DOCSLIB.ORG

The Socioecology, and the Effects of Human Activity on It, of the Annamese Silvered Langur ( Trachypithecus Margarita ) in Northeastern Cambodia

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Socioecology, and the Effects of Human Activity on It, of the Annamese Silvered Langur ( Trachypithecus Margarita ) in Northeastern Cambodia The Socioecology, and the Effects of Human Activity on It, of the Annamese Silvered Langur ( Trachypithecus margarita ) in Northeastern Cambodia Álvaro González Monge A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the Australian National University School of Archaeology and Anthropology Submitted in March, 2016 Copyright by Álvaro González Monge, 2016 All Rights Reserved Statement of originality The work presented in this thesis is, to the best of my knowledge and belief, original and my own work, except where acknowledged. This material has not been submitted either in whole or in part, for a degree at this or other university Álvaro González Monge In memoriam: GANG HU JOAQUIM JOSEP VEÀ BARÓ Acknowledgements This project wouldn’t have successfully arrived at its conclusion without the help of an astounding amount of people. I wanted to thank many more but I think two and a half pages of this must be testing for many. I’m forever indebted to my academic supervisors, for steering me towards meaningful research and pointing out my endless flaws with endless patience, for the encouragement and heaps of valuable feedback. Whatever useful information in this thesis is largely due to them: Professor Colin Groves, for accepting me as a student which I think is one of the highest honors that can be given to a person in our field of work, and his unquenchable thirst for all mammalian bits of information I brought to his attention. Dr. Alison Behie, for her patience in greatly helping me focus on the particular topics treated in this thesis and her invaluable feedback on my research. I also want to thank her for the opportunity she gave me to help her run the field school, for which I’m very grateful. Dr. Ben Rawson for his feedback, his encouragement during conferences, invaluable knowledge of the field site and in regards to all things primate in Southeast Asia, as well as for his honesty, advice and conversation. I’m also greatly obliged to Dr. Pauline Ding for her unparalleled help and advice regarding my use of statistics and data analysis. I would like to show my immense gratitude to Conservation International, Greater Mekong Program, for allowing me to undertake this project and giving me the opportunity of living in one of the most incredible places in the world, being able to study a group of animals I have been interested in since before I finished my Bachelor in Biology. I’m indebted to the Conservation International Grants Committee for approving funding that made this study possible. I’m particularly grateful to Bunra Seng and Tracy Farrell for allowing the project to take place, taking an interest in the research and in my wellbeing and helping me in any way I needed. I’m very thankful to Toby Eastoe, for his interest and endless motivation, his feedback and words of support when things were looking bleak. I thank Ridd Prak for his help with arranging my visas. I want to thank Pengly La for his concern, honesty and sense of humor, and for the offer of free durian. I’m greatly indebted to Chanthon Cheb, whose hard work made things incredibly easier from the v moment I stepped out of the plane and helped me not only with my work but with a myriad other tasks that made my life throughout the project incredibly easier. I’m greatly obliged to Noel Rowe and Primate Conservation Inc for granting this project much needed funds, without which it would have been problematic to carry out the needed research. I’m grateful indeed for his candor, feedback, conversation and interest I’m also grateful to the Cambodian Forestry Administration, whose consent of this made this possible. I want to give my greatest regards to Mr. Sopheak Nuon for being my adoptive Cambodian father, providing me with plenty of food, comprehension and the opportunity to maintain conversations in Russian. I’m very thankful to Mr. Nhet for his friendliness and conversation during my stay. I want to thank the rangers as well: Mr. Pheak, Mr. Pisai, Mr. Ra and Mr. Chet. I