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A new report on mixed species association between Nilgiri Langurs Semnopithecus johnii and Tufted Grey Langurs S. priam (Primates: Cercopithecidae) in the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, Western Ghats, India
K.S. Chetan Nag
26 June 2020 | Vol. 12 | No. 9 | Pages: 15975–15984 DOI: 10.11609/jot.5615.12.9.15975-15984
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Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 June 2020 | 12(9): 15975–15984 ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) PLATINUM OPEN ACCESS DOI: htps://doi.org/10.11609/jot.5615.12.9.15975-15984
#5615 | Received 13 December 2019 | Final received 12 May 2020 | Finally accepted 29 May 2020
C o m A new report on mixed species associaton between m u n Nilgiri Langurs Semnopithecus johnii and Tufed Grey Langurs S. priam i c ಎರಡು %ನ' ಪ)*ೇಧ(Primates: .ೕ/ಗಳ 2ೈಸ56ಕ Cercopithecidae)ಕ8ೆಯು/:ೆ /*ೆ;ೆಯು/:ೆ /:ಾಸ=ಾ> in/?ಾ@ಗABೆ the , Nilgiri.ೕ/ ವ5ೕ6ಕರಣ Biosphere EಾಸFGHBೆ Iಾಗೂ Reserve, Kಾ)L EಾಸFGHBೆ ಕುತೂಹಲ:ಾH a . . t /ದQRಾನ=ಾ5Sೆ ದTಣ Uಾರತದ ಘಟX ಪ)SೇಶಗಳZ[ ಇದುವ;ೆಗೂWesternಎರಡು %ನ' ಪ)*ೇಧ Ghats,ಮುಶQಗಳ *ೆ;ೆಯು/:ೆಯನು' India :ೇವಲ ಮೂರು ಪ)SೇಶಗಳZ[ Rಾತ) SಾಖZಸ8ಾ5Sೆ ಪ)ಸು_ತ i 8ೇಖನವ`, ತaಳb 2ಾcನ @ೕಲ5H ಸಂರTತ eೇತ)ದ Sೇ/ಮ8ೆ fg ನ (ಗುಡಲೂರು-ಊi Rಾಗ6) ಓ =ಾQZೕ iೕ ಎkೆXೕg ಸುತ_ ಮುತ_Zನ lಾಗದZ[ , ಅವ:ಾEಾವEಾn, o n ಹ>ಮೂರು ಕH ಮುಶQಗಳ ಒಂದು ಗುಂಪನೂ', ಅದರZ[ ಕಂಡು ಬಂದ ಒಂದು rA IೆಣುsK.S. ಮುಷQ Chetan Iಾಗೂ ಮೂ2ಾ6ಕು Nag ಕH-rA au)ತ ಎvೆಯ ಮುಶQಗಳ /ವರwೆಯ ಕುHತSಾx5Sೆ. 8ೇಖನವ`, , %ನ' ಪ)*ೇಧJAIN.ೕ/ಗಳ (Deemed-to-be*ೆ;ೆಯು/:ೆಯ University),:ಾರಣಗಳನು' ಕH#319,ಮುಶQಗಳ 25th ಸಂತyಯMain Road,ಸಂರzwೆಯ 17th Cross,ಅಗತQ{ೆಯನು' J P NagarIಾಗೂ 6th ಅವ`ಗಳPhase,ಅyೕ Bengaluru,ಸೂz| 2ೆ8ೆಗಳb KarnatakaಮನುಷQ 560078,:ಾರಣಗAಂದ India.RಾKಾ6ಡು ಆಗುy_ರುವ :ಾರಣಗvೆ~ೆBೆ (.ೕ/ಗಳ =ಾಸ ಸಳಗಳZ[ನ RಾKಾ6ಟುಗಳ[email protected] ಇಂತಹ *ೆ;ೆಯು/:ೆBೆ ಅವ:ಾಶ @ೕಡುy=ೆÄೕ ಎಂಬುದರ ಬBೆÅ) ಗಮನ kೆvೆಯುತ_Sೆ. ಈ ಅಧQಯನವ`, ದTಣ ಪuÉಮ ಘಟXಗಳZ[ ಕH-rA ಮುಶQಗಳ *ೆ;ೆಯು/:ೆಯ ಸಳಗಳb ಇನೂ' ಹಲ=ಾರು ಪ)SೇಶಗಳZ[ ಇರಬಹುದು ಎಂದೂ {ೋHÑ:ೊಡುವ`ದರ lೊ{ೆBೆ ಇಂತಹ ಇನೂ' /kಾ_ರ=ಾದ Abstract:ಅಧQಯನಗಳ Phylogenetcಅ@=ಾಯ6{ೆಯನು' conservatsm ಪ)yKಾ>ಸುತ_Sೆ or. rapid anthropogenic habitat modifcatons could increase the incidences of interspecifc associatons of Hanuman and Nilgiri langurs (Family: Cercopithecidae, subfamily: Colobinae) in the southern Western Ghats. Opportunistc
