adicion sf addition. adoler vi grieve, be grieving; be angry.Cf. doloir. adies adv see adés. adoler vr grieve; be distressed, upset; be angry. adiés adv see adés. Cf. doloir. adire vt make believable, convincing; convince; adoler vt pain, make suffer, grieve. Cf. doloir. dissuade. adolescence sf adolescence. adirer vi withdraw: a. de son seigneur, adolir vr grieve, be sorrowful. Cf. doloir. withdraw (one’s allegiance) from one’s lord. adolosé pp as a grief-stricken; afflicted; adirer vt lose, mislay; lead astray,corrupt, undo. sorrowful. adit pp as a upset; disconcerted; nonplussed. adoloser vr grieve, be grieved, sorrow. aditement sm addition. adomagable a see adamajable. aditer vt add. adomagier v see adamagier. adition sf increase; augmentation. adombrer v see aombrer. adj- see also under aj-. adomeschier vt tame, win over. adjeccion sf addition; additional remark, adomestir vt tame. information. adominer vt master; subdue; dominate. adjectif a adjectival. adonc adv now, at present; des a., from this adjectif sm adjective. moment; des a. en avant, henceforward; then, adjoint sm helper, assistant. at that time, thereupon; tres a., since that time; adjoub sm see ajo. therefore, in that case. See also donc. adjournee sf see ajornee. adonc que conj when, at the time when; desi a. adjourner v see ajorner. que, as soon as; jusqu’a. que, until. adjuable a helpful. adoner vi be connected with, related to. adjudication sf judgement. adoner vr give, abandon o.s. adjue sf see aie1. adoner vt dedicate (to); devote (to); give, grant. adjugier v see ajugier. adonq a see adonc. adjutoire sf help, helper. adonque adv see adonc. adjutorie sf help, aid, support; succour; remedy, adonques a see adonc. cure. adons adv see adonc. adjuver vt help. adont adv see adonc. admenistrer v see amenistrer. adop sm see adob. admetre vt admit. Cf. ametre. adopcion sf adoption. adminicle sm adminicle, auxiliary. adorer v see aorer1. administracion sf see amenistraison. adors sm and prep see ados. administreor sm see amenistreor. ados prep backing onto: a. le mur, backing onto administrer v see amenistrer. the wall. admiral sm see amirail. ados sm support, help; back (of an article of admonester v see amonester. clothing). admonnestement sm see amonestement. adoser v see adosser. adne sm see asne. adosser vr lean (one’s back) against. adob sm armour; (pl.) arms; (by extension) adosser vt put on (garment); knock down (on the defender, supporter. back); lean (back) against; support (against); adobé a dubbed; armed, equipped; lance a., abandon, turn one’s back on, desert; deny. lance with its gonfalon attached. adoub sm see adob. adobé sm knight fully armed for battle. adouber v see adober. adobement sm arming of a knight; a knight’s adoucement sm softening; alleviation. armour, equipment; embellishment, ornament. adoucier vir become calm, pacified, mollified. adobeor sm repairer; redubber; a. de vigne, adoucier vt sweeten; soften, pacify,calm, mollify vine-dresser. Cf. dobeor. (person); soften (thing). adober vr arm o.s., equip o.s. for battle. adoucir vi be, taste sweet; soften. adober vt dub (a knight); arm, equip; embellish, adoucir vt sweeten; soften, alleviate; still, pacify, adorn; train (falcon, hound); repair, mend. quiet. adobler vt double. adouer v see adoer. adoctriner vt instruct, teach. adour sf see ardure.

