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BERITA BIOLOGI 2(5) Oktober 1979 AKTIVJTAS DAN PERGERAKAN

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BERITA BIOLOGI 2(5) Oktober 1979 AKTIVJTAS DAN PERGERAKAN BERITA BIOLOGI 2(5) Oktober 1979 93 AKTIVJTAS DAN PERGERAKAN LUTUNG MERAH (PRESBYTIS RUBICUNDUS MULLER) DI CAGAR ALAM TANJUNG PUTING KALIMANTAN TENGAH JATNA SUPRIATNA Museum Zoologi Bogor, LBN - LIPI, Bogor . PENDAHULUAN Keanekaiagaman primata Indonesia meiupakan Di dalam daerah ini terdapat hutan yang masih asli suatu kekayaan yang tidak terdapat di negaia lain. atau primer dan hutan yang sudah rusak. Di hutan Kawasan Indonesia mempunyai primata mulai daii asli tumbuhannya rata-rata tinggi dan vegetasinya yang berevolusi iendah yaitu Tarsius bancanus sam- didominasi oleh suku Dipterocarpaceae, sedangkan pai yang berevolusi tihggi seperti orangutan (Portgo di hutan yang rusak banyak tumbuhan pendatang pygmaeus). Beberapa primata ada yang bersifat seperti Macaranga sp. Dalam daerah pengamatan endemik, seperti lutung meiah di Kalimantan (Davis terdapat juga rawa dangkal yang pada musim kering 1962, Medway 1970, Stott & Selsor 1961). susut airnya sampai kering. Tempat hidup lutung meiah, yaitu pulau Kali- Pengamatan dilakukan dengan menggunakan mantan, pada dasa waisa sekaiang ini sedang giat kompas, teropong, jam tangan, alat fotografi dan dieksploitasi. Eksploitasi diketahui banyak menim- alat tulis menulis. Teropong membantu dalam pe- bulkan kerugian terhadap penghuninya, misalnya nyidikan setiap kelompok lutung. Setiap perubahan adanya emigrasi dan kepunahan tidak langsung. posisi dan tingkah laku dicatat dan disesuaikan de- Beberapa hewan telah menunjukan kelangkaan di ngan waktu. Pencatatan berdasarkan metoda adlib, daerah yang diekploitasi hutannya. Lutung merah yaitu mencatat perubahan tingkah laku dan ling- sebagai hewan arboreal mungkin sekali akan ter- kungannya tan pa mencatat interval waktu. ganggu oleh adanya eksploitasi hutan tersebut. Untuk memudahkan pengamatan kebiasaan lu- Oleh karena kerusakan hutan mungkin akan tung di etape pohon, etape pohon ditentukan ber- berpengaruh terhadap tingkah laku lutung, maka dasarkan pembagian Richard (1952): penelitian mendasar terhadap hewan ini perlu di- 1. Etape A ialah etape pohon mulai dari ketinggian lakukan Untuk memulainya dilakukan penelitian 25 meter keatas. awal dalam taraf pengamatan aktivitas, pergerakan 2. Etape B dengan tinggi pohon dari 8 sampai 25 dan beberapa segi tingkah laku lutung. Penelitian meter. ini diharapkan dapat membantu cara pelestarian 3. Etape C dengan tinggi pohon dari 8 meter ke hewan ini. bawah. Pencarian lutung merah pada pagi hari dilakukan BAHAN DAN CARA KERJA dengan cara mendengarkan seruan pagi (morning Pengamatan lutung merah dimulai dari bulan call). Seruan pagi ini dikumandangkan oleh jantan Mei sampai November 1975 dan dilanjutkan dari dewasa. Karena seruan pagi terdengar sampai bebe- bulan Maret sampai Juli 1977. Kegiatan ini dilaku rapa ratus meter di hutan, maka sangat mudah men- kan di tempat penelitian atau proyek orangutan, dapatkan lutung apabila penungguan dilakukan di Cagar Alam Tanjung Puting, Kalimantan Tengah. pondok di pinggiv daerah pengamatan. Pencaiian Cagar alam ini terletak pada ordinat 1110 40' - lutung