surveys were conducted at the Silent Valley Natonal Park, Kerala and around Devimalai Ghats, Tamil Nadu for Tufed Grey-Nilgiri Langur associaton.ಎರಡು %ನ' ಪ)*ೇಧ Based .ೕ/ಗಳ on 2ೈಸ56ಕ the observatons ಕ8ೆಯು/:ೆ /*ೆ;ೆಯು/:ೆ from Researchers, /:ಾಸ=ಾ> /?ಾ@ಗABೆ feld assistants,, .ೕ/ ವ5ೕ6ಕರಣ forest EಾಸFGHBೆ staf, Iಾಗೂ and localKಾ)L EಾಸFGHBೆpeople, ಕುತೂಹಲ:ಾHthe data in /ದQRಾನ=ಾ5Sೆ terms of the. ದTಣtme Uಾರತದ of the sightng, number of individuals, phenotypes of individuals, and the tme the interacton lasted, were recorded. The study reports data on ಘಟX ಪ)SೇಶಗಳZ[ ಇದುವ;ೆಗೂ ಎರಡು %ನ' ಪ)*ೇಧ ಮುಶQಗಳ *ೆ;ೆಯು/:ೆಯನು' :ೇವಲ ಮೂರು ಪ)SೇಶಗಳZ[ Rಾತ) SಾಖZಸ8ಾ5Sೆ. ಪ)ಸು_ತ 8ೇಖನವ`, ತaಳb 2ಾcನ @ೕಲ5H ಸಂರTತ eೇತ)ದ a troop of Nilgiri Langurs (N=13) around O Valley tea estate at Devimalai Ghat, Gudalur, Tamil Nadu with some hybrid looking individuals ( - ) , , andSೇ/ಮ8ೆ a Tufedfg ನ femaleಗುಡಲೂರು Greyಊi LangurRಾಗ6 amongstಓ =ಾQZೕ iೕ them.ಎkೆXೕg Aಸುತ_ totalಮುತ_Zನ of sixlಾಗದZ[ and twoಅವ:ಾEಾವEಾn uni-male, troopsಹ>ಮೂರು ofಕH NilgiriಮುಶQಗಳ Langursಒಂದು ಗುಂಪನೂ' and greyಅದರZ[ langursಕಂಡು ಬಂದrespectvelyಒಂದು rA withIೆಣುs ಮುಷQ Tufed Iಾಗೂ female ಮೂ2ಾ6ಕು Grey ಕH Langurs,-rA au)ತ and ಎvೆಯ aberrant ಮುಶQಗಳ coat/ವರwೆಯ colored ಕುHತSಾx5Sೆ infants. 8ೇಖನವ` observed, %ನ' ಪ)*ೇಧat the .ೕ/ಗಳ Neelikkal *ೆ;ೆಯು/:ೆಯ secton :ಾರಣಗಳನು'of Silent Valley, ಕH ಮುಶQಗಳ Natonal ಸಂತyಯ Park ಸಂರzwೆಯ are also reported.ಅಗತQ{ೆಯನು' The Iಾಗೂ study ಅವ`ಗಳ reasonably ಅyೕ ಸೂz| 2ೆ8ೆಗಳb speculates ಮನುಷQ that :ಾರಣಗAಂದ there cRಾKಾ6ಡುould be ಆಗುy_ರುವmore such :ಾರಣಗvೆ~ೆBೆ locatons (.ೕ/ಗಳ in the =ಾಸ southern ಸಳಗಳZ[ನ western RಾKಾ6ಟುಗಳb ghats ಇಂತಹ and *ೆ;ೆಯು/:ೆBೆemphasizes ಅವ:ಾಶ the need@ೕಡುy=ೆÄೕ for more ಎಂಬುದರ systematc ಬBೆÅ) ಗಮನ surveys kೆvೆಯುತ_Sೆ to .understand ಈ ಅಧQಯನವ` ,and ದTಣ explore ಪuÉಮ ಘಟXಗಳZ[ the ecology, ಕH-rA behavior,ಮುಶQಗಳ *ೆ;ೆಯು/:ೆಯ molecular, ಸಳಗಳb and other ಇನೂ' likelyಹಲ=ಾರು factors ಪ)SೇಶಗಳZ[ contributng ಇರಬಹುದು toಎಂದೂ the conservaton{ೋHÑ:ೊಡುವ`ದರ of lೊ{ೆBೆ vulnerable ಇಂತಹ ಇನೂ'Nilgiri /kಾ_ರ=ಾದ langur ಅಧQಯನಗಳ(Semnopithecus ಅ@=ಾಯ6{ೆಯನು' johnii) populatons. ಪ)yKಾ>ಸುತ_Sೆ.
Keywords: Colobines, Coromandel Sacred Langur, mixed-species associaton, southwestern India.