12 aerdre adourer v see aorer. adunt adv see adonc. adouzer v see adoucier. adurcir vir harden, become hard(er). adras sm see adrés. aduré a hard, fierce, desperate (of battle); hard, adrece sf straight road; shortcut; right road, hardened; tough; valiant, brave; disciplined, direction; road, path (in general). well trained; permanent, durable, long-lasting. adreceement adv in a straight line. adurer v see aorer1. adrecement sm direction, orientation; footpath; adusques conj and prep as far as, up to; until. righting (of wrong); direction; (act of) leading, Cf. dusque. instructing; redress, reparation; amends. adv- see also under av-. adreceor sm short cut; redresser (of wrong); advenant a, adv and sm see avenant. regulator. advenement sm see avenement. adrecié pp as a erect, upright. advenir v see avenir. adrecier subst inf straightening out, rectifying; adventif a and sm see aventiz. making amends. adver- see also under aver-. adrecier vi rise (of storm); be fulfilled; arrive at advers a see avers. an objective; take the right direction; make one’s adversaire a and sm see aversaire. way. adverser sm see averser. adrecier vr go straight towards, head straight adversier a and sm see aversier. for; make one’s way; stand up; direct o.s., to run adversité sf see aversité. towards; mend one’s ways. adveu sm see aveu. adrecier vt straighten; put up, erect; set (bone); advis sm see avis. follow (path); redress, set to rights, rectify; aim, advisé pp as a see avisé. point, direct; inform, instruct, advise: (mus.) adviser v see aviser. tune. adviz sm see avis. adreit a and adv see adroit. advoé pp as a and sm see avoé. adreitement adv see adroitement. advoultaire sm and f see avoutire1. adrés sm reparation; fine, forfeit. advouteresse sf see avouteresse. adresceement adv see adreceement. advoweson sf see avoaison. adrescement sm see adrecement. aé sm and f life; lifespan; lifetime; age. adrescier v see adrecier. Cf. aage. adresser v see adrecier. aege sm and f see aage. adroicier v see adrecier. aegle sm and f see aigle. adroit a upright (physically and morally); able, aei sm and f see aé, aage. clever, skilful; well formed, handsome; on the aeise sm and f see aise. right-hand side; veritable. aeisié pp as a see aisié. adroit adv skilfully,adroitly; rightly,aright. ael1 sm ancestor, forebear. Cf. aiuel. adroit sm right, correct side. ael2 sm and f see aé. adroitement adv judiciously; with discernment; aele sf ancestress, forebear. Cf. aiuele. at once, immediately. aemplement sm fullness; fulfilment. adsentir v see assentir. aemplir vt fill; fulfil, complete, carry out, adub sm see adob. accomplish, achieve; perform, execute. adubé a and sm see adobé. aencrer v see aancrer. adubement sm see adobement. aengié pp as a full, filled with. aduber v see adober. aengier vir grow; flourish, prosper. adubler v see adobler. aengier vt increase; make bigger, expand; fill. adubour sm see adobeor. aengit a without wit, ingenuity. adubur sm see adobeor. aenglé a see aanglé. aducer v see adoucier. aengler v see aangler. aduer vt soften. aengrer v see aancrer. aduire vr go away,leave; keep away from. aente sf trouble, anxiety,distress. aduire vt lead; conduct; bring. aentrer vi enter. adulacion sf adulation. aenz adv and prep see enz. aduler v see adoler. aerber vt feed (horse) with grass. adultere a adulterous. aerdance sf adherence; faction. adultere sm adulterer; adultery. aerdant prp as a adherent; supporting; adulterer vi commit adultery. concurring. adulterie sf adultery. aerdant prp as sm adherent; supporter. aduluser v see adoloser. aerder vi swarm (of bees). adunc adv see adonc. aerdre vi stick, adhere, cling. aduner v see auner. aerdre vr attach o.s.; stand by,hold to, stick to, adunir vt unite; join. Cf. auner. cling to(gether); (fig.) huddle together. adunkes adv see adonc. aerdre vt attack, set upon; seize hold of, grasp; adunques adv see adonc. fasten; blame, accuse.

13 aerdresse aerdresse sf attachment; acceptance, consent. afaitieement adv fittingly,gracefully. aerier v see aairier. afaitier vr prepare, ready o.s.; reconcile o.s. with. aeriien a aerial. afaitier vt fashion, arrange; mould, shape; sort aeriter v see aheriter. out, put to rights; (cyn.) prepare, train (hound), aermancie sf aeromancy. affete (train, gentle a hawk); educate; dress, bind aermir vt make deserted, uninhabited. (wounds); (cul.) season. aers pp as a attached; adherent; collected together. afaitison sf see afaitaison. aerter v see aherter. afaiture sf way of doing sth.; affectation; aeschement sm bait, lure. construction; form, shape. aescheri a few (in number); with a small escort, afautrer v see afeutrer. retinue; isolated; deprived of. afautreure sf see afeutreure. aeschier vt entice, lure, allure. afaveler v flatter. Cf. favele. aese a see aise, aaise. afeagier vt (legal) grant (land) in fee. aesier v see aaisier. afebleier v see afebliier. aesif a see aisif. afebler v see afebliier. aesmable a valuable, estimable. afebliance sf see afebloiance. aesmal sm see asmal. afebliier vir grow weak. aesmance sf estimation, judgement. afebliier vt enfeeble; weaken, tire, exhaust. Cf. esmance2. afeblir vi