sadly can’t remember the names of the rest of them, but they are indeed in my thoughts. I want to strongly thank and show my appreciation for the local guides and research assistants at VSSPCA, because without their invaluable help and attention I wouldn’t have been able to get to this point. Not only they were the backbone of the research but they also cooked and transported me whenever I needed to get out of the field site. Mr. Sitha Buntha in particular, but Mr. Soulit Lort as well. Mr. Sitha Tan, Mr. Noy, Mr. Them, Mr. Cheung and other local guides also helped me with my research and Khmer language skills. I also thank Ort Lort for his assistance at the field station. I greatly thank Dr. Jackson Frechette for his invaluable knowledge on the field site and its biodiversity. I’m grateful for his friendship, honesty and valued feedback on work and life. I’m very thankful to Thy Neang, from FFI Cambodia Program, for his invaluable assistance in helping me identify reptile and amphibian images. I thank Shun Deng Fam for his feedback on the research, his friendship and his conversation. I want to thank Eve Smeltzer in particular, but also Camilla Brent and Elizabeth Coombs for their assistance in gathering data. I want to thank Mr. Phalla Sieng for his assistance, help and conversation whenever I visited Phnom Penh. I’m forever indebted to Mr. Kouern Em, because without his selfless help, I literally wouldn’t be here. I owe him more than I can ever pay him back. vi I’m forever grateful to Mr. Selvarajan Thevaraj and Mrs. Kaliany Raman for welcoming me into their family with open arms and for their absolutely endless generosity. I want to thank my parents, José Antonio and Carmen, for their kindling and constant support of my intellectual pursuits; none of this would have happened without them, and I owe them everything good in me. Last but not least, I want to thank Menaga Selvarajan, who helped me throught the darkest times and for whose patience, support, understanding, brightness and honesty are no words. I’m glad that you chose to share your life with me vii Abstract The Annamese silvered langur ( Trachypithecus margarita ) is a colobine species recently recognized as a separate species and considered Endangered by the IUCN. It lives in Indochina, east of the Mekong River. There are some studies on its morphology, distribution and diet. Information on the species’ ranging, social behavior and organization, habitat use and reproduction is scarce. The effects of human disturbance on langurs are unknown, a reason for concern given the current biodiversity crisis in the region. Information on the habitats where the species is found in the wild is scarce, with some sources conflicting. I aim to expand our current knowledge on the socioecology of T. margarita and the effects of human activities on it. Research was done at Veun Sai Siem Pang Conservation Area, Ratanakiri Province, Cambodia, from April 2013 until May 2014. An unhabituated group was followed for five days every week. Group size was estimated and their geographical position was marked every 30 minutes until the end of the day or the group was lost. Canopy layer and forest type were noted every time an individual was seen. When eating, plant part and species were identified to species level. Eight botanical transects of 5x200 meters were set up, classified by forest type and anthropic disturbance. Plants with a DBH of 12 cm or over were identified to species level. Biodiversity and Evenness indices were calculated for the habitat and each transect and compared. Langur visits to a mineral lick were recorded using camera traps. Group size, sex and age classes were counted, and morphological characters analysed for individual variability. Chainsaw numbers, length of logging in hours and distance from logging spots to the group were calculated daily. Mixed evergreen forest is more heterogeneous than mixed deciduous forest and presents more canopy layers and smaller stems. Logging tracks affect habitat structure but not diversity, while intensive logging strongly affects structure and diversity. Vertebrate populations at VSSPCA are resilient to small scale logging. T. margarita at VSSPCA are morphologically uniform. Group size is at least 61 individuals and the social organization is multi-male multi-female. Langurs associate