pada siang hari dilakukan dengan mengeli- 1110 55' BujurTimur dan 2° 31' - 3° 24' Lintang lingi daerah pengamatan atau tempat-tempat sing- Selatan. Di daerah proyek orangutan sudah terdapat gah lutung. jalur-jalur jalan yang mempunyai absis dan ordinat. Pada setiap 25 meter didirikan patok yang diberi HASH PENG AM A TAN tanda arah dan nama jalan serta jarak dari absis dan/atau ordinat (Gambar 1). Selama hampir 10 bulan dapat ditemui kelom- Luas seluruh daerah Cagar alam Tanjung Puting pok lutung sebanyak 113 kali. Seluruh waktu per- 305.000 ha. Daerah pengamatan luasnya 100 ha. temuan dengan lutung tercatat 256 jam. 94 BERITA BIOLOGI 2(5) Oktober 100% 90 • 80 • 70 • 60 50 :•: 0—1 ISTIRAHAT ".."• L^ MAKAN E=D GERAK l • I I 1 I il • I 30 I — I I H I v'- l I I l l l l I l • t I I I I I l 20 v/ I l I I I i I I .' . I i i * V n i I i | i 10 I n n i I i I i •1I n Il Ill l 0 l = z 6.00 - 9.00 9.00 - 12.00 12.00 - 15.00 15.00 - 16.00 WAKTU Gambar 2. Histogram persentase frekuensi kejadian aktivitas lutung merah (256 jam). Kelompok lutung yang diamati beraktivitas dari Paaa sore hari dari pukul 15.00 sampai 18.00 pagi sampai sore hari, diseling beberapa jam pada lutung mulai aktif kembali. Aktivitas pada saat ter- _ siang hari untuk beristirahat dan tidur. Lutung ba- sebut lebih dipusatkan untuk bermain dan kemu- ngun pada waktu antara pukul 4.15 dan pukul 5.30 dian bergerak mehcari pohon untuk tidur. Lutung tergantung pada keadaan cuaca. Sewaktu bangun merah mulai tidur sewaktu hutan mulai gelap. Apa- keadaan hutan masih gelap atau matahari belum bila keadaan mendung sebelum senja, kadang-kadang terbit. Segera sesudah bangun lutung jantan dewasa lutung sering tidur sebelum waktunya. mengumandangkan seruan pagi. Seruan' ini sering Pergerakan lutung merah dapat dikategorikan bersahutan antara kelompok-kelompok lutung di ke dalam empat tipe, yaitu menapak dengan ang- hutan. gauta badan, meloncat, memanjat dan menggan- Antara pukul 6.00 dan 9.00 lutung merah sa- tung. Pergerakan menapak dan meloncat lebih sering ngat aktif mencari makan. Seiring dengan aktivitas digunakan dari pada gerakan yang lainnya. Pergerak- ini lutung lebih banyak bergerak. Menjelang siang an meloncat dari dahan ke dahan lain yang tinggi- hari antara pukul 9.00 dan 12.00 lutung mulai ber- nya sama dapat mencapai jarak 4-6 meter, sedang- istirahat dan bermain. Aktivitas makan dan perge- kan loncatan dari pohon yang lebih tinggi ke pohon rakan berkurang. Pada pukul 12.00 atau sekitar yang lebih rendah.dapat-Biencapai 10-12 meter. pukul 13.00 lutung seringkali terlihat tidur. Tidur Berjalan menapak dilakukan pada pohon yang men- pada siang hari dilakukan sekitar 30-75 menit, ter- datar. Memanjat dilakukan untuk menaiki pohon gantung pada lingkungan tempat tidurnya. Segera terutama yang tidak mempunyai cabang. Menggan- setelah bangun lutung mulai mencari makan di se- tung umumnya dilakukan untuk mencari makanan kitar pohon tempat tidur (Gambar 2). di ujung pohon. BERITA BIOLOGI 2(5) Oktober 1979 95 GAMBAR 1 : DAERAH INTI AKTIVITAS, ROUTE PERGERAKAN DAN TEMPAT TIDUR — ROUTEPERGERAKAN RAWA LUTUNG KELOMPOK LAIN DAERAH INTI • TEMPAT TIDUR ifcPONDOK 96 BERITA BIOLOGI 2(5) Oktober 1979 Hampir semuakegiatan lutung merah menempa- yang hidup terrestrial. Di India lutung langur (Pres- ti