ಎರಡು %ನ' ಪ)*ೇಧ .ೕ/ಗಳ 2ೈಸ56ಕ ಕ8ೆಯು/:ೆ /*ೆ;ೆಯು/:ೆ /:ಾಸ=ಾ> /?ಾ@ಗABೆ, .ೕ/ ವ5ೕ6ಕರಣ EಾಸFGHBೆ Iಾಗೂ Kಾ)L EಾಸFGHBೆ ಕುತೂಹಲ:ಾH /ದQRಾನ=ಾ5Sೆ. ದTಣ Uಾರತದ ಘಟX ಪ)SೇಶಗಳZ[ ಇದುವ;ೆಗೂ ಎರಡು %ನ' ಪ)*ೇಧ ಮುಶQಗಳ *ೆ;ೆಯು/:ೆಯನು' :ೇವಲ ಮೂರು ಪ)SೇಶಗಳZ[ Rಾತ) SಾಖZಸ8ಾ5Sೆ. ಪ)ಸು_ತ 8ೇಖನವ`, ತaಳb 2ಾcನ @ೕಲ5H ಸಂರTತ eೇತ)ದ Sೇ/ಮ8ೆ fg ನ (ಗುಡಲೂರು-ಊi Rಾಗ6) ಓ =ಾQZೕ iೕ ಎkೆXೕg ಸುತ_ ಮುತ_Zನ lಾಗದZ[ , ಅವ:ಾEಾವEಾn, ಹ>ಮೂರು ಕH ಮುಶQಗಳ ಒಂದು ಗುಂಪನೂ', ಅದರZ[ ಕಂಡು ಬಂದ ಒಂದು rA Iೆಣುs ಮುಷQ Iಾಗೂ ಮೂ2ಾ6ಕು ಕH-rA au)ತ ಎv ೆಯ ಮುಶQಗಳ /ವರwೆಯ ಕುHತSಾx5Sೆ. 8ೇಖನವ`, %ನ' ಪ)*ೇಧ .ೕ/ಗಳ *ೆ;ೆಯು/:ೆಯ :ಾರಣಗಳನು', ಕH ಮುಶQಗಳ ಸಂತyಯ ಸಂರzwೆಯ ಅಗತQ{ೆಯನು' Iಾಗೂ ಅವ`ಗಳ ಅyೕ ಸೂz| 2ೆ8ೆಗಳb ಮನುಷQ :ಾರಣಗAಂದ RಾKಾ6ಡು ಆಗುy_ರುವ :ಾರಣಗvೆ~ೆBೆ (.ೕ/ಗಳ =ಾಸ ಸಳಗಳZ[ನ RಾKಾ6ಟುಗಳb ಇಂತಹ *ೆ;ೆಯು/:ೆBೆ ಅವ:ಾಶ @ೕಡುy=ೆÄೕ ಎಂಬುದರ ಬBೆÅ) ಗಮನ kೆvೆಯುತ_Sೆ. ಈ ಅಧQಯನವ`, ದTಣ ಪuÉಮ ಘಟXಗಳZ[ ಕH-rA ಮುಶQಗಳ *ೆ;ೆಯು/:ೆಯ ಸಳಗಳb ಇನೂ' ಹಲ=ಾರು ಪ)SೇಶಗಳZ[ ಇರಬಹುದು ಎಂದೂ {ೋHÑ:ೊಡುವ`ದರ lೊ{ೆBೆ ಇಂತಹ ಇನೂ' /kಾ_ರ=ಾದ ಅಧQಯನಗಳ ಅ@=ಾಯ6{ೆಯನು' ಪ)yKಾ>ಸುತ_Sೆ.
Editor: Mewa Singh, University of Mysore, Mysuru, India. Date of publicaton: 26 June 2020 (online & print) Citaton: Nag, K.S.C. (2020). A new report on mixed species associaton between Nilgiri Langurs Semnopithecus johnii and Tufed Grey Langurs S. priam (Pri- mates: Cercopithecidae) in the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, Western Ghats, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 12(9): 15975-15984. htps://doi.org/10.11609/ jot.5615.12.9.15975–15984 Copyright: © Nag 2020. Creatve Commons Atributon 4.0 Internatonal License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproducton, and distributon of this artcle in any medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publicaton. Funding: The present study was supported by a grant from Department of Biotechnology, Government of India (Grant No. BT/PR-7127/BCE/08/445/2006) to Dr. K. Praveen Karanth. Competng interests: The author declares no competng interests. Author details: Chetan Nag K S, is a Research Assistant Professor at JAIN (Deemed-to-be-University), Bengaluru broadly interested in terrestrial ecology with emphasis on urban ecology. His overarching research goal is to understand processes that drive biological diversifcaton due to human infuence (rapid evoluton). He is interested in animal species adaptatons to challenging situatons in non urban, urban and suburban environments and he plans to achieve this through feld and lab experiments within a fundamental (evolutonary/ecological) and applied (conservaton-oriented) framework. Acknowledgements: The present study was partally supported by a grant from Department of Biotechnology, Government of India (Grant No. BT/PR-7127/ BCE/08/445/2006) to Dr. K. Praveen Karanth, Professor, CES, IISc, Bengaluru). I am thankful to Peter Kappeler and German Primate Centre for providing travel grant to atend the 8th Götnger Freilandtage bi-annual internatonal conference, Germany. I am indebted for the comments of Chaitra, M.S., Carola Borries and Hari Sridhar which greatly improved the manuscript’s readability. I greatly benefted from the comments of E. Heymann, Tim Cluton Brock, Carel van Schaik, Bernard Thierry, Mewa Singh, and Werner Kaumanns at the 8th Götnger Freilandtage bi-annual internatonal conference, Germany meetng. I would like to thank the Chief Wildlife Warden, Kerala Forest Department of permission to conduct the study; Rajan (feld guide) and the park manager of Silent Valley Natonal Park, Kerala, India. I also thank the ofcials of the Tamil Nadu Forest Department and their staf for help in the feld. I am indebted to Aarohi Research Foundaton and Center for Ecological Sciences, Bangalore for all the assistance. I am thankful to individuals like R. Sukumar, Suresh, H., P. Seshagiri, Tarsh Thaekkara, Shravan, Ajith Kumar, Praveen Karanth for comments; Santhosh, M.S., Ravi Chellam, Pramod Padmanabhan, Nameer, Pradeep Pai, Padmawathe, Late B. Shailesh Kamath, Vijay Kumar Krishnamurthy, Vishnu Dhople, Kumar (Masinagudi), Dinesh K.P., and P. Anjana Shenoy for all their help in various capacites during the course of this study.