grow weak. aesme sm estimation, judgement. Cf. esme. afeblir vt enfeeble; weaken, tire, exhaust. aesmement sm estimation, judgement. afebloiance sf weakening. Cf. esmement. afebloier v see afebliier. aesmer vr ready o.s., prepare o.s. Cf. esmer. afecte sf see afaite. aesmer vt value, rate; count, estimate; afecter vt affect, have a predilection, partiality appreciate; value; aim; compare; appreciate, for. conceive; comprehend, understand; feel, afection sf emotion, inclination; disposition; experience; a. pur, consider (as), judge, deem. feeling; devotion, love; attraction, desire; Cf. esmer. willingness, enthusiasm. aessier v see aaisier. afectuel a given to, inclined to; favouring. aestagier v see aostagier. afecture sf see afaiture. aeugler v see aoillier. afeerer v see afoerer. aeurer v see aorer. afeire sf see afaire. aeze a, adv and sm and f see aise. afeite sf see afaite. afabilité sf affability. afeiteiement adv see afaitieement. afable a benign; affable. afeitemant sm see afaitement. afader vi weaken. afeitement sm see afaitement. afadir vi weaken. afeitié pp as a see afaitié. afaillir vi fail; fall (in battle). afeitiement adv see afaitieement. afaire sm and f rank, estate, condition; afeitier v see afaitier. character; comportment, manners; situation; afeloné a angry; wicked. business; obstacle, encumbrance; event; avoir, afelonir vr become, be angry,wicked. estre a. de, have need of; de bon a., agreeable, afeltrer v see afeutrer. pleasant; de mauvais a., hard-hearted, cruel. afeltreure sf see afeutreure. afairer v see afoerer. afemeniner vt effeminate. afaissier vi come together, congregate. afemer vt effeminate. afaissier vtr increase in size, distend. afendre v see afondre. afait adv easily (a fait). afener vt mow, reap (field). afait sm use, employment. afenestré a windowed; well lit. afaitaison sf surrender; training (hawk, dog); aferable a suitable, fitting, becoming; upbringing, education. appropriate. afaite sf circumstance; effect. aferance sf propriety; suitability. afaité pp as a see afaitié. aferant a convenient; suitable, proper, fit, meet; afaiteement adv see afaitieement. belonging to. afaitement sm arrangement; training; upbring- aferant sm portion, share; due; a, selon l’a., ing; breeding (desirable social qualities); act of proportionately,as is fitting. politeness, courtesy; construction, defence-work; afere sm and f see afaire. (cul.) seasoning (of food). aferir v impers be convenient, suitable, fitting; afaiteor sm trainer (of animals). concern, appertain (to). afaiter v see afaitier. aferir vi belong to, relate to; concern, regard; afaitié pp as a well bred, well educated; well appertain, be appropriate; be necessary,behove; mannered, civilised, polite; well brought up; be proper, fit; a. a, belong to. (cyn.) trained (of hound) affeted (trained, aferir vr concern, be related to; be suitable, gentled of hawk). becoming; compare, be similar to.

14 afit afermacion sf affirmation; confirmation. afichier vt fix, fasten; attach, position; strengthen, afermail sm fastener, clasp, catch. consolidate; state, affirm (opinion); confirm, afermance sf affirmation; confirmation; assure; swear (on sth.). engagement (to be married). aficier v see afichier. afermé pp as a strong, solid, firm; steadfast; afié pp as a who has sworn, pledged (fidelity,etc.); healthy. trustworthy; trusty. afermement sm support; consolidation; afié pp as sm faithful supporter, servant. affirmation. afieblier v see afebliier. afermer vi stand firm. afiement sm confidence; good faith; security, afermer vr stand firm, obtain a firm footing. reliability; possession, property; (pl.) afermer vt strengthen, consolidate; make firm; appurtenances. fasten, fix, attach; establish, affirm, confirm; afier1 vi have confidence (in); swear, affirm; make enclose, shut up, lock away: cf. enfermer. a pledge. aferue sf proportion, share. afier1 vr trust (in); confide (in); entrust o.s. (to). afester vt entertain, give a feast for s.o. afier1 vt swear, vow, promise; declare, announce; afetardir vr become lazy,indolent, weak, inert. assure; pledge, give a surety; trust, believe; a. afetié a see afaitié. une feme, become betrothed to a woman, afetieement adv see afaitieement. betroth a woman in marriage. afetier v see afaitier. afier2 v see afichier. afeutrement sm padded part of a saddle; afierer v see afoerer. padding (worn as added protection under afigurer vt look at; compare. armour). afilé a sharp, sharpened (lit. and fig.); swift, fleet- afeutrer vr ready,prepare o.s. (for battle). footed (of horse). afeutrer vt harness, saddle, rig out (a horse). afiler1 vi flow, run; trickle down. afeutreure sf padded part of a saddle; padding, afiler1 vr flow, run; trickle down; prepare o.s., cloth (for horse’s back and neck); padded clothing. ready o.s. aff- see also under af-. afiler2 vt sharpen; shred. afi sm confidence, trust, good faith; feudal duty, afin a connected, related (by marriage); allied. obligation; feudal due. Cf. afit1. afin sm kinsman affinity. afiable a worthy of confidence; confident, afin adv a. por, de, a.