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F422 HISTORY of the FRENCH LANGUAGE Prerequisite: FRENCH 221

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F422 HISTORY of the FRENCH LANGUAGE Prerequisite: FRENCH 221 F422 HISTORY OF THE FRENCH LANGUAGE prerequisite: FRENCH 221 Catalog Description: "A linguistic study of the phonological, morphological, syntactic and lexical changes which turned the Latin spoken in Gaul into modern standard French. No previous training in linguistics required." (Note also: no previous training in Latin or Old French required.) Language of instruction: English. Instructor: Dr. Nathan L. Love Texts: A History of the French Language Peter RICKARD The French Language: Present and Past Glanville PRICE We will be concerned with external and internal history. External history pertains to the cultural, social, political realities bearing on language change, whereas internal history concerns itself primarily with phonological developments that occur within the language, independent of cultural phenomena. The Rickard text outlines external history, and the Price text catalogues the internal history of the French language. Class instruction will consist of traditional lectures bearing on language structure and internal history. The emergence of Old French from Vulgar Latin will receive emphasis since it is the earlier stages of development which are most remote from us. The readings on external history will be left to the students to complete. Requirements: A research paper, midterm and final exam. This will be a course rich in learning opportunities. It will provide a brief introduction to linguistics (especially historical Romance linguistics), an overview of the structure of Classical Latin, the essential characteristics of the syntax and lexicon of Old French, the standardization of Modern French in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. Much that is arcane in Modern French grammar and spelling will become clearer, I hope. With French as a case study, one will emerge from the course with a better understanding of the nature of language change in general, especially as it is reflected in vocabulary and pronunciation. Finally, this course will serve as useful background for any future study of linguistics, Old French, and the grammar of modern French--perhaps even for literary studies oriented toward stylistics. F422 First Day Questionnaire 1. What is linguistics? 2. How closely related are French orthography and phonology? 3. Who was Ferdinand de Saussure? 4. How would you represent : Comment vous appelez-vous? phonetically? 5. What is the difference between Vulgar Latin and Classical Latin? 6. Which sort of Latin is that found on the sides of buildings in Pompeii? 7. What language is this? Quod dum tempore quodam faceret, et relicta domu convivii egressus esset ad stabula iumentorum, quorum ei custodia nocte illa erat delegata, ibique hora competenti membre dedisset sopori, adsitit ei quidam per somium, eumque salutans as suo appellans nomine. 8. What language is this? Si Lodhuvigs sagrament, que son fradre Karlo jurat, conservat, et Karlos meos sendra de suo part non los tanit, si io returnar non l'int pois, ne io ne neuls cui eo returnar int pois, in nulla ajudha contra Lodhuwig nun li iv er. 9. Which language has contributed the most to the French lexicon? a) Latin b) English c) German d) Celtic 10. When did modern French emerge? 11. Did the word in the first column derive from a) or b) ? poids a) pondus b) pensum legs a) legatum b) laisser cendre a) cinerem b) centum chaud a) calidum b) charta SKETCH OF THE HISTORY OF THE FRENCH LANGUAGE Council of Tours 813 rustica romana lingua theotisca lingua Earliest Manifestations of French Strasbourg Oaths 842 Charles the Bald Louis the German Nithardus Sequence of Saint Eulalia Jonah Fragment Clermont Passion Life of St Leger Life of St Alexis Song of Roland Before the Earliest Manifestations of French Gauls of Gaul (circa 300 B.C.) spoke Gaulish, a Celtic language. The Romans introduced Vulgar Latin into Gaul from circa 154 B.C. Latin supplanted Gaulish, although Gaulish influenced some limited Latin vocabulary. Gaulish died out by end of 5th century. Breton, a Celtic tongue subsisted only in Brittany. Germanic influence on Latin spoken in Gaul in 5th century and afterward. Eventually the Frankish conquerors learn Latin, too. What is spoken in Gaul is Latin. It seems to have divided into regional speech or dialects from 8th century or so. Old French · By 12th and 13th centuries, the vernacular is acceptable for literature. · LANGUE D'OIL (see map in Rickard, p. 48) dialects: Francien, Norman, Picard, Champenois, Walloon, Poitevin, etc. · LANGUE D'OC dialects: Gascon, Limousin, Auvergnat, Provençal, etc. · As Francien gains ascendency, the long-lived process of centralization and codification of French begins. · With 11th century, documents permit one to