15975 J TT Mixed species associatons of colobines of southern India Nag
INTRODUCTION The majority of the available literature related to mixed associatons in primates are derived from African Interspecifc short-term associatons among animal primates (Klein & Klein 1973; Struhsaker 1981; Gauter- groups are known to naturally occur in the context of Hion et al. 1983; Waser 1984; Cords 1990; Oates & competton for food (Dickman 1992), mutual beneft Whitesides 1990; Chapman & Chapman 2000; Stensland (Oates & Whitesides 1990), and hybridizaton (Anderson et al. 2003; Eckardt & Zuberbühler 2004). The reasons 1948; Arnold 1997; Alberts & Altmann 2001; Arnold for such associatons in African primates have been & Meyer 2006). Such associatons have generated explained and well documented (Schaik & Hörstermann varied interests among ecologists, behavioral biologists, 1994; Freeland 1977; Stensland et al. 2003; Fam & and genetcists (Evans et al. 2001; Hewit 2001; Keller Nijman 2011; Cortes et al. 2019), however, not much et al. 2010; Cortes et al. 2019); however, when two literature is available on mixed associatons among diferent species live together as a single cohesive unit, Asian primates with respect to behavioral, ecological, interspecifc associatons are difcult to explain. These and evolutonary topics illustratng the range of factors, associatons are difcult to understand when they are processes, and mechanisms that afect associatons and seen amongst the species which have well defned social make similar inferences apart from a few studies (Tables organizatons like primates. In other words, biologists 1, 2). are aware of the purpose of the casual encounters of Taken together, these reviews suggest that MSAs two diferent species, however, there seems to be a amongst Asian primates seem to be fewer in comparison dearth of informaton in biological literature in the case to African primates. Available data do not indicate of two species that exist as a single group going beyond whether fewer observatons of such MSAs are due to the casual encounters. sampling bias or due to lesser proportonal existence in Mixed species associatons (hereafer referred to as Asian colobines. The data available on a few instances MSAs or interspecifc associatons) have been usually of the MSA amongst Asian colobines are predominantly observed in animals that live in social groups such as from southern Asia (Table 1). The associatons in case birds, ungulates, primates, and cetaceans (Terborgh of Tufed Grey Langurs and Nilgiri Langurs, colobines 1990; Grubb 1999; Krause & Ruxton 2002; Stensland of southern India have only been documented in the et al. 2003). There have also been a few interestng past by a few studies around the Palghat gap (Chellam studies of associatons between species from diferent 1985; Hohmann 1988, 1991; Ramachandran & Joseph taxonomic orders (Rodman 1973; Hayashi, 1975; 2001) in the Western Ghats. Untl now, associatons MacKinnon & MacKinnon 1978; Waterman & Roth 2007; between these colobines of southern India have only Haugaasen & Peres 2008; Grueter et al. 2010). There been recorded in Silent Valley, Top Slip, and Kalakkad- is a debate that is available on the formaton of mixed Mundanthurai areas in the Western Ghats. Despite troops in primates in general and colobines in partcular these pieces of evidence, the available literature does (Phillips-Conroy & Jolly 1986; Gauter 1988; Yeager & not show any systematc analysis of MSAs among the Kirkpatrick 1998; Cords 1990; Burton & Chan 1996; colobines of the entre southern Asian region. Heymann & Buchanann-Smith 2000; Mitani et al. 2000; Tufed Grey Langurs and Nilgiri Langurs of Stensland et al. 2003; Rehg 2006; Reyer 2008; Werner et southern India are well known distnct species, easily al. 2008). Terms like polyspecifc associatons and mixed- distnguishable by pelage color and vocalizatons species associatons have been applied synonymously to (Brandon-Jones 2004; Hohmann 1988, 1991). The similar phenomena. While some studies have defned Hanuman Langur also called Grey or Common Langur polyspecifc associatons in the context where two or species are dispersed throughout most of India and more diferent species intermix without any physical Sri Lanka (Ellerman & Morrison-Scot 1966; Oates interactons per se, others defne MSAs as species et al. 1994), and are also found in parts of Pakistan, interspersed literally (though for a litle tme) behaving Nepal (Roonwal 1984; Oates et al. 1994), Bhutan, and like members of a single group foraging, grooming with Bangladesh (Choudhury 2007). They are known to occasional matng as well (Burton & Chan 1996). Such occur in a wide range of habitats from arid regions on associatons are known to vary in duraton, frequency, the edge of the desert in Rajasthan to the rainforests range, and ecological and behavioral relatons largely of the Western Ghats and at alttudes from sea level depending on the type of groups/species interactng (Nag et al. 2011) to 4,270m above mean sea level in the (Cords 1990; Burton & Chan 1996; Porter 2001; Rehg Himalaya (Hrdy 1977; Bishop 1978). The Tufed Grey 2006). Langur or Coromandel Sacred Langur or Madras Grey
15976 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 June 2020 | 12(9): 15975–15984 J TT Mixed species associatons of colobines of southern India Nag
Table 1. Reported interactons of Asian primates from the literature.