+inf., in order to, for the trusting. purpose of. Cf. fin. afiage sm trust; confidence; assurance. afin que conj in order that. Cf. fin. afiaille sf pledge, promise, assurance; vow; (pl.) afinceler vt bind, fasten, tie up. engagement (to be married). afine sf kinswoman by affinity. afiance sf confidence, trust; pledge, guarantee; afiné pp as a pure, refined. oath of fidelity; en bone a., in good faith. afinement sm end, finish, conclusion. afianchier v see afiancier. afineor sm one who ends, puts an end to sth. afiancier subst inf pledge, promise. Cf. afiner2. afiancier vi plight one’s troth. afiner1 vr become purified, refined. afiancier vr assure, promise, give one’s word. afiner1 vt purify,refine; (fig.) purify,purge; afiancier vt promise, vow; swear to, provide with certify,assure. Cf. efiner1. a pledge, assure. afiner2 vi come to an end; terminate; die, come to afiant a confident; trop a., over-confident, one’s end, perish. presumptuous. afiner2 vt finish, terminate, put an end to, finish afiant sm confidant. off, end successfully; kill, put to death. afiçail sm see afichal. afinir vi die, come to one’s end. afice sf see afiche. afinir vt kill. aficeler vt fasten, bind (with cord, string). afinité sf neighbourhood, vicinity; affinity, afichal sm buckle, clasp; brooch, pin. kinship. afiche sf buckle, clasp; brooch. afique sf see afiche. afiché pp as a see afichié. afirer v see afoerer. aficheement adv see afichieement. afirmacion sf affirmation. afichement sm palisade. afirmance sf affirmation. aficher v see afichier. afirmatif a affirmative. afichet sm clasp, fastener; brooch. afirmative sf assertion, affirmation. afichié pp as a firmly fixed; steadfast; hard, close- afirmement sm assertion, affirmation. fought (of battle). afirmer v see afermer. afichieement adv solidly,firmly; fixedly; afischier v see afichier. resolutely. afist sm see afit1. afichier vr fix o.s., steady o.s.; press, lean against; afit1 sm affection; inclination; de bon, grant a., fasten on to sth.; fasten one’s clothes (with clasp, with affection, lovingly. etc.); stand, fix, plant o.s. on sth.; pledge o.s., afit2 sm insult, mockery; challenge, provocation; assert; persist (in doing sth.). hatred, disdain.

15 afit afit3 sm see afi. forcefully; in strength, in number. afiter v see afitier. Cf. esforciblement. afitier vt maltreat, insult, outrage; provoke. aforcieement adv violently,by force; in afitos a mocking, insulting, insolent. strength, in numbers. Cf. esforcieement. afiubler v see afubler. aforciement sm strengthening; reinforcement; aflamber vt light, enflame; excite. confirmation; constraint, obligation; violation, aflamer v see aflamber. rape. Cf. esforcement. aflavillier v see afebliier. aforcier vi increase; grow stronger. Cf. esforcier. aflebillier v see afebliier. aforcier vr strive; gain strength. Cf. esforcier. aflebir v see afeblir. aforcier vt strengthen; fortify; reinforce; force, aflevillier v see afebliier. compel. Cf. esforcier. afliction sf act of humility,contrition; humiliaion, aforer1 vt broach, tap (wine). mortification; punishment, penance; self-discipline. aforer2 vt tax; set selling price of merchandise. afliement sm affliction. aforkier v see aforchier. afliger vt wound; ruin. aformé pp as a shapely,well formed. aflire vr prostrate o.s.; humble o.s.; be afflicted, aformer vt instruct, teach. downcast. aforragier vt provide fodder for, feed (cattle etc.). aflire vt strike, cut down; crush; punish; aforrer vt feed; fatten (cattle, etc.). prostrate, humble. afouailler v provide heating; heat. aflit pp as a afflicted, downcast. afouler vt bring together (in a crowd, in large afloré a decorated with flowers. numbers). aflubail sm see afublail. afraer v see esfreer. afluber v see afubler. afranchir vt free (slave, serf). aflublir v see afeblir. afranquir v see afranchir. afoage sm fire-bote (right to take wood for fuel afrarir vr fraternise; become as brothers. from a communal or seigniorial forest). afre sm aver, draught horse. Cf. avres. afoberter vt fool, dupe. Cf. foubert. afreant a see aferant. afodille sm (bot.) asphodel. afreer v see esfreer. afoement sm hearth-tax. afremer v see afermer. afoer vi light; become heated. afrener vt put on a rein; rein, rein in; bridle; afoer vt light (a fire); heat. subjugate, control. afoerece sf stock (of wood for burning). afreneure sf bridle. afoerer vt assess, value; establish the amount of afrerir v see afrarir. a fine or amercement. afreschir vt freshen; refresh. afoereur sm assessor. african a and sm African. afoerour sm see afoereur. africum sm see afrique. afoibloier v see afebliier. afriier vr rub o.s. (against). afoir v see afuir. afrique sm south-west wind. afoler1 vi become mad, insane; be hurt, afront adv shamelessly. damaged; die, perish. afronté a shameless. Cf. esfronté. afoler1 vr become mad, insane; die, perish. afronteement adv openly; brazenly. afoler1 vt make mad; fill with fear, dread; make a afronter vr meet forehead to forehead; kill o.s.; fool of, deceive; hurt, injure; wound, damage, be ashamed. mutilate; vanquish, kill. afronter vt strike (on the forehead); fell (lit. and afoler2 vt tread, trample (on). Cf. foler. fig.). afoletir vt make mad. afroseline sf talc. afoleure sf