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Foraging Ecology of Nilgiri Langur (Trachypithecus Johnii) in Parimbikulam Tiger Reserve, Kerala, India

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Foraging Ecology of Nilgiri Langur (Trachypithecus Johnii) in Parimbikulam Tiger Reserve, Kerala, India Asian Journal of Conservation Biology, December 2012. Vol. 1 No. 2, pp. 92-102 AJCB: FP0012 ISSN 2278-7666 ©TCRP 2012 Foraging ecology of Nilgiri Langur (Trachypithecus Johnii) in Parimbikulam Tiger Reserve, Kerala, India Debahutee Roy1*, M. Ashokkumar2, and Ajay A Desai3 1PG and Research Department of Zoology and Wildlife Biology, A.V.C. College, Mannampandal – 609 305, Mayiladuthurai, India 2WWF-India,Western Ghats landscape, Coimbatore, India 3 WWF-Indonesia, Asian Elephant Specialist Group-India (Accepted November 25, 2012) ABSTRACT We studied the foraging ecology of Trachypithecus johnii from December 2011 to march 2012 in Parambi- kulam tiger reserve, kerala, India.We collected phenology of food plant species and food consumed by lan- gurs living in two habitats. Feeding records showed that Nilgiri Langur (Trachypithecus johnii) feeds on 97 species of plants belonging to 44 families. The food plants species composed of trees, shrubs and climbers which were constituted 78, 6, and 7 species respectively. Among the different plant categories trees ac- counts for 83.87%, followed by climber 7.53%, shrub 6.45%, herb 1.08% and grass 1.08%. Thus trees and shrub were constituted about 90% of overall composition of food plant species. Food plant species com- posed of 44 different families, in which Fabaceae was constituted by 16 species with greatest percent (16%), followed by Euphorbiaceae (8 sp.) Moraceae (5sp.) and other families represented less than 3% .The diet species of Nilgiri Langurr was compared with other areas and discussed. Key words: Nilgiri Langur; Foraging ecology; habitat; food availability; conservation. INTRODUCTION the rainforests of the Western Ghats of India. Within the Western Ghats Nilgiri langur’s distribution is pocketed among Tamilnadu, Kerala and Coorg of Karnataka, In- Food and shelter are the vital needs of all living organ- dia. Nilgiri langur is confined to evergreen forests. It isms. The appraisal of feeding habits of an animal is of commonly occurs in Dry deciduous forests and moist the outmost significance for the correct determination deciduous forests of Western Ghats. Moreover, it also of the carrying capacity of their habitat and for the acclimatized to live in anthropogenised habitats includ- study of their population dynamics (Ashokkumar, ing eucalyptus plantations, and teak plantations. The 2011). To endure and reproduce successfully every species has been listed under Appendix II of CITES. animal needs food. The food habit of a species is one of They are also protected under the Schedule I, Part I of the most basic aspects of its ecology and needs to be Indian Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 and are listed as understood not only to determine the species’ nutri- Vulnerable C2a (i) under IUCN Red data list (Malviya tional requirements, but also to understand how distri- et al., 2011). bution of food resources could determine the density, As it is not a habitat specialized, Nilgiri Langur local distribution and social interactions (Swapna, thrives on a variety of plant species occurring in differ- 2008). ent types of habitats (Ramachandran and Joseph, The study of feeding behavior is essential to 2001b). The species has been listed under Appendix II understand a species’ ecological adaptation to the envi- of CITES. They are also protected under the Schedule I, ronment, and is also an important factor to be consid- Part I of Indian Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 and are ered when examining the relationship between ecology listed as Vulnerable C2a (i) under IUCN Red data list and sociological problems (troop size, inter and intra- (Malviya et al., 2011). troop relations and social changes) (Maruhashi, Even though number of studies is available in 1980).Animals which exhibit extreme selection in their Western Ghats, till date there is a lacuna about the spe- food components particularly vulnerable to nutritional cies in Parambikulam Tiger reserve. deficiencies (Swapna, 2008).Primate feeding Ecology The study of diet can help to understand the addresses questions concerning the interrelations be- role of a species in the energy flow and nutrient cycle of tween primates and their environment via feeding be- an ecosystem. It also sets a foundation for understand- haviours of the Primates within constrains of their mor- ing of foraging behaviour, population dynamics, habitat phology and physiology (Nakagawa, 2009). use and social organization of a species (Mills, 1992). Nilgiri Langur (Trachypithicus johnii) a black Preference for a given habitat type is largely determined leaf monkey is an endangered species and is endemic to by the available vegetation within the area, providing food, water, minerals, shelter from climatic extremes *Corresponding Author’s E-mail: [email protected] 92 Roy et al. and cover from predators (Jarman & Sinclair, 1979). 