Species Explanaton Remarks References Purple faced Langur-Hanuman Langur Foraging * Hladik (1977)
Lion-tailed Macaque-Bonnet Macaque-Hanuman Langurs Foraging * Singh et al. (2010)
Lion-tailed Macaque-Bonnet Macaque-Nilgiri Langurs Foraging * Sushma & Singh (2006)
Lion-tailed Macaque-Hanuman Langurs Foraging * Singh et al. (2010)
Hanuman Langur-Rhesus Macaque Antpredatory * Mathur & Lobo (1989)
Rhesus Macaque-Crab-eatng Macaque-Tibetan Macaque Foraging * Burton & Chan (1996)
Rhesus Macaque-Crab-eatng Macaque-Japanese Macaque Foraging * Southwick & Southwick (1983)
Tonkean Macaque-Booted Macaque Habitat * Riley et al. (2007)
Kloss’s Gibbon-Mentawai islands Langur Foraging * Tilson & Tenaza (1982) Kra Macaque-Silvered Leaf Monkey- Javan Grizzled Langur-Proboscis Foraging * Kurland (1973) Monkey Rhesus Macaque-Pig-tailed Macaque Hybrid Malaivijitnond et al. (2007)
Crab-eatng Macaque-Pig-tailed Macaque Hybrid Bernstein (1967)
Tonkean Macaque-Heck’s Macaque * Watanabe et al.(1991); Bynum (2002) Supriatna et al. (1992); Evans et al. Moor Macaque-Tonkean Macaque Hybrid (2001) Sulawesi Crested Macaque-Heck’s Macaque * Watanabe & Matsumura (1991)
Gorontalo Macaque-Heck’s Macaque * Watanabe & Matsumura (1991) Fooden (2000); Fooden et al. (1981); Rhesus Macaque-Bonnet Macaque Koyama & Shekar (1981); Kumar et al. (2011) Rhesus Macaque-Crab-eatng Macaque Hybrid Stevison & Kohn (2009)
Japanese Macaque-Taiwanese Macaque Hybrid Kawamoto (2005)
* Lack of empirical evidence to explain the reasons for associaton
Table 2. Documented hybridizatons between Asian colobines (wild and captve).
Hybridising Taxa Locaton Coordinates Notes References Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary, S. priam X S. johnii 76.846E & 10.469N Natural hybrid Hohmann (1988, 1991) Anamalai, Tamil Nadu, India Kalakkad-Mundanthurai Tiger S. johnii X S.p. thersites 77.311E & 8.689N Matng photograph Chellam (1985) Reserve, Tamil Nadu, India T. obscurus X S.p. thersites Sri Lanka NA Captve hybrid Hill (1939)
S. p. thersites X S.v. nestor Sri Lanka NA Captve hybrid Hill (1936)
S. p. thersites X S.v. nestor Sri Lanka NA Captve hybrid Hill (1936) Madura Coats, Ooty, Tamil Nadu, Hybrid photograph by S. priam X S. johnii NA Brandon-Jones (2004) India Sally Walker Pygathrix nemeaus X T. laotum Vietnam NA Hybrid captve Schempp et al. (2008) hatnhensis T. pileatus X T. geei Bhutan 90.690E & 27.143N Natural hybrid Choudhury (2008)
S—Semnopithecus | T—Trachypithecus | v—vetulus | p—priam.
Langur Semnopithecus priam groups are organized into Shortridge 1913; Tanaka 1965; Sunderraj 2001; Kumara uni-male (only one adult male with more of other age & Singh 2004). The Nilgiri Langurs are usually found and sex classes), mult-male, and all-male groups. in tropical evergreen forests at elevatons over 500m, On the other hand, Nilgiri Langur or the Black however, in the habitats of the Kalakad-Mundanthurai Leaf Monkey Semnopithecus johnii is endemic to Tiger Reserve (KMTR) in the Tirunelveli Hills of Tamil the rainforests of the Western Ghats of Tamil Nadu, Nadu, they are found even at an elevaton of 180–200 m Kerala, and to the hills of Coorg in Karnataka (Ryley & (Hohmann 1989; Sunderraj 2001). Nilgiri Langur groups
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are organized into one or uni-male, mult-male, all-male, around Devimalai Ghats (December 2019) for Hanuman and all-female groups, however, mult-male and all- Langur and Nilgiri Langur associaton. The atempts female groups are rare in Nilgiri Langurs (Tanaka 1965; were primarily focused to identfy MSAs or hybrid Poirier 1968a; Sunderraj 2001). members (only on morphotypic features) in the troops. In this paper, I briefy describe an opportunistc The survey was primarily conducted in the southwestern observaton on Nilgiri-Grey Tufed langur associatons in part of the park, partcularly in the Neelikkal area for the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve of southwestern India and a week based on earlier reports (Ramachandran & add some relevant questons to the ongoing debate on Joseph 2001) at Silent Valley, and twice around O Valley interspecifc interactons. Devimalai Ghat road based on anecdotal reports and observatons. During each visit, an atempt was made to maintain the slow pace in walking (approximately STUDY AREA 1km/h) with frequent pauses to look and listen for langurs. Upon encountering monkeys, the data was The study was opportunistcally conducted at Nilgiri recorded in terms of the tme of the sightng, number of Biosphere Reserve in the southern Western Ghats individuals, phenotypes of individuals, and the tme the of southern India. The frst locality was at Neelikkal interacton lasted. Generally, the tme of sampling was range, Silent Valley Natonal Park, Kerala and the second at 06.00–12.00 h and 15.00–18.00 h. Upon detectng locality was around O Valley tea estate, Devimalai Ghats troops, they were actvely followed, maintaining contact (11.482N & 76.512E), a hilly terrain between Gudalur- as long as possible. For each of the encounters, the date Naduvatam-Ooty road interspersed with other tea and tme of group detecton was recorded along with estates at an elevaton of 1,365m with an average rainfall the total tme taken for observaton period, number of of 3,000mm per annum. individuals, phenotypes of individuals, and age-sex class of individuals whenever possible. If the interactons had Survey more than two or more monkeys of two species engaging Opportunistc surveys were conducted at the Silent in afliaton such as foraging or, traveling along the Valley Natonal Park, Kerala (December 2010), and same route of progression, or within 50–100 m of one
Figure 1. Study area denotng mixed-species associatons of Hanuman langurs and Nilgiri Langurs in the Western Ghats of southern India reported from the literature. Numbers 1, 2, 3 & 4 denote Devimalai Ghat , Silent Valley Natonal Park, Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary, and Kalakkad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve, respectvely.