wound, bruise; mutilation. Cf. foleure2. afrount adv see afront. afondement sm humiliation; depths of despair, afruitier vir bear fruit; be advantageous. suffering. afrunt sm see afront. afonder vi sink, submerge. afublail sm cloak; garment. afonder vr sink, submerge; become depressed. afublement sm garment, clothing. afonder vt sink, submerge. afubler vr dress, attire o.s. afondre vi rush, come rushing towards sth., s.o. afubler vt fasten on, tie (a cloak, etc.); don. afondrer vti sink; submerge. Cf. enfondrer2. afubleure sf garments, clothing. aforain a from outside (i.e. another town, afuier vti flee, leave. district). afuir vir flee. aforbeter vt trick, deceive, gull. afuler v see afoler2, afubler. aforcheure sf opening (between legs). afulure sf see afubleure. aforchier vi bifurcate, fork (of road), form a afumé pp as a blackened (with smoke). crossroads. afumer vt fumigate; choke (with dust). aforchier vt straddle; spread (legs). afunder v see afonder. aforcible a strong, powerful. afurer v see afoerer. aforciblement adv strongly,powerfully; afuschier vir be on the watch, the look out.

16 agregier afusci a blackened. ageter vt reject, cast aside. afusté a musty (of wine barrel). agg see also under ag-. afuster vr lean against, support o.s. on, against. agier sm see algier. afusti pp as a cunning, astute. agiet sm see algier. afustir vr become stiff (like wood). Cf. enfustir. agiographes sm pl Hagiographa (the books of agab sm joke, jest. the Old Testament other than those of the Law agace sf magpie. and the Prophets). agacier1 vi caw, croak. agipcian a see egipcien. agacier2 vt annoy,irritate; harass. agire vi give birth. agagier v see engagier, gagier. agistement sm agistment (pasturage of agaictier v see agaitier. domestic animals in a royal forest); right of agaillardi a courageous. agistment; charge for agistment. agaise sf chasm, abyss; precipice. agister1 vt agist, put animals out to pasture. agait sm snare, trap; ruse, trick; en a., lying in agister2 vi be confined (in childbirth). wait; faire a., lie in wait (for); avoir agais (pl.), agistor sm agister, official who supervised be watched on, spied on. agistement, q.v. agaitable a lying in wait (to deceive, entrap). agnel sm lamb; lambskin. agaite sf watchman. agneler vi lamb (give birth to). agaiteor sm one lying in wait, in ambush; spy, agnelet sm small lamb. eavesdropper. agnelin a of a lamb: pel a., lambskin. agaitier vi keep watch; be on one’s guard. agnelin sm lambswool; lambskin. agaitier vt watch, observe; spy on; be on the alert agocier vt attack, assault; injure. for, lie in wait for; trap, set a trap for; lie in wait agoille sf see aguille. for; look out for, be on the look-out. agoine sf anguish; terror; death agony. agali a see achali. agolé a with (embroidered) collars. agaloner vt beribbon. agonie sf see agoine. agancer v see agencier. agorisme sm mathematics. agapir vi become stale, insipid. agot sm channel, drain. agapis sf see agate. agoter vt drip, drop, trickle (liquid). agar interj look! Cf. esgarder. agoverner vt guide, steer. agard sm see esgart. agraanter v see acreanter. agardement sm see esgardement. agraignier vt make larger, greater. agarder vt see; wait for; confront. Cf. esgarder. agraillier vt make thinner. agarer vt wait for. agramir vr become angry; be upset, concerned. agarite sf see esgarite, garite. Cf. engramir, gramir. agarmir v see agramir. agrandir vi grow bigger. agarnir vr defend, protect o.s. agrandir vt make bigger. agast sm see agait. agrape sf hook. agaster vt stain; pollute. agraper vtr catch, hook, lay hold of. agastir vt destroy,lay waste, ravage, ruin, agrapiner vt rake together. Cf. agraper. devastate. agrapir v see agraper. agate sf agate (thought to have protective and agratiner v see esgratiner. curative powers). agravance sf troubling, worrying; molestation. age sm and f see aage. agraventer v see acraventer. agehir vr confess one’s sins. agraver vt make heavy,weary; make difficult, ageit sm see agait. worse; aggravate. agenci pp as a prepared for, suitable for; agré sm will, pleasure. handsome, pretty. agreable a agreeable, pleasing; in agreement, agencier vi please; yield, be more compliant. consenting, willing; thankful. agencier vr prepare o.s., make ready; make o.s., agreablement adv approvingly; thankfully. become pretty. agreer1 vi please, satisfy; be pleasing; take agencier vt prepare, arrange, range; decorate, pleasure (in). embellish. agreer1 vt s’a. a, agree to; take pleasure in. agencir vir adapt o.s. to, prepare o.s. for. agreer1 vt agree to; please, satisfy. agencir vt decorate, adorn. agreer2 v see agreier. agenoillier vir kneel (down, before). agregance sf aggravation, worsening. agenoillier vt force to the knees. agregement sm aggravation; worsening. agensier v see agencier. agreger v see agregier. agensir v see agencir. agregier vi become heavy,heavier, more difficult, agent a acting, having an effect. burdensome; grow worse. agenuler v see agenoillier. agregier vt make heavy,heavier, more difficult, agesir vi lie down; lie beside; give birth. burdensome; aggravate; make worse; oppress; ageter vr swoop (of birds of prey). torment.