with other sympatric species of primates at the site, especially M. leonina and P. nemaeus . Langurs fed mainly on seeds, (69% of their diet), but also ate other fruit parts; leaf consumption was low. Focus on plant parts, food species and families varied between viii seasons. Dipterocarps were highly consumed, but Willughbeia and oak trees were highly selected. Home range size reached 256 ha, being larger in the dry season than in the rainy season, likely because of different food availability. The high canopy was most frequently used, although juveniles used the mid canopy more frequently. Langurs preferred mixed deciduous forest during the rainy season but avoided it during the dry season, probably for a lack of canopy to hide and feed. Langurs were strongly affected by logging, moving higher in the canopy as intensity increased, and abandoned areas of their home range where it was most destructive. While T. margarita tolerates human disturbance, loggers target key tree groups and law enforcement must be maintained. ix Table of Contents Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................... v Abstract .......................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Harmful Industrial Activities Other Natural World Heritage Sites
    MAP HARMFUL INDUSTRIAL 169 79 170 191 ACTIVITIES 171 100 87 151 45 43 168 WWF DEFINES HARMFUL 44 INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITIES AS: 207 172 204 80 Operations that cause major 167 38 39 81 94 23 203 disturbances or changes to the 46 93 166 141 42 40 94 94 122 218 193192 99 character of marine or terrestrial 165 41 115 114 164 environments. Such activities are of 221 179 119 71 35 173 91 88 142 34 concern due to their potential to involve 220 197 96 62 118 186 95 194 large impacts on the attributes of 217 112 199 222 184 200 214 215 198 113 56 outstanding universal value and other 52 162 101 51 163 natural, economic and cultural values. 136 212 105 58 54 120 187 85 121 53 61 The impacts of these activities are 185 144 50 55 117 140 103 145 60 57 219 137 213 1 104102 often long-term or permanent. 49 59 They can also be of concern due 72 22 139 106 224 138 73 134 48 216 135 149 226 to their impacts on the sustainability 24 116 97 82 175 196 225 of local livelihoods, and/or because 98 133 195 174 176 86 they put at risk the health, safety or 150 227 65 67 160 154 68 47 107 well-being of communities. Harmful 153 63 70 188 161 152 132 159 66 64 223 69 189 industrial activities are often, but not 190 36 74 37 124 131 exclusively, conducted by multinational 76 92 78 125 83 84 77 201202 123 enterprises and their subsidiaries.
    [Show full text]
  • 2009 Trip Report KENYA
    KENYA and TANZANIA TRIP REPORT Sept 25-Oct 23, 2009 PART 1 - Classic Kenya text and photos by Adrian Binns Sept 25 / Day 1: Blue Post Thika; Castle Forest We began the morning with an unexpected Little Sparrowhawk followed by a Great Sparrowhawk, both in the skies across the main road from the Blue Post Hotel in Thika. The lush grounds of the Blue Post are bordered by the twin waterfalls of the Chania and Thika, both rivers originating from the nearby Aberdare Mountain Range. It is a good place to get aquatinted with some of the more common birds, especially as most can be seen in close proximity and very well. Eastern Black-headed Oriole, Cinnamon-chested Bee- eater, Little Bee-eater, White-eyed Slaty Flycatcher, Collared Sunbird, Bronzed Mannikin, Speckled Mousebird and Yellow-rumped Tinkerbird were easily found. Looking down along the river course and around the thundering waterfall we found a pair of Giant Kingfishers as well as Great Cormorant, Grey Heron and Common Sandpiper, and two Nile Monitors slipped behind large boulders. A fruiting tree provided a feast for Yellow-rumped Seedeaters, Violet-backed Starlings, Spot-flanked Barbet (right), White-headed Barbet as a Grey-headed Kingfisher, an open woodland bird, made sorties from a nearby perch. www.wildsidenaturetours.com www.eastafricanwildlifesafaris.com © Adrian Binns Page 1 It was a gorgeous afternoon at the Castle Forest Lodge set deep in forested foothills of the southern slope of Mt. Kenya. While having lunch on the verandah, overlooking a fabulous valley below, we had circling Long-crested Eagle (above right), a distant Mountain Buzzard and African Harrier Hawk.