etape A,B dan C. Untuk beristirahat digunakan bytis entellus) aktif dari pagi sampai sore hari, de- etape A, B dan jarang sekali pada etape C, sedang- ngan sedikit tidur siang. Lutung India lebih banyak kan tidur di etape A dan B. Selama pengamatan bermain dari pada lutung merah (Jay 1968, Wilson tidak pernah dijumpai lutung merah bergerak di &. Wilson, in press). tanah (tabel 1). Lutung merah mempunyai daerah jelajah yang sangat bervariasi luasnya tergantung jumlah ang- Tabel 1. Etape aktivitas lutung rherah dalam strata gauta dalam kelompok. Pada kelompok yang ber- pohon di hutan anggauta kecil daerah jelajahnya sempit, sedang pada kelompok besar sebaliknya. Perbedaan luas Strata istirahat tidur gerak makan interaksi daerah jelajah yang ada hubungannya dengan jum- lah kelompok terdapat juga pada lutung langur di etape A + + + + + India. Di India lutung yang mempunyai anggauta etape B + + + + + besar umumnya terdapat di daerah terbuka dengan etape C + - + + + daerah jelajah yang besar, sebaliknya di hutan dae- rahnya jelajahnya kecil dengan jumlah anggauta Aktivitas lutung merah terpusat dalam satu dae- kecil pula (Jay 1968). rah dan tidak pernah berpindah. Daerah ini meru- Perhunian jenis-jenis lutung umumnya terbagi pakan tempat penjelajahan lutung setiap hari dan menjadi 2 pola yaitu daerah kawasan (territory) dart disebut daerah jelajah (home range). Luas daerah daerah jelajah. Daerah kawasan umumnya sempit. jelajah setiap kelompok bervariasi, tergantung pada Daerah tersebut dipertahankan dari gangguan ke- jumlah anggauta kelompok. Daerah jelajah lutung lompok lutung sejenis. Sebaliknya daerah jelajah merah di Cagar qlam Tanjung Puting berkisar antara umumnya luas dan tidak dipertahankan. Di daerah 0,3 dan 0,9 km . Pada daerah jelajah, penyebaran jelajah lutung umumnya terdapat satu atau lebih kelompok sering bertumpang tindih, tetapi daerah daerah inti yang dipergunakan untuk tidur. Lutung yang sering dipakai tidur tidak pernah bertumpang ireng (Presbytis pyrrhusj, joja (Presbytis potenzia- tindih. Daerah yang tidak bertumpang tindih ini ni), nilgiri langur (Presbytis johnii) hidupnya ber- disebut daerah inti (core area). Daerah inti satu ke- kawasan, sedangkan simpai (Presbytis melalophos), lompok yang diikuti secara bersinambung antara Presbytis obscura, Presbytis aygula dan Presbytis 0,1 dan 0,3 km . Setiap hari kelompok lutung men- rubicundus yang diamati hidupnya berada dalam jelajahi daerahnya seluas400 dan 1000 m , tergan- daerah jelajah (lay 1968, Porieir 1970, Sudjito 1976 tung padakeadaan cuaca dan musim buah. Sewaktu Wilson & Wilson, in press). hujan turun, lutung bersembunyi di tajuk pohon Pergerakan lutung merah terjadi di semua etape yang lebat atau rapat. Sedangkan pada musim buah pohon. Untuk istirahat dan tidur lutung menempati lutung sering makan terus menerUs disekitar daerah puncak pohon yang tinggi. Pola penempatan etape buah. di pohon mirip pola bwa yang terdapat di daerah pengamatan, tetapi berbeda dari orangutan yang kadang-kadang tampak be'rgerak di tanah. Dengan PEMBAHASAN DAN KESIMPULAN pola pergerakan yang berbeda ini akibatnya ialah Aktivitas pergerakan dan makan pada lutung bahwa orangutan dan lutung merah jarang bertemu merah lebih menonjol
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