17 agregir agregir vt oppress; torment. Cf. agregier. aguillon sm prickle, sting; goad; spike; (med.) agrei sm see agroi. needle-worm. agreier vr dress, equip o.s.; prepare o.s. aguillonement sm stimulation, incitement, agreier vt rig (mast, vessel); ready,prepare. goading. agrener vt bear seed (lit. and fig.). aguilloneor sm who pricks, goads, excites. agreos a pleasing; satisfying. aguilloner vti prick, sting; incite, goad. agreslir vi become thinner, more slender. aguillonos a pointed; stinging. agresser vr exert o.s., force o.s. aguiseiz a sharpened, pointed. agresser vt attack, assault. aguisier vr (fig.) sharpen; become heated (of agreste sm rustic. temper etc.). agreté sf see aigreté. aguisier vt sharpen; make more pointed, make agrevé pp as a oppressed; grievous. more piquant (flavour). Cf. aguer, agucer. agrevement sm aggravation; worsening. agun sm cutting-edge (of sword). agrever vi become worse, more serious, more agure sm divination, augury. difficult. agus sm pl knowledge of augury. agrever vr be worried, concerned, oppressed. agut a, adv and sm see agu. agrever vt make worse, more serious, more aguverner v see agoverner. difficult. aguyle sf see aguille. agriculture sf agriculture. aguzoun sf see acueison. agrier v see agroier. agw- see also under agu-. agrocier vt growl at. ah interj see a. agroi sm equipment; armour; harness; defence, ahai interj see hahai. support. ahair vt hate. agroier vt jab, prick; encourage, stimulate, urge ahait sm joy; pleasure; enthusiasm; a grant a., on; torment, torture, rack. with all speed, joyfully,enthusiastically. agruir vi weaken, fail (of strength, limbs). Cf. hait. agrumer vt break into pieces. Cf. esgruner. ahaitier vi be joyful, cheerful. agrumir vt embitter. ahaitier vt please, delight; cheer up. agst sm see aost. ahan interj see ahen, ahenc. agu a sharp, pointed; acute (of illness); sharp (of ahan sm pain, anguish; effort; hardship, taste). suffering, difficulty; toil, travail; fatigue; agu adv sharply,keenly. distress; metre en a., cause trouble for. agu sm point, top (of helmet); cutting edge. ahanable a arable. aguait sm see aguet, agait. ahanage sm ploughing; labour, toil, fatigue; aguaiter v see agaitier. exhaustion. agucé pp as a sharp; sharpened. ahaneor sm ploughman. agucement sm sharpness; bitterness. ahaner vi toil, labour. agucer vt sharpen; make tart, pungent; prick, ahaner vr trouble o.s., take pains; distress o.s. spur. Cf. aguer. ahaner vt plough the land; work (land, field, ague sf (med.) ague. vineyard, etc.). aguece sf sharpness; bitterness; acuteness. ahanible a arable. agueit sm see aguet, agait. ahanier sm ploughman; cultivator. aguement adv acutely. ahaper vt seize, take hold of. aguer vt sharpen. Cf. agucer. aharnaschier vr equip o.s. aguerdoner vt reward. aharnaschier vt harness (horse); equip, arm aguesce sf see aguece. (soldiers). agueson sf sharpening. aharnesquier v see aharnaschier. aguet a slightly sharp, finely pointed. ahastir v see aatir. aguet sm see agait. ahateison sf see aatison. agueté sf sharpness, bitterness. ahatier vr excite o.s. Cf. aatir. agui- see also under aigui-. ahatine sf see aatine. agui a see agu. ahatir v see aatir. aguichier v see aguicier. ahaucier vt raise. Cf. enhaucier. aguicier vt fit a strap on a shield. ahaus sm pl dirt, refuse, rubbish. aguier vt guide, lead. ahé sm see aage. aguilee sf cattle-prod, goad. ahen interj ahem! aguille sf needle; spire (of church). ahenage sm see ahanage. aguillener v see aguilloner. ahenc interj ahem! aguillete sf small needle. ahenier v see ahanier. aguillier1 sm needle-case. aherdance sf see aerdance. aguillier2 sm needler. aherdant prp see aerdant. aguillier vt sew; prick. aherdre v see aerdre. aguilliere sf needle-case. aherir v see aderir.