    [Show full text]
  • Nonhuman Primates
    Zoological Studies 42(1): 93-105 (2003) Dental Variation among Asian Colobines (Nonhuman Primates): Phylogenetic Similarities or Functional Correspondence? Ruliang Pan1,2,* and Charles Oxnard1 1School of Anatomy and Human Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth, WA 6009, Australia 2Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China (Accepted August 27, 2002) Ruliang Pan and Charles Oxnard (2003) Dental variation among Asian colobines (nonhuman primates): phy- logenetic similarities or functional correspondence? Zoological Studies 42(1): 93-105. In order to reveal varia- tions among Asian colobines and to test whether the resemblance in dental structure among them is mainly associated with similarities in phylogeny or functional adaptation, teeth of 184 specimens from 15 Asian colobine species were measured and studied by performing bivariate (allometry) and multivariate (principal components) analyses. Results indicate that each tooth shows a significant close relationship with body size. Low negative and positive allometric scales for incisors and molars (M2s and M3s), respectively, are each con- sidered to be related to special dental modifications for folivorous preference of colobines. Sexual dimorphism in canine eruption reported by Harvati (2000) is further considered to be associated with differences in growth trajectories (allometric pattern) between the 2 sexes. The relationships among the 6 genera of Asian colobines found greatly differ from those proposed in other studies. Four groups were detected: 1) Rhinopithecus, 2) Semnopithecus, 3) Trachypithecus, and 4) Nasalis, Pygathrix, and Presbytis. These separations were mainly determined by differences in molar structure. Molar sizes of the former 2 groups are larger than those of the latter 2 groups.
    [Show full text]
  • Title SOS : Save Our Swamps for Peat's Sake Author(S) Hon, Jason Citation
    Title SOS : save our swamps for peat's sake Author(s) Hon, Jason SANSAI : An Environmental Journal for the Global Citation Community (2011), 5: 51-65 Issue Date 2011-04-12 URL http://hdl.handle.net/2433/143608 Right Type Journal Article Textversion publisher Kyoto University SOS: save our swamps for peatʼs sake JASON HON Abstract The Malaysian governmentʼs scheme for the agricultural intensification of oil palm production is putting increasing pressure on lowland areas dominated by peat swamp forests.This paper focuses on the peat swamp forests of Sarawak, home to 64 per cent of the peat swamp forests in Malaysia and earmarked under the Malaysian governmentʼs Third National Agriculture Policy (1998-2010) for the development and intensification of the oil palm industry.Sarawakʼs tropical peat swamp forests form a unique ecosystem, where rare plant and animal species, such as the alan tree and the red-banded langur, can be found.They also play a vital role in maintaining the carbon balance, storing up to 10 times more carbon per hectare than other tropical forests. Draining these forests for agricultural purposes endangers the unique species of flora and fauna that live in them and increases the likelihood of uncontrollable peat fires, which emit lethal smoke that can pose a huge environmental risk to the health of humans and wildlife.This paper calls for a radical reassessment of current agricultural policies by the Malaysian government and highlights the need for concerted effort to protect the fragile ecosystems of Sarawakʼs endangered
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of Exposure in Conservation
    Behavioral Application in Wildlife Photography: Developing a Foundation in Ecological and Behavioral Characteristics of the Zanzibar Red Colobus Monkey (Procolobus kirkii) as it Applies to the Development Exhibition Photography Matthew Jorgensen April 29, 2009 SIT: Zanzibar – Coastal Ecology and Natural Resource Management Spring 2009 Advisor: Kim Howell – UDSM Academic Director: Helen Peeks Table of Contents Acknowledgements – 3 Abstract – 4 Introduction – 4-15 • 4 - The Role of Exposure in Conservation • 5 - The Zanzibar Red Colobus (Piliocolobus kirkii) as a Conservation Symbol • 6 - Colobine Physiology and Natural History • 8 - Colobine Behavior • 8 - Physical Display (Visual Communication) • 11 - Vocal Communication • 13 - Olfactory and Tactile Communication • 14 - The Importance of Behavioral Knowledge Study Area - 15 Methodology - 15 Results - 16 Discussion – 17-30 • 17 - Success of the Exhibition • 18 - Individual Image Assessment • 28 - Final Exhibition Assessment • 29 - Behavioral Foundation and Photography Conclusion - 30 Evaluation - 31 Bibliography - 32 Appendices - 33 2 To all those who helped me along the way, I am forever in your debt. To Helen Peeks and Said Hamad Omar for a semester of advice, and for trying to make my dreams possible (despite the insurmountable odds). Ali Ali Mwinyi, for making my planning at Jozani as simple as possible, I thank you. I would like to thank Bi Ashura, for getting me settled at Jozani and ensuring my comfort during studies. Finally, I am thankful to the rangers and staff of Jozani for welcoming me into the park, for their encouragement and support of my project. To Kim Howell, for agreeing to support a project outside his area of expertise, I am eternally grateful.