15978 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 June 2020 | 12(9): 15975–15984 J TT Mixed species associatons of colobines of southern India Nag another, the study scored them as a group (Glenn 1997). distance of about 50–75 m at Neelikkal for the whole Observatons were made using an 8 X 40 Porro prism of the study period, however, sexing and photographing binoculars. Researchers, feld assistants, forest staf, and these foraging Nilgiri Langur individuals was not possible local people were consulted for informaton on sightngs due to limitatons of visibility in the canopy. The nearest of MSAs/ hybrids at the sites. A thorough review of the troops of Nilgiri Langurs were located >3km away from available literature and the recent reports on langurs of this Tufed Grey Langur troop. No aggression by the this area and MSAs was carried out. Methods described adults of Tufed Grey Langur towards Nilgiri Langurs elsewhere (Hrdy 1977) were followed for defning the was observed. During the period of observaton, Nilgiri age-sex compositons in the Tufed Grey Langur troop. Langurs and Tufed Grey Langurs were either seen moving or feeding together. The same troop also had an adult Tufed Grey Langur female with aberrant coat RESULTS color. This female, which was carrying a suckling infant at the tme of observaton, had brownish-black coat color Silent Valley Natonal Park giving an impression of a possible hybrid individual. In In total, six and two uni-male troops of Nilgiri Langurs additon, I sighted a troop of Nilgiri Langurs close to the and Tufed Grey Langurs, respectvely were observed Kerala Forest Department camp shed in which an infant in the Neelikkal secton of Silent Valley Natonal Park. with Tufed Grey Langur coat color carried by a Nilgiri Nilgiri Langurs were recorded between 800–1,121 Langur adult female was observed twice on 16 December m and Tufed Grey Langurs at around 913m. A total 2010 at 07.30h and 16.00h, respectvely. Atempts to of 14km in search of Nilgiri Langurs and Tufed Grey photograph them went in vain due to the tree cover Langurs was traveled. Nilgiri Langurs and Hanuman and shyness of the Nilgiri Langurs to human proximity. Langurs were observed to co-occur only at the edge of Furthermore, local forest guards and watchers reported the evergreen forest habitat. Three Nilgiri Langurs were another troop of Nilgiri Langurs in and around the camp observed foraging with a Tufed Grey Langur troop at a shed area in which three infants/juveniles with Tufed
© Tarsh Thekaekara
Image 1. A brownish adult female langur foraging with adult female Nilgiri Langur at Devimalai Ghats (Gudalur-Ooty road).
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© Tarsh Thekaekara Image 2. Nilgiri Langur troop at Devimalai Ghats (Gudalur-Ooty road) with a brownish (hybrid?) juvenile.
Grey Langur coat color had been observed which could 2019 around 17.00h. I did not encounter adjacent not be confrmed during my study period. Nilgiri-Tufed Grey Langur troops. The study troop at the tme of observaton had one adult male, four juveniles, O Valley Tea Estate, Gudalur-Naduvatam Road two infants, one sub-adult, four adult females, and one A troop of 11–13 individuals of Nilgiri Langurs with brownish adult female. An adult brownish Tufed Grey brownish individuals was observed near O Valley, Tamil Langur female (Image 1) was observed at about 5m Nadu (11.482N & 76.512E; 1,350m) on 28 December foraging with Nilgiri Langur troop. During the period of observaton, Nilgiri Langurs and female brownish Tufed Grey Langur were seen moving and feeding together. This troop also had two juveniles with brownish-black coat color (Images 2, 3) giving an impression of a possible hybrid individual. No aggression by the adults of Nilgiri Langur troop towards hybrid looking individual/s was observed. Tarsh Thekaekara (a post-doctoral research associate and tea garden owner where Nilgiri Langurs reside) has personally observed females of this Nilgiri Langur troop matng with a Tufed Grey Langur male from a nearby estate named Silver Springs. This male Tufed Grey Langur has never been observed around this Nilgiri Langur’s troop, however, Nilgiri Langur females of this troop ofen have been observed to initate the matng with Silver Spring Estate Tufed Grey Langur male (Tarsh Thekaekara pers. comm. March 2020).