18 aigreté aheriter vt make (s.o.) an heir, appoint as (s.o.’s) aideresse sf helper; supporter. heir. aidier vi help, assist, be of use. aherneschier v see aharnaschier. aidier vr have the use of one’s limbs, faculties; aherter vr attach o.s. (lit. or fig.). Cf. aerdre. occupy o.s. (at a trade); make use of; have the aheuge a see ahoge. help, assistance of; avail o.s. of; show ahi interj oh! ah!; woe!; a. las, alas! Cf. ai. competence (in). ahier adv and prep see ariere. aidier vt help, aid, assist; si m’aist Dieus, God ahir sm see air. help me! ahireter v see aheriter. aidif a helpful, giving help, succour. ahoc sm hook. aidoire sf help, assistance, succour. ahochier vti hang (on a hook). aidois a helpful, giving help, succour. ahoege a see ahoge. aidonc adv see adonc. ahoge a large, enormous, huge; mighty; aidunc adv see adonc. powerful. aie interj (imperative of aidier) help!; Deus aie! ahogement adv forcefully. God help me (us, etc.). ahonnir vt dishonour, insult. aie1 sf aid; help; assistance, succour; (feudal) aid; ahontage sm shame, opprobrium. (pl.) (mil.) military forces; estre a, en a., help; ahontagier vt disgrace, discredit. faire a. a, help. Cf. aide. ahonter vr shame, disgrace o.s.; be ashamed. aie2 sf see haie. ahontir vt shame, disgrace. aiel sm see aiuel. ahordir vt surround. aiele sf see aiuele. ahorer v see aorer1. aiement sm see aimant. ahors interj expressing alarm. aienz adv see ainz. ahorter v see ahurter. aier adv and prep see ariere. ahour sm see aor. aier sm glow, heat. ahourer v see aorer1. aier v see aidier. ahuchier vt call, call to. aierdre v see aerdre. ahuer vt shout at, pursue with cries; jeer at, aiere sm and f see erre. mock, deride. aieres adv and prep see ariere. ahuge a see ahoge. aiesier v see aisier. ahuner v see auner. aigage a see evage. ahuré a happy,fortunate. Cf. euré. aige sf see aigue. ahurer v see aorer1. aighe sf see aigue. ahurne- see also under aorne-. aigier vt build, construct. ahurtant prp as a wilful; self-willed. aigilliere sf see aguilliere. ahurté a determined, dogged. aiglantin a aquiline. ahurter vi knock, bump (into). aigle sm and f eagle. ahurter vr run into, stumble (over). aiglefin sm see aigrefin. ahurter vt strike, hit; stumble on, against; run aiglel sm eaglet. into, come across, meet. aiglent sm (bot.) wild rose, dog-rose (the flower). ahyne sf hate, hatred. aiglente sf (bot.) wild rose, dog-rose (the flower). ai interj oh! ah! Cf. ahi. aiglentier sf (bot.) wild rose, dog-rose (the bush). ai oire interj hurrah! Cf. amen ore. aiglesse sf she-eagle. ai ore interj see ai oire. aiglet sm eaglet. aiable a able; capable. Cf. aidable. aiglete sf eaglet. aidable a helpful; beneficial; able-bodied; fitting, aiglon sm eaglet. suitable. aigné a and sm see ainzné. aidage sm aid, help, succour. aignel sm see agnel. aidance sf aid, help, succour. aignelet sm see agnelet. aidant a strong, powerful; able, capable; aignelin a and sm see agnelin. useful. aigoine sf see agoine. aidant prp as a estre en a., be helpful. See also aigre a sour, bitter; sharp, hard; violent; eager, aidier. greedy; lively,active, forceful. aidant sm helper, supporter, ally. aigre sm wish, desire, longing. aide sf aid, help, assistance, succour; (feudal) aid; aigrece sf passion; anger, rage. (pl.) (mil.) auxiliaries; estre en a. a, aid, assist. aigrefin sm haddock. Cf. aie. aigrement adv ardently,violently,roughly; aidel a strong, able. Cf. aidable. loudly,eagerly,sharply. aidel sm helper; supporter. aigremoine sf (bot.) agrimony. aidement sm aid, help, succour. aigret a dimin. of aigre, q.v. aideor sm helper; abettor; (mil.) auxiliary. aigret sm green grape; verjuice, sour grape juice. aider v see aidier. aigreté sf bitterness; sharpness; violence, aidere sm see aideor. severity; bravery