    [Show full text]
  • A Note on Responses of Juvenile Javan Lutungs (Trachypithecus Auratus Mauritius) Against Attempted Predation by Crested Goshawks (Accipter Trivirgatus)
    人と自然 Humans and Nature 25: 105−110 (2014) Report A note on responses of juvenile Javan lutungs (Trachypithecus auratus mauritius) against attempted predation by crested goshawks (Accipter trivirgatus) Yamato TSUJI 1*, Hiroyoshi HIGUCHI 2 and Bambang SURYOBROTO 3 1 Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan 2 Graduate School of Media and Governance, Keio University, Fujisawa, Japan 3 Bogor Agricultural University, Java West, Indonesia Abstract On October 31st, 2013, we unexpectedly observed attempted predation of two juvenile Javan lutungs (Trachypithecus auratus mauritius) by adult crested goshawks (Accipter trivirgatus), in Pangandaran Nature Reserve, West Java, Indonesia. The goshawks flew over a group of feeding lutungs, attempting attacks only on juvenile lutungs from the rear, while emitting tweeting calls. The attacks involved two different birds (probably a pair) in turn from different directions. The attacks by the goshawks were repeated six times during our observation period (between 13:51 and 13:58), but none of the attempts was successful. During the attacks, no other lutungs in the group showed any anti-predator behavior (such as emitting alarm calls or escaping) against the goshawks perhaps because their body weight (6-10 kg) was much larger than that of goshawk (0.4-0.6 kg). To our knowledge, this is the first detailed report of hunting-related behavior to primates by this raptor species. Key words: Accipter trivirgatus, crested goshawk, Javan lutung, Pangandaran, predation, Trachypithecus auratus mauritius Introduction primates has been conducted for over 50 years. However, with the exception of Philippine eagles Predation is considered to be a principal selective (Pithecophaga jefferyi) and hawk-eagles (Spizaetus force leading to the evolution of behavioral traits spp.), reports on the predation of primates by raptors and social systems in primates (van Schaik, 1983; in Asia are limited (Ferguson-Lee and Christie, 2001; Hart, 2007), although there are few case studies on Hart, 2007; Fam and Nijman, 2011).
    [Show full text]
  • World's Most Endangered Primates
    Primates in Peril The World’s 25 Most Endangered Primates 2016–2018 Edited by Christoph Schwitzer, Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Federica Chiozza, Elizabeth A. Williamson, Elizabeth J. Macfie, Janette Wallis and Alison Cotton Illustrations by Stephen D. Nash IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group (PSG) International Primatological Society (IPS) Conservation International (CI) Bristol Zoological Society (BZS) Published by: IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group (PSG), International Primatological Society (IPS), Conservation International (CI), Bristol Zoological Society (BZS) Copyright: ©2017 Conservation International All rights reserved. No part of this report may be reproduced in any form or by any means without permission in writing from the publisher. Inquiries to the publisher should be directed to the following address: Russell A. Mittermeier, Chair, IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group, Conservation International, 2011 Crystal Drive, Suite 500, Arlington, VA 22202, USA. Citation (report): Schwitzer, C., Mittermeier, R.A., Rylands, A.B., Chiozza, F., Williamson, E.A., Macfie, E.J., Wallis, J. and Cotton, A. (eds.). 2017. Primates in Peril: The World’s 25 Most Endangered Primates 2016–2018. IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group (PSG), International Primatological Society (IPS), Conservation International (CI), and Bristol Zoological Society, Arlington, VA. 99 pp. Citation (species): Salmona, J., Patel, E.R., Chikhi, L. and Banks, M.A. 2017. Propithecus perrieri (Lavauden, 1931). In: C. Schwitzer, R.A. Mittermeier, A.B. Rylands, F. Chiozza, E.A. Williamson, E.J. Macfie, J. Wallis and A. Cotton (eds.), Primates in Peril: The World’s 25 Most Endangered Primates 2016–2018, pp. 40-43. IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group (PSG), International Primatological Society (IPS), Conservation International (CI), and Bristol Zoological Society, Arlington, VA.