2. West coast tropical semi-evergreen forests Food resources, however, not only vary between differ- 3. Southern moist mixed deciduous forest ent habitat types, but also show marked seasonal varia- 4. Southern dry mixed deciduous forests tions within a given habitat, in response to changes in 5. Moist bamboo brakes rainfall patterns (Phillipson, 1975; Sinclair, 1975). 6. Reed brakes Knowledge on feeding preferences and nutritive re- 7. Southern montane wet temperate forests (Sholas) quirements is essential in planning habitat management. In addition, this sanctuary harbors three major vegeta- It would be advantageous to have information on the tion types of which two are man- made. They are habitat requirements of a species in order to protect and 1. Low altitude marshy grass lands known locally improve these attributes. The present study aims to pro- as vayals vide such information for Nilgiri Langur and also aims 2. Teak plantations at increasing our knowledge of the species. Hence the 3. Eucalyptus plantations current study is designed to investigate the food compo- The evergreen and moist deciduous forests are sition, food selection and the availability of food in the the most important natural vegetation types. Sholas are selected two habitats viz. Moist deciduous forest (MDF) confined to small areas in the hilltops of Karimala and Evergreen forest (EF) of Parambikulam Tiger Re- Gopuram and in the foothills of Pandaravara peak which serve. is known by the name Karian Shola (Vairavel, 1998). Parambikulam supports 1432 of plants falling under 753 MATERIALS AND METHODS genera and 140 families. The oldest teak tree, Kanni- mara Teak exists here. It is about 450 years old and has Study area girth of 6.8 meters and a height of 49.5 meters. It won the Mahavriksha Puraskar given by the Indian Govern- Parimbukulam Tiger reserve (Figure 1) is situated in ment during the year 1994-1995.The larger herbivores Palakkad district of Kerala state, India. The sanctuary is include elephant (Elephus maximus), chital (Axis axis), located between 76°35’- 76°50’ E, Longitude and 10° sambar deer (Cervus unicolor), barking deer (Muntiacus 20’ – 10°26’ N Latitude . Parimbukulam Wildlife Sanc- muntjak). Predators like tiger (Panthera tigiris), leopard tuary was declared as part of the 390.88 square kilome- (Panthera pardus) and wild dog (Cuon alpinus). The ters (150.9 sq mi) Parambikulam Tiger Reserve on Feb- Nilgiri langur is threatened by habitat fragmentation, ruary 19, 2010. It is in the Sungam range of hills be- poaching and human disturbance. tween the Anaimalai Hills and Nelliampathy Hills. It is 135 km from Palakkad town and adjacent to the Anai- Study animal malai Wildlife Sanctuary to the east in Tamil Nadu.The altitude ranges between 300 m and 1438 m. The natural Like other Colobine monkeys Nilgiri Langur vegetation in the sanctuary has been classified into 7 have complex foregut with microbial fermentation and types (Vairavel, 1998), they are- enlarged salivary gland. This species is sexually dimor- 1. West coast tropical evergreen forests phic in the canine teeth, where adult males have larger Figure 1. Map of the Study area (Parambikulam Tiger Reserve). 93 AJCB Vol. 1 No. 2, pp. 92-102, 2012 Foraging ecology of Nilgiri Langur canines than adult females. Females have a white patch Langurs were categorized into six major categories: of fur on the inner thigh region. The Nilgiri langur is Feeding, and resting, moving, vigilance, agonistic and a folivorous species, but the diet also includes flowers, social behavior. Activities of individual Langurs were buds, seeds, bark, stems, insects, and mud (Horwich, recorded which sustained for at least five seconds dur- 1980). Nilgiri langur’s distribution is pocketed among ing the scan (Sunderraj, 1984). No individual langur Tamilnadu, Kerala and Coorg of Karnataka. They are was sampled more than once in each scan. Additional found between 8° N and 12° N Latitude and 76°E and information like the height of the tree, height at which 77.5°E Longitude (Malviya et al., 2011).The Nilgiri the animal is seen, the distance from its neighbor indi- Langur is strictly arboreal in habit. This species is vidual was also recorded. When the feeding activity was mainly found in sholas, which are narrow tracts of for- recorded, the name of the plant species and the part of est with streams running through it. This species also the plant eaten and discarded were noted. The plants lives in semi-evergreen, moist deciduous forests, and species were identified with the help of preserved speci- montane temperate evergreen forests of Western Ghats mens (herbariums) in Fischer’s herbarium (Biodiversity (Malviy et al., 2011). Nilgiri Langur has been recorded division), Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree Breed- to occur mostly as uni-male-multifemale troops some- ing, Coimbatore and from Nilgiri Biosphere Nature Park times multi male troops. The uni-male troop has many (nbnp), Pappanaickenpalayam, Coimbatore, India. females which has a well defined dominance hierarchy. Group size ranges from 2-29 (6-8 in deciduous) and (18 Vegetation and phenology -20 in Evergreen). A linear hierarchy exists amongst the The density and relative abundance of food females in the group.
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