see that O.F. has a "grammar", if not yet a set othographical system. · 2 case system — oblique / nominative Middle French: 14th, 15th, & 16th centuries · The two-case system abandoned--major morphological change. · The vowels simplify--major phonological change. · Conjunctions and syntax become freer. · Vocabuary expands. · Period of Froissard, Villon. · Langue d'oïl--clearly more prestigious than langue d’oc. · French the official language--16th century. · Apologists of the French Language. Apologies: ǂ Deffense et Illustration de la langue françoyse 1549 Joahim Du Bellay ǂ Institution chrétienne 1541 Jean Calvin ǂ La Concorde des des langaiges 1513 Jean Lemaire de Belges ǂ Traicté ... avec le Grec 1565 Henri Estienne Modern French 17th Century · Syntax, vocabulary, grammar essentially unchanged till present. · Language codifies. Grammarians of language taken seriously. · Paris clearly the central force in all language matters. Eighteenth Century · Fun continues to be poked at patois and dialects · French grammarians continue to flourish · French begins to rival Latin, not only as principal language of serious writers in France, but also of the cultivated persons throughout western Europe. · European presses spread written French throughout Europe and social classes benefiting from public education. · With the Revolution, an even heavier-handed approach to promoting a standardized French · Certain reforms concerning grammar, spelling, even names of months, etc. ushered in by Revolution. · Prose crisper, simpler syntax. Nineteenth Century · Poetization of French prose, invention of new figures of speech. · Preterite tense on decline · Concrete nouns rendered abstract, and vice versa. Twentieth Century · Exploration of "styles" continues · Colloquial speech in novel and theatre · Where will it all end? Peculiarities of modern French grammar & spelling Ils pensent /ilpɑ̃s/ regarder /rəgarde/ Monsieur /məsjø/ Tu m'as écrit de belles lettres à cette époque-là. Où sont les lettres que tu as écrites? Marianne s'est lavée ce matin. Marianne s'est lavé d'abord le visage. Il a fait chanter la chanson aux étudiants. = Il la leur a fait chanter. Il est venu parler aux professeurs des progrès les plus récents. = Il est venu leur en parler. aller: je vais; BUT nous allons VAIS, VAS, VA, VONT ~ ALLER, ALLONS, ALLEZ The "boot" of the irregular verbs, i.e., irregular forms in all singular forms and third person plural; nous and vous forms resemble infinitive. VEUX voulons achète /aʃɛt/ achEtons /aʃtɔ̃/ VEUX voulez achète /aʃɛt/ achEtez /aʃte/ VEUT VEULENT achète /aʃɛt/ achètent /aʃɛt/ Linguistics : A Systematic Study of Language What other approach to an history of language recommends itself but a linguistic approach, that is, one which is like a science--rigorous, methodical, factual, whose terminology is consistent and precise, whose object lends itself to observation and verification, and is "public" or open to scrutiny? Victor Hugo in Notre-Dame de Paris (especially in the chapter Ceci tuera cela) illustrates another possible approach: imaginative and "intuitive" -- which proves, however, unsatisfactory by itself. Although based on much knowledge and insight, it functions only as an element of tone and local color in a work of Romantic fiction. A. History of Linguistics 1. The First Linguists: a) the lone Indian, Pānini--4th cent. B.C. grammarian gave for Vedic (an early form of Sanskrit) formal, complete, rigorous description. b) the anonymous aphabetizers. Modern alphabets, invented long ago, present real and significant phonetic distinctions within the sounds of their languages. c) the men of many words, Greek philosphers and sophists. i) logos as creative and organizing principle of the rational universe. ii) preoccupation with how language, especially abstract and relational terms, relate to reality. iii) Elaboration of logic, with Aristotle a system of principles for sound argumentation. 2. Linguistics over the Centuries: As with the ancient Greeks, the study of language remains throughout the history of western civilization, a philosophical preoccupation full of more speculation than description or observation at its best, at its worst a subject akin to magic. a) man & speech; animals and instinctive communication. b) writers of bestiaries and "etymologies." For some, it is as though language or certain terms, such as incantations, curses, names of deities or satanic entities inherently possess the power of Greek logos. Modern linguistics emerges from philosophy as a distinct discipline in the manner of psychology or physics. Two main concerns predominate: history of past language and family of languages. Once the notion of inevitable progress is rejected as an axiom, the past becomes more instructive and interesting. With the discovery of similarities in the seemingly most remote languages, one begins
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