    [Show full text]
  • Mitochondrial and Nuclear Markers Suggest Hanuman Langur (Primates: Colobinae) Polyphyly: Implications for Their Species Status
    Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 54 (2010) 627–633 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ympev Short Communication Mitochondrial and nuclear markers suggest Hanuman langur (Primates: Colobinae) polyphyly: Implications for their species status K. Praveen Karanth a,c,*, Lalji Singh b, Caro-Beth Stewart c a Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India b Center for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, India c Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA article info abstract Article history: Recent molecular studies on langurs of the Indian subcontinent suggest that the widely-distributed and Received 30 June 2008 morphologically variable Hanuman langurs (Semnopithecus entellus) are polyphyletic with respect to Revised 9 October 2009 Nilgiri and purple-faced langurs. To further investigate this scenario, we have analyzed additional Accepted 29 October 2009 sequences of mitochondrial cytochrome b as well as nuclear protamine P1 genes from these species. Available online 6 November 2009 The results confirm Hanuman langur polyphyly in the mitochondrial tree and the nuclear markers sug- gest that the Hanuman langurs share protamine P1 alleles with Nilgiri and purple-faced langurs. We rec- Keywords: ommend provisional splitting of the so-called Hanuman langurs into three species such that the Semnopithecus taxonomy is consistent with
    [Show full text]
  • BIRDS of HALIMUN-SALAK NATIONAL PARK, WEST JAVA, INDONESIA: Saitou, N
    Treubia 43: 31–46, December 2016 Treubia 43: 47–70, December 2016 BIRDS OF HALIMUN-SALAK NATIONAL PARK, WEST JAVA, INDONESIA: Saitou, N. & M. Nei 1987. The neighbor-joining method: a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 4: 406-425. ENDEMISM, CONSERVATION AND THREATENED STATUS Simmons, N.B. 2005. Order Chiroptera. In: Wilson, D.E. & D.M. Reeder (eds.). Mammal Species of the Dewi M. Prawiradilaga World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press. pp. 312- Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, Research Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) 529. Jl. Raya Jakarta-Bogor Km 46 Cibinong 16911, Indonesia e-mail: [email protected] Suyanto, A. 2001. Kelelawar di Indonesia. Bogor: Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia. 126 pp. Temminck, C.J. 1827 (1824)-1841. Monographies de Mammalogie, ou description de quelques genres de Received: 8 August 2016; Accepted: 5 December 2016 mammiferes, dont les espèces ont été observées dans les différens musées de l’Europe. C.C. Vander Hoek, Leiden, 392 pp. ABSTRACT Thompson, J.D., T.J. Gibson & F. Plewniak 1997. The Clustal X Windows Interface: Flexible Strategies for Multiple Sequence Alignment Aided by the Quality Analysis Tools. Nucleic Acids Research, 24: Bird surveys and long-term bird monitoring in Gunung Halimun-Salak National Park were 4876-4882. conducted between 1998 and 2009 to obtain comprehensive data on the bird species in the area. Compilation of bird data from this study and other studies have recorded a total of 271 species, which is about 53.4% of van Strien, N.J. 1986. Abbreviated checklist of the mammals of the Australian Archipelago.