DISCUSSION © Tarsh Thekaekara Image 3. A brownish (hybrid?) juvenile at Devimalai Ghats (Gudalur- Till date, there were only three confrmed localites Ooty road). (Silent Valley Natonal Park, Top Slip in the Anamalais, and
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Kalakkad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve) in the southern Kavana et al. (2015) while determining the impacts Western Ghats where associatons of Nilgiri and Tufed of folivory on social tme between Black-footed Grey Grey langurs have been reported. This study provides Langur Semnopithecus hypoleucos and Nilgiri Langur in the fourth locaton of MSAs in the Nilgiri Hills. Anecdotal the Western Ghats concluded that phylogenetc inerta observatons suggest that the focal troop is a residental was not a constraint determining social behaviour one and thus associatons and observatons could not of S. hypoleucos and S. johnii and that physiological merely be a chance event, however, the associaton constraint arising from varying degrees of folivory between Nilgiri and Tufed Grey langurs appears to actually appeared to be the important factor. Thus, involve not only hybrids, but langurs who could be their study inferred that some traits such as degree of coping in a human-disturbed habitat. The efects of such folivory and social tme are phylogenetcally conserved associatons due to habitat fragmentaton could as well among Hanuman Langur species and hence, the current be a possibility to explore and understand these short- study reasonably speculates that the mixed species term associatons at such localites. The formatons of interactons and associatons between Tufed Grey interspecifc associatons are a complex phenomenon to Langurs and Nilgiri Langurs of southern Western Ghats explain. A variety of ecological explanatons have been of southern India could be occurring on account of ofered. But afer a careful examinaton of interspecifc phylogenetc conservatsm. associatons in colobines of southern Asia, the available data shows that such mixed associatons are formed between closely related species pairs which are recently CONCLUSIONS diverged terminals of a phylogenetc tree. Given the available evidence of higher degree phylogenetc Taking into consideraton the known distributon conservatsm across the primate phylogenies with of Nilgiri Langurs and Hanuman Langurs in southern respect to the social behavior, it is reasonable to at Western Ghats, it is reasonable to speculate that there least propose an ad hoc hypothesis which warrants could be more such MSAs wherever these two species rigorous analysis. The hypothesis argues that the MSA are co-distributed in this range and elsewhere in the in colobines of southern Asia happens between a pair of Western Ghats. In this regard, it is imperatve to survey recently diverged taxa that could be due to phylogenetc MSAs in the entre range of the Western Ghats where conservatsm (Rendall & De Fiore 1995; Prinzing et al. both Hanuman Langurs and Nilgiri Langurs co-occur 2001) in their social behavior. If this hypothesis is true, possibly yielding more insights on the biology of these it would provide a robust framework to reanalyze the two species groups. MSA in colobines. Given the fact that Gudalur-Naduvetam-Ooty road Recent molecular phylogenetc analysis of langurs in has high human infuence and disturbances, the study Asia reveals that Hanuman Langurs are closely related appeals for more rigorous and systematc surveys on to Nilgiri Semnopithecus johnii and Purple-faced langurs interspecifc associatons all along the distributon of S. vetulus (Zhang & Ryder 1998; Karanth et al. 2008, Nilgiri Langur-Tufed Grey Langur distributon ranges 2010; Osterholz et al. 2008), which are distributed in including the entre Nilgiri District. Future studies should peninsular India and Sri Lanka, respectvely. Evidences determine the ecological or habitat constraints facing from molecular data are supported by both ecological both (associated) primate groups. These surveys can aid and behavioral data wherein Nilgiri Langurs and biologists and park managers to understand the biology Hanuman Langurs are similar with respect to size of of associatons and implement appropriate conservaton the troop, troop compositon and ranging behavior measures. Insights on such associatons may have (Tanaka 1965; Poirier 1968a; Hohmann 1989) and in implicatons for conservaton especially if induced by some behavioral aspects like infant transfer, role of human actvites like the introducton of species in areas protecton of the infants by males, and least protectve outside their natural range, decrease in populaton behaviors of mothers (Tanaka 1965; Poirier 1968b). A densites of closely related species due to huntng and review of the literature on such interactons between habitat fragmentaton. A detailed systematc study other similar sister species of Indian colobines revealed on ecology, behavior, and molecular aspects of these that there can exist a close interacton amongst these associatons must be the primary goal for future studies. sister species (Table 1). Both these species are recently diverged taxa and form a close-knit monophyletc clade in a phylogenetc tree. Interestngly, a study by
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15984 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 June 2020 | 12(9): 15975–15984
PLATINUM The Journal of Threatened Taxa (JoTT) is dedicated to building evidence for conservaton globally by publishing peer-reviewed artcles online every month at a reasonably rapid rate at www.threatenedtaxa.org. OPEN ACCESS All artcles published in JoTT are registered under Creatve Commons Atributon 4.0 Internatonal License unless otherwise mentoned. JoTT allows allows unrestricted use, reproducton, and distributon of artcles in any medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publicaton.
ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print)
June 2020 | Vol. 12 | No. 9 | Pages: 15967–16194 Date of Publicaton: 26 June 2020 (Online & Print) www.threatenedtaxa.org DOI: 10.11609/jot.2020.12.9.15967-16194
Communicatons DNA barcode reveals the occurrence of Palearctc Olepa schleini Wit et al., 2005 (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctinae) from peninsular India with morphological variatons Dusky Langurs Trachypithecus obscurus (Reid, 1837) (Primates: Cercopithecidae) in and a new subspecies Singapore: potental origin and conficts with natve primate species – Aparna Sureshchandra Kalawate, Shital Pawara, A. Shabnam & K.P. Dinesh, Pp. 16143– – Andie Ang, Sabrina Jabbar & Max Khoo, Pp. 15967–15974 16152
A new report on mixed species associaton between Nilgiri Langurs Semnopithecus johnii Present status of the genus Sphrageidus Maes, 1984 (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: and Tufed Grey Langurs S. priam (Primates: Cercopithecidae) in the Nilgiri Biosphere Lymantriinae) from India Reserve, Western Ghats, India – Amritpal Singh Kaleka, Devinder Singh & Gagan Preet Kour Bali, Pp. 16153–16160 – K.S. Chetan Nag, Pp. 15975–15984 Early stages of Nilgiri Grass Yellow Eurema nilgiriensis (Yata, 1990) (Lepidoptera: A review of the bacular morphology of some Indian bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) Pieridae), with a note on its range extension in the Kerala part of the Western Ghats, – Bhargavi Srinivasulu, Harpreet Kaur, Tariq Ahmed Shah, Gundena Devender, Asad Gopi, India Sreehari Raman & Chelmala Srinivasulu, Pp. 15985–16005 – Balakrishnan Valappil & V.K. Chandrasekharan, Pp. 16161–16165
Status of the Critcally Endangered Bengal Florican Houbaropsis bengalensis (Gmelin, 1789) in Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve, Nepal Notes – Hem Sagar Baral, Tek Raj Bhat, Sailendra Raj Giri, Ashok Kumar Ram, Shyam Kumar Shah, Laxman Prasad Poudyal, Dhiraj Chaudhary, Gitanjali Bhatacharya & Rajan Amin, Breeding site records of three sympatric vultures in a mountainous clif in Kahara- Pp. 16006–16012 Thathri, Jammu & Kashmir, India – Muzafar A. Kichloo, Sudesh Kumar & Neeraj Sharma, Pp. 16166–16169 Observatons on breeding behaviour of a pair of endangered Egyptan Vultures Neophron percnopterus (Linnaeus, 1758) over three breeding seasons in the plains of Punjab, India First distributon record of Elongated Tortoise Indotestudo elongata (Blyth, 1853) – Charn Kumar, Amritpal Singh Kaleka & Sandeep Kaur Thind, Pp. 16013–16020 (Reptlia: Testudines: Testudinidae) from Bihar, India – Arif, Sourabh Verma, Ayesha Mohammad Maslehuddin, Utam, Ambarish Kumar Mall, Additons to the cicada (Insecta: Hemiptera: Cicadidae) fauna of India: frst report and Gaurav Ojha & Hemkant Roy, Pp. 16170–16172 range extension of four species with notes on their natural history from Meghalaya –Vivek Sarkar, Cuckoo Mahapatra, Pratyush P. Mohapatra & Manoj V. Nair, Pp. 16021–16042 The niche of shrimp stocks (Xiphopenaeus kroyeri Heller, 1862) from southeastern Brazil: a stable isotope approach The perceptons of high school students on the habitat of the crab Ucides cordatus – Keltony de Aquino Ferreira, Leandro Rabello Monteiro & Ana Paula Madeira Di (Linnaeus, 1763) (Crustacea: Decapoda: Ucididae) in northern Rio de Janeiro State, Benedito, Pp. 16173–16176 southeastern Brazil – Laiza Fernanda Quintanilha Ribeiro, Laura Helena de Oliveira Côrtes & Ana Paula Madeira First record of the White Tufed Royal Pratapa deva lila Moore, [1884] (Lepidoptera: Di Benedito, Pp. 16043–16047 Lycaenidae: Theclinae) from Himachal Pradesh, extending its known range westwards – Sanjay Sondhi, Pp. 16177–16179 Woody species diversity from proposed ecologically sensitve area of northern Western Ghats: implicatons for biodiversity management Range extension of the Lilac Silverline Apharits lilacinus to southern Rajasthan and a – M. Tadwalkar, A. Joglekar, M. Mhaskar & A. Patwardhan, Pp. 16048–16063 review of the literature –K.S. Gopi Sundar, Swat Kitur, Vijay Kumar Koli & Utkarsh Prajapat, Pp. 16180–16182 Resolving taxonomic problems in the genus Ceropegia L. (Apocynaceae: Asclepiadoideae) with vegetatve micromorphology A record of gynandromorphism in the libellulid dragonfy Crocothemis servilia (Insecta: – Savita Sanjaykumar Rahangdale & Sanjaykumar Ramlal Rahangdale, Pp. 16064–16076 Odonata) from India – R.V. Renjith & A. Vivek Chandran, Pp. 16183–16186 A checklist of angiosperm fora of low elevaton lateritc hills of northern Kerala, India – K.A. Sreejith, V.B. Sreekumar, P. Prashob, S. Nita, M.P. Prejith & M.S. Sanil, Pp. 16077– Carcass consumpton by Nasuttermes callimorphus (Blatodea: Isoptera) in highland 16098 forests from Brazil – Igor Eloi, Mário Herculano de Oliveira & Maria Avany Bezerra-Gusmão, Pp. 16187– Phytodiversity of chasmophytc habitats at Olichuchatam Waterfalls, Kerala, India 16189 – Arun Christy & Binu Thomas, Pp. 16099–16109 New records of nasutform termite (Nasuttermitnae: Termitdae: Isoptera) from Contributon to the macromycetes of West Bengal, India: 51–56 Meghalaya, India – Diptosh Das, Entaj Tarafder, Meghma Bera, Anirban Roy & Krishnendu Acharya, – Khirod Sankar Das & Sudipta Choudhury, Pp. 16190–16192 Pp. 16110–16122
Corrigendum Short Communicatons Correctons to A citzens science approach to monitoring of the Lion Panthera leo Catalogue of herpetological specimens from peninsular India at the Sálim Ali Centre for (Carnivora: Felidae) populaton in Niokolo-Koba Natonal Park, Senegal Ornithology & Natural History (SACON), India – Dimitri Dagorne, Abdoulaye Kanté & John B. Rose, Pp. 16193–16194 – S.R. Ganesh, S. Bhupathy, P. Karthik, G. Babu Rao & S. Babu, Pp. 16123–16135
Osteological descripton of Indian Skipper Frog Euphlycts cyanophlycts (Anura: Dicroglossidae) from the Western Ghats of India – Pankaj A. Gorule, Sachin M. Gosavi, Sanjay S. Kharat & Chandani R. Verma, Pp. 16136– Publisher & Host 16142
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