19 aigri aigri pp as a bitter; embittered. ainçois adv first; sooner; before; earlier; in the aigrier v see agroier. past; quant a., as soon as; rather, sooner, on the aigrin sm sharpness (of taste); sourness; contrary; a . . . que . . ., rather . . . than. bitterness. ainçois de prep before. aigrir vi become sour. ainçois que conj before. aigrir vt sour, turn sour. aincui adv see encui. aigron sm see hairon. aine1 sf groin. aigrumir v see agrumir. aine2 sf vat, wine-cask, barrel. Cf. esne. aigrun sm sour fruit; sour food (in general). aines sf pl en a., in suspension; tenir en a. et aigrure sf sharpness, bitterness. en fonds, tresfonds, form of tenure or land aigue sf water; river, stream; stream of water; ownership; pendre en a., hang in suspension; stretch of water; a. royal, river which flows (fig.) estre en a., be in distress, anguish, diffi- into sea; a. de bise, rain; tears; l’a. dou culty.Cf. ainse. cuer, tears; a. rose, rosewater; a. crasse, ainjornee sf see ainzjornee. broth; faire a., make, take in water; (fig.) ainmer v see amer. debatre l’a., waste one’s time; corner l’a., ainmi interj woe!, alas! Cf. aimi. see corner. ainné a and sm see ainzné. aigueline sf (med.) dropsy. ainques adv see ainc. aiguet sm stream; small canal. ains adv see ainc, ainz. aigui- see also under agui-. ains conj see ainz. aiguier sm ewer. ainse sf distress, suffering; anxiety. aiguier1 vt sprinkle (with water); mix (with ainsi adv thus, so, in this way. water); flood. ainsi com conj a. com, a. que, just as, in the way aiguier2 vt make equal. Cf. aiver. (that), so that. aiguiere sf ewer. ainsi que conj as; so that; with the result that. aiguillier sm see aguillier. ainsifaitement adv thus, so, in this way. aiguillier v see aguillier. ainsifaitierement adv thus, so, in this way. aiguisier v see aguisier. ainsint adv see ainsi. ail sm garlic; clove of garlic; (fig.) object of little ainsiques adv see ainsi. value: ne prisier deus aux pelez. ainsjornal a see ainzjornal. aille1 sf garlic; (fig.) object of little value. ainsjornee sf see ainzjornee. aille2 sm and f eagle. Cf. aigle. ainsné a see ainzné. aillet sm garlic; clove of garlic. ainsneece sf see ainzneece. ailleurs adv see aillors. ainsos a distressed, anxious. aillie sf garlic sauce. ainssint adv see ainsi. ailliee sf garlic sauce; (fig.) object of little ainxe sf see ainse. value. ainz adv first, before; formerly; earlier; sooner, aillors adv elsewhere; somewhere else; to s.o. else; rather; on the contrary; (ja) ne . . . a. que . . ., par a., anywhere else; penser a., think of s.o., no sooner than . . .; cum a. pot, as soon as he sth. else. could; qui a. a., in emulation; qui a. mieuz,in aillurs adv see aillors. emulation, rivalry. ailoiur sm see aleoir. ainz conj rather, on the contrary; a. que, before. ailors adv see aillors. ainz prep before; a. ces eures, before now; a. hui, ailour sm see aleoir. before today. ailurs adv see aillors. ainzjornal a (taking place) before daybreak. aim sm hook; fish-hook. ainzjornee sf dawn, daybreak. aimable a see amable. ainzné a and sm eldest, firstborn. aimablement adv see amablement. ainzneage sm seniority,priority by age, aimant sm (lapid.) lodestone; diamond (often primogeniture; birthright. used as a symbol of hardness. Cf. adamant. ainznee a and sf eldest, firstborn. aime sf a measure of wine. ainzneece sf seniority,priority by age, aimen interj see amen. primogeniture; birthright. aimenore interj =amen ore, q.v. aiol sm see aiuel. aimer v see amer, esmer. aiole sf see aiuele. aimi interj ah!, alas!, woe! air1 sm air; atmosphere; breeze; weather; tot en ain sm see aim. l’a., up in the air; a l’a., in the open air. ainc adv ever; (with neg.) never; ne a. mes,never air2 sm anger, ire; violence, rage; energy,fury; before; ne a. puis, never since; ne a. onques, ardour, force, strength; impetuosity; de, par under no circumstances, in no way.Frequently (grant) a., fiercely,furiously. confused with ainz, q.v. air v see hair. ainçais adv see ainçois. airable sm maple (-wood, -tree). ainceis adv see ainçois. airage sm anger, rage. ainchois adv see ainçois. airain sm see arain.

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