    [Show full text]
  • Trip Report 27Th September to 3Rd October 2014
    Bali Trip Report 27th September to 3rd October 2014 Green Junglefowl by David Hoddinott RBT Bali 2014 Trip Report 2 Trip report compiled by Tour Leader: David Hoddinott Some of the top birds seen during this tour: 1. Sunda Thrush 7. Javan Kingfisher 2. Javan Banded Pitta 8. Oriental Plover 3. Javan Owlet 9. Sunda Scops Owl 4. Green Junglefowl 10. Cerulean Kingfisher 5. Bali Myna 11. Sunda Warbler 6. Yellow-throated Hanging Parrot 12. Crescent-chested Babbler Tour Summary Our comprehensive Bali tour was a resounding success! We recorded a fabulous 163 species including a good number of near-endemics and Bali’s only endemic (and one of the world’s rarest birds to boot), the magnificent Bali Myna! On our first afternoon we all met up at our comfortable ecolodge in the wooded outskirts of Denpasar. Some participants had just arrived in Bali from their international flights and the rest of us had recently flown in from Manado, after having completed a fabulous Sulawesi & Halmahera tour. Everyone had arrived in good time and after enjoying a delicious lunch we ventured out to the nearby Serangan Island to Oriental Plovers by David Hoddinott enjoy some bonus birding. The mudflats, mangroves and surrounding grassland here rewarded us with great sightings in the good, late afternoon light. Some of the highlights included a good number of Sunda Teal, Little Pied and Little Black Cormorants, Australian Pelican – a nice surprise, sneaky Ruddy-breasted Crake, a plethora of waders including splendid Beach Stone- curlew and Javan and the very sought-after Oriental Plover, smashing Little Tern in full breeding plumage, Island Collared Dove, Savanna Nightjar, Cave Swiftlet hawking insects over the ponds, and cracking Cerulean Kingfisher.
    [Show full text]
  • Common Chimpanzees (Pan Troglodytes), Moun
    KroeberAnthropological Society Papers, Nos. 71-72, 1990 Colobine Socioecology and Female-bonded Models of Primate Social Structure Craig B. Stanford Ecological models ofprimate social systems have been used extensively to explain the variationsfound in social organization among living primates and to accountforprimate sociality itself. Recent attempts to characterize primate social systems as either 'female-bonded" or "non-female-bonded" establish a typology that does notfully consider the variation inpatterns ofsex-biased dispersal seen in the Primate order. Thispaper uses as its example the Old World monkey subfamily Colobinae to show that ecologi- cal models are basedprimarily onfrugivorous, territorialpinmates. The models are inadequate to explain patterns ofintergroup competition and should not be usedfor setting general rulesforprimate societies. Apreliminary alternative view ofsex-biased dispersal that is basedonfrequency dependence is offered. INTRODUCTION bonded according to each species' typical pattern Trivers (1972) and Emlen and Oring (1977) of sex-biased dispersal. Males are assumed to outlined the hypothesis that females and males have a greater lifetime reproductive potential than have been selected to invest their lifetime energies females, and in most species they invest less in differently: females in maintaining access to offspring than do females (Trivers 1972). Since maintenance and growth resources, in order to food intake for an individual female primate is invest most in their offspring; and males in a maximized by feeding singly, the evolution of reproductive strategy that maximizes access to fe- primate sociality suggests that there is some bene- males, investing relatively little in offspring. In fit accruing to females who forage as a group. short, females should compete for food, and Wrangham (1980) considered this benefit, which males should compete for females.
    [Show full text]
  • Semnopithecus Entellus) in the ARAVALLI HILLS of RAJASTHAN, INDIA
    Contents TIGERPAPER Population Ecology of Hanuman Langurs in the Aravalli Hills of Rajasthan, India.................................................................. 1 Status and Conservation of Gangetic Dolphin in the Karnali River, Nepal........................................................................... 8 Population Estimation of Tigers in Maharashtra............................. 11 Use of Capped Langur Habitat Suitability Analysis in Planning And Management of Upland Protected Areas in Bangladesh......... 13 Eco-Friendly Management of Rose-Ringed Parakeet in Winter Maize Crop................................................................. 23 The Wildlife Value: Example from West Papua, Indonesia.............. 27 The Butterfly Fauna of Visakhapatnam in South India.................... 30 FOREST NEWS What Were the Most Significant Developments in the Forestry Sector in Asia-Pacific in 2002?................................................. 1 Update on the Search for Excellence in Forest Management in Asia-Pacific.......................................................................... 6 Seeking New Highs for Mountain Area Development..................... 8 Adaptive Collaborative Management of Community Forests: An Option for Asia?................................................................ 8 Staff Movement........................................................................ 9 What’s the Role of Forests in Sustainable Water Management? 10 New RAP Forestry Publications.................................................